Chemistry 2010/11

The School of Chemistry is an active participant in the European Student Exchange Programme Erasmus, and operates on ECTS principles. Most visiting students take modules from the Junior and Senior Sophister years; brief details of the Freshman modules in Chemistry are included to indicate the background in Chemistry expected of students taking these Sophister modules. It is also possible to take modules from either the Junior and Senior Freshman courses as part of a wider programme of study in TCD. Details of all chemistry modules are available on the internet at http://www.chemistry.tcd.ie/. The School's Erasmus coordinator is Dr Eoin Scanlan (email to eoin.scanlan@tcd.ie). Junior Freshman Chemistry (First Year) The JF Chemistry course provides a general introduction to the fundamentals of modern chemistry, and forms the basis for further studies, both in chemistry and in other sciences. It consists of two modules, Chemistry 101: General and Physical Chemistry (10 Credits), and Chemistry 102: Introduction to systematic Inorganic and Organic Chemistry (10 Credits). CH1101 Chemistry 101: General and Physical Chemistry Duration: Michaelmas Term Contact hours: 4 Lectures + 1 x 3 hr Practical + 1 Tutorial per week Assessment: Continuous assessment and end of year examinations Credits: 10 ECTS Description: Chemistry 101 includes stoichiometry, atomic structure, principles of bonding, the periodic table, solid state, gas laws, thermodynamics, solutions, acid base equilibria, kinetics, and electrochemistry. CH1102 Chemistry 102: Introduction to Systematic Inorganic and Organic Chemistry Duration: Hilary Term Contact Hours: 4 Lectures + 1 x 3 hr Practical + 1 Tutorial per week Assessment: Continuous assessment and end of year examinations Credits: 10 ECTS Description: Chemistry 102 deals with aspects of main group and coordination chemistry, and of aliphatic and aromatic functional group organic chemistry. Chemistry 101 is a pre-requisite for Chemistry 102. Senior Freshman Chemistry (Second Year) Second year courses deepen your knowledge in each of the main areas of the subject. CH2201 Chemistry 201 Duration: Contact hours: Assessment: Credits: Michaelmas Term 4 Lectures + 1 x 3 hr Practical + 1 Tutorial per week Continuous assessment and end of year examinations 10 ECTS
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Description: Chemistry 201 includes Inorganic Chemistry: A study of molecular orbital theory and of the transition metals and their compounds, including coordination complexes. Organic Chemistry: A study of the chemistry of bifunctional compounds, sterochemistry. Physical Chemistry: A general course, including chemical thermodynamics and kinetics. Practical Chemistry: Preparation and analysis of a variety of inorganic compounds and experiments in physical chemistry. CH2202 Chemistry 202 Duration: Hilary Term Contact hours: 4 Lectures + 1 x 3 hr Practical + 1 Tutorial per week Assessment: Continuous assessment and end of year examinations Credits: 10 ECTS Description: Chemistry 202 includes Inorganic Chemistry: A study of the main group elements and their compounds, nuclear and medicinal inorganic chemistry. Organic Chemistry: A study of the chemistry of aromatic compounds and spectroscopy. Physical Chemistry: A general course, including basic quantum chemistry and spectroscopy, polymers and colloids, and kinetics. An introduction to molecular modelling. Practical Chemistry: Synthetic organic chemistry and experiments in physical/computational chemistry.

JUNIOR SOPHISTER (Third Year) Junior Sophisters take modules in organic, inorganic, physical, environmental and medicinal chemistry covering topics such as organic mechanisms and synthetic methods, heterocyclics, natural products, amino acids and peptides, organic and inorganic polymers, group theory, spectroscopy and other physical methods, quantum chemistry and statistical mechanics, advanced thermodynamics, coordination chemistry, organometallics, catalysis and surface chemistry, electrochemistry, chemistry of the atmosphere, analytical chemistry, metal compounds in the environment, drug design and bio-organic chemistry. Lectures are complemented by practical classes in inorganic, organic, and physical chemistry and computational chemistry; advanced preparative methods and instrumental techniques including computer controlled equipment are introduced. CH3101 Modern Aspects of Inorganic Chemistry Duration: Michaelmas and Hilary Term Contact hours: 36 hours Assessment: By end of year examinations Credits: 5 ECTS Description: This module covers such core topics as bio-inorganic chemistry, transition metal organometallics, homogeneous catalysis and the electronic spectroscopy of transition metal complexes. It currently encompasses, CH3013, CH3014, CH3016, CH3018. CH3013 Bioinorganic Chemistry: Introduction to bio-inorganic chemistry. Background, terminology, occurrence of inorganic elements in biological processes, roles of metal ions (structural/functional), review of biologically relevant elements. Biological molecules as ligands, amino acids and proteins. Iron in biology, metallo-porphyrins, haem proteins. Oxygen, activation, storage and transport, model studies with Co, Fe and Cu complexes. Electron transfer in biology, background, redox potentials and their meaning, blue copper proteins, iron-sulfur proteins, cytochrome C and other oxidases, electron transport chains. Nitrogen fixation, photosynthesis. CH3014 Transition Metals Organometallics: The factors that determine the reactivity, stability and chemistry of transition metal organometallic compounds are investigated. The transition metal organometallics are classified according to the number of electrons donated by the ligand: alkyl, alkenyl, allyl, cyclopentadienyl and cyclohexadienyl. Each species is examined in turn, detailing their characteristic reactions and the manner in which they can be used in syntheses. CH3016 Homogeneous Catalysis: Comparison with heterogeneous systems, catalysis cycles. Group VIII, chemistry for low oxidation states, illustrated mainly with (Ph3P)3RhCl. Electronic effects, d8, 16e-18e, -bonding, soft ligands. 4,5- and 6-coordination, cone angle, isomerisation in 5-coordinate systems. Coordination unsaturation, oxidative addition. H2 activation by oxidative addition, homolytic addition, heterolytic addition. Ligand reactions: reductive elimination, beta-elimination, insertion/migration. Alkene hydrogenation via (Ph3P)3RhCl. Effect of phosphine variation. Hydrogenation with Co(CN)5H and with (Ph3P)3RuCl2. Hydrocyanation for adiponitrile, hydrosilylation. Alkene isomerisation via metal alkyl and allyl pathways. CO reactions. Hydroformylation with Co and with Rh. Synthesis of CH3CO2H. Oxidation via radical pathways for p-xylene (Co/Br). Wacker process.
