Giaotrinh PPPTHH V10

i
PHNG PHP
PHN T HU HN

L thuyt
Bi tp
Chng trnh MATLAB

H NI 2007
TRN CH THNH NG NH KHOA
SinhVienKyThuat.Com

TRN CH THNH
NG NH KHOA
H NI 2007

PHNG PHP PHN T HU HN
P p
L thuyt
Bi tp
Chng trnh MATLAB

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GS, TS Trn ch Thnh
TS. Ng Nh Khoa

PHNG PHP PHN T HU HN

L thuyt
Bi tp
Chng trnh MATLAB

H NI 2007
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i

M U
Gio trnh Phng php Phn t hu hn (PP PTHH) c bin son
da trn ni dung cc bi ging v kinh nghim ging dy mn hc cng tn
trong nhng nm gn y cho sinh vin khoa C kh, trng i hc Bch
khoa H Ni v hc vin cao hc ngnh C hc K thut, trng i hc K
thut Cng nghip - i hc Thi Nguyn. Ni dung gio trnh c mc ch
trang b cho sinh vin cc ngnh k thut: Cng ngh ch to my, C tin k
thut, K thut hng khng, K thut tu thu, My thu kh, t, ng c,
To hnh bin dng, Cng ngh cht do & composite, Cng ngh & kt cu
hn v.v.:
- Nhng kin thc c bn nht ca PP PTHH ng dng,
- p dng phng php gii quyt mt s bi ton k thut khc
nhau,
- Nng cao k nng lp trnh Matlab trn c s thut ton PTHH.
Gio trnh bin son gm 13 chng.
Sau phn gii thiu phng php PTHH, mt s loi phn t thc v phn
t qui chiu hay gp (Chng 1), gio trnh cp n mt s php tnh ma
trn, phng php kh Gauss (Chng 2) v thut ton xy dng ma trn
cng v vct lc nt chung cho kt cu (Chng 3). Phng php Phn t
hu hn trong bi ton mt chiu chu ko (nn) c gii thiu trong Chng
4 v ng dng vo tnh ton h thanh phng (Chng 5). Tip theo, gio trnh
tp trung vo m t phn t hu hn tam gic bin dng hng s trong bi ton
phng ca l thuyt n hi (Chng 6) v ng dng vo tnh ton kt cu i
xng trc (Chng 7). Chng 8 gii thiu phn t t gic km theo khi nim
tch phn s. Chng 9 m t phn t Hermite trong bi ton tnh dm v
khung. Chng 10 trnh by phn t hu hn trong bi ton dn nhit mt v
hai chiu. Chng 11 xy dng thut ton PTHH tnh tm-v chu un. Phn
p dng phn t hu hn trong tnh ton vt liu v kt cu composite c
gii thiu trong chng 12. Chng 13 m t phn t hu hn trong tnh ton
ng lc hc mt s kt cu.
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Cui mi chng (t chng 4 n chng 13) u c chng trnh
Matlab km theo v mt lng bi tp thch ng ngi c t kim tra kin
thc ca mnh.
Gio trnh c bin son bi:
- GS. TS Trn ch Thnh (ch bin): Chng 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8 v 9.
- TS Ng Nh Khoa: Chng 2, 7, 10, 11, 12, 13 v cc chng trnh
Matlab.
Gio trnh c trnh by mt cch h thng v nht qun t u n cui
nh Nguyn l cc tiu ho th nng ton phn. Cc quan h c xy dng
trong "khng gian qui chiu", do rt thun li trong tnh ton v lp trnh.
C th dng gio trnh ny lm ti liu tham kho cho sinh vin, hc vin
Cao hc v nghin cu sinh cc ngnh k thut lin quan.
Rt mong nhn c nhng gp xy dng ca bn c.

Tp th tc gi

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MC LC
Chng 1
GII THIU PHNG PHP PHN T HU HN
1. Gii thiu chung ................................................................................ 1
2. Xp x bng phn t hu hn ............................................................. 1
3. nh ngha hnh hc cc phn t hu hn .......................................... 2
3.1. Nt hnh hc ............................................................................................... 2
3.2. Qui tc chia min thnh cc phn t............................................................ 2
4. Cc dng phn t hu hn ................................................................. 3
5. Phn t quy chiu, phn t thc ......................................................... 4
6. Mt s dng phn t quy chiu .......................................................... 5
7. Lc, chuyn v, bin dng v ng sut ............................................... 6
8. Nguyn l cc tiu ho th nng ton phn ........................................ 7
9. S tnh ton bng phng php phn t hu hn ........................... 8

Chng 2
I S MA TRN V PHNG PHP KH GAUSSIAN
1. i s ma trn ................................................................................. 11
1.1. Vct ....................................................................................................... 11
1.2. Ma trn n v .......................................................................................... 12
1.3. Php cng v php tr ma trn. ................................................................. 12
1.4. Nhn ma trn vi hng s ......................................................................... 12
1.5. Nhn hai ma trn ...................................................................................... 13
1.6. Chuyn v ma trn .................................................................................... 13
1.7. o hm v tch phn ma trn................................................................... 14
1.8. nh thc ca ma trn .............................................................................. 14
1.9. Nghch o ma trn .................................................................................. 15
1.10. Ma trn ng cho .............................................................................. 16
1.11. Ma trn i xng .................................................................................. 16
1.12. Ma trn tam gic ................................................................................... 16
2. Php kh Gauss ............................................................................... 17
2.1. M t........................................................................................................ 17
2.2. Gii thut kh Gauss tng qut ................................................................. 18

Chng 3
THUT TON XY DNG MA TRN CNG
V VCT LC NT CHUNG
1. Cc v d ......................................................................................... 22
1.1. V d 1 ..................................................................................................... 22
1.2. V d 2 ..................................................................................................... 24
2. Thut ton ghp K v F ................................................................... 28
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2.1. Nguyn tc chung ..................................................................................... 28
2.2. Thut ton ghp ni phn t: .................................................................... 29

Chng 4
PHN T HU HN TRONG BI TON MT CHIU
1. M u ............................................................................................ 31
2. M hnh phn t hu hn ................................................................. 31
3. Cc h trc to v hm dng ....................................................... 32
4. Th nng ton phn ......................................................................... 35
5. Ma trn cng phn t .................................................................. 36
6. Qui i lc v nt ............................................................................ 37
7. iu kin bin, h phng trnh phn t hu hn ............................. 38
8. V d ............................................................................................... 40
9. Chng trnh tnh kt cu mt chiu 1D ....................................... 46
10. Bi tp ............................................................................................. 50

Chng 5
PHN T HU HN TRONG TNH TON H THANH PHNG
1. M u ............................................................................................ 52
2. H to a phng, h to chung ............................................ 52
3. Ma trn cng phn t .................................................................. 54
4. ng sut .......................................................................................... 55
5. V d ............................................................................................... 55
6. Chng trnh tnh h thanh phng .................................................... 57
7. Bi tp ............................................................................................. 67

Chng 6
PHN T HU HN TRONG BI TON HAI CHIU
1. M u ............................................................................................ 71
1.1. Trng hp ng sut phng ...................................................................... 72
1.2. Trng hp bin dng phng .................................................................... 72
2. Ri rc ho kt cu bng phn t tam gic ....................................... 73
3. Biu din ng tham s.................................................................... 76
4. Th nng ......................................................................................... 79
5. Ma trn cng ca phn t tam gic ............................................. 79
6. Qui i lc v nt ............................................................................ 80
7. V d ............................................................................................... 83
8. Chng trnh tnh tm chu trng thi ng sut phng ...................... 88
9. Bi tp ............................................................................................. 99

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Chng 7
PHN T HU HN
TRONG BI TON I XNG TRC CHU TI TRNG I XNG
1. M u .......................................................................................... 103
2. M t i xng trc ....................................................................... 103
3. Phn t tam gic ............................................................................ 104
4. Chng trnh tnh kt cu i xng trc ......................................... 114
5. Bi tp ........................................................................................... 122

Chng 8
PHN T T GIC
1. M u .......................................................................................... 126
2. Phn t t gic............................................................................... 126
3. Hm dng ...................................................................................... 127
4. Ma trn cng ca phn t.......................................................... 129
5. Qui i lc v nt .......................................................................... 131
6. Tch phn s .................................................................................. 132
7. Tnh ng sut................................................................................. 136
8. V d ............................................................................................. 136
9. Chng trnh ................................................................................. 138
10. Bi tp ........................................................................................... 150

Chng 9
PHN T HU HN TRONG TNH TON KT CU DM V KHUNG
1. Gii thiu ...................................................................................... 152
2. Th nng ....................................................................................... 153
3. Hm dng Hermite ........................................................................ 153
4. Ma trn cng ca phn t dm .................................................. 155
5. Quy i lc nt .............................................................................. 157
6. Tnh mmen un v lc ct............................................................ 158
7. Khung phng ................................................................................. 159
8. V d ............................................................................................. 161
9. Chng trnh tnh dm chu un .................................................... 166
10. Bi tp ........................................................................................... 175

Chng 10
PHN T HU HN TRONG BI TON DN NHIT
1. Gii thiu ...................................................................................... 178
2. Bi ton dn nhit mt chiu.......................................................... 178
2.1. M t bi ton ........................................................................................ 178
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2.2. Phn t mt chiu ................................................................................... 178
2.3. V d ...................................................................................................... 180
3. Bi ton dn nhit hai chiu ........................................................... 182
3.1. Phng trnh vi phn qu trnh dn nhit hai chiu .................................. 182
3.2. iu kin bin ........................................................................................ 183
3.3. Phn t tam gic ..................................................................................... 184
3.4. Xy dng phim hm ............................................................................. 185
3.5. V d ...................................................................................................... 189
4. Cc chng trnh tnh bi ton dn nhit ........................................ 192
4.1. V d 10.1 .............................................................................................. 192
4.2. V d 10.2 .............................................................................................. 197
5. Bi tp ........................................................................................... 203

Chng 11
PHN T HU HN
TRONG TNH TON KT CU TM - V CHU UN
1. Gii thiu ...................................................................................... 206
2. L thuyt tm Kirchhof ................................................................. 206
3. Phn t tm Kirchhof chu un ...................................................... 209
4. Phn t tm Mindlin chu un ........................................................ 215
5. Phn t v ..................................................................................... 218
6. Chng trnh tnh tm chu un ..................................................... 221
7. Bi tp ........................................................................................... 231

Chng 12
PHN T HU HN
TRONG TNH TON VT LIU, KT CU COMPOSITE
1. Gii thiu ...................................................................................... 234
2. Phn loi vt liu Composite ......................................................... 234
3. M t PTHH bi ton trong trng thi ng sut phng ................... 236
3.1. Ma trn D i vi trng thi ng sut phng ........................................... 236
3.2. V d ...................................................................................................... 238
4. Bi ton un tm Composite lp theo l thuyt Mindlin ................ 241
4.1. M hnh ha vt liu composite nhiu lp theo l thuyt Mindlin ........... 241
4.2. M hnh ha PTHH bi ton tm composite lp chu un ....................... 246
5. Chng trnh tnh tm Composite lp chu un.............................. 250
6. Bi tp ........................................................................................... 267

Chng 13
PHN T HU HN
TRONG BI TON NG LC HC KT CU
1. Gii thiu ...................................................................................... 268
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2. M t bi ton................................................................................ 268
3. Vt rn c khi lng phn b ....................................................... 270
4. Ma trn khi lng ca phn t c khi lng phn b.................. 272
4.1. Phn t mt chiu ................................................................................... 272
4.2. Phn t trong h thanh phng.................................................................. 272
4.3. Phn t tam gic ..................................................................................... 273
4.4. Phn t tam gic i xng trc ............................................................... 274
4.5. Phn t t gic ....................................................................................... 275
4.6. Phn t dm ........................................................................................... 275
4.7. Phn t khung ........................................................................................ 276
5. V d ............................................................................................. 276
6. Chng trnh tnh tn s dao ng t do ca dm v khung .................. 277
6.1. Chng trnh tnh tn s dao ng t do ca dm ................................... 277
6.2. Chng trnh tnh tn s dao ng t do ca khung ................................ 282
7. Bi tp ........................................................................................... 287

TI LIU THAM KHO

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Chng 1
GII THIU PHNG PHP PHN T HU HN

1. GII THIU CHUNG
S tin b ca khoa hc, k thut i hi ngi k s thc hin
nhng n ngy cng phc tp, t tin v i hi chnh xc, an
ton cao.
7.1. Phng php phn t hu hn (PTHH) l
mt phng php rt tng qut v hu hiu cho li
gii s nhiu lp bi ton k thut khc nhau. T
vic phn tch trng thi ng sut, bin dng trong
cc kt cu c kh, cc chi tit trong t, my bay,
tu thu, khung nh cao tng, dm cu, v.v, n
nhng bi ton ca l thuyt trng nh: l thuyt
truyn nhit, c hc cht lng, thu n hi, kh
n hi, in-t trng v.v. Vi s tr gip ca
ngnh Cng ngh thng tin v h thng CAD, nhiu
kt cu phc tp cng c tnh ton v thit k
chi tit mt cch d dng.
Trn th gii c nhiu phn mm PTHH ni ting nh:
NASTRAN, ANSYS, TITUS, MODULEF, SAP 2000, CASTEM
2000, SAMCEF v.v.
c th khai thc hiu qu nhng phn mm PTHH hin c hoc
t xy dng ly mt chng trnh tnh ton bng PTHH, ta cn phi
nm c c s l thuyt, k thut m hnh ho cng nh cc bc tnh
c bn ca phng php.
2. XP X BNG PHN T HU HN
Gi s V l min xc nh ca mt i lng cn kho st no
(chuyn v, ng sut, bin dng, nhit , v.v.). Ta chia V ra nhiu min
con v
e
c kch thc v bc t do hu hn. i lng xp x ca i
lng trn s c tnh trong tp hp cc min v
e
.
Phng php xp x nh cc min con v
e
c gi l phng php
xp x bng cc phn t hu hn, n c mt s c im sau:
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- Xp x nt trn mi min con v
e
ch lin quan n nhng bin
nt gn vo nt ca v
e
v bin ca n,
- Cc hm xp x trong mi min con v
e
c xy dng sao cho
chng lin tc trn v
e
v phi tho mn cc iu kin lin tc
gia cc min con khc nhau.
- Cc min con v
e
c gi l cc phn t.
3. NH NGHA HNH HC CC PHN T HU HN
3.1. Nt hnh hc
Nt hnh hc l tp hp n im trn min V xc nh hnh hc
cc PTHH. Chia min V theo cc nt trn, ri thay min V bng mt tp
hp cc phn t v
e
c dng n gin hn. Mi phn t v
e
cn chn sao
cho n c xc nh gii tch duy nht theo cc to nt hnh hc
ca phn t , c ngha l cc to nm trong v
e
hoc trn bin ca
n.
3.2. Qui tc chia min thnh cc phn t
Vic chia min V thnh cc phn t v
e
phi tho mn hai qui tc
sau:
- Hai phn t khc nhau ch c th c nhng im chung nm trn
bin ca chng. iu ny loi tr kh nng giao nhau gia hai
phn t. Bin gii gia cc phn t c th l cc im, ng hay
mt (Hnh 1.1).
- Tp hp tt c cc phn t v
e
phi to thnh mt min cng gn
vi min V cho trc cng tt. Trnh khng c to l hng
gia cc phn t.

bin gii bin gii
v
2
v
1

bin gii
v
2

v
1

v
1
v
2

Hnh 1.1. Cc dng bin chung gia cc phn t
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4. CC DNG PHN T HU HN
C nhiu dng phn t hu hn: phn t mt chiu, hai chiu v ba
chiu. Trong mi dng , i lng kho st c th bin thin bc nht
(gi l phn t bc nht), bc hai hoc bc ba v.v. Di y, chng ta
lm quen vi mt s dng phn t hu hn hay gp.
Phn t mt chiu

Phn t hai chiu

Phn t ba chiu
Phn t t din

Phn t lng tr
Phn t bc nht
Phn t bc hai
Phn t bc ba
Phn t bc nht Phn t bc hai Phn t bc ba
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5. PHN T QUY CHIU, PHN T THC
Vi mc ch n gin ho vic xc nh gii tch cc phn t c
dng phc tp, chng ta a vo khi nim phn t qui chiu, hay
phn t chun ho, k hiu l v
r
. Phn t qui chiu thng l phn t
n gin, c xc nh trong khng gian qui chiu m t , ta c th
bin i n thnh tng phn t thc v
e
nh mt php bin i hnh hc
r
e
. V d trong trng hp phn t tam gic (Hnh 1.2).