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CH3018 Transition Metals, Compounds and Complexes: The subject of this course is the electronic spectroscopy of transition metal complexes, which can be observed by UV-visible spectroscopy. The course looks at the wavelength and intensity of the light absorbed by complexes and the ways in which this indicates the nature of transitions between electronic energy levels. CH3102 Materials and Methods Duration: Michaelmas and Hilary Term Contact hours: 36 hours Assessment: by end of year examinations Credits: 5 ECTS Description: This module covers topics such as a survey of inorganic polymers, chemical applications of group theory, diffraction methods and clusters. It currently encompasses CH3011, CH3012, CH3017, CH3110. CH3011 Inorganic Polymers: Main definitions and comparison of organic and inorganic polymers. Homo- and hetero-catenation; survey of catenation in the Periodic Table. Characterisation and evaluation of inorganic polymers. Boron and aluminium containing polymers: borates, borides, B-N systems, carboranes, aluminoxanes. Silicon-containing polymers: silicates and alumosilicates (zeolites), polysilanes, polisiloxanes, polisilazanes and polysilazoxanes. N,-P- and S- containing polymers: phosphates, P-N systems, polymeric sulphur, S-N compounds and polymers. Organometallic and coordination polymers. Inorganic-organic hybrid polymeric materials. CH3012 Chemical Applications of Group Theory: Revision of group theory and manipulation of matrices. Molecular point groups and how to recognize them. Representation of symmetry operations by matrices; matrices as symmetry operators. Commutation rules for symmetry operators. Reducible and irreducible representations. The reduction of a representation. The orthogonality theorem and its applications. The character table. Applications and construction using the orthogonality theorem and its riders. The total representation. Vectors as a basis for their representation and the assignment of vibrational modes to symmetry types. Infrared and Raman activity of molecular vibrations. Projection operators. Construction of hybrid orbitals sets. Symmetry adapted linear combinations, and their chemical applications. The Direct Product. Transition Moment integrals as examples. Matrix elements. CH3017 Diffraction Methods: General Introduction to principles of diffraction - neutron diffraction, electron diffraction and diffraction of x-rays. Introduction to Lattices - crystal systems and Bravais Lattices - space group notation and space group diagrams in the International Tables. Elementary discussion of Diffraction - the reciprocal lattice - Bragg's Law in reciprocal space - space group extinctions. The powder method - indexation of reflections. Single crystal diffraction - the four-circle diffractometer and other practical aspects of modern x-ray diffractometry. The solution of a straightforward small structure - scattering factors - Fourier Synthesis - structure factors -the phase problem - the Patterson function -the direct method- structure refinement. Synchrotron Sources - the principles of EXAFS and its use as a structural technique. The course includes demonstration of the powder and fourcircle instruments.
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CH3110 Clusters: General electron counting rules are considered for predicting the core geometrics of main group and transition metal clusters. The eighteen electron rule, styx rules for boranes, the isolobal analogy and the extented polyhedral skeletal electron pair repulsion theory are examined and applied to a variety of cluster systems. The failings in these theories are explored. The synthesis and spectroscopic techniques used to examine transition metal chemistries are covered. CH3201 Synthetic Organic Chemistry Duration: Michaelmas and Hilary Term Contact hours: 36 hours Assessment: By end of year examinations Credits: 5 ECTS Description: This module gives a basic grounding in the general methodology employed in organic synthesis. Topics covered include a description of the oxidative and reductive transformations of functional groups, halogenation and carbon-carbon bond formation methods. The chemistry of organophosphanes, organosilanes and organosulfur compounds. Chemistry and reactivity of aromatic and aliphatic heterocyclic ring systems. The module currently encompasses CH3022, CH3023, CH3026.

CH3022 Organic Synthesis: Methods for organic functional group transformations. Reagents for reductions. Reagents for oxidations. Reagents for halogenation. Selectivity in organic FG transformations. Asymmetric processes. Hydroxylation and hydration processes. Methods for C-C bond formation with particular emphasis on carbanionic reactions related to the aldol condensation. Synthetic methods based upon the chemistry of carbanions and dianions derived from 1,3-dicarbonyl systems. Synthesis of 3-and 4-membered ring systems. Aliphatic Friedel-Crafts reactions. CH3023 Synthetic Methodology: Newer methods for organic synthesis. This course develops the themes presented in course CH3022 (Organic Synthesis), focussing especially on the use of an expanded range of elements to design methods exhibiting enhanced chemoselectivity, steroselectivity etc. Among the topics which may be covered are: Phosphorus: Phosphonium ylids. Wittig reaction, using "reactive" and "stabilized" ylids. Phosphonate anions in Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons reaction. Ph3P/CX4 and Ph3P/DEAD. (RO)3P in Corey-Winter Olefin synthesis. Silicon General features, compared to C (esp. electronegativity and Si-X bond strengths). The silyl effect. Loss of R3Si from organic molecules. Arylsilanes, vinylsilanes, alkynylsilanes and allylsilanes as C-nucleophiles. Peterson olefination. Oxidative removal of Si. Silyl enol ethers as C-nucleophiles. Si-based Oprotecting groups. Sulphur: Survey of organosulphur compounds - variation in oxidation level. Sulphonium ylids in epoxide synthesis and cyclopropanation. Sulphides; sulphenylation of enolates. 1,3-Dithianes as carbonyl anion equivalents (umpolung reagents). Sulphoxides; adeprotonation and reaction with electrophiles, elimination of RSOH, 2,3-sigmatropic rearrangement in allylic sulphoxides, asymmetric induction from chiral sulphoxides. Sulphones; a-deprotonation and reaction with electrophiles, removal of ArSO2 by reduction. Cheletropic elimination of SO2. OSO2R as leaving groups. CH3026 Heterocyclics: Introduction to heterocyclic chemistry. Systematic nomenclature for monocyclic and fused ring systems. Pyridine. Structure of molecule. Aromaticity. Idea of retrosynthetic analysis in the design of heterocyclic synthesis. General approach illustrated by detailed treatment of several pyridine synthesies, including the Hantzsch and Guareschi syntheses. Chemical properties of pyridine treated in terms of the structure of the pyridine molecule. Inertness to electrophilic substitution; susceptibility to nucleophilic substitution. Reaction of the pyridine nitrogen with electrophiles and acids. Reduction of pyridine. The NADP system. Pyridine N-oxides. Hydroxy pyridines. Hydroxpyridine/pyridone tautomerism. Pyridine thiols. Aminopyridines. Picolines. Quinoline. Skraup, Conrad-Limpach and Knorr, Combes, and Friedlander syntheses. Isoquinoline. Bischler-Napieralski, Pictet-Spengler, Pomeranz-Fritsch syntheses. Reactions of quinolines and isoquinolines Electrophilic and nucleophilic substitution. Reduction. Basicity. Hydroxy derivatives. N-Quaternary derivatives. Diazines. Brief survey. Pyrmidine synthesis. Substitution reactions of pyrimidines. Dimroth rearrangement. Furan, pyrrole and thiophene. Synthetic approaches. Structure and aromaticity. Electrophilic substitution reactions. Furan as diene. Indole. Electrophilic substitution. Mannich reaction. Fischer indole synthesis. Azoles: Brief survey of types and synthetic approaches. Tautomerism of imidazoles. Electrophilic substitution. CH3202 Methods and Mechanisms
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Duration: Michaelmas and Hilary Term Contact hours: 36 hours Assessment: By end of year examinations Credits: 5 ECTS Description: This module covers topics such as physical organic chemistry, organic reaction mechanisms, and amino acid and peptide synthesis. The module currently encompasses CH3025, CH3027, CH3028. CH3025 Physical Organic Chemistry: General introduction. Brief introduction to potential energy surfaces. Thermodynamic formulation of activated complex theory. Linear free energy relationships. Hammett equation. Separation of polar and resonance effects in aromatic systems. Application of Hammett equation in hydrolysis, elimination reactions, etc. Crossconjugation; definition of s+, s. Steric effects; Taft equation. Proton-transfer reactions. Iodination of acetone as example of reaction where there is specific and general acid-base catalysis. Bronsted equation. Hammond hypothesis. Kinetic isotope effects. Simple theory assuming zero point energy only in reactants. Zero point energy contribution in activated complex. Dependence of kH/kD on transition state structure; quantum mechanical tunnelling. Brief introduction to secondary isotope effects. Solvent effects (some years only). CH3027 Organic Reaction Mechanisms: Acid and base catalysed ester and amide hydrolysis (AAC1, AAC2, BAC2, BAL2 mechanisms etc).Enzyme-catalysedesterhydrolysis. Elimination (carbenes and carbenoids). -Elimination reactions (E1, E2, E1cb). Stereochemistry and orientation (Saytzev vs Hofmannrules) in E2 reactions.Eliminationreactions. Cycloaddition reactions. The Diels-Alder reaction vs the Alder ene reaction. Endo vs exo specificity. Thermally allowed [4+2], [6+4] and [8+2] processes. Photochemical [2+2] cycloadditions. 1,3-Dipolar cycloaddition reactions. Intramolecular DielsAlder reactions. The Woodward-Hoffman rules. Frontier orbitals, HOMO, LUMO, SMO, correlation diagrams, suprafacial/antarafacial, secondary effects. Thermal [2+2] cycloadditions involving ketenes and isocyanides. Electrocyclic reactions, retrosynthetic analysis of formation of 4, 5 and 6 memberedrings. SN1, SN2 and SN2 mechanisms. Stereoelectronic effects. Kinetic expressions. Ion pairs and internal return. The common ion effect. Salt effects. The anchimeric effect. Neighbouring group participation in substitution processes. Methods for the generation of carbonium ions. Methods for the detection and visualisation of carbonium ions. Use of Magic Acid NMR solvents. Methods involving kinetic measurements. Solvolysis reactions. Solvolysis in the norbornane system. Classical and nonclassical ions. Evidence for the existence of non-classical carbonium ions. CH3028 Amino Acid and Peptide Syntheses: The objectives of this course are to introduce the physical properties and synthesis of simple amino acids with special emphasis on the DNA encoded a amino acids, and their incorporation into peptides. The lectures will cover areas such as the symmetric, asymmetric and enantiospecific synthesis of amino acids. The introduction of amino, carbonyl and side group protection (groups) and the synthesis of active esters. Peptide synthesis using peptide coupling reactions. The strategy and tactics of solution and solid phase peptide synthesis, and the purification and isolation of peptides using amino acid analysis and sequencing. CH3301 Materials, Quanta and Change
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Duration: Michaelmas and Hilary Term Contact hours: 36 hours Assessment: By end of year examinations Credits: 5 ECTS Description: This module covers the basics of macromolecular and interfacial chemistry, quantum chemistry, and covers more advanced aspects of chemical kinetics. It currently encompasses CH3031, CH3033, CH3034. CH3031 Macromolecules and Interfacial Chemistry: Interfacial Chemistry: Liquid-gas and liquid-liquid interfaces Surface tension. Interfacial tension. Surface active molecules. Gibbs' adsorption isotherm. Spreading of liquids. Langmuir trough. Monomolecular layers. Micelles. Stepwise (Condensation) Polymerisation: Brief revision of SF Material. Types of polymers, degree of polymerisation and fractional conversion, kinetics. Molecular Weight distributions, weight average and number average and number average molecular weight. Control of polymerisation. Addition Polymerisation. Types of polymerisation. Free radical methods of initiation. Kinetics. Chain transfer. Termination. Methods of radical polymerisation. Anionic, cationic and Ziegler Natta methods. Co-polymerisation. Reactivity ratios. Polymer stereochemistry. Tacticity. Polymers in Solution. Configurational entropy and Huggins-Flory theory. Sizing methods. Measurement of Molecular Weight. Review of Senior Freshman material. Colligative properties, especially osmotic pressure. Viscosity of colloids and polymers. Mark-Houwink Equation. Random coil. Solid polymers. Crystalline and amorphous polymers. Glass transition temperature. Elastomers and plastics. Methods of determining Tg. CH3033 Quantum Chemistry: Brief review of quantum theory; wave functions, Schrodinger equations, Uncertainty Principle. Solution of the Schrodinger equation for a particle confined to a circle. Angular momentum. Schrodinger equation for chemical systems. Real and complex hydrogenic wave functions. Atomic orbitals. Variation Principle. Approximate AO wave function for He atom. Slater atomic orbital wave functions. The secular determinant and the interaction of states. Molecular orbitals. Bonding and antibonding molecular orbitals. Huckel molecular orbital theory; application to butadiene. Pi-electron charge and bond order. Incorporation of symmetries into Huckel theory; application to benzene and larger aromatic hydrocarbons. Transition moment integral; electric dipole transitions. Extended Huckel theory. Time-dependent wave functions. Quantum mechanical tunnelling. Inversion of ammonia. CH3034 Chemical Kinetics: Introduction to potential energy surfaces. Concept of reaction coordinate and transition state. The Eyring transition state theory: thermodynamic approach and the statistical mechanical approach. Utilisation of transition state theory to calculate a bimolecular rate constant from first principles. The kinetics of solution phase reactions. Activation and diffusion control. The kinetics of ionic reactions in solution. The theory of unimolecular reactions. CH3302 Equilibrium and Interfaces Duration: Contact hours: Assessment: Credits: Michaelmas and Hilary Term 36 hours By end of year examinations 5 ECTS