Cc php bin i hnh hc phi sinh ra cc phn t thc v phi
tho mn cc qui tc chia phn t trnh by trn. Mun vy, mi
php bin i hnh hc phi c chn sao cho c cc tnh cht sau:
a. Php bin i phi c tnh hai chiu (song nh) i vi mi im
trong phn t qui chiu hoc trn bin; mi im ca v
r
ng vi
mt v ch mt im ca v
e
v ngc li.
v
r

v
3

v
2

v
1

1,0

0,0

y
c
x
(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

n
r
3
r
2
r
1
0,1

Hnh 1.2. Phn t quy chiu v cc phn t thc tam gic
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b. Mi phn bin ca phn t qui chiu c xc nh bi cc nt hnh hc
ca bin ng vi phn bin ca phn t thc c xc nh bi cc nt
tng ng.
Ch :
- Mt phn t qui chiu v
r
c bin i thnh tt c cc phn t
thc v
e
cng loi nh cc php bin i khc nhau. V vy, phn
t qui chiu cn c gi l phn t b-m.
- C th coi php bin i hnh hc ni trn nh mt php i bin n
gin.
- . (c, n) c xem nh h to a phng gn vi mi phn t.
6. MT S DNG PHN T QUI CHIU
Phn t qui chiu mt chiu

Phn t qui chiu hai chiu

Phn t qui chiu ba chiu
Phn t t din
c
v
r

1

0,0

1

c
v
r

1

0,0

1

c
v
r

1

0,0

1

n
n n
1
/
2
,1
/
2
1
/
2
1
/
2
1
/
3
,
2
/
3
2
/
3
,
1
/
3
2
/
3
1
/
3
1
/
3
2
/
3
0

1

-1

c 0

1

-1

c
-1
/
2
1

-1

c
1
/
2
0

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Phn t su mt

7. LC, CHUYN V, BIN DNG V NG SUT
C th chia lc tc dng ra ba loi v ta biu din chng di dng
vct ct:
- Lc th tch f : f = f[ f
x
, f
y
, f
z
]
T

- Lc din tch T : T = T[ T
x
, T
y
, T
z
]
T

- Lc tp trung P
i
:

P
i
= P
i
[ P
x
, P
y
, P
z
]
T

v
r

c
0,1,1

c
v
r

.
n
n
1,1,0

.
0,1,1

1,1,0

c
v
r

n
.
0,1,1

1,1,0

c
v
r

0,1,0

0,0,0

0,0,1

c
v
r

0,1,0

0,0,1

v
r

.
n
n
1,0,0

.
1,0,0

c
n
.
0,1,0

1,0,0

0,0,1

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Chuyn v ca mt im thuc vt c k hiu bi:
u = [u, v, w]
T
(1.1)
Cc thnh phn ca tenx bin dng c k hiu bi ma trn ct:
c = [c
x
, c
y
, c
z
,
yz
,
xz
,
xy
]
T
(1.2)
Trng hp bin dng b:
T
x
v
y
u
x
w
z
u
y
w
z
v
z
w
y
v
x
u
)
`
c
c
+
c
c
c
c
+
c
c
c
c
+
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
= c (1.3)
Cc thnh phn ca tenx ng sut c k hiu bi ma trn ct:
o = [o
x
, o
y
, o
z
, o
yz
, o
xz
, o
xy
]
T
(1.4)

Vi vt liu n hi tuyn tnh v ng hng, ta c quan h gia ng
sut vi bin dng:
o = D c (1.5)

Trong :
( )( )
+
=
v
v
v
v v v
v v v
v v v
v v
5 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 5 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 5 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 1
0 0 0 1
0 0 0 1
2 1 1
,
,
,
E
D
E l mun n hi, v l h s Poisson ca vt liu.
8. NGUYN L CC TIU HO TH NNG TON PHN
Th nng ton phn H ca mt vt th n hi l tng ca nng
lng bin dng U v cng ca ngoi lc tc dng W:
H = U + W (1.6)
Vi vt th n hi tuyn tnh th nng lng bin dng trn mt
n v th tch c xc nh bi: c o
T
2
1

Do nng lng bin dng ton phn:
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=
V
T
dv U c o
2
1
(1.7)
Cng ca ngoi lc c xc nh bi:

=
=
n
i
i
T
i
S
T
V
T
P u TdS u FdV u W
1
(1.8)
Th nng ton phn ca vt th n hi s l:

=
= I
n
i
i
T
i
S
T
V
T
V
T
P u TdS u dV f u dV
1
2
1
c o (1.9)
Trong : u l vct chuyn v v P
i
l lc tp trung ti nt i c
chuyn v l u
i

p dng nguyn l cc tiu th nng: i vi mt h bo ton,
trong tt c cc di chuyn kh d, di chuyn thc ng vi trng thi cn
bng s lm cho th nng t cc tr. Khi th nng t gi tr cc tiu
th vt (h) trng thi cn bng n nh.
9. S TNH TON BNG PHNG PHP PHN T HU
HN
Mt chng trnh tnh bng PTHH thng gm cc khi chnh sau:
Khi 1: c cc d liu u vo: Cc d liu ny bao gm cc thng
tin m t nt v phn t (li phn t), cc thng s c hc
ca vt liu (mun n hi, h s dn nhit...), cc thng tin
v ti trng tc dng v thng tin v lin kt ca kt cu
(iu kin bin);
Khi 2: Tnh ton ma trn cng phn t k v vct lc nt phn t f
ca mi phn t;
Khi 3: Xy dng ma trn cng tng th K v vct lc nt F
chung cho c h (ghp ni phn t);
Khi 4: p t cc iu kin lin kt trn bin kt cu, bng cch bin
i ma trn cng K v vec t lc nt tng th F;
Khi 5: Gii phng trnh PTHH, xc nh nghim ca h l vct
chuyn v chung Q;
Khi 6: Tnh ton cc i lng khc (ng sut, bin dng, gradin
nhit , v.v.) ;
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Khi 7: T chc lu tr kt qu v in kt qu, v cc biu , th
ca cc i lng theo yu cu.
S tnh ton vi cc khi trn c biu din nh hnh sau (Hnh
1.3);

Tnh ton ma trn cng phn t k
Tnh ton vct lc nt phn t f
Gii h phng trnh KQ = F
(Xc nh vct chuyn v nt tng th Q)
c d liu u vo
- Cc thng s c hc ca vt liu
- Cc thng s hnh hc ca kt cu
- Cc thng s iu khin li
- Ti trng tc dng
- Thng tin ghp ni cc phn t
- iu kin bin

Xy dng ma trn cng K v vct lc chung F
p t iu kin bin
(Bin i cc ma trn K v vec t F)
Tnh ton cc i lng khc
(Tnh ton ng sut, bin dng, kim tra bn, v.v)
In kt qu
- In cc kt qu mong mun
- V cc biu , th
Hnh 1.3. S khi ca chng trnh PTHH
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10 SinhVienKyThuat.Com

11

Chng 2
I S MA TRN V PHNG PHP KH GAUSSIAN

p dng phng php PTHH trong cc bi ton k thut thng
lin quan n mt lot cc php ton trn ma trn. V vy, cc php
ton c bn trn ma trn v phng php kh Gaussian (Gauss) gii
h phng trnh tuyn tnh s l 2 ni dung chnh c cp trong
chng ny.
1. I S MA TRN
Cc cng c ton hc v ma trn c cp trong phn ny l cc
cng c c bn gii bi ton tm nghim ca h phng trnh tuyn
tnh, c dng nh sau:
n n nn n n
n n
n n
b x a x a x a
b x a x a x a
b x a x a x a
= + +
= + +
= + +
2 2 1 1
2 2 2 22 1 21
1 1 2 12 1 11

(2.1)
trong , x
1
, x
2
, , x
n
l cc nghim cn tm. H phng trnh (2.1) c
th c biu din dng thu gn:
Ax = b (2.2)
trong , A l ma trn vung c kch thc (n n), v x v b l cc
vct (n1), c bin din nh sau:
=
nn n n
n
n
a a a
a a a
a a a
A
2 1
2 22 21
1 12 11

=
n
x
x
x
x
2
1

=
n
b
b
b
b
2
1

1.1. Vct
Mt ma trn c kch thc (1 n) c gi l vct hng, ma trn
c kch thc (n 1) c gi l vct ct. V d mt vct hng (1
4):
{ } 6 12 2 2 = r
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12
v vct ct (3 1):
=
34
2
11
c
1.2. Ma trn n v
Ma trn n v l ma trn ng cho vi cc phn t trn ng
cho chnh bng 1, v d:
=
1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 1
I
1.3. Php cng v php tr ma trn.
Cho 2 ma trn A v B, cng c kch thc l (m n). Tng ca
chng l 1 ma trn C = A + B v c nh ngha nh sau:
c
ij
= a
ij
+ b
ij
(2.3)
V d:
3 4
7 5
2 1
5 8
1 5
2 3

php tr c nh ngha tng t.
1.4. Nhn ma trn vi hng s
Nhn 1 ma trn A vi hng s c c nh ngha nh sau:
cA=[ca
ij
] (2.4)
V d:
100 500
200 300
1 5
2 3
10
2

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13
1.5. Nhn hai ma trn
Tch ca ma trn A kch thc (m n) vi ma trn B kch thc (n
p) l 1 ma trn C kch thc (m p), c nh ngha nh sau:
A B = C (2.5)
(m n) (n p) (m p)
trong , phn t th (ij) ca C l (c
ij
) c tnh theo biu thc:
=
=
n
k
kj ik ij
b a c
1
(2.6)
V d:

36 38
70 54
4 6
5 2
5 4
4 1 3
5 8 2

Ch :
- iu kin tn ti php nhn 2 ma trn AB l s ct ca ma
trn A phi bng s hng ca ma trn B.
- Trong phn ln cc trng hp, nu tn ti tch 2 ma trn AB
v BA, th tch 2 ma trn khng c tnh cht giao hon, c ngha l
AB = BA.
1.6. Chuyn v ma trn
Chuyn v ca ma trn A = [a
ij
] kch thc (m n) l 1 ma trn, k
hiu l A
T
c kch thc l (n m), c to t ma trn A bng cch
chuyn hng ca ma trn A thnh ct ca ma trn A
T
. Khi , (A
T
)
T
= A.
V d:

=
4 6
5 2
5 4
A th:
=
4 5 5
6 2 4
T
A
Chuyn v ca mt tch cc ma trn l tch cc chuyn v ca ma
trn thnh phn theo th t o ngc, c ngha l:
(ABC)
T
=C
T
B
T
A
T
. (2.7)
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14
1.7. o hm v tch phn ma trn
Trong nhiu bi ton k thut, cc phn t ca ma trn khng phi
l 1 hng s, chng l cc hm s 1 bin hay nhiu bin. V d:
+
+
+
=
y x x
y x
xy x y x
A
4 6
2
5 2
2

Trong cc trng hp , cc ma trn c th c o hm hay
tch phn. Php o hm (hay php tch phn) ca 1 ma trn, n gin
l ly o hm (hay ly tch phn) i vi mi phn t ca ma trn:
=
dx
x da
x A
dx
d
ij
) (
) ( (2.8)
| |

= dxdy a Adxdy
ij
(2.9)
Chng ta s s dng thng xuyn biu thc (2.8) xy dng h
phng trnh PTHH trong cc chng sau. Xt ma trn vung A, kch
thc (n n) vi cc h s hng, vct ct x = {x
1
x
2
... x
n
}
T
cha cc
bin. Khi , o hm ca Ax theo 1 bin x
p
s l:
p
p
a Ax
dx
d
= ) (
(2.10)
trong , a
p
l vct ct v chnh l ct th p ca ma trn A.
1.8. nh thc ca ma trn
Cho ma trn vung A = [a
ij
], kch thc (n n). nh thc ca ma
trn A c nh ngha nh sau:
( )
( )
=
+
+
=
+ =
n
j
ij ij
j i
n n
n
A a
A a A a A a A
1
1 1
1
12 12 11 11
) det( 1
) det( 1 ) det( ) det( ) det(
(2.11)
trong , A
ij
l ma trn kch thc (n-1 n-1) thu c bng cch loi
i hng i ct j ca ma trn A.

V d:
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15
=
nn n n
n
n
nn n n
n
n
a a a
a a a
a a a
A
a a a
a a a
a a a
A
3 2
3 33 32
2 23 22
11
2 1
2 22 21
1 12 11

Cng thc (2.11) l cng thc tng qut. Theo cng thc ny, nh thc
ca ma trn vung c kch thc (n n) c xc nh theo phng
php truy hi t nh thc cc ma trn c kch thc (n-1 n-1). Trong
, ma trn ch c 1 phn t (1 1) c:
det(a
pq
) = a
pq
(2.12)
1.9. Nghch o ma trn
Cho ma trn vung A, nu det(A) = 0, th A c ma trn nghch o
v k hiu l A
-1
. Ma trn nghch o tha mn quan h sau:
A
-1
A = AA
-1
= I (2.13)
Nu det(A) = 0, A l ma trn suy bin v khng tn ti ma trn
nghch o. Nu det(A) = 0 ta gi A l ma trn khng suy bin. Khi ,
nghch o ca A c xc nh nh sau:
A
adjA
A
det
1
=
(2.14)
Trong , adjA l ma trn b ca A, c cc phn t ( ) ) det( 1
ji
j i
ij A a
+
=
v A
ji
l ma trn thu c t A bng cch loi i hng th j v ct th i.
V d:
Nghch o ca ma trn A kch thc (2 2) l:
11 21
12 22
1
22 21
12 11 1
det
1
a a
a a
A a a
a a
A
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16
1.10. Ma trn ng cho
Mt ma trn vung c cc phn t bng khng ngoi tr cc phn
t trn ng cho chnh c gi l ma trn ng cho. V d:
=
5 0 0
0 3 0
0 0 2
D
1.11. Ma trn i xng
Ma trn i xng l mt ma trn vung c cc phn t tho mn
iu kin:
a
ij
= a
ji
(2.15a)
hay:
A = A
T
(2.15b)
Nh vy, ma trn i xng l ma trn c cc phn t i xng qua
ng cho chnh.
V d, ma trn A sau y l ma trn i xng:

=
9 0 11
0 4 3
11 3 2
A
1.12. Ma trn tam gic
Ma trn c gi l ma trn tam gic trn hay ma trn tam gic
di, tng ng l cc ma trn c tt c cc phn t nm di hay nm
trn ng cho chnh bng khng.
V d, cc ma trn c minh ho di y tng ng l ma trn
tam gic trn A v ma trn tam gic di B:
=
9 0 0
0 4 0
11 3 2
A
=
9 0 11
0 4 3
0 0 2
B
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17
2. PHP KH GAUSS
Xt h phng trnh tuyn tnh c biu din dng ma trn nh
sau:
Ax = b
trong , A l ma trn vung kch thc (n n). Nu detA = 0, th ta c
th thc hin php bin i phng trnh trn bng cch nhn 2 v vi
A
-1
v nhn c nghim: x = A
-1
b. Tuy nhin, trong hu ht cc bi
ton k thut, kch thc ca ma trn A l rt ln v cc phn t ca A
thng l s thc vi min xc nh rt rng; do , vic tnh ton ma
trn nghch o ca A l rt phc tp v d gp phi sai s do vic lm
trn trong cc php tnh. V vy, phng php kh Gauss l mt cng
c rt hu ch cho vic gii h phng trnh i s tuyn tnh.
2.1. M t
Chng ta s bt u m t phng php kh Gauss thng qua mt v d
minh ho sau y; sau tm hiu gii thut kh Gauss tng qut.
Xt h phng trnh:
1 5 2
3 2 1
= + + x x x (1)
2 3 5 2
3 2 1
= + + x x x (2)
4 15
3 2 1
= + x x x (3)
Bc 1: bng cc php bin i tng ng kh x
1
trong cc
phng trnh (2) v (3), ta c h:
1 5 2
3 2 1
= + + x x x (1)
4 7 0
3 2 1
= + x x x (2
1
)
5 20 0
3 2 1
= + + x x x (3
1
)
Bc 2: kh x
2
trong phng trnh (3
1
), ta c h:
1 5 2
3 2 1
= + + x x x (1)
4 7 0
3 2 1
= + x x x (2
1
)
9 27 0 0
3 2 1
= + + x x x (3
2
)
y, ta nhn c h phng trnh m ma trn cc h s lp
thnh ma trn tam gic trn. T phng trnh cui cng (3
2
), ta tm
c nghim x
3
, ln lt th cc nghim tm c vo phng trnh
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18
trn n, (2
1
) v (1). S nhn c cc n s cn tm nh sau:
3
8
;
3
5
;
3
1
1 2 3
= = = x x x . Phng php tm nghim khi ma trn cc
h s l ma trn tam gic trn ny c gi l phng php th
ngc.
Cc thao tc trn c th c biu din di dng ngn gn nh sau:

9 27 0 0
4 7 1 0
1 5 2 1
5 20 1 0
4 7 1 0
1 5 2 1
4 15 1 1
2 3 5 2
1 5 2 1

bng phng php th ngc, cui cng ta nhn c cc nghim:
3
8
;
3
5
;
3
1
1 2 3
= = = x x x
2.2. Gii thut kh Gauss tng qut
Gii thut kh Gauss tng qut s c biu din thng qua cc
bc thc hin i vi mt h phng trnh tuyn tnh tng qut nh
sau:
n
i
n
i
nn nj n n n
in ij i i i
n j
n j
n j
b
b
b
b
b
x
x
x
x
x
a a a a a
a a a a a
a a a a a
a a a a a
a a a a a

3
2
1
3
2
1
3 2 1
3 2 1
3 3 33 32 31
2 2 23 22 21
1 1 13 12 11

(2.16)
thc hin phng php kh Gauss, ta xt cc th tc tc ng
n cc ma trn h s A v ma trn cc s hng t do b nh sau:
SinhVienKyThuat.Com

19
nn nj n n n
in ij i i i
n j
n j
n j
a a a a a
a a a a a
a a a a a
a a a a a
a a a a a

3 2 1
3 2 1
3 3 33 32 31
2 2 23 22 21
1 1 13 12 11

n
i
b
b
b
b
b
3
2
1

(2.17)
Bc 1. S dng phng trnh th nht (hng 1) loi x
1
ra khi cc
phng trnh cn li. Bc ny s tc ng n cc phn t nm trong
vng nh du v lm cho cc phn t t hng 2 n hng th n ca
ct 1 bng khng nh php bin i (2.18) sau:
( )
( )
= =
=
n j i b
a
a
b b
a
a
a
a a
i
i i
j
i
ij ij
,..., 2 , ;
1
11
1 1
1
11
1 1
(2.18)
Bc 2. S dng phng trnh th hai (hng 2) loi x
2
ra khi cc
phng trnh cn li. Bc ny s tc ng n cc phn t nm trong
vng nh du di y v lm cho cc phn t t hng 3 n hng
th n ca ct 2 bng khng.
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 1 1
3
1
2
1 1 1
3
1
2
1
3
1
3
1
33
1
32
1
2
1
2
1
23
1
22
1 1 13 12 11
0
0
0
0
nn nj n n
in ij i i
n j
n j
n j
a a a a
a a a a
a a a a
a a a a
a a a a a

( )
( )
( )
( )
1
1
1
3
1
2
1
n
i
b
b
b
b
b
(2.19)
Cc bc nh trn s c lp li n khi trong vng nh du ch cn
1 phn t. Mt cch tng qut, ti bc th k ta c:
SinhVienKyThuat.Com

20
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )

+

+
+ +
1
,
1
,
1
1 ,
1
,
1
,
1
1 ,
1
, 1
1
, 1
1
1 , 1
2
3
2
3
2
33
1
2
1
2
1
23
1
22
1 1 13 12 11
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0
0
k
n n
k
j n
k
k n
k
n i
k
j i
k
k i
k
n k
k
j k
k
k k
n j
n j
n j
a a a
a a a
a a a
a a a
a a a a
a a a a a

( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
+
1
1
1
1
3
3
1
2
1
k
n
k
i
k
k
b
b
b
b
b
b
(2.20)
bc ny, cc phn t trong min nh du c tc ng nh php
bin i
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
+ = =
+ = =
n k j i b
a
a
b b
n k j i a
a
a
a a
k
k
k
kk
k
ik k
i
k
i
k
kj
k
kk
k
ik k
ij
k
ij
,..., 1 , ;
,..., 1 , ;
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
(2.21)
Cui cng, sau n-1 bc nh trn, chng ta nhn c h (2.16) di
dng:
) 1 (
) 3 (
4
) 2 (
3
) 1 (
2
1
4
3
2
1
) 1 (
) 3 (
4
) 3 (
44
) 2 (
3
) 2 (
34
) 2 (
33
) 1 (
2
) 1 (
24
) 1 (
23
) 1 (
22
1 14 13 12 11
0
n
n n
n
nn
n
n
n
n
b
b
b
b
b
x
x
x
x
x
a
a a
a a a
a a a a
a a a a a
(2.22)
T h (2.22) ny, bng phng php th ngc t di ln ta nhn
c cc nghim ca h phng trnh (2.16) nh sau ( y, tin
theo di, chng ta b qua k hiu ch s trn trong cc h s ca ma
trn A v b):
1 2 1
1
, , n , n i ;
a
x a b
x , ;
a
b
x
ii
n
i j
j ij i
i
nn
n
n
=
= =

+ =
(2.23)

SinhVienKyThuat.Com


22

Chng 3
THUT TON XY DNG MA TRN CNG CHUNG
V VCT LC NT CHUNG

Vic ghp cc ma trn cng k v cc vct lc f ca cc phn t
to ra ma trn cng K v vct lc nt F chung cho c h, t
thit lp h phng trnh PTHH l mt vn quan trng.
Ta s cng cc s hng ca ma trn cng ca mi phn t vo
cc v tr tng ng ca ma trn cng chung v cng cc s hng
ca vct lc vo vct lc chung.
Cch d nht ghp cc phn t l gn s cho mi dng v ct
ca ma trn cng phn t ng vi bc t do ca phn t y, sau
chng ta s lm vic qua cc s hng ca ma trn phn t; tc l cng
cc s hng ny vo ma trn chung m mi dng, mi ct cng c
gn ng nhng s trn.
Di y ta s xt hai v d.
1. CC V D
1.1. V d 1
Mt kt cu c chia ra 8 phn t tam gic nh Hnh 3.1. Mi
phn t c 3 nt; mi nt c 1 bc t do (v d nhit ).

M t qu trnh ghp ni ma trn cng chung K vi gi s ch xt 3
phn t u tin: 1, 2 v 3 vi cc ma trn cng bit nh sau:
1
2 3
5
4
6
7 8 9
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
e
1 2
3
Hnh 3.1
SinhVienKyThuat.Com

23
=
5 2 1
2 6 3
1 3 7
1
k ;
=
4 3 2
3 7 1
2 1 8
2
k ;
=
5 0 1
0 6 4
1 4 9
3
k
Li gii
1. Xy dng bng ghp ni phn t (ng n cc nt ngc chiu kim
ng h)
Bc t do
Phn t
1 2 3
1 1 2 4
2 4 2 5
3 2 3 5
2. Xt tng phn t
Vi phn t 1, cc dng v ct c nhn dng nh sau:
4
2
1
5 2 1
2 6 3
1 3 7
4 2 1
1
= k

Ma trn ny c cng vo ma trn cng chung v ta s c:

5
4
3
2
1
0 0 0 0 0
0 5 0 2 1
0 0 0 0 0
0 2 0 6 3
0 1 0 3 7
5 4 3 2 1
= K

Ma trn cng ca phn t 2 c gn s bi:
5
2
4
4 3 2
3 7 1
2 1 8
5 2 4
2
= k

Cc s hng ca ma trn k
2
c cng thm vo ma trn chung, cho ta
SinhVienKyThuat.Com

24

5
4
3
2
1
4 2 0 3 0
2 8 5 0 1 2 1
0 0 0 0 0
3 1 2 0 7 6 3
0 1 0 3 7
5 4 3 2 1
+ +
+ +
= K

Vi phn t 3:
5
3
2
5 0 1
0 6 4
1 4 9
5 3 2
3
= k

Cc s hng ca ma trn k
3
c cng tip vo ma trn chung trn,
cho ta

5
4
3
2
1
5 4 2 0 0 1 3 0
2 13 0 3 1
0 0 0 6 4 0
1 3 3 4 9 13 3
0 1 0 3 7
5 4 3 2 1
+ + +
+
+ +
= K

Vic cng cc vct lc phn t vo vct lc chung c tin
hnh hon ton tng t.
1.2. V d 2
Gi s c hai phn t 1 v 4 trong bi ton hai chiu; mi phn t
c 3 nt, mi nt c 2 bc t do (Hnh 3.2). Hy m t qu trnh ghp
ni ma trn cng chung K v vct lc nt chung, theo cc ma trn
cng phn t v vct lc nt phn t k
1
, k
4
, f
1
v f
4
cho trc nh
sau:
SinhVienKyThuat.Com

25

=
24 2 8 5 7 2
2 16 4 3 1 6
8 4 31 6 9 4
5 3 6 30 9 7
7 1 9 9 29 3
2 6 4 7 3 22
1
k ;
=
5
7
1
4
6
3
1
f

=
28 7 4 7 5 5
7 27 2 8 7 3
4 2 25 7 6 8
7 8 7 30 2 6
5 7 4 2 19 1
5 3 8 6 1 23
4
k ;
=
5
4
2
6
7
9
4
f

Cc nt ca phn t 1 l: (1, 2, 5). Bc t do tng ng ca phn t l:
{ } { }
T T
k k j j i i
q q q q q q q q q q q q
10 9 4 3 2 1 2 1 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
=

Cc hng v ct ca ma trn cng phn t 1 c gn cc s ng
vi bc t do tng ng ca n v cc s hng ca ma trn c cng
vo cc v tr tng ng ca ma trn cng chung.
10
9
4
3
2
1
24 2 8 5 7 2
2 16 4 3 1 6
8 4 31 6 9 4
5 3 6 30 9 7
7 1 9 9 29 3
2 6 4 7 3 22
10 9 4 3 2 1
1

= k

i
1
2
3
1
4
5
6
2 1
Hnh 3.2
2
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26

12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 24 2 0 0 0 0 8 5 7 2
0 0 2 16 0 0 0 0 4 3 1 6
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 8 4 0 0 0 0 31 6 9 4
0 0 5 3 0 0 0 0 6 30 9 7
0 0 7 1 0 0 0 0 9 9 29 3
0 00 2 6 0 0 0 0 4 7 3 22
12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

= K

Tin hnh tng t i vi ma trn cng ca phn t 4. Cc nt ca
phn t 4 l: (5, 2, 6). Bc t do tng ng ca phn t l:
{ } { }
T T
k k j j i i
q q q q q q q q q q q q
12 11 4 3 10 9 2 1 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
=

12
11
4
3
10
9
28 7 4 7 5 5
7 27 2 8 7 3
4 2 25 7 6 8
7 8 7 30 2 6
5 7 4 2 19 1
5 3 8 6 1 23
12 11 4 3 10 9
4

= k

Cc s hng ca ma trn c cng vo cc v tr tng ng ca ma
trn cng chung, ta nhn c kt qu nh sau:
SinhVienKyThuat.Com

27

12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
28 7 5 5 0 0 0 0 4 7 0 0
7 27 7 3 0 0 0 0 2 8 0 0
5 7 43 3 0 0 0 0 12 7 7 2
5 3 3 39 0 0 0 0 12 9 1 6
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
4 2 14 12 0 0 0 0 56 13 9 4
7 8 7 9 0 0 0 0 16 60 9 7
0 0 7 1 0 0 0 0 9 9 29 3
0 0 2 6 0 0 0 0 4 7 3 22
12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

= K

Vct lc nt ca cc phn t 1 v 4 cng c cng vo vct lc nt
chung theo cch tng t:
10
9
4
3
2
1
5
7
1
4
6
3
1
= f

12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
0
5
7
0
0
0
0
1
4
6
3
= F
;
12
11
4
3
10
9
5
4
2
6
7
9
4
= f

12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
5
4
12
16
0
0
0
0
3
10
6
3
= F

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28
2. THUT TON GHP K V F
2.1. Nguyn tc chung
Qua hai v d trn ta thy ma trn cng chung K chnh l tng
ca cc ma trn m rng [k
e
] ca cc phn t. Vct lc chung F cng
chnh l tng ca cc vct lc m rng {f
e
} ca cc phn t:
| | { }

= =
e
e
e
e
f F k K ; (3.1)
chun ho cc bc ghp ni, ta xy dng bng nh v index cho
mi phn t. Bng index s cho bit v tr ca mi s hng ca {q
n
}
trong {Q
n
}. Kch thc ca bng index l (noe edof ), vi edof l k
hiu cho s bc t do ca phn t v noe l k hiu cho tng s phn
t.
Mi nt c mt bc t do
Tr li v d 3.1, bng index chnh l bng ghp ni phn t trn.
Khi y: { }
T
Q Q Q Q Q Q
5 4 3 2 1
=
- Vi phn t 1 (e =1)
{ }
( ) 4 2 1 :) , 1 (
4 2 1
=
=
index
Q Q Q q
T

- Vi phn t 2 (e =2)
{ }
( ) 5 2 4 :) , 2 (
5 2 4
=
=
index
Q Q Q q
T

- Vi phn t 3 (e =3)
{ }
( ) 5 3 2 :) , 3 (
5 3 2
=
=
index
Q Q Q q
T

Ch : k hiu (:) trong index(e,:) ch cc phn t thuc hng e ca
index.
Mi nt c hai bc t do
Tr li v d 3.2 xt trn, bng index l:
Bc t do
Phn t
1 2 3 4 5 6
1 1 2 3 4 9 10
... ... ... ...
4 9 10 3 4 11 12
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29
Khi y:
{ }
T
Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q
12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
=
- Vi phn t s 1
{ }
( ) 10 9 4 3 2 1 :) , 1 (
10 9 4 3 2 1
=
=
index
Q Q Q Q Q Q q
T

- Vi phn t s 4
{ }
( ) 12 11 4 3 10 9 :) , 4 (
12 11 4 3 10 9
=
=
index
Q Q Q Q Q Q q
T

Vi s gip ca bng index, mi s hng k
ij
ca ma trn k
e
c
cng vo
IJ
K ca [K] sao cho:
I = index(e,i), vi i = 1.. sdof
J = index(e,j), vi j = 1.. sdof
hoc:
j i
e
j e i e IJ
k K K + =
) , ( index ) , ( index
(3.2)
Tng t, mi s hng f
i
ca {f
e
}c chuyn sang F
I
ca {F} sao
cho:
i
e
i e I
f F K + =
) , ( index
(3.3)
2.2. Thut ton ghp ni phn t:
Bc 1: Khi to ma trn vung [K] c kch thc (sdof sdof) v
vct ct {F} c kch thc (sdof 1), vi cc s hng bng khng.
Trong , sdof l k hiu cho tng s bc t do ca cc nt trong ton
h.
Bc 2: Vi mi phn t e (e = 1:noe), cng ng v tr mi s hng
k
ij
ca ca ma trn phn t k
e
vo s hng
IJ
K ca ma trn [K]:
) , ( ), , ( ; : 1 , ; j e index J i e index I edof j i k K K j i
e
IJ IJ
= = = + = (3.4)
Bc 3: Vi mi phn t e (e = 1:noe), cng ng v tr mi s hng
f
i
ca ca vct lc phn t f vo s hng F
I
ca vct lc chung F:
) , ( ; : 1 ; i e index I edof i f F F i
e
I I
= = + = (3.5)
S thut ton c m t nh Hnh 3.3 sau:
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30
K=zero(sdof,sodf);
F=zero(sdof,1);
e =1; i = 1; j = 1;

( ) ( ) ( ) j i k i e index i e index K i e index i e index K
e
, ) , ( ), , ( ) , ( ), , ( + =
j s edof
j = j + 1;
i = i+1;
i s edof
( ) ( ) ( ) i f i e index F i e index F
e
+ = ) , ( ) , (
e = e +1;
e s noe
...
...
T
T
T
F
F
F
Hnh 3.3. S thut ton ghp ni phn t
SinhVienKyThuat.Com

31

Chng 4
PHN T HU HN TRONG BI TON MT CHIU
1. M U
gii bi ton mt chiu (1D) bng phng php phn t hu
hn, chng ta s s dng nguyn l cc tiu ho th nng ton phn v
cc quan h: quan h ng sut-bin dng, quan h bin dng-chuyn v.
Vi bi ton hai chiu (2D) v ba chiu (3D), cch tip cn cng tng
t.
Trong bi ton mt chiu, cc i lng: chuyn v, bin dng, ng
sut ch ph thuc vo bin x. Ta biu din chng nh sau:
( ); x u u =