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Description: This module deals with thermodynamic and interfacial electrochemistry, chemical thermodynamics, chemisorption and catalysis. It currently encompasses, CH3035, CH3036, CH3038. CH3035 Electrochemistry: Introduction to electrochemical systems. Review of oxidation and reduction. Electrochemical reactions. Galvanic cells, electrolytic cells and corrosion as prototype electrochemical systems. Thermodynamics of Galvanic cells. Electrochemical potentials. Potentiometric measurements. Standard electrode potentials. Estimation of zero current cell potentials at equilibrium. The Nernst equation. Estimation of thermodynamic quantities such as G, H and S for cell reactions. Transport processes in electrochemistry. Diffusion and migration. Steady state and transient diffusion problems with specific examples of interest in electrochemistry. Introduction to electrochemical kinetics. Derivation of the Butler-Volmer equation and examination of its various limiting forms. Examination of the interplay between diffusional mass transport and interfacial electron transfer kinetics leading to the concept of activation and diffusion control. CH3036 Chemical Thermodynamics: Assembly of localised systems (solid). Microstates and distributions. Most probable distribution (Boltzmann). Partition function q. Thermodynamic functions U, S and F in terms of q. Assembly of non-localised systems (gas). Comparison of results for solids and gases. Molecular q expressions for translation, rotation, vibration and for electronic states. Explicit expressions for U, F, G, Cv, Cp and S (e.g., Sackur-Tetrode equation). Cv temperature dependence. Equilibrium constant K in terms of q's. Non-ideal gases, the definition, concept and evaluation of fugacity of a van der Walls' gas, the temperature and pressure coefficients of fugacity, mixtures of gases, the Lewis Randall rule. Liquid solutions, strict thermodynamic definition of activity coefficients, the Gibbs-DuhemMigueles equation. Electrolytes, the mean ionic activity coefficient and the experimental determination of activity coefficients. Quantitative treatment of the Debye-Huckel theory, the calculation of activity coefficients and a review of the relevant experimental evidence, the extended theory, the Robinson-Stokes equation, ion association, the Debye-Falhenhagen Effect and the Wien Effects. Conduction processes in molten salts and a review of the theories used to describe the process. CH3038 Chemisorption and Catalysis: Chemical and physical adsorption; preparation, maintenance, characterization of clean metal surfaces. Surface reactivity. Kinetics of adsorption and desorption. Langmuir and other isotherms Extensions to simple Langmuir model. Experimental isotherms and BET. ACT and heterogeneous catalysis. Catalytic reactions; NH3 decomposition; C2H4 + H2 etc; Langmuir-Hinshelwood and Eley-Rideal mechanisms. Volcano curves. Heats of adsoprtion - empirical approach to ionic & covalent adsorption; work function. Adsorption of NO, CO, O2 on d-block metals. CH3401 Aspects of Environmental Chemistry Duration: Contact hours: Assessment: Credits: Description: Michaelmas and Hilary Term 36 hours By end of year examinations 5 ECTS This module addresses selected basic aspects of environmental
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chemistry and includes atmospheric chemistry, analytical chemistry techniques and environmental inorganic chemistry. It encompasses CH3051, CH3052 and CH3053. CH3051 Chemistry of the Atmosphere: Chemistry of stratosphere. Ozone chemistry Chapman model. Spectroscopy of O2 and O3. Quantum yields of photochemical reactions. Determination of ozone concentration. Effect of pollutants. HOX, CIOX and NOX cycle. Role of aerosols. Tropospheric pollution. Photochemical smog formation. Role of NOx, O3, hydrocarbons, PAN, OH and NO3.Methods of monitoring pollutants. Kinetic methods for following fast reactions. Reactions involving atmospheric species. Atmospheric Microparticles. Size distribution. Methods of determining particle size and amount - filtering, light scattering. CH3052 Analytical Methods for the Environment: Overview of the analytical method. Survey of analytical techniques. Calibration curves. Sources and types of error in analytical measurements. Simple statistical techniques and ideas applied to data analysis in analytical chemistry. Gaussian distribution. Mean, standard deviation. F test , t test , Q test. Application of statistical tests to analytical data. Least squares analysis of experimental data. Electrochemical sensors. Potentiometric measurements. The Nernst equation. Membrane potentials. pH electrodes. Ion selective electrodes. Amperometric detection. Review of interfacial electron transfer and diffusion to electrode surfaces. Batch amperometry. Electrochemical cell configurations for analysis in stagnant and flowing media. Cyclic voltammetry. Polarography . CH3053 Inorganic Chemistry of the Environment: (Aim: to establish the principles determining the natural background of elements, particularly in the aquatic environment. References are made to the "Brent Spar" episode, and to "black smokers".) Importance of interplay of physics and geology in determining element distribution. Cosmic evolution of the " reconstituted stardust": stellar burning, the abundance curve peaks at C, N, O, Si and Fe, supernovae. Formation of Earth, outline structure, difference from large planets. Solar spectrum, vibrational and rotational selection rules determining atmospheric absorption. Significance of "greenhouse effect" in determining liquid nature of most of terrestrial water, enhancement by anthropogenic CO2 and methane. Distribution diagrams for solar system, whole earth, crust and sea. Physical and chemical reasons for the differences. Redox competition for O, native elements and those found as sulfides. Effect of "pollution by life (O2)" on Fe and other elements. Effects on water solubility. Ionic charge/radius and ion hydration/ hydroxide / oxyanion chemistry. Metallic element solubilities in presence of carbonate, phosphate and sulfate. Interplay with oxidation state, esp. Fe and Mn, composition of sea water, major changes from crust. Al: effect of pH; P: interaction with Ca. Element distribution in human body, differences from sea. Possible reasons for the differences. Redox systems and biology involving C, N, S: methane, nitrifying/denitrifying bacteria , possibility of life in low oxygen potential, natural S deposits. Element cycling for P and S. CH3402 Cross-Disciplinary Techniques Duration: Contact hours: Assessment: Credits: Michaelmas and Hilary Term 36 hours By end of year examinations 5 ECTS