( ); x c c = ( ) x o o = (4.1)
Quan h gia ng sut vi bin dng, bin dng vi chuyn v:
dx
du
E = = c c o ; (4.2)
Vi bi ton mt chiu, vi phn th tch dv c vit di dng:
dv=Adx (4.2)
trong , A l din tch mt ct ngang.
2. M HNH PHN T HU HN
C th chia thanh ra nhiu phn t, mi phn t c tit din ngang
khng i (hoc thay i). Chng hn, ta chia thanh ra 5 phn t vi
cc nt c nh s t 1 n 6, cc ch s nt ny l ch s nt ton
cc (Hnh 4.1a); mi phn t c hai nt 1 v 2, cc ch s nt ny l
ch s nt cc b (Hnh 4.1b).
Trong bi ton mt chiu, mi nt ch c mt chuyn v theo
phng x . V vy mi nt ch c mt bc t do, n nt c n bc t do.
Chuyn v tng th c k hiu l Q
i
; i = 1, n; chuyn v a
phng ca mi phn t c k hiu l q
j
; j = 1, 2
Vct ct
| |
Q Q
i
T
= c gi l vct chuyn v chung (tng th).
Lc nt c k hiu l F
i
; i = 1, n.
Vct ct
| |
F F
i
T
= c gi l vct lc nt chung (tng th).
SinhVienKyThuat.Com

32

ghp ni cc phn t vi nhau, ta s dng bng ghp ni cc
phn t nh sau:
Bng 3.1. Bng ghp ni cc phn t
Phn t
Nt
1(u) 2(cui)
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
2
3
4
5
6
3. CC H TRC TO V HM DNG
Kho st mt phn t e nh Hnh 4.2. Theo s nh s nt cc b:
Nt th nht l 1
Nt th hai l 2

e
1 2
x
2

x
x
1

c
c = -1 c = 1
(b)
(a)
Hnh 4.2. Phn t trong h to x v c
1 2 3 4 5
x
1 2 3 4 5 6
Q
1
Q
2
Q
3
Q
4
Q
5
Q
6

e
1 2
q
1
q
2

Hnh 4.1a. Ch s ton cc
Hnh 4.1b. Ch s cc b
Ch s a phng
Ch s chung
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33
Theo k hiu, x

= x
1
l ta ca nt th nht; x

= x
2
l ta ca nt
th hai. Ta nh ngha h ta qui chiu (hay chun ho) c k
hiu l c nh sau:
( ) 1
2
1
1 2

= x x
x x
c
= =
= =
1
1
2
1
c
c
x x
x x
(4.3)
Vy: | | | |
2 1
: 1 : 1 x x x e e c
Ta s dng h ta a phng ny xc nh hm dng vi mc
ch ni suy ra trng chuyn v trong cc phn t.
By gi trng chuyn v cn tm cho mt phn t s c ni suy
bng mt php bin i tuyn tnh (Hnh 4.3).

thc hin c php ni suy ny, cn a vo mt hm dng
tuyn tnh:
( ) ( )
2
1
;
2
1
2 1
c
c
c
c
+
=
= N N (4.4)
Cc hm dng c minh ho trn Hnh 4.4. th ca hm dng N
1

trn Hnh 4.4a c suy ra t phng trnh (4.4): N
1
= 1 ti c= -1 v
N
1
= 0 ti c = 1. Tng t ta c th ca N
2
.

1
N
1

Hnh 4.4. (a), (b). Hm dng N
1
, N
2;
(c). Ni suy tuyn tnh
-1 0 1
c
1
N
2

c
u
1 2 c
2
1
1
c
= N

2
1
2
c +
= N

q
1

q
2

u=N
1
q
1
+N
2
q
2

2 1 1
2
(a)
(b)
(c)
-1
0
1
e
1 2
u
2
u
1

Hnh 4.3. Ni suy tuyn tnh trng chuyn v ca mt phn t
q
2

q
1

e
1 2
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34
Mt khi cc hm dng c xc nh, trng chuyn v ca phn t s
c biu din qua cc chuyn v nt q
1
v q
2
nh sau:
2 2 1 1
q N q N u + = (4.5)
Hoc di dng ma trn:
u = Nq (4.6)
Trong :
| |
N N N =
1 2
,
| |
T
q q q
1 1
= (4.7)
Trong biu thc trn, q l vct chuyn v ca phn t. T (4.5), ta thy
u = q
1
ti

nt 1; u = q
2
ti nt 2 v u bin thin tuyn tnh trong phn t
(Hnh 4.4c).
Ta bit:
1
2
1
1
0
1
1 q u
N
N
x x =
=
=
= = c

2
2
1
2
1
0
1 q u
N
N
x x =
=
=
= = c
By gi ta ni suy ta x nh cc hm dng
2 1
, N N
2 2 1 1
x N x N x + = (4.8)
So snh:
+ =
+ =
2 2 1 1
2 2 1 1
q N q N u
x N x N x

ta thy chuyn v u v to x c ni suy trn cng phn t nh
cng cc hm dng N
1
v N
2
. Trong trng hp ny, ta c php biu
din ng tham s.
Ch : Cc hm dng cn tho mn:
1) o hm bc nht phi hu hn,
2) Chuyn v phi lin tc trn cc bin ca phn t.
Mt khc:
dx
d
d
du
dx
du c
c
c = = (4.9)
m:
1 2
2
x x dx
d
=
c
(4.10)
SinhVienKyThuat.Com

35
suy ra
2 1 2 2 1 1
2
1
2
1
q q q N q N u
c c +
+
= + = (4.11)
2
2 1
q q
d
du +
=
c
(4.12)
( )
2 1
1 2
1
q q
x x
+
= c (4.13)
do :
| | 1 1
1
;
1 2

= =
x x
B Bq c (4.14)
Trong ma trn B c gi l ma trn bin dng-chuyn v ca phn
t.
Theo nh lut Hooke, ta c biu thc tnh ng sut:
o = EBq (4.15)
Ch :
B, c, o l cc i lng hng s;
Cc biu thc u = Nq; c = Bq; o = EBq m t chuyn v, bin
dng v ng sut qua cc gi tr chuyn v nt ca phn t. Ta
s th cc biu thc ny vo biu thc th nng ca thanh
thit lp ma trn cng v ma trn lc nt ca phn t.
4. TH NNG TON PHN
p dng cng thc (1.3) - Chng 1, ta tnh c th nng ton
phn ca thanh:

=
= I
n
i
i
T
i
L
T
L
T
L
T
P u Tdx u Adx f u x d A
1
2
1
c o (4.16)
Khi vt th c chia ra lm nhiu phn t hu hn, th

=
= I
n
i
i i
e
e
T
e
e
T
e
e
T
P Q Tdx u Adx f u x d A
1
2
1
c o (4.17)
SinhVienKyThuat.Com

36
5. MA TRN CNG PHN T
Gi:
x d A U
e
T
e

= c o
2
1

l th nng bin dng ca phn t, ta c:
x d A q B E B q U
e
e e
T T
e

=
2
1

q x d A B E B q U
e
e e
T T
e
=

2
1
(4.18)
Ch rng: A
e
, E
e
v B l cc i lng hng s, v
c c d
l
dx d
x x
dx
e
2 2
1 2
=
= , vi:
1 2
; 1 1 x x l
e
= s s c
Khi y, ta c biu thc ca nng lng bin dng ca phn t:
q d B B E
l
A q U
T
e
e
e
T
e
1
1
2 2
1
c
vi:
| | 1 1
1
1 2

=
x x
B
ta c:
q
l
E A
q U
e
e e
T
e

=
1 1
1 1
2
1

Gi:

=
1 1
1 1
e
e e e
l
E A
k (4.19)
l ma trn cng ca phn t .
Khi , biu thc th nng (4.18) c biu din dng thu gn nh
sau:
q k q U
e T
e
2
1
= (4.20)
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37
6. QUI I LC V NT
Khi vt th c ri rc ha bng cc phn t hu hn vi cc
nt xc nh, ta phi qui i cc loi lc tc dng v nt.
Ln lt xt tng thnh phn biu din cng ca ngoi lc trong
biu thc th nng I (4.17), ta c:
- Cng do lc khi:
e
e
e
e
T
e
T
dx N f A
dx N f A
q Adx f u
2
1

m:
=
+
=
=
2 2
1
2
2 2
1
2
1
1
2
1
1
1
e e
e
e e
e
l
d
l
dx N
l
d
l
dx N
c
c
c
c

e T e e T
e
T
f q
l f A
q Adx f u =
)
`
1
1
2

Vi:
)
`
=
1
1
2
e e e
l f A
f (4.21)
l lc th tch quy i v nt ca phn t
- Cng do lc din tch:
( )
e T
e
e
T
T
e
T
T q
dx N T
dx N T
q dx T q N q N dx T u =
= + =

2
1
2 2 1 1

Vi:
)
`
=
1
1
2
e e
l T
T (4.22)
c gi l lc din tch qui i v nt ca phn t

Cui cng, biu thc I c vit gn di dng
SinhVienKyThuat.Com

38
F Q KQ Q
T T
= I
2
1
(4.23)
Trong :
Q l vct chuyn v nt chung,
K l ma trn cng chung, c xc nh t cc ma trn
cng k
e
ca cc phn t:
K k
e
e

F l vct lc nt chung, c xc nh t cc vct lc nt: f
e
,
T
e
, P ca cc phn t:
( ) F P T f
e
e e
+ +

Vi phn t mt chiu v mi nt c mt bc t do, ta vn s dng
bng ghp ni phn t trn thit lp ma trn cng K v vct
lc F.
7. IU KIN BIN, H PHNG TRNH PHN T HU HN
Sau khi ri rc ha vt th nh phng php phn t hu hn, ta
xc nh c biu thc th nng ton phn (4.23).
By gi phi xy dng phng trnh cn bng t xc nh
cc chuyn v nt, sau tnh ng sut, bin dng v cc phn lc lin
kt.
Bng cch cc tiu biu thc th nng I i vi Q, tc l cho cho
th nng bin dng "chu" iu kin bin, ta s thu c phng trnh
cn bng.
Di y ta trnh by cch nhp iu kin bin. Phng php ny
c p dng khng ch cho bi ton mt chiu m cn cho c bi ton
hai, ba chiu.
iu kin bin thng c dng:
Q
i
= a
i

Biu thc trn c ngha l chuyn v Q
i
phi bng a
i
.
y, chng ta s p dng phng php kh nhp cc iu kin
bin.
Kho st trng hp n gin: Q
1
= a
1
.
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39
Vi mt kt cu c n bc t do, ta c
{ }
T
n
Q Q Q Q
2 1
=
{ }
T
n
F F F F
2 1
=
Ma trn cng tng th c dng:
=
nn n n
n
n
K K K
K K K
K K K
K
2 1
2 22 21
1 12 11
(4.24)
K l ma trn i xng
Ta vit biu thc ca th nng H di dng khai trin nh sau:
( )
n n
n nn n n n n n
n n
n n
F Q F Q F Q
Q K Q Q K Q Q K Q
Q K Q Q K Q Q K Q
Q K Q Q K Q Q K Q
+ + +
|
|
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ + + +
+ + + +
+ + +
= I
2 2 1 1
2 2 1 1
2 2 2 22 2 1 21 2
1 1 2 12 1 1 11 1
2
1
(4.25)
Thay Q
1
= a
1
vo phng trnh trn, ta c:
( )
n n
n nn n n n n n
n n
n n
F Q F Q F a
Q K Q Q K Q a K Q
Q K Q Q K Q a K Q
Q K a Q K a a K a
+ + +
|
|
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ + + +
+ + + +
+ + +
= I
2 2 1 1
2 2 1 1
2 2 2 22 2 1 21 2
1 1 2 12 1 1 11 1
2
1
(4.26)
Ch rng chng ta kh chuyn v Q
1
trong biu thc ca th nng
trn. p dng iu kin cc tiu th nng:
n i
Q
i
,..., 2 ; 0 = =
c
I c
(4.27)
ta thu c:
= + + +
= + + +
= + + +
1 1 3 3 2 2
1 31 3 3 3 33 2 32
1 21 2 2 3 23 2 22
a K F Q K Q K Q K
a K F Q K Q K Q K
a K F Q K Q K Q K
n n n nn n n
n n
n n
(4.28)
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40
Khi y, h phng trnh PTHH c biu din nh sau:
1 1
1 31 3
1 21 2
3
2
3 2
3 33 32
2 23 22
a K F
a K F
a K F
Q
Q
Q
K K K
K K K
K K K
n n n nn n n
n
n

(4.29)
Nhn xt: Ma trn cng (n-1)(n-1) trn c nhn t ma trn
cng (nn) ban u (4.23) bng cch b i hng th nht v ct th
nht (v Q
1
= a
1
). H phng trnh (4.28) c vit di dng c ng:
KQ = F (4.30)
Ma trn K trong (4.30) l ma trn khng k d cn ma trn K ban u
(4.24) l ma trn k d (det K=0).
p dng phng php kh Gauss (xem chng 2) gii h phng
trnh (4.30), ta s tm c chuyn v Q;
Nh bng thng tin ghp ni phn t gii thiu phn u, ta s xc
nh c chuyn v nt q ca phn t t chuyn v chung Q tm
c trn.
p dng cng thc EBq = o ta tm c ng sut;
xc nh phn lc lin kt R
1
, ta vit phng trnh cn bng cho nt
1:
1 1 1 2 12 1 11
R F Q K Q K Q K
n n
+ = + + + (4.31)
Trong Q
i
c xc nh, F
1
l lc tc dng ti ni t lin kt
cng bit.
8. V D
V d 4.1.
Cho mt trc bc chu tc dng ca lc P = 10 N (hnh 4.5a). Bit
tit din cc on: A
1
=20 mm
2
; A
2
= 10 mm
2
; chiu di cc on l
1
= l
2

= 100 mm; v mun n hi: E
1
= E
2
= 200 gPa. Hy xc nh chuyn
v ti B v C; bin dng, ng sut trong cc on trc AB, BC.
SinhVienKyThuat.Com

41

Li gii
Chia trc lm hai phn t: 1 v 2, Hnh 4.5b.
1. Bng ghp ni phn t c thit lp nh sau:
Phn t Nt i Nt j
1 1 2
2 2 3
2. Xc nh ma trn cng ca phn t 1: k
1
v 2: k
2
mm
N
l
E A
k
4
1
1 1 1
10
4 4
4 4
1 1
1 1

=
mm
N
l
E A
k
4
2
2 2 2
10
2 2
2 2
1 1
1 1

=
3. Ma trn cng chung K:
mm
N
K
4
10
2 2 0
2 2 4 4
0 4 4
+

=
4. Vct lc nt chung F: F = [0 0 10]
T

5. H phng trnh phn t hu hn:

10
0
2 2 0
2 2 4 4
0 4 4
10
3
2
1
4
R
Q
Q
Q

A
1
Hnh 4.5. (a) Trc bc chu ko ng tm; (b) S phn t
P=10 kN
x
B
C
1 2
2
3
(a)
(b)
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42
6. p t iu kin bin:
Do Q
1
= 0 (lin kt ngm ti A), do ta loi dng 1 v ct 1 trong h
phng trnh trn. Cui cng ta thu c h phng trnh:
)
`
=
)
`
10
0
2 2
2 6
10
3
2 4
Q
Q

7. Xc nh chuyn v, bin dng, ng sut
Gii h phng trnh trn ta c:
Q
2
= 0,25 10
-3
mm
Q
3
= 0,75 10
-3
mm
p dng cng thc (4.31), ta tm c phn lc lin kt:
R
1
=10
4
(-4 Q
2
) = -10 N

Bin dng c tnh cho mi phn t
c
1
= (-q
1
+ q
2
)/l = 0,25 x10
-5
/100 = 2,5 x10
-6

c
2
= (-q
2
+ q
3
)/l = 5 x10
-6
ng sut c tnh cho mi phn t
o
1
= E c
1
= 0,5 N/mm
2

o
2
= E c
2
= 1 N/mm
2
V d 4.2.
Cho mt trc bc chu lin kt ngm 2 u v tc dng ca lc P =
200 kN (hnh 4.6a). Bit tit din cc on: A
1
=2400 mm
2
; A
2
= 600
mm
2
; chiu di cc on l
1
= 300mm, l
2
= 400 mm; v mun n hi:
E
1
= 70 gPa, E
2
= 200 gPa. Hy xc nh chuyn v ti B; ng sut
trong cc on trc AB, BC v phn lc ti A v C.

Li gii
2
A
Hnh 4.6. Trc bc chu ko ng tm
x
1
B
C
P=200
KN
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43
Chia trc lm hai phn t: 1 v 2, nh hnh 4.5b v d 4.1.
1. Bng ghp ni phn t c thit lp nh sau:
Phn t Nt i Nt j
1 1 2
2 2 3
2. Xc nh ma trn cng ca phn t 1: k
1
v 2: k
2
mm
N
l
E A
k

=
1 1
1 1
300
10 70 2400
1 1
1 1
3
1
1 1 1

mm
N
l
E A
k

=
1 1
1 1
400
10 200 600
1 1
1 1
3
2
2 2 2

3. Ma trn cng chung K:
mm
N
K
3
10
300 300
300 860 560
0 560 560

=
4. Vct lc nt chung F:
F = [R
1
20010
3
R
3
]
T

5. H phng trnh phn t hu hn:
3
3
1
3
2
1
3
10 200
300 300 0
300 860 560
0 560 560
10
R
R
Q
Q
Q

6. p t iu kin bin:
Do Q
1
= 0 (lin kt ngm ti A) v Q
3
= 0 (lin kt ngm ti C) , do
ta loi dng 1, ct 1 v dng 3, ct 3 trong h phng trnh trn. Cui
cng ta thu c phng trnh:
860 Q
2
= 200
7. Xc nh chuyn v, bin dng, ng sut
Gii phng trnh trn ta c:
SinhVienKyThuat.Com

44
Q
2
= 0,23257 mm
p dng cng thc (4.31), ta tm c cc phn lc lin kt:
R
1
=10
3
(-560 Q
2
) = -130,233 KN
R
3
=10
3
(-300 Q
2
) = -69,767 KN
Bin dng c tnh cho mi phn t
c
1
= (-q
1
+ q
2
)/l
1
= 0,23257 /300 = 7,752 10
-4

c
2
= (-q
2
+ q
3
)/l
2
= -0,23257 /400 = 5,81410
-4

ng sut c tnh cho mi phn t
o
1
= E
1
c
1
= 54,26 N/mm
2

o
2
= E
2
c
2
= 116,28 N/mm
2
V d 4.3.
Cho mt trc trn chu lin kt ngm ti A, khe h gia u C v
thnh cng l 1,2mm, chu tc dng ca lc P = 60 kN ti B (hnh 4.7).
Bit tit din ca thanh l A=250 mm
2
; v mun n hi: E =
210
3
N/mm
2
Hy xc nh chuyn v ti B; v phn lc ti A v C.

Li gii
y, ta xem nh thc hin bc kim tra kt lun rng,
trong qu trnh bin dng, u C ca trc tip xc vi thnh cng v
tip tc bin dng. Tng t cc v d trn, ta chia trc lm hai phn t
(1) v (2). Khi , ma trn cng chung K c xc nh nh sau:
mm
N
K
3
3
10
1 1 0
1 2 1
0 1 1
150
10 20 250

=
Vct lc nt chung F: F = [R
1
6010
3
R
3
]
T

2 A
Hnh 4.7. Tnh kt cu bng phng php PTHH
x
1 B
C
150mm 150mm 1,2mm
P=60 KN

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45
H phng trnh phn t hu hn:

3
3
1
3
2
1
3
10 60
1 1 0
1 2 1
0 1 1
150
10 20 250
R
R
Q
Q
Q

p t iu kin bin: Do Q
1
= 0 (lin kt ngm ti A) v Q
3
= 1,2 (khe
h ti C) , do ta loi dng 1, ct 1. Cui cng ta thu c h phng
trnh:
3,333310
4
(2 Q
2
1,2)

= 6010
3

3,333310
4
(- Q
2
+ 1,2)

= R
3

Xc nh chuyn v, bin dng, ng sut
Gii phng trnh trn ta c:
Q
2
= 1,5 mm;
R
3
=3,333310
4
(-Q
2
+ 1,2) = - 10 kN
R
1
=3,333310
4
(- Q
2
) = -50 kN
SinhVienKyThuat.Com

46
9. CHNG TRNH TNH KT CU MT CHIU - 1D
Chng trnh ngun
%----------------------------------------------------------------------------
% Chuong trinh so 1, chuong 4. (P4_1)
%----------------------------------------------------------------------------
% Tinh chuyen vi nut trong cac ket cau 1-D
%
% Mo ta cac bien
% k = ma tran do cung phan tu
% f = vecto luc nut phan tu
% kk = ma tran do cung tong the
% ff = vecto luc nut tong the
% gcoord = toa do nut
% nodes = ma tran chi so nut cua moi phan tu
% index = vecto chuyen vi nut chung o moi phan tu
%----------------------------------------------------------------------------
%------------------------------------
% Cac tham so dau vao
%------------------------------------
clear
edof=1; % edof = so bac tu do tai nut
noe=input('Nhap so phan tu:'); % noe = so phan tu
% Nhap du lieu: cac thong so hinh hoc cua ket cau va co tinh vat lieu
for i=1:noe
Doan_truc=i
los(i)=input('Nhap chieu dai (don vi mm) cua doan ');
E(i)=input('Nhap modul dan hoi keo nen (N/mm2) cua doan (phan
tu)');
A(i)=input('Nhap tiet dien mat cat ngang (mm2) cua doan (phan
tu)');
end
% Nhap du lieu: cac thong tin ve chi so nut phan tu tuong ung voi chi
so
% nut tong the, phuc vu cho viec ghep noi phan tu
SinhVienKyThuat.Com

47
for i=1:noe
Phan_tu = i
index(i,1)=input('Chi so nut toan cuc cua nut 1:');
index(i,2)=input('Chi so nut toan cuc cua nut 2:');
end
% Nhap du lieu: cac thong tin ve tai trong tac dung.
% 1. Tai trong tap trung
nof=input('Nhap so luc tap trung:'); % nof=Number Of Force
for i=1:nof
Luc_thu =i
temp_f(i)=input('Gia tri luc (don vi N): ');
force_pos(i)=input('Vi tri dat luc (nut so): ');
end
% Thong tin ve lien ket
noc=0; % noc=Number Of Clamp
while ((noc==0)|(noc>2))
noc=input('So luong lien ket (1 hoac 2):');
end
for i=1:noc
c(i)=input('Vi tri dat lien ket (nut dat lien ket): ');
end
% Tinh ma tran do cung phan tu
for i=1:noe
k(1,1,i)=E(i)*A(i)/los(i);
k(1,2,i)=-k(1,1,i);
k(2,1,i)=-k(1,1,i);
k(2,2,i)=k(1,1,i);
end
for e=1:noe % In ma tran do cung cac phan tu
k(e,:)
end
% Xay dung ma tran do cung tong the
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48
non=noe+1; % non = Number Of Nodes
sdof=non*edof;
kk=zeros(sdof,sdof);
for row_indx=1:non
for e=1:noe
for n1=1:2
if (index(e,n1)==row_indx)
for col_indx=1:non
for n2=1:2
if (index(e,n2)==col_indx)
kk(row_indx,col_indx)=kk(row_indx,col_indx)+ k(n1,n2,e);
end
end
end
end
end
end
end
kk % In ma tran do cung tong the
% Tinh ma tran luc nut phan tu
f=zeros(noe,2);
for e=1:noe
for i=1:nof
if (index(e,1)==force_pos(i))
f(e,1)=temp_f(i);
end
if (index(e,2)==force_pos(i))
f(e,2)=temp_f(i);
end
end
end
for i=e:noe % In vecto luc nut phan tu
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49
f(e,:)
end
% Xay dung vecto luc nut chung
ff=zeros(sdof,1);
for node=1:non
for e=1:noe
for n=1:2
if (index(e,n)==node)
ff(node)=f(e,n);
end
end
end
end
ff % In vecto luc nut chung
% Ap dat dieu kien bien
for node=1:noc
kk(c(node),:)=0;
kk(:,c(node))=0;
ff(c(node))=0;
kk(c(node),c(node))=1;
end
kk
ff
Q=kk\ff;

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50
10. BI TP
4.1. Cho kt cu 1D c ri rc ho bi 2 phn t mt chiu
nh Hnh 4.10.1 di y.
a. Hy chng t rng ma trn cng tng th K l ma trn k d.
b. Ch ra mt vct chuyn v Q
0
= 0 m tho mn KQ
0
= F = 0.
Bng cch m t qua hnh v, hy phn tch ngha ca cc
chuyn v ny. V ch ra nng lng bin dng n hi trong cu
trc trng hp ny ?
c. Chng minh dng tng qut rng, vi bt k vct chuyn v Q
= 0 l nghim ca h phng trnh KQ = 0, vi K l ma trn k
d.

4.2. Xt kt cu thanh bng thp, mun n hi
E=20010
9
N/m
2
. C lin kt v chu lc nh Hnh 4.10.2. Xc nh cc
chuyn v nt (cc chm en trn hnh), ng sut trong cc phn t v
cc thnh phn phn lc ti ngm. Hy gii bi ton bng tay v nghin
cu k Chng trnh cho, sa i li mt s im nu cn thit v
b sung phn chng trnh tnh ng sut trong cc phn t; thc hnh
tnh ton bng chng trnh v so snh kt qu.

4.3. Xt kt cu thanh bng thp, mun n hi
E=20010
9
N/m
2
. C lin kt v chu lc nh Hnh 4.10.3. Xc nh cc
chuyn v nt, ng sut trong cc phn t v cc thnh phn phn lc
ti ngm.
150mm 150mm
300mm
x
P=300 kN
250mm
2 400mm
2
Hnh 4.10.2
1
2 3
x
Hnh 4.10.1
SinhVienKyThuat.Com

51

4.4. Xt kt cu lin kt v chu lc nh Hnh 4.10.4. Thanh
nm ngang c xem nh l tuyt i cng, cc thanh treo c lm
bng thp v nhm, c mun n hi nh ch ra trn hnh v. Tnh
ng sut trong mi thanh treo.

Hnh 4.10.4
thp
22 cm
E=20010
9
N/m
2

Nhm
24 cm
50cm
40 cm 30 cm 20 cm
60 KN
Thanh tuyt i cng, trng lng khng ng k
E=7010
9
N/m
2

150mm 150mm 200mm 200mm
250mm
2
400mm
2
P=300 kN
P=600 kN x
3.5mm
Hnh 4.10.3
SinhVienKyThuat.Com

52

Chng 5
PHN T HU HN TRONG TNH TON H THANH PHNG

1. M U
Trong chng ny chng ta s p dng phng php phn t hu
hn tnh ton h thanh phng (h gm n thanh lin kt vi nhau bi
cc khp quay). H thanh phng in hnh c trnh by trn Hnh
5.1.

Trong h thanh, ti trng hoc phn lc lin kt t cc khp ni;
b qua ma st trong cc khp ni. R rng, mi phn t ca h thanh
hoc chu ko, hoc chu nn.
Ta c th gp h thanh tnh nh hoc siu tnh.
2. H TO A PHNG, H TO CHUNG
H thanh khc vi cc kt cu mt chiu xt trong Chng 4
ch: trong h thanh, cc phn t (cc thanh) c cc phng khc nhau.
c th tnh n s khc nhau v phng ca cc phn t trong h, ta
cn phi a ra khi nim h to a phng v h to chung.
Mt phn t thanh c m t trong h to a phng v h
to chung nh trong Hnh 5.2.
2 3 4
5
6 7 8
1
Q
2

Q
1
Q
5
Q
7

Q
9

Q
4

Q
3

Q
6

Q
8
Q
10

Q
15

Q
16

Q
13

Q
14

Q
11

Q
12

Hnh 5.1. H thanh phng
SinhVienKyThuat.Com

53

Trong s nh s nt a phng, hai nt ca phn t c nh s
1 v s 2. H to a phng hng theo trc x, chy t nt 1 n
nt 2. Tt c cc i lng trong h to a phng c k hiu bi
du (). H to chung (x,y) l c nh v khng ph thuc vo
phng ca cc phn t.
Trong h to chung, mi nt cng c hai bc t do. Chng hn, nt j
s c hai chuyn v l Q
2j-1
v Q
2j
.
Gi q
1
v q
2
l cc chuyn v ca nt 1 v 2 tng ng trong h to
a phng. Ta k hiu vct chuyn v trong h to a phng
bi:
q = [q
1
, q
2
]
T
(5.1)
Trong h to chung, vct chuyn v c 4 thnh phn:
q = [q
1
, q
2
, q
3
, q
4
]
T
(5.2)
Ta i tm quan h gia q v q.
D thy
q
1
= q
1
cosu + q
2
sinu (5.3a)
q
2
= q
3
cosu + q
4
sinu (5.3b)
K hiu
= cosu (5.4a)
m = sinu (5.4b)
x
y
x
1
(a)
u
u
q
1

q
2

q
4

q
3

q
1
cosu

q
2
sinu

q
3
cosu

q
4
sinu

q
1

q
2

(b)
Hnh 5.2. Phn t thanh trong h to a phng (a)
v trong h to chung (b)
SinhVienKyThuat.Com

54
Ta c th vit
q = L q (5.5)
Trong L l ma trn chuyn v, c vit di dng:
)
`
=
m l
m l
L
0 0
0 0
(5.6)
3. MA TRN CNG PHN T
Cc phn t trong h thanh u l cc phn t mt chiu. V vy, ta p
dng nhng kt qu ca chng 4 vo h thanh.
Trong h to a phng, ta xc nh c ma trn cng ca
phn t

=
1 1
1 1
'
e
e e
l
A E
k (5.7)
thit lp ma trn cng ca phn t trong h to chung, ta ch
ti biu thc nng lng bin dng ca phn t
' ' '
2
1
q k q U
T
e
= (5.8)
Thay q = Lq vo biu thc trn, ta c
| |q L k L q U
T T
e
'
2
1
= (5.9)
Cui cng, nng lng bin dng trong h to chung c vit di
dng:
q k q U
T
e
2
1
= (5.10)
Trong k l ma trn cng ca phn t trong h to chung v
k = L
T
k' L (5.11)
Thay biu thc ca L t (5.6) v ca k' t (5.7) vo (5.11), ta c

=
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
m lm m lm
lm l lm l
m lm m lm
lm l lm l
l
A E
k
e
e e
(5.12)
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55
T cc ma trn cng ca cc phn t v nh bng ghp ni phn t,
ta s thu c ma trn cng chung ca c h thanh.
4. NG SUT
Nh lu trn, mi phn t trong h thanh hoc chu ko, hoc
chu nn. Do , ng sut trong thanh c xc nh bi:
o = E
e
c
Hoc
| | | |Lq
l
E
q
q
l
E
l
q q
E
e
e
e
e
e
e
1 1
'
'
1 1
' '
2
1
1 2
=
)
`
= o
Th biu thc ca L t (5.6) vo biu thc trn ta c:
| |q m l m l
l
E
e
e
= o (5.13)
Nh vy, sau khi tm c chuyn v, ta s xc nh c ng sut
trong mi phn t ca h thanh.
5. V D
Kho st h gm hai thanh chu lc P nh hnh di. Cc thanh c
cng din tch mt ct ngang v cng vt liu. Xc nh chuyn v ti
im t lc.

x
30
0

y
L, A, E
1 2
30
0

P
3
2
1
(b)
(a)
Hnh 5.3. (a) Kt cu bng chu lc, (b) s phn t
SinhVienKyThuat.Com

56
Li gii
1. M hnh. Ta m hnh ho h thanh bi 2 phn t hu hn; mi nt
phn t c 2 bc t do.
2. Xc nh ma trn cng ca cc phn t
p dng cng thc (5.12), ta tnh c cc ma trn cng ca
cc phn t.
Vi phn t 1: L L m l = = = = =
1
; 0 sin ; 1 cos u u
=
0 0 0 0
0 1 0 1
0 0 0 0
0 1 0 1
1
L
EA
k

Vi phn t 2: L L m l
3
2
;
2
1
sin ;
2
3
cos
2
= = =
= = u u

=
8
3
8
3
8
3
8
3
8
3
8
3 3
8
3
8
3 3
8
3
8
3
8
3
8
3
8
3
8
3 3
8
3
8
3 3
2
L
EA
k

T y, ta thit lp c ma trn cng chung K v h phng trnh:
6
5
2
1
4
3
0
0
0
0
0
8
3
8
3
8
3
8
3
0 0
8
3
8
3 3
8
3
8
3 3
0 0
8
3
8
3
8
3
8
3
0 0
8
3
8
3 3
8
3
8
3 3
1 0 1
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 1 0 1
R
R
P
R
R
Q
Q
L
EA

p dng iu kin bin: Q
1
= Q
2
= Q
5
= Q
6
=0, ta thu c h phng
trnh PTHH:
SinhVienKyThuat.Com

57
)
`
=
)
`
+
P Q
Q
L
EA
0
8
3
8
3
8
3
8
3 3
1
4
3

Gii h phng trnh trn, ta c:
|
.
|
\
|
+
=
)
`
EA
LP
EA
LP
Q
Q
3
3
8
3
4
3

Thay cc gi tr chuyn v trn vo (5.14), ta tm c phn lc lin
kt:
{ } { }P R R R R R 1 3 0 3
6 5 1 1
= =
6. CHNG TRNH TNH H THANH PHNG
V d
Kho st h thanh chu lc nh sau (Hnh 5.4). Cc thanh c cng
din tch mt ct ngang A = 2,5cm
2
v cng vt liu, vi E =
210
5
N/cm
2
. Xc nh chuyn v ti im t lc. Xc nh ma trn
cng ca cc phn t v ma trn cng chung; chuyn v ti im t
lc v ng sut trong cc thanh v cc phn lc lin kt.