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Description: This module deals with both the fundamental principles and application of spectroscopic and other characterization techniques and includes material such as the fundamental basis of, structural characterization techniques in inorganic chemistry, organic spectroscopy, and molecular spectroscopy. It currently encompasses CH3015, CH3024, CH3032. CH3015 Structural Methods in Inorganic Chemistry: A survey of the techniques employed by synthetic inorganic chemists to elucidate structure. Emphasis is given to a multispectroscopic approach. Fluxionality and time-scales. Infrared, Raman and Resonance Raman spectroscopy. Selection rules. Rule of mutual exclusion. Case studies into changes of ligand vibrations on coordination, CO, CN, modes of bonding. Isotopic substitution. IR vs. X-ray crystallography. NMR spectroscopy of less commonly encountered nuclei. 31P, 19F, 11B and 195Pt. Coupling between non-equivalent spin systems. Fluxionality. Derivation of multiplicity and intensity, satellites and abundance. Specific examples. Decoupling and isotopic substitution experiments. Magnetochemistry. Curie/Weiss law. Magnetically dilute and concentrated systems. Antiferro- and ferro- magnetism. Methods of measurement. Derivation of . Paramagnetism. Zeeman effect. A and E ground levels. Spin-only formula and deviations from it. T ground levels. Orbital contributions. Temperature dependence of ground states. CH3024 Organic Spectroscopy: Principles of spectroscopy. Mass spectroscopy. Instrumentation, fragmentation and spectra interpretation. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR). Introduction, basic theory (recap), magnetic fields and nuclear spin energy levels, the concept of resonance, continuous wave (CW) NMR spectroscopy Basic FT NMR theory. Concept of chemical shift, the d-scale, major factors influencing d: inductive electron withdrawal (-I), magnetic anisotropy of double bonds, diamagnetic ring current, resonance effects (+M, -M), solvents. 1H NMR: Chemical equivalence, homotopic, enantiotopic and diastereotopic protons, magnetic equivalence/non-equivalence and its effect on NMR spectra. 13C NMR spectroscopy effect of carbon hybridisation on chemical shift, -I effects, +M and M effects 13C-1H spin coupling, broadband decoupling, off resonance decoupling, the nuclear Overhauser effect (NOE) and its implications for 13C NMR sensitivity, relaxation of 13C nuclei as a function of the No. of attached protons, identification of quaternary 13C nuclei in broadband decoupled 13C spectra. The concept of polarisation transfer, DEPT 135 and DEPT 90 experiments theory and application to structure elucidation. 1-D NOE experiments principle and application. 2-Dimensional NMR spectroscopy 1H-1H COSY, 1H-13C COSY (HETCOR), NOESY and INADEQUATE. Other useful NMR acronyms. CH3032 Molecular Spectroscopy: Spin angular momentum. Larmor precession. Fundamentals of magnetic resonance spectroscopies. Absorption of energy and relaxation. NMR spectroscopy. Chemical shifts, coupling constants, prediction of spectra. Theory of first order splittings. Selection rules. Magnetic dipole transitions. Free induction signal. NMR Fourier transform spectrometer. Dynamic effects in NMR. ESR spectroscopy. g-Values, nuclear hyperfine coupling. Free radicals and transition metal ions. Single crystal ESR. Nuclear quadrupole resonance. Atomic states. CH3441 Medicinal Chemistry Duration: Michaelmas and Hilary Term
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Contact hours: 36 hours Assessment: By end of year examinations Credits: 5 ECTS Description: This module covers material dealing with fundamental medicinal chemistry. It encompasses CH3041, CH3042 & CH3043. CH3041 Medicinal Chemistry: Introduction Molecular components of cells: lipids, proteins, nucleic acids. Control through non-covalent interactions: electrostatic, hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic. Conformations of biological macromolecules, organisation of cell, basic biochemical machinery. Sites for drug action: DNA/RNA (alkylation, intercalation etc.), enzymes (inhibition), receptors (agonism, antagonism). Enzyme substrates/transition states, receptor ligands (hormones and neurotransmitters) as lead compounds for drug development. Drug development, e.g. from a biologically active natural product: identification of pharmacophore, application of QSAR. Alternative sources of lead compounds (random screening, combinatorial chemistry, protein crystallography/molecularmodelling). CH3042 Medicinal Chemistry: Antiviral and Anticancer Drugs: Anti-viral chemotherapy: Overview of viruses, structure, viral replication. DNA- and RNA-containing viruses.Intervention at various stages of the viral life-cycle: penetration, antimetabolites, replication inhibitors, transcription inhibitors. Anticancer chemotherapy. Biology of cancer: historical background and definitions. Cancer targets: CDK, Apoptosis, DNA. DNA as a target: Mechanisms of action (alkylating agents, DNA intercalators, Sequence Specific DNA Binding Compounds- Nucleic Acid. Mimicking Agents & Minor groove binding ligands, Strandcleavage agents). Chemotherapeutic drugs: Polyfunctional alkylating agents: Mechanism of Action. Drug Resistance. Alkylating agents: Melphalan, Nitrogen mustards: Mechlorethamine, Cyclophosphamide, Nitrosoureas, Methanesulphonates: Busulfan, Ethyleneimines, Aziridines: Altretamine, Cisplatin, Other agents: Procarbazine, Dacarbazine). Antimetabolites: Folate antagonists: Methotrexate & Aminopterine, Purine antagonists: 6-Mercaptopurine, Thioguanine, Fludarabine, Pyrimidine antagonists: 5-Fluorouracil, Cytarabine, Azacitidine. Natural products: Antibiotics (Dactinomycin, Daunorubicin, and Doxorubicin, Bleomycin), Plant alkaloids (Podophyllotoxins: Etoposide, Teniposide, Taxanes: Paclitaxel (Taxol), Docetaxel, Vinca alkaloids: Vinblastine, Vincristine. Action on Topoisomerases and Tubulin assembly. Hormonal agents: Antiestrogens: Tamoxifen, Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Agonists: Goserelin, Aromatase Inhibitors: Anastrozole. Photodynamic therapy: Porphirines. Biological agents: Interferon. Combination chemotherapy: Inhibitors of the MGMT and AAG repairing enzymes CH3043 Medicinal Chemistry: QSAR: Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationships. Drug Design Methodology: Drug-receptor interaction (Biological response). Concept and levels of molecular structure (Elemental level, Geometrical level: bidimensional, tridimensional and time-space structures, Electronic level, Enviroment level). Molecular Parameterisation: Classification of molecular parameters (Steric parameters, Electronic parameters, Lipophilic parameters, Topological indexes, Theoretical parameters, Similarity indexes), ADME parameters. Experimental design: Topliss tree and Craig plot, Statistical concepts (selection of the training model, parametric space). QSAR models: QSAR I models. Extrathermodynamic approach: Hansch-Fujita model. Theoretical bases, examples, applications and limitations. QSAR II models. Structural approach: Free-Wilson model. Examples, applications and limitations. QSAR III: comparison of the Hansch-Fujita and Free-Wilson
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models. Fujita-Ban approach. Other quantitative approaches. Partial Least Square (PLS), Cross-validation. 3D QSAR: Comparative Molecular Field Analysis (CoMFA). CH3601 Computational Chemistry Duration: Michaelmas and Hilary Term Contact hours: 36 hours Assessment: By end of year examinations Credits: 5 ECTS Description: This module covers a range of topics on offer from computational numerical optimization methods, molecular quantum chemistry and an introduction to static and dynamic atomistic simulation, It encompasses CH3062, CH3063 and CH3067. CH3062 Numerical Methods II Optimisation: Minimisation or Maximization of Functions. Optimisation using the function value, the function and derivative and the function, derivative and second derivatives. Line optimisation methods. Search direction strategy including steepest descent, conjugate gradient and Newton Raphson based methods. Problems with methods and solutions including the requirements for a positive definite Hessian matrix and level shifting techniques. Minimization using MD, including T-scaling, state functions and nonphysical dynamics. CH3063 Introduction to Static and Dynamic Atomistic Simulation: Potentials: BornMayer, Buckingham, bond-bending, torsional. Shell model of polarizability. Mott-Littleton static simulations for defects - the two-region strategy. Introduction to MD: Equations of motion, Verlet algorithm, periodic boundary conditions, Thermal equilibration. NVT ensembles and ensemble averaging and thermodynamic quantities. Autocorrelation functions, diffusion constant from rms displacement and velocity autocorrelation function. Barriers to migration. Atom density distributions, migration mechanisms. Problems in MD: polarizability, selection of parameters such as Dt and simulation box size. Consequences of ill-selected parameters loss of conservation of energy and T-drift. Simulation method selection: comparison of static and dynamic methods, including how to choose an appropriate method for a given material. Worked Examples: MD simulations of (i) perfect NaCl, (ii) point defects in NaCl, SrCl2, demonstration of fast-ion behaviour. Introduction to Quantum Chemical/Ab Initio MD CH3067 Computational Molecular Quantum Chemistry: Introduction to Quantum Chemical Simulation: Schrodinger equation, polyelctronic systems, Born-Oppenheimer approximation, Hartree Method, the Slater determinant, Self-Consistent Field, Hartree-Fock approximation, energy of a Slater determinant, coulomb and exchange integrals, Linear Combination of Atomic Orbitals in Hartree Fock (LCAO-HF), semiemprical methods; Huckel, extended Huckel, Neglect of Differential Overlap methods such as CNDO, INDO, MINDO, MNDO and NDDO. CH3501 Quantitative Methods for Chemists Duration: Michaelmas and Hilary Term Contact hours: 36 hours Assessment: By end of year examinations Credits: 5 ECTS Description: In this optional general module courses dealing with quantitative methods are presented. Material includes maths for chemists, physics for chemists and computing
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programming courses based on Unix and Fortran. It currently encompasses CH3064, CH3065, CH3068, CH3069. This material is assessed during the year. Depending on the credit rating of these courses, they need to be taken in combination with courses from CH3601 and CH3441. CH3064 Computational Methods 3.1 - Introduction to Unix: Unix operating system (varients including Linux), Unix commands, shells, shell scripts, vi editor. CH3065 Fortran: Introduction to Scientific Programming via the use of FORTRAN The course is assessed by continuous assessment. Variable types and rules of arithmetic in FORTRAN. Introduction to compilers and linking of object modules. Use of editors. I/O in FORTRAN, WRITE, PRINT and READ statements. Data files. Loop structures and flow control using IF statements. Vectors and Matrices. Numerical errors in computing. Numerical Analysis, methods for integration, writing optimal codes. Newton's method for finding roots. CH3080 Practical Chemistry Duration: Michaelmas and Hilary Term Contact hours: 9 hours per week for 21 weeks Credits: 15 ECTS Description: Experiments chosen from following areas: (A) Chemical reaction Kinetics, (B) Molecular Properties, (C) Thermodynamics and statistical mechanics, and (D) Spectroscopy. Syntheses of a range of organic compounds and their characterisation by spectroscopic methods. Synthetic techniques necessary for the preparation of a variety of inorganic and organometallic compounds and characterisation of these compounds using a range of spectroscopic methods.

SENIOR SOPHISTER (FOURTH YEAR) In the Senior Sophister year the core modules take some of these subjects covered in the Junior Sophister year to a more advanced level, and also include homogeneous catalysis, physical organic chemistry, reaction dynamics, photochemistry and solid state chemistry. A wide range of optional modules is provided including interdisciplinary topics such as environmental chemistry and medicinal chemistry. A list of topics available in any year can be provided by the school. The practical component in the Senior Sophister year is an extended research project during the Michaelmas term. Students are also required to make presentations which may include one or more essays, written communications, seminars and posters during the year. CH4102 Advanced Organic Chemistry I Duration: Contact hours: Assessment: Hilary Term 20 hours By end of year examinations
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Credits: 5 ECTS Description: This module involves core lectures in contemporary organic synthetic methods and selected special topics in organic chemistry. CH4001 Organic Synthetic Methods 1: Modern synthetic methods based (mainly) on inorganic elements. This course is a continuation of JS course CH3023 (Synthetic Methodology). Among the topics which may be covered are: Boron: Hydroboration, selective conversions of boranes. Boron-based methods for stereoselective reduction. Allylboranes, boron enolates. Aluminium, Tin, Selenium, Mercury: Hydroalumination and carboalumination, allylstannanes and trialkyltin hydrides, organoselenium-based eliminations, oxymercuration. Zinc: Reformatsky reaction, SimmonsSmith cyclopropanation, ligand-accelerated additions of organozinc reagents to carbonyl compounds. Copper: Organocopper reagents; substitution at C-X, addition to C=C and C C. Homo- and hetero-cuprates. Lanthanides, Manganese: Organometallic reagents with modified selectivities in additions to C=O. Titanium: Olefination by Ti-carbenoids, chiral Tibased enolates. Palladium: Wacker oxidation, Pd-catalysed allylic displacements, Heck reaction, Pd-catalysed arylation and vinylation of organometallics. Asymmetric catalysis by transition metal complexes: Sharpless epoxidation and dihydroxylation, Noyori reductions and isomerisations, asymmetric catalysis of Diels-Alder, asymmetric cyclopropanation. Lithium: Chiral auxiliaries in lithium enolate chemistry. CH4010 Heterocyclics and Drugs

CH4103 Advanced Organic Chemistry II Duration: Contact hours: Assessment: Credits: Description: Hilary Term 20 hours By end of year examinations 5 ECTS This module involves core lectures in physical organic chemistry.