Chng trnh ngun
x
y
1
2
P=100KN
2
1
Hnh 5.4. Tnh kt cu bng phng php PTHH
3
4
3
4
Q
2

Q
3

Q
4

Q
6

Q
5

Q
7

Q
8

100 cm
75 cm
Q
1

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58
%----------------------------------------------------------------------------
% Chuong trinh so 1, chuong 5 - (P5_1)
%----------------------------------------------------------------------------
% Tinh toan chuyen vi nut, ung suat trong cac thanh cua he thanh
phang
% tinh phan luc lien ket tai cac lien ket cua he thanh phang chiu luc
% su dung phan tu thanh
% (Hinh. 5.4 mo ta mo hinh PTHH tinh he thanh phang)
%
% Mo ta cac bien
% disp = vecto chuyen vi nut tong the
% eldisp = (element_disp) vecto chuyen vi nut phan tu
% stress = ma tran ung suat
% strain = ma tran bien dang
% nodes = ma tran chi so nut cua moi phan tu
% index = vecto chuyen vi nut chung o moi phan tu
%----------------------------------------------------------------------------
%------------------------------------
%------------------------------------
clear
% Type of geometric construction
type_geometric =1;
switch (type_geometric)
case 1
length=1000; % mm
emodul=100e3; % MPa (N/mm^2)
area=(2.5^2)e2; % mm^2
force=100e3; % N
noe=4; % noe = Number Of Elements(segments)
non=4; % non = Number Of Nodes
lcoord(1,1,1)=0;
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lcoord(1,2,1)=0;
lcoord(2,1,1)=length;
lcoord(2,2,1)=0;
lcoord(1,1,2)=lcoord(2,1,1);
lcoord(2,2,2)=length*3/4;
lcoord(1,1,3)=0;
lcoord(1,2,3)=0;
lcoord(1,1,4)=0;
% Chi so nut phan tu theo chi so nut chung
index(1,1)=1;
index(1,2)=2;
index(2,1)=2;
index(2,2)=3;
index(3,1)=1;
index(3,2)=3;
index(4,1)=4;
index(4,2)=3;
end
% Tinh chieu dai cac thanh l(e) va ma tran chuyen doi he co so:
% trans_mat(e).
for i=1:noe
L(i)=sqrt((lcoord(2,1,i)-lcoord(1,1,i))^2+(lcoord(2,2,i)-
lcoord(1,2,i))^2);
l(i)=(lcoord(2,1,i)-lcoord(1,1,i))/L(i);
m(i)=(lcoord(2,2,i)-lcoord(1,2,i))/L(i);
% Ma tran chuyen doi he toa do
trans_mat(1,1,i)=l(i);
trans_mat(1,2,i)=m(i);
trans_mat(1,3,i)=0;
trans_mat(1,4,i)=0;
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trans_mat(2,1,i)=0;
trans_mat(2,2,i)=0;
trans_mat(2,3,i)=l(i);
trans_mat(2,4,i)=m(i);
% Ma tran chuyen doi he toa do ung suat
stress_trans(i,1)=-l(i);
stress_trans(i,2)=-m(i);
stress_trans(i,3)=l(i);
stress_trans(i,4)=m(i);
% Modul dan hoi cua cac thanh
E(i)=emodul;
A(i)=area; % Tiet dien ngang cua cac thanh
end
% Tinh ma tran do cung phan tu trong he toa do dia phuong
for i=1:noe
k_local(1,1,i)=(E(i)*A(i)/L(i));
k_local(1,2,i)=-k_local(1,1,i);
k_local(2,1,i)=-k_local(1,1,i);
k_local(2,2,i)=k_local(1,1,i);
end
% Tinh ma tran do cung phan tu trong he toa do chung
trans_trans_mat=permute(trans_mat,[2,1,3]);
for i=1:noe
k(:,:,i)=trans_trans_mat(:,:,i)*k_local(:,:,i)*trans_mat(:,:,i);
end
k % In ma tran do cung phan tu
% Xay dung ma tran do cung tong the
edof=2; %edof: so bac tu do cua 1 node
sdof=non*edof;
for row_indx=1:non
for e=1:noe
for n1=1:2
if (index(e,n1) = = row_indx)
for col_indx=1:non
for n2=1:2
if (index(e,n2)==col_indx)
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for i=1:2
for j=1:2
kk((row_indx-1)*edof+i,(col_indx-1)*edof+j)=...
kk((row_indx-1)*edof+i,(col_indx-1)*edof+j)+...
k((n1-1)*edof+i,(n2-1)*edof+j,e);
end
end
end
end
end
end
end
end
end
kkk=kk;
kk % In ma tran do cung tong the
% Tinh ma tran luc nut phan tu
f=zeros(noe,2*edof);
f(2,1)=20000
f(2,4)=-25000;
f % In ve to luc nut phan tu
% Xay dung ve to luc nut chung
ff=zeros(sdof,1);
for row_indx=1:non
for e=1:noe
for n=1:2 % 2:so node/phan tu
if (index(e,n)==row_indx)
for i=1:2
ff((row_indx-1)*edof+i)=ff((row_indx-1)*edof+i)...
+f(e,(n-1)*edof+i);
end
end
end
end
end
% In vec to luc nut chung
ff
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% Ap dat dieu kien bien
for i=1:sdof
disp(i)=1;
end
disp(1)=0;
disp(2)=0;
disp(4)=0;
disp(7)=0;
disp(8)=0;
for i=1:sdof
if (disp(i)==0)
kk(i,:)=0;
kk(:,i)=0;
ff(i)=0;
kk(i,i)=1;
end
end
kk
ff
% Giai he PT PTHH xac dinh chuyen vi nut
disp=kk\ff;
% In vec to chuyen vi nut chung
disp
% Xac dinh chuyen vi nut trong cac thanh
for e=1:noe
for i=1:2 % 2 nut
for j=1:edof % edof=2: 2 bac tu do/nut
eldisp(e,(i-1)*edof+j)=disp((index(e,i)-1)*edof+j);
end
end
end
eldisp
% Tinh Ung suat trong cac thanh
stress=zeros(noe,1);
for e=1:noe
stress(e)=(E(e)/L(e))*stress_trans(e,:)*eldisp(e,:)';
end
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stress
% Tinh Phan luc lien ket tai cac goi
R=zeros(sdof,1);
R=kkk*disp;
R

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Kt qu s
k(:,:,1) =
1.0e+011 *
1.2916 0 -1.2916 0
0 0 0 0
-1.2916 0 1.2916 0
0 0 0 0
k(:,:,2) =
1.0e+011 *
0 0 0 0
0 1.7221 0 -1.7221
0 0 0 0
0 -1.7221 0 1.7221
k(:,:,3) =
1.0e+010 *
6.6128 4.9596 -6.6128 -4.9596
4.9596 3.7197 -4.9596 -3.7197
-6.6128 -4.9596 6.6128 4.9596
-4.9596 -3.7197 4.9596 3.7197
k(:,:,4) =
1.0e+011 *
1.2916 0 -1.2916 0
0 0 0 0
-1.2916 0 1.2916 0
0 0 0 0

kk =
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1.0e+011 *
1.9529 0.4960 -1.2916 0 -0.6613 -0.4960 0 0
0.4960 0.3720 0 0 -0.4960 -0.3720 0 0
-1.2916 0 1.2916 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 1.7221 0 -1.7221 0 0
-0.6613 -0.4960 0 0 1.9529 0.4960 -1.2916 0
-0.4960 -0.3720 0 -1.7221 0.4960 2.0941 0 0
0 0 0 0 -1.2916 0 1.2916 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
disp =
1.0e-006 *
Q
1
0
Q
2
0
Q
3
0.1549
Q
4
0
Q
5
0.0323
Q
6
-0.1270
Q
7
0
Q
8
0

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eldisp=
Phn t Nt 1 Nt 2
Phng x
1.0e-006 *
Phng y
1.0e-006 *
Phng x
1.0e-006 *
Phng y
1.0e-006 *
1 0 0 0.1549 0
2 0.1549 0 0.0323 -0.1270
3 0 0 0.0323 -0.1270
4 0 0 0.0323 -0.1270
stress=
Phn t ng sut (mPa)
1
31.0001
2 -33.9063
3 -8.0729
4
6.4583
R =
R
i
Phn lc lin kt (N)
1.0e+004 *
1 -1.5833
2 0.3125
3 2.0000
4 2.1875
5 -0.0000
6 -2.5000
7 -0.4167
8 0
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7. BI TP
5.1. Mt kt cu thanh ging nh trn Hnh 5.7.1. Vt liu cc
thanh bng thp, c mun n hi E=200gPa. Xc nh ma trn
cng tng th ca h.

5.2. Mt kt cu gin gm 3
thanh c nh s (nt v thanh) nh
trn Hnh 5.7.2. Vt liu ca cc thanh I
v II l nhm, vt liu ca thanh III l
thp. Tit din ca thanh I l 15cm
2
v
tit din ca thanh II v III l 8cm
2
. Xc
nh chuyn v ca nt 2 v ng sut
trong cc thanh. Gii bi ton bng tay
v bng cch s dng phn mm tnh
ton kt cu tng ng. Khi gii bng tay
yu cu biu din ma trn cng tng
th di dng ton b v di dng rt
gn. Cho E
nhm
= 70gPa, E
thp
= 210gPa.

Hnh 5.7.1
1000 mm
2
1250 mm
2
P

500 mm

750 mm

Q
2i
Q
2i-1
1

2

3

i

0,7m
1
2
8 kN
3 4
5 kN
y
x
I
III II
0,5m
1m
Hnh 5.7.2. Dn chu lc
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68
5.3. Mt kt cu gin gm 5
thanh c nh s (nt v thanh) nh
trn Hnh 5.7.3. Vt liu ca cc thanh
u l thp v c mun n hi E
thp
=
210gPa. Tit din ca thanh I, II v III l
15cm
2
v tit din ca thanh IV v V l
8cm
2
. Xc nh chuyn v ca cc nt v
ng sut trong cc thanh. Gii bi ton
bng tay v bng cch s dng chng
trnh tnh ton kt cu tng ng. Khi
gii bng tay nn ch n tnh i xng
ca kt cu. Cho a = 0,5 m; = 60
0
; P =
2kN; Q = 4kN.
5.4. Mt cy cu ng st c ghp t cc thanh thp, tit
din ca cc thanh thp bng nhau v bng 3250 mm
2
. Mt on tu
dng trn cu, cu phi chu ti trng ca on tu (Hnh 5.7.4). Tnh
chuyn v theo phng ngang gi di ng R di tc dng ca cc ti
trng. Xc nh chuyn v ti cc nt v ng sut trong mi thanh cu.

5.5. Mt kt cu cu c tnh ton thit k theo m hnh dn
thanh nh trn Hnh 5.7.5. Kt cu ny c cu thnh t 6 nhp. Ti
trng biu din trn hnh v m t trng thi lm vic nguy him nht
ca kt cu. Vt liu s dng trong kt cu l thp vi mun n hi
E
thp
= 210gPa. Xc nh tit din cho cc thanh sao cho ti u theo
280 kN 210 kN 280 kN
360 kN
3.118m
3.6m 3.6m 3.6m
60
0
60
0
Hnh 5.7.4. M hnh mt nhp cu chu lc
R
y
a a
x
1
2
3
4 5
I
IV V
III
II
Q
P

Hnh 5.7.3. Dn chu lc

Q
P
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69
iu kin bn. Cho a=5,5m; b=4,5m; c=1m; P
1
=25kN; P
2
=15kN;
P
3
=40kN v P
4
=20kN.
Ch : Kt cu ny s c tnh ton, thit k li theo m hnh khung
(xem bi tp Chng 8).

5.6. S kt cu ca mt chic cn cu c th hin trn
Hnh 5.7.6, ti trng thit k l 10 tn. Chn loi thp ph hp v s
dng h s an ton bng 4, xc nh tit din cho tt c cc thanh. Cho
a=3m; b=9m; P=10000kg.

5.7. Mt kt cu gin cng xn phi chu ti nh trn Hnh
5.7.7; cc thanh u bng thp v c tit din 8cm
2
, ng sut cho php
ca vt liu l 600mPa. Kim tra xem thit k c tha mn iu kin
bn hay khng? Thit k li (thit k tinh) vi iu kin s dng cng
loi vt liu v gi nguyn ng bao ca kt cu. Thit k li y c
th hiu l thay i cch sp xp cc thanh, loi b mt s thanh, hoc
P
1
P
2
P
3
P
4

a
c
b
Hnh 5.7.5. M hnh dm cu chu lc
a
b
b
a
P
Hnh 5.7.6. M hnh cn cu
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70
thay i tit din ca cc thanh. Mt trong cc mc ch ca thit k
tinh v d l tm cch lm gim khi lng tng th ca kt cu. Cho
a=0,5m ; b=0,9m; c=0,4m; d=0,6m; =60
0
; P = 30kN; Q = 40kN.

5.8. Cho kt cu gin nh Hnh 5.7.8. Vt liu v tit din ca
cc thanh ging nh bi 5.7. Hy phn tch bi ton ging nh lm
vi bi ton 5.7. Cho a=0,4m; b=6,5m; c=0,4m; = 30
0
; P = 40kN; Q
= 60kN.

o
a
a
c d b
P
Q
Hnh 5.7.7. M hnh dn cng xn chu lc
a
a
b c b
P
Q
o
Hnh 5.7.8. M hnh dn cng xn chu lc
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71
Chng 6
PHN T HU HN TRONG BI TON HAI CHIU
1. M U
Trong chng ny, chng ta p dng phng php PTHH tnh
kt cu phng (2D) ca bi ton n hi. Cc bc c tin hnh
ging nh bi ton mt chiu xt trong chng 4.
Vct chuyn v u c xc nh bi:
u = [u v]
T
(6.1)
Trong : u, v l cc chuyn v theo phng x v y tng ng (Hnh
6.1).

ng sut v bin dng c k hiu bi:
o = [o
x
, o
y
, t
xy
]
T
(6.2)
c = [c
x
, c
y
,
xy
]
T
(6.3)
Lc th tch, lc din tch v vi phn th tch c xc nh nh sau:
f = [f
x
f
y
]
T

T = [T
x
T
y
]
T
(6.4)
dv = tdA .
trong : t l dy theo phng z.
Quan h gia bin dng v chuyn v:
x
u
v
f
x

f
y

i
(x,y)
A
L
y
T
u=0
v=0
Hnh 6.1. Bi ton hai chiu
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72
T
x
v
y
u
y
v
x
u
)
`
c
c
+
c
c
c
c
c
c
= c (6.5)
Xt quan h ng sut vi bin dng cho hai trng hp:
1.1. Trng hp ng sut phng
xy
y
x
xy
y
x
E
c
c
v
v
v
v
t
o
o
2
1
0 0
0 1
0 1
1
2
(6.6)
Hoc:
o = Dc (6.7)
Trong
=
2
1
0 0
0 1
0 1
1
2
v
v
v
v
E
D (6.8)
1.2. Trng hp bin dng phng
( )( )

)
+
=
xy
y
x
xy
y
x
E
c
c
v
v v
v v
v v
t
o
o
2
2 1
0 0
0 1
0 1
2 1 1
(6.9)
Hoc:
o = Dc (6.10)
Trong
( )( )
+
=
2
2 1
0 0
0 1
0 1
2 1 1
v
v v
v v
v v
E
D (6.11)
E l mun n hi; v l h s Poisson ca vt liu.
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73
2. RI RC KT CU HO BNG PHN T TAM GIC
Min hai chiu c ri rc ho bng cc phn t tam gic nh hnh
6.2. Mi phn t tam gic c 3 nt, mi nt c 2 chuyn v (theo
phng x v y).