CH4002 Physical Organic Chemistry: Ring-closure reactions and Baldwin's Rules. Elimination reactions. E1, E2 and E1cB mechanisms. Hoffman and Saytzeff Rules. Variable transition state theory. Stereochemistry of elimination reactions. Syn-eliminations. Structure of carbocations. Neighbouring group participation in substitution reactions. Participation by aryl rings and by enes. Classical vs non-classical carbocations. Aromaticity of non-benzenoid hydrocarbons and related compounds. Cyclopropenyl cation, cyclopentadienyl anion, tropylium cation. Cyclobutadiene. Larger ring systems. Homoaromaticity. Woodward-Hoffman Rules using frontier orbital approach. Cycloaddition reactions. Sigmatropic rearrangements. Electrocyclic reactions. Cheleotropic reactions. CH4104 Advanced Inorganic Chemistry I Duration: Contact hours: Assessment: Hilary Term 20 hours By end of year examinations
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Credits: 5 ECTS Description: This module involves core lectures in aspects of modern inorganic and organometallic chemistry. CH4005 Advanced Organometallic Chemistry: Main synthetic approaches in modern Organometallic Chemistry. Types and properties of M-C bonds. Main organometallic reactions and their mechanisms. New ligands in Organometallic Chemistry. Role of the metal nature. Stabilisation of unusual oxidation states. Organometallic Chemistry of water and relevant applications. Bio-Organometallic Chemistry and organometallic compounds in medicine. Aspects of Supramolecular Organometallic Chemistry. CH4014 Main Group Organometallics: The factors that determine the stability and reactivity of main group organometallic compounds are considered. Specific examples of the chemistry undergone by organometallic Li, Na, Mg, Be, B, Al, Si, Sn and As are discussed. Particular attention is given to the changes in oligomerisation and reactivity of lithium and Grignard reagents. The use of these materials in organometallic synthesis is also covered. The factors that determine the reactivity, stability and chemistry of transition metal organometallics compounds are investigated. The transition metal organometallics are classified according to the number of electrons donated by the ligand; alkyl, alkenyl, allyl, cyclopentadienyl and cyclohexadienyl. Each species is examined in turn, detailing their characteristic reactions and the manner in which they can be used in syntheses. CH4105 Advanced Inorganic Chemistry II Duration: Hilary Term Contact hours: 20 hours Assessment: By end of year examinations Credits: 5 ECTS Description: This module involves core courses in heavy transition metal chemistry and in advanced co-ordination chemistry. CH4004 Heavy Transition Metals: Main Group case studies (1) Alkali metal complexes with crown ethers and cryptands. Definition of ligands, types of crown-ether-alkali metal complexes, macrocyclic and cryptate effects, alkalides and electrides. (2) Organometallic complexes of alkali metals. Methods of synthesis, main classes of organometallic complexes of alkali metals (alkyl-, benzyl-, aryl-, cyclopentadienyl-, azulene-, alkene-, alkyne- and arenederivatives) (3) Group 2 metal-organic compounds. Distinctiveness of the alkaline-earth metals (Ae), special synthetic approaches, main types of metal-organic complexes of Ae, importance and application, species containing Ca(I) and Sr(I). (4) Aluminium(I) and gallium(I) compounds. Monohalides of Al and Ga, synthesis and reactivity. Organometallic compounds of Al(I) and Ga(I) and their application in synthesis. (5) Main Group IV, Carbon: Chemistry of Fullerenes. C60, higher fullerenes, nanotubes. MO diagram of C60, basic principles of fullerene chemistry, cycloaddition, reactions with nucleophiles, reactions with reducing agents, host-guest complexation, polymerization. (6) Main Group V, Nitrogen: Nitrogen fixation and dinitrogen complexes. Introduction into nitrogen fixation, main routes of preparation of N2-complexes, coordination modes of N2 to TM centres, examples of complexes, reactions of coordinated N2. (7) Main Group V, Phosphorus: Phosphines.