Ta k hiu vct chuyn v nt chung bi:
{ }
T
n
Q Q Q Q
2 1
= (6.12)
tin tnh ton, cc thng tin v vic chia min thnh cc phn t
tam gic s c th hin qua cc bng to nt v bng nh v cc
phn t.
Bng nh v cc phn t c thit lp nh sau:
Bc t.do
Phn t
1 2 3 4 5 6
1 1 2 3 4 11 12
2 3 4 13 14 11 12
3 3 4 5 6 13 14
...
11 13 14 9 10 21 22
Qui c: ng i t nt u n nt cui trong mi phn t theo
chiu ngc chiu kim ng h. Bng nh v phn t m t tnh tng
ng gia chuyn v a phng v chuyn v chung ca phn t. Cc
x
1
y
T
Hnh 6.2. Ri rc kt cu bng phn t tam gic
Q
1

Q
2

1
3
4
2
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
2
3
4
5
6
7 8
9
10
11
Q
3

Q
4

Q
5

Q
6

Q
2j-1

j
Q
2j

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74
thnh phn chuyn v trong h to a phng ca nt i c k hiu
l q
2i-1
v q
2i
theo phng x v y tng ng.
Ta k hiu vct chuyn v ca phn t bi:
{ }
T
q q q q
6 2 1
= (6.13)
R rng, t bng nh v cc phn t trn, sau khi tm c vct
chuyn v chung Q, ta s tm c vct chuyn v nt ca tng phn
t ri t i xc nh cc i lng khc nh ng sut, bin dng
trong mi phn t.
Chuyn v ti mt im bt k trong phn t c biu din qua
cc thnh phn chuyn v ca nt phn t. i vi phn t tam gic c
bin dng l hng s, cc hm dng bin thin tuyn tnh trong phn t.
Ta c th biu din cc hm dng N
1
, N
2
, N
3
nh trn Hnh 6.3.

Nhn xt:
n
c
n =1
2
N
1
=1
1
3
c =1
N
1

n
c
n =1
2
1
3
c =1
N
2

N
2
=1
n
c
n =1
2
1
3
c =1
N
3
=1
N
3

Hnh 6.3. Biu din hnh hc cc hm dng
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75
- Hm dng N
1
=1 nt 1, gim tuyn tnh n 0 ti nt 2 v nt 3.
Tng t i vi N
2
v N
3
.
- Bt k mt t hp tuyn tnh no ca cc hm dng trn cng u
biu din mt mt phng.
- Tng N
1
+ N
2
+ N
3
biu din mt mt phng c chiu cao l mt n
v cc nt 1, 2 v 3; mt phng ny song song vi mt phng (1,
2, 3). V vy, vi N
1
, N
2
v N
3
bt k, ta c:
N
1
+ N
2
+ N
3
= 1
Trong ba hm dng, c hai hm l c lp. Cc hm dng c
biu din qua c v n nh sau:
N
1
= 1- c- n; N
2
= c; N
3
=n. (6.14)
Trong c v n c gi l cc to chun ho hay to t nhin.
Tng t nh trong bi ton mt chiu (to x c bin i qua
to c, cc hm dng l hm s ca c), trong bi ton hai chiu, cc
to x, y cng c biu din qua cc to c v n.
V mt vt l, cc hm dng c biu din bi cc to din
tch. Khi ni mt im nm trong mt tam gic vi ba nh, tam gic
s c chia ra ba tam gic c din tch A
1
, A
2
, A
3
nh Hnh 6.4.
A
A
N
A
A
N
A
A
N
3
3
2
2
1
1
; ; = = =

Trong A l din tch ca phn t.
(x,y)
A
1

A
3

A
2

1
2
3
Hnh 6.4. To din tch
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76
3. BIU DIN NG THAM S
Ta biu din chuyn v trong phn t qua cc hm dng v cc
chuyn v nt ca n nh sau:
)
`
+ + =
+ + =
6 3 4 2 2 1
5 3 3 2 1 1
q N q N q N v
q N q N q N u
(6.15)
hay
u = Nq (6.16)
Trong
=
3 2 1
3 2 1
0 0 0
0 0 0
N N N
N N N
N (6.17)
Thay (6.14) vo (6.15), ta c biu thc xc nh chuyn v qua chuyn
v nt xt trong h to quy chiu nh sau:
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
)
`
+ + =
+ + =
2 2 6 2 4
1 1 5 1 3
q q q q q v
q q q q q u
n c
n c
(6.18)
i vi phn t tam gic, nh php m t ng tham s, ta c th biu
din to (x,y) qua to nt phn t vi cng cc hm dng trn:
)
`
+ + =
+ + =
3 3 2 2 1 1
3 3 2 2 1 1
y N y N y N y
x N x N x N x
(6.19)
Hay
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
)
`
+ + =
+ + =
1 1 3 1 2
1 1 3 1 2
y y y y y y
x x x x x x
n c
n c
(6.20)
Ta k hiu: x
ij
= x
i
- x
j

y
ij
= y
i
- y
j

T (6.20), suy ra:
)
`
+ + =
+ + =
1 31 21
1 31 21
y y y y
x x x x
n c
n c
(6.21)
y l mi lin h gia (x, y) vi (c, n). xc nh cc thnh phn
bin dng, ta cn tnh cc o hm ring u v v theo x v y.
Ta c:
u = u(x(c, n), y(c, n)).
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77
v = v(x(c, n), y(c, n)).
p dng qui tc o hm hm hp:
n n n
c c c
c
c
c
c
+
c
c
c
c
=
c
c
c
c
c
c
+
c
c
c
c
=
c
c
y
y
u x
x
u u
y
y
u x
x
u u
(6.22)
Hoc di dng ma trn:
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
=
c
c
c
c
y
u
x
u
y x
y x
u
u
n n
c c
n
c
(6.23)
Trong ma trn vung (2x2) c gi l Jacobian ca php bin i,
k hiu l J:
=
31 31
21 21
y x
y x
J ( ((
Trin khai ly o hm ca x v y theo c v n, ta c:
c
c
c
c
=
c
c
c
c
n
c
u
u
J
y
u
x
u
1
(6.24)

1
J l ma trn nghch o ca J
21 31
21 31 1
det
1
x x
y y
J
J (6.25)
Trong : det J = x
21
y
31
x
31
y
21
Ta cng bit rng, det J chnh bng hai ln din tch tam gic.
'det J'= 2A (6.26)
Ch : Nu cc nt 1, 2, 3 c xp t theo chiu ngc chiu kim
ng h, th det J lun c du dng.
T (6.24), (6.25), ta c th vit:
SinhVienKyThuat.Com

78

c
c
+
c
c
c
c
c
c
=
c
c
c
c
n c
n c
u
x
u
x
u
y
u
y
J
y
u
x
u
21 31
21 31
det
1
(6.27)
Thay vai tr ca u bi v, ta cng c biu thc tng t:

c
c
+
c
c
c
c
c
c
=
c
c
c
c
n c
n c
v
x
v
x
v
y
v
y
J
y
v
x
v
21 31
21 31
det
1
(6.28)
Khi y, cc thnh phn bin dng c xc nh bi:

+ + + + +
+ +
+ +
=
c
c
+
c
c
c
c
c
c
=
6 12 5 21 4 31 3 13 2 23 1 32
6 21 4 13 2 32
5 12 3 31 1 23
det
1
q y q x q y q x q y q x
q x q x q x
q y q y q y
J
x
v
y
u
y
v
x
u
c
(6.29)
Hoc di dng ma trn:
c = B q (6.30)
Trong :
=
12 21 31 13 23 32
21 13 32
12 31 23
0 0 0
0 0 0
det
1
y x y x y x
x x x
y y y
J
B (6.31)
y l ma trn lin h gia bin dng v chuyn v nt, trong cc s
hng u l cc hng s v c xc nh qua cc to nt ca cc
phn t.
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79
4. TH NNG
Th nng ca h c xc nh bi:

= I
i
i
T
i
L
T
A
T
A
T
P u dl Tt dA ft u dA t D c c c
2
1
(6.32)
Trong :
T: lc din tch; f: lc th tch; t: chiu dy phn t
P
i
: lc tp trung, P
i
= [P
x
, P
y
]
i
T

Theo s phn t hu hn, th nng c vit di dng:

= I
i
i
T
i
e
e
T
e
e
T
e
e
T
P u dl Tt dA ft u dA t D c c c
2
1
(6.33)
Hoc

= I
i
i
T
i
e
e
T
e
e
T
e
e
P u dl Tt dA ft u U c (6.34)
Trong :
=
e
T
e
dA t D U c c
2
1

l nng lng bin dng ca phn t
5. MA TRN CNG CA PHN T TAM GIC
Th biu thc ca bin dng vo biu thc ca th nng bin dng ca
phn t, s c:

= =
e
T T
e
T
e
dA DBqt B q dA t D U
2
1
2
1
c c (6.35)
V: t, D, B l hng s v cc ma trn hng s, do
=
e
e
T T
e
dA qt DB B q U
2
1
(6.36)
Mt khc:
e
e
A dA =
, nn cui cng ta c:
q k q q DB B A t q U
e T T
e e
T
e
2
1
2
1
= = (6.37)
Trong :
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80
DB B A t k
T
e e
e
= (6.38)
l ma trn cng ca phn t tam gic; t l dy ca phn t; A
e
l din tch ca phn t; B l ma trn lin h bin dng-chuyn v nt
ca phn t; D l ma trn lin h ng sut-bin dng, n ph thuc vo
vt liu kho st. V D l ma trn i xng, do k
e
cng l ma trn
i xng.
T cc ma trn cng k
e
ca cc phn t, ta s suy ra ma trn cng
K ca c kt cu; khi y, th nng bin dng ca c kt cu c xc
nh bi:
Q K Q U
T
e
2
1
= (6.39)
Ma trn K l ma trn i xng, thng c dng di bng
Ch : Mun gim chiu rng di bng trong ma trn K, ta cn gim
hiu s gia cc ch s nt ca mi phn t trong kt cu.
6. QUI I LC V NT
6.1. Qui i lc th tch
Ta c:
( )

+ =
e
y x e
e
T
dA vf uf t dA ft u (6.40)
p dng biu thc ni suy ca u v v ta c:
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
=

e
y e
e
x e
e
y e
e
x e
e
y e
e
x e
e
T
dA N f t q dA N f t q
dA N f t q dA N f t q
dA N f t q dA N f t q dA ft u
3 6 3 5
2 4 2 3
1 2 1 1
(6.41)
Vi ch :
( )

= = =
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1 1
3
1
1 2 det
c c
c n n c c n
e e
e
A d d A d d J N dA N (6.42a)
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81

= = =
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
2 2
3
1
2 det
c c
c n c c n
e e
e
A d d A d d J N dA N (6.42b)

= = =
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
2 3
3
1
2 det
c c
c n n c n
e e
e
A d d A d d J N dA N (6.42c)
biu thc (6.41) s cho
e T
e
T
f q dA ft u =

Trong f
e
l vct lc th tch qui i v nt, v
{ }
T
y x y x y x
e e e
f f f f f f
A t
f
3
= (6.43)
Sau khi xc nh c cc lc nt f
e
ca phn t, ta suy ra vct lc F
chung.
6.2. Qui i lc din tch
Lc din tch thng l cc lc tc dng trn cc cnh ni cc nt
phn t. Vn l ta phi qui i cc lc ny v nt.
Gi s cnh
2 1
l chu tc dng ca lc ko T
x
v T
y
(Hnh 6.5).
( )

+ =
2 1
l
y x
L
T
dl t vT uT dl Tt u (6.44)

Thay u = Nq, ta s c:
1
2
3
y
x
T
x

T
y

T
x2

T
y2

T
y1

T
x1

l
12

Hnh 6.5. Lc tc dng trn cnh phn t
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82

|
|
.
|
\
|
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
=

12 12
12 12
2 4 2 3
1 2 1 1
l
y e
l
x e
l
y e
l
x e
L
T
dA N T t q dA N T t q
dl N T t q dl N T t q dl Tt u
(6.45)
V N
3
= 0 trn cnh (1-2) suy ra: N
1
+ N
2
= 1;
do
12 1
2
1
12
l dl N
l
=

Trong
( ) ( )
2
1 2
2
1 2 12
y y x x l + =
e
T
L
T
T q dl Tt u =

y, q l tp hp cc bc t do nt tng ng vi cnh 1-2.
{ }
T
q q q q q
4 3 2 1
= (6.46)
Cui cng
{ }
T
y x y x
e e
T T T T
l t
T 0 0
2
12
= (6.47)
6.3. Lc tp trung
tin cho vic tnh ton, ngi ta thng ly nt ti im t lc
tp trung.
Nu i l nt c lc: P
i
= [P
x
, P
y
]
T
tc dng, th
u
i
T
P
i
= Q
2i-1
P
x
+ Q
2i
P
y
(6.48)
Cui cng ta c th vit
( ) F P T f
e e
+ +
(6.49)
Sau khi tnh c nng lng bin dng v cc thnh phn lc nt, ta
vit biu thc th nng ton phn di dng:
F Q KQ Q
T T
= I
2
1
(6.50)
p dng iu kin cc tiu ho th nng, ta thu c h phng trnh:
K Q = F (6.51)
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83
Gii h phng trnh (6.51), ta tm c vct chuyn v nt Q.
6.4. Tnh ng sut
V bin dng l hng s trong phn t, do ng sut cng l hng
s. Ta cn xc nh gi tr ng sut trong mi phn t: o = Dc.
M: c = Bq, do :
o = DBq (6.52)
T chuyn v chung Q, nh bng ghp ni phn t, suy ra cc chuyn
v nt q ca tng phn t, sau thay vo (6.52) s tnh c ng sut.
ng sut chnh v phng chnh c xc nh nh vng Mohr ng
sut.
7. V D
Cho mt tm kim loi hnh vung, cnh di 2m, chu lc nh Hnh
6.6.