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Introduction, types of phosphines, preparation of phosphines, properties and reactions of phosphines, PH3 and phosphines as ligands, phosphine complexes of transition metals. 8. Main Group V, EH3 compounds (E = As, Sb, Bi) and their organic derivatives. Preparation of EH3, comparison of properties of EH3, chemical properties of arsine, organoelement(III) compounds of As, Sb, Bi; ER3 as ligands. CH4011 Advanced Coordination Chemistry: Introduction and revision of concepts and definitions (classification, stereochemistry, formation of metal complexes). Ligand design and complex synthesis, macrocyclic and macro-bicyclic ligands: cryptates, cages and sepulcrates. Macrocyclic effect, template synthesis. Ligand based reactions, activation of ligands. Metalion control over ring closure reactions: Nucleophilic displacement, Imine formation, C-C bond formation. Control of macrocyclic cavity (ring) size. Preparation of coordination compounds; inert and labile complexes, stability and rate of formation. Classification of inorganic reactions. Inorganic reaction mechanisms: Substitution reactions / mechanism at TM sites, A, D and I processes. Substitution at 4-coordinate sites, tetrahedral (A vs. D mechanisms) and square planar (A vs. D mechanisms) geometries. Square planar sites: solvent intermediate, stereochemistry of substitution, influence of the entering group, influence of spectator ligands, trans effect and trans influence. Substitution at TM sites with coordination number greater than 4. Substitution at 6 coord. sites: solvolysis reaction, influence of the leaving group, influence of spectator ligands, stereochemistry of substitution. Substitution by direct replacement. CH4106 Advanced Physical Chemistry I Duration: Hilary Term Contact hours: 20 hours Assessment: By end of year examinations Credits: 5 ECTS Description: This module involves core courses in photochemistry, redox active nanostructured materials and systems and advanced reaction dynamics. CH4006 Photochemistry: Introduction (1 lecture). Absorption of light. Selection rules and transition probabilities. Singlet states: (2 lectures) Fluorescence, quantum yields, lifetime measurements, radiationless processes. Jablonski diagram. Transient Spectroscopy: (1 lecture). Fluorescence lifetime determination: laser flash photolysis. Triplet states: (1.5 lectures) nature, population, spin-orbit coupling, phosphorescence, energy transfer, reactions. Nanosecond and picosecond laser photolysis. Photoreduction of benzophenone and derivatives as an illustrative example of an organic molecule in solution (1.5 lectures). Another illustrative example of photo-reactions, e.g. Photo-induced electron transfer reactions or photochemistry of co-ordination compounds. CH4008 Advanced Physical Chemistry: Electrochemistry: Classification, synthesis and fundamental properties of electroactive polymer materials. Ionic and electronic conductivity mechanisms exhibited by electroactive polymers. The experimental determination of electronic and ionic conductivity in electroactive polymers using microelectrode and complex impedance spectroscopic methods. The use of electroactive polymer materials as amperometric chemical sensor devices. Molecular Reaction dynamics: Potential energy
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surfaces and molecular reaction dynamics. P.E. Surfaces. H3. Attractive and repulsive surfaces. Molecular reaction dynamics. Monte Carlo methods. Reaction cross-section H + H2 reaction. Molecular Beams and I.R. Chemiluminescence. Molecular beam methods. Reactive collisions - forward, backward and sticky collisions. IRCL Technique. F + H2 D2; H + F2. Tunnelling; MRD & ACT. CH4107 Advanced Physical Chemistry II Duration: Hilary Term Contact hours: 20 hours Assessment: By end of year examinations Credits: 5 ECTS Description: This core module involves lectures in quantum chemistry and solid state chemistry. CH4007 Quantum Chemistry: Many-electron wave functions: insolubility of the Schrdinger equation. Ground and excited state of the helium atom. Effect of electron exchange on the wave function and on the energy. Electron spin wave function and total electronic wave function. Pauli exclusion principle: discussion of the singlet and triplet states of the He atom. Hund's Rule. Electron correlation. The Slater determinant. Self-consistent field theory. Accurate calculations of atomic state energies. Accurate calculations on small molecules (H2). Computational quantum chemistry. Gaussian orbitals. Schrdinger equation for the rigid rotor. Rotational wave functions. Selection Rules. Fermiian and Boseian molecules. Nuclear spin states. Spin isomerism and its effect on rotational levels. Ortho- and para-hydrogen. The interaction of radiation with matter. Time-dependent wave functions and evolution of electronic states. Transition probability. Qualitative Molecular Orbital Theory: Walsh diagrams. CH4009 Solid State Chemistry: Band Theory Revision of orbital approach; the Free Electron (FE) theory; the effect of the lattice-diffraction; Brillouin Zones; Block's Theorem; the Nearly Free Electron (NFE) theory; application of the NFE to various materials; failures of the NFE model-d electrons and ionic compounds; the tight-binding approximation. Applications Semiconductors-intrinsic; the effect of doping; carrier concentrations; the p-n junction; superconductivity-the phenomenon; the BCS theory; order parameters; Cooper Pairs; sagging bed model. CH4108 Option Module Duration: Hilary Term Contact hours: 20 hours Assessment: By end of year examinations Credits: 5 ECTS Description: In this module students select four advanced option courses from a list which currently includes: Molecular Dynamics, Matter Transport in Solids, Quantum Chemistry, Heterogeneous Catalysis, Supramolecular Chemistry, Topics in Structural Chemistry, Statistical Thermodynamics, Organic Synthetic Methods II, Aspects of Inorganic Chemistry, Organic Special Topics, DNA Structure and Drug-DNA Complexes, Bio-Organic Chemistry, Electrochemical Biosensors. Note that not all option courses may be offered in
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any given year. See Senior Sophister Course Booklet for further details. CH4702 Computational Chemistry II Duration: Hilary Term Contact hours: 20 hours Assessment: By end of year examinations Credits: 5 ECTS Description: Courses in computational drug design and more advanced lectures in molecular quantum chemistry (It encompasses CH4072 and CH4074). CH4703 Computational Chemistry II I Duration: Hilary Term Contact hours: 20 hours Assessment: By end of year examinations Credits: 5 ECTS Description: This module involves courses in High Performance Computing and Advanced Molecular Dynamics (It encompasses CH4071 and CH4073). CH4401 Advanced Medicinal Chemistry I Duration: Hilary Term Contact hours: 20 hours Assessment: By end of year examinations Credits: 5 ECTS Description: This module involves the chemistry, biochemistry and drugs associated with the central nervous system (It encompasses CH4050) CH4402 Advanced Medicinal Chemistry II Duration: Hilary Term Contact hours: 20 hours Assessment: By end of year examinations Credits: 5 ECTS Description: This module involves courses in computational drug design and analytical techniques (It encompasses CH4052 and CH4056) CH4403 Advanced Medicinal Chemistry III Duration: Hilary Term Contact hours: 20 hours Assessment: By end of year examinations Credits: 5 ECTS Description: This module involves courses in site-specific drug delivery and combinatorial chemistry (It encompasses CH4053 and CH4055) CH4404 Advanced Medicinal Chemistry IV Duration: Hilary Term Contact hours: 20 hours
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Assessment: By end of year examinations Credits: 5 ECTS Description: This module involves courses the cardiovascular system, gastric ulcers, asthma, HIV/Aids and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents (It encompasses CH4051 and CH4054). CH4012 Practical Chemistry Project Duration: Michaelmas Term Credits: 15 - 20 ECTS Description: In the final year the practical class consists of a full time research project, during the Michaelmas Term, working with one of the research groups in the School. Depending on the workload this project may be awarded 15-20 credits; ECTS applications should specify the number of credits required, and specify the general area of chemistry in which a project is desired.

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