Bit E = 182 gPa; v = 0,3; t = 0,01 m. Xc nh ng sut trong
tm cho hai trng hp:
P=100 kN
P
p=10mN/m
2

P
P
p
2m
y
x
q
(a)
(b)
Hnh 6.6. M hnh PTHH tnh tm vung chu ko
1 2
1
2
4 3
P=100 kN
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84
a. Ch c P = 100 kN tc dng,
b. Ch c p = 10 mN/m
2
tc dng.
Li gii
Do kt cu i xng, chu ti trng i xng, nn ta ch cn xt
mt phn t tm vi hai phn t (Hnh 6.6b).
Ta thit lp c bng nh v cc phn t
Bc t.do
Phn t
1 2 3 4 5 6
1 1 2 3 4 5 6
2 3 4 7 8 5 6
iu kin bin:
Ti nt 1: u = v = 0, tng ng ta c Q
1
= Q
2
= 0;
Ti nt 2: v = 0, tng ng ta c Q
4
= 0;
Ti nt 3: u = 0, tng ng ta c Q
5
= 0;
p dng cc cng thc (6.38): k
e
= t
e
A
e
B
T
D Ta xc nh c ma
trn cng cho tng phn t.
Phn t 1
( ) mm / N k
3 1
10
1000 0 0 300 1000 300
0 350 350 0 350 350
0 350 350 0 350 350
300 0 0 1000 300 1000
1000 350 350 300 1350 650
300 350 350 1000 650 1350

=

Phn t 2
( ) mm / N k
3 2
10
350 0 350 350 0 350
0 1000 300 1000 300 0
350 300 1350 650 1000 350
350 1000 650 1350 300 350
0 300 1000 300 1000 0
350 0 350 350 0 350

=

Ma trn cng chung K
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85
3
10
1350 650 350 300 1000 350 0 0
650 1350 350 1000 300 350 0 0
350 350 1350 0 0 650 1000 300
300 1000 0 1350 650 0 350 350
1000 300 0 650 1350 0 350 350
350 350 650 0 0 1350 300 1000
0 0 1000 350 350 300 1350 650
0 0 300 350 350 1000 650 1350

= K

Trng hp 1: P = 100 kN
Sau khi p t iu kin bin ta c h phng trnh:
3
8
7
6
3
3
10
0
100
0
0
1350 650 350 350
650 1350 350 350
350 350 1350 650
350 350 650 1350
10
Q
Q
Q
Q

Gii h phng trnh, ta c:
Q
3
= 9,971510
-3
(mm)
Q
6
= 9,971510
-3
(mm)
Q
7
= 99,91910
-3
(mm)
Q
8
= -42,93810
-3
(mm)
tnh ng sut trong mi phn t, ta p dng cng thc (6.52):
o = D B q
Trong
( ) m N D /
70 0 0
0 200 60
0 60 200
10
9
=
{ }
T
q 0 9715 , 9 0 0 9715 , 9 0 10
6 1
=

=
1 0 1 1 0 1
0 0 1 0 1 0
0 1 0 1 0 0
1
B
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86
Cui cng ta tnh c ng sut trong phn t 1
( ) MPa ,
,
xy
y
x
0
593 2
593 2
t
o
o

Thc hin cc bc tng t cho phn t 2:
{ }
T
q 938 , 42 919 , 99 0 9715 , 9 9715 , 9 0 10
6 2
=

=
1 1 0 1 1 0
1 0 1 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 0 1
2
B
V ng sut trong phn t 2:
( ) MPa
,
,
,
xy
y
x
5926 2
5926 2
407 17
t
o
o

Trng hp 2: p =10 mN/m
2

p dng cng thc (6.47) tnh lc nt qui i, ta c:
F
3
= 50000 N
F
7
= 50000 N
Ta thit lp c h phng trnh:
3
8
7
6
3
3
10
0
50
0
50
1350 650 350 350
650 1350 350 350
350 350 1350 650
350 350 650 1350
10
Q
Q
Q
Q

Gii h phng trnh, ta tm c cc chuyn v nt
Q
3
= 54,945110
-3
(mm); Q
6
= -16,483510
-3
(mm);
Q
7
= 54,945110
-3
(mm); Q
8
= -16,483510
-3
(mm).
Cui cng ta tnh c cc thnh phn ng sut trong cc phn t 1 v
2 (c cng gi tr):
( ) MPa
xy
y
x
0
0
10
t
o
o

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Trong c hai trng hp t ti, kt qu theo phng php phn t hu
hn trng vi kt qu chnh xc.
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88
8. CHNG TRNH TNH TM CHU TRNG THI NG SUT
PHNG
V d.
Cho mt tm kim loi chu lc ko nh Hnh 6.7, kch thc
100400mm, chiu dy t = 10 mm, vi p = 200 N/mm. Bit E = 200
gPa; v = 0,3. Xc nh ng sut trong tm.

Theo s li PTHH, iu kin bin s c m t nh sau: nt 1
cc thnh phn chuyn v u v v bng khng, nt 2 thnh phn u bng
khng; nh vy iu kin bin tng ng l Q
1
= Q
2
= Q
3
= 0.
p
40 mm
Hnh 6.7. Tm ch nht chuko trong mt phng
1
2
2
1
3
4
4
3
5
6
6
5
7
8
8
7
10
9
p
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89
Chng trnh ngun.
%----------------------------------------------------------------------------
% Chuong trinh so 1, chuong 6, (Vi du 6.8.1) P6_1
% Phan tich ung suat cua tam chiu keo su dung phan tu tam giac bac 1
% (Hinh. 6.7 mo ta luoi phan tu)
%
% Mo ta cac bien
% eldisp = vecto chuyen vi nut phan tu
% stress = ma tran cac thanh phan ung suat
% strain = ma tran cac thanh phan bien dang
% nodes = ma tran chi so nut phan tu
% index = vecto chua cac bac tu do (chuyen vi) tong the tai moi phan
tu
% bcdof = vecto chua cac bac tu do (chuyen vi nut) tai bien cua ket
cau
% bcval = vecto chi dieu kien bien (gia tri chuyen vi nut tai bien)
%----------------------------------------------------------------------------
%------------------------------------
%------------------------------------
clear
noe_x=4; % so luong cac phan tu theo phuong x
noe_y=1; % so luong cac phan tu theo phuong y
noe=noe_x*2*noe_y; % tong so phan tu
nnel=3; % tong so nut cua moi phan tu
ndof=2; % tong so bac tu do tai moi nut
nnode=10; % tong so nut cua he
sdof=nnode*ndof; % tong so bac tu do cua he
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90
edof=nnel*ndof; % so bac tu cua phan tu
E_module=200e3; % modun dan hoi khi keo nen
poisson=0.3; % he so Poisson
x_length=400; % chieu rong tam (mm)
y_length=100; % chieu dai tam (mm)
thickness=10;
p=200; % tai trong phan bo deu (MPa=N/mm)
%---------------------------------------------
% nhap gia tri toa do cac nut: gcoord(i,j),
% trong do: i la chi so nut, j =1,2 chi toa do x hay y
%---------------------------------------------
temp=x_length/noe_x;
gcoord=[temp*0 0.0; 0.0 y_length;
temp*1 0.0; temp y_length;
temp*2 0.0; temp*2 y_length;
temp*3 0.0; temp*3 y_length;
temp*4 0.0; temp*4 y_length];
%---------------------------------------------------------
% Nhap chi so nut o moi phan tu: nodes(i,j)
% trong do: i la chi so cua phan tu va j la chi so nut
%---------------------------------------------------------
nodes=[1 3 4; 1 4 2; 3 5 6; 3 6 4;
5 7 8; 5 8 6;7 9 10; 7 10 8];
%-------------------------------------
% Nhap cac dieu kien bien
%-------------------------------------
bcdof=[1 2 3]; % ba bac tu do dau tien la co rang buoc
bcval=[0 0 0]; % voi gia tri bang khong
%-----------------------------------------
% khoi tao cac ma tran va cac vecto
%-----------------------------------------
ff=zeros(sdof,1); % vecto luc nut tong the
kk=zeros(sdof,sdof); % ma tran do cung tong the
disp=zeros(sdof,1); % vecto chuyen vi nut tong the
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91
eldisp=zeros(edof,1); % vecto chuyen vi nut phan tu
stress=zeros(noe,3); % ma tran ung suat
strain=zeros(noe,3); % ma tran bien dang
index=zeros(edof,1); % veto chi so
B_matrix=zeros(3,edof); % ma tran chuyen vi bien dang
D_matrix=zeros(3,3); % ma tran do cung vat lieu
%----------------------------
% vecto luc nut
%----------------------------
ff(17)=(y_length/noe_y)*p/2; % luc dat tai nut so 9 theo phuong x
%-----------------------------------------------------------------
% tinh toan cac ma tran do cung phan tu, vec to luc nut phan tu va
% ghep noi thanh ma tran do cung tong the, vecto luc nut tong the
%-----------------------------------------------------------------
% tinh ma tran do cung vat lieu
D_matrix=D_matrix_2D(1,E_module,poisson);
for iel=1:noe % xet tung phan tu
nd(1)=nodes(iel,1); % chi so nut tong the cua nut thu 1 phan tu iel
x1=gcoord(nd(1),1); y1=gcoord(nd(1),2); % toa do nut thu nhat
x2=gcoord(nd(2),1); y2=gcoord(nd(2),2); % toa do nut thu hai
x3=gcoord(nd(3),1); y3=gcoord(nd(3),2); % toa do nut thu ba

% xay dung vecto chi so bac tu do tong the gan ket voi tung phan tu
index=sys_elm_dof_assoc(nd,nnel,ndof);
%-------------------------------------------------------
% Xac dinh cac dao ham ham dang
%-------------------------------------------------------
% dien tich phan tu tam giac
area=0.5*(x1*y2+x2*y3+x3*y1-x1*y3-x2*y1-x3*y2);
% tinh dao ham rieng theo x
dhdx=(1/(area*2))*[(y2-y3) (y3-y1) (y1-y2)];
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92
% tinh dao ham rieng theo y
dhdy=(1/(area*2))*[(x3-x2) (x1-x3) (x2-x1)];

% xay dung ma tran chuyen vi bien dang
B_matrix=B_matrix_2D(nnel,dhdx,dhdy);

% tinh ma tran do cung phan tu
k=thickness*area*B_matrix'*D_matrix*B_matrix;
% ghep noi ma tran do cung tong the
kk=kk_build_2D(kk,k,index);
end
%-----------------------------
% aps datj dieu kien bien
%-----------------------------
[kk,ff]=boundary_aply_2D(kk,ff,bcdof,bcval);
%------------------------------
% tinh vecto chuyen vi nut tong the
%------------------------------
disp=kk\ff;
%------------------------------
% tinh ung suat phan tu
%------------------------------
for e=1:noe % tinh cho tung phan tu
nd(1)=nodes(e,1); % chi so nut tong the cua nut thu 1 phan tu iel
%-------------------------------------------------------
% xay dung vecto chuyen vi nut phan tu
%-------------------------------------------------------
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93
for i=1:edof
eldisp(i)=disp(index(i));
end
% dien tich phan tu
% dao ham theo x
dhdx=(1/(2*area))*[(y2-y3) (y3-y1) (y1-y2)];
% dao ham theo x
dhdy=(1/(2*area))*[(x3-x2) (x1-x3) (x2-x1)];
% tinh ma tran chuyen vi bien dang
estrain=B_matrix*eldisp; % tinh bien dang
estress=D_matrix*estrain; % tinh ung suat
for i=1:3
strain(e,i)=estrain(i); % luu tru vecto bien dang tai nut cua PT
stress(e,i)=estress(i); % luu tru vecto ung suat tai nut cua PT
end
end
%------------------------------------
% In ket qua
%------------------------------------
num=1:1:sdof;
displace=[num' disp] % chuyen vi nut
for i=1:noe
stresses=[i stress(i,:)] % ung suat
end
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94
Cc hm s dng trong chng trnh
%------------------------------------------------------------------------
function [D_matrix]=D_matrix_2D(type,E_module,poisson)
%------------------------------------------------------------------------
% muc dich:
% xac dinh ma tran do cung vat lieu (vat lieu dang huong)
%
% cu phap cua ham:
% [D_matrix]=D_matrix_2D(type,E_module,poisson)
%
% mo ta cac bien:
% E_module modul dan hoi
% poisson he so Poisson
% type=1 lua chon cho truong hop bai toan ung suat phang
% type=2 - lua chon cho truong hop bai toan bien dang phang
% type=3 - lua chon cho truong hop bai toan doi xung truc
% type=4 - lua chon cho truong hop bai toan ba chieu
%------------------------------------------------------------------------
if type==1 % bai toan ung suat phang
D_matrix= E_module/(1-poisson*poisson)* ...
[1 poisson 0; ...
poisson 1 0; ...
0 0 (1-poisson)/2];
elseif type==2 % bai toan bien dang phang
D_matrix= E_module/((1+poisson)*(1-2*poisson))* ...
[(1-poisson) poisson 0;
poisson (1-poisson) 0;
0 0 (1-2*poisson)/2];
elseif type==3 % bai toan doi xung truc
[(1-poisson) poisson poisson 0;
poisson (1-poisson) poisson 0;
poisson poisson (1-poisson) 0;
SinhVienKyThuat.Com

95
0 0 0 (1-2*poisson)/2];
else % bai toan ba chieu
[(1-poisson) poisson poisson 0 0 0;
poisson (1-poisson) poisson 0 0 0;
poisson poisson (1-poisson) 0 0 0;
0 0 0 (1-2*poisson)/2 0 0;
0 0 0 0 (1-2*poisson)/2 0;
0 0 0 0 0 (1-2*poisson)/2];
end

%------------------------------------------------------------------------
%------------------------------------------------------------------------
function [B_matrix]=B_matrix_2D(nnel,dhdx,dhdy)
%------------------------------------------------------------------------
% muc dich:
% xac dinh ma tran chuyen vi-ung suat
%
% cu phap:
% [B_matrix]=B_matrix_2D(nnel,dhdx,dhdy)
%
% mo ta cac bien:
% nnel tong so nut cua phan tu
% dhdx dao ham ham dang theo x
% dhdy dao ham ham dang theo y
%------------------------------------------------------------------------
for i=1:nnel
i_1=(i-1)*2+1;
i_2=i_1+1;
B_matrix(1,i_1)=dhdx(i);
B_matrix(2,i_2)=dhdy(i);
B_matrix(3,i_1)=dhdy(i);
B_matrix(3,i_2)=dhdx(i);
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96
end

%------------------------------------------------------------------------
%------------------------------------------------------------------------
function [kk]=kk_build_2D(kk,k,index)
%------------------------------------------------------------------------
% Muc dich:
% ghep noi ma tran do cung phan tu vao ma tran do cung chung
%
% Cu phap:
% [kk]=kk_build_2D(kk,k,index)
%
% Mo ta cac bien:
% kk ma tran do cung chung (tong the)
% k - ma tran do cung phan tu
% index vecto chi so chuyen vi nut chung o moi phan tu
%-----------------------------------------------------------
edof = length(index);
for i=1:edof
ii=index(i);
for j=1:edof
jj=index(j);
kk(ii,jj)=kk(ii,jj)+k(i,j);
end
end
%------------------------------------------------------------------------

%------------------------------------------------------------------------
function [kk,ff]=boundary_aply_2D(kk,ff,bcdof,bcval)
%----------------------------------------------------------
% Muc dich:
% Ap dat dieu kien bien vao he phuong trinh [kk]{x}={ff}
%
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97
% Cu phap:
% [kk,ff]=boundary_aply_2D(kk,ff,bcdof,bcval)
%
% Mo ta cac bien:
% kk ma tran do cung chung truoc khi loai hang va cot
% ff vec to luc nut chung truoc khi loai hang
% bcdof vec to chua cac bac tu do bi rang buoc boi dieu kien bien
% bcval vecto chua gia tri cac rang buoc
%
% Vi du, neu co cac rang buoc o cac chuyen vi nut (bac tu do) 2 va
10,
% tuong ung voi cac gia tri la 0.0 va 2.5.
% Thi ta co: bcdof(1)=2 va bcdof(2)=10; va
% bcval(1)=1.0 va bcval(2)=2.5.
%-----------------------------------------------------------
n=length(bcdof);
sdof=size(kk);
for i=1:n
c=bcdof(i);
for j=1:sdof
kk(c,j)=0;
kk(j,c)=0;
end
kk(c,c)=1;
ff(c)=bcval(i);
end
SinhVienKyThuat.Com

98
Kt qu chng trnh
displace =
Bc t do Chuyn v nt
1 0
2 0
3 0
4 - 0.0030
5 0.0100
6 0.0000
7 0.0100
8 - 0.0030
9 0.0200
10 0.0000
Bc t do Chuyn v nt
11 0.0200
12 - 0.0030
13 0.0300
14 0.0000
15 0.0300
16 - 0.0030
17 0.0400
18 0.0000
19 0.0400
20 - 0.0030
stresses =
Phn t
x
o
y
o
xy
t
1 20.0000 0.0000 -0.0000
2 20.0000 0.0000 0.0000
3 20.0000 0.0000 -0.0000
4 20.0000 -0.0000 0.0000
5 20.0000 0.0000 -0.0000
6 20.0000 -0.0000 0.0000
7 20.0000 -0.0000 0.0000
8 20.0000 -0.0000 0.0000

SinhVienKyThuat.Com

99
9. BI TP
6.1. Tm chuyn v ti hai im A v B v phn b ng sut
trong tm phng c kch thc v chu ti trng nh Hnh 6.9.1. Vt
liu ca tm l thp c mun n hi E
thp
=210gPa v h s Poisson
v=0,22; vi a = 0,2 m ; b = 0,3 m; t = 5 mm v q = 8 kN/m
2
. Hy xt
vi cc trng hp chia li nh sau:
a. Hai phn t tam gic nh trn Hnh 6.9.1a
b. Ba phn t tam gic nh trn Hnh 6.9.1b
c. So snh kt qu trong hai trng hp trn v a ra nhn xt
v khuyn co.
d. Thay i lin kt ca tm nh trn Hnh 6.9.1c v d, liu cc
kt qu tnh trn Hnh 6.9.1a v b c thay i hay khng? Gii thch?

4 3
2 1
b
a
II
I
B
A
q
4 3
2 1
b/2
a
II
I
B
q
III
5
b/2
b
4
3
2 1
b
a
II
I
B
q
4 3
2 1
b/2
a
II
I
B
q
II
I
5
b/2
b
a) b)
c)
d)
Hnh 6.9.1.Cc dng lui vi phn t tam gic
A
A A
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100
6.2. Mt vng dt ( h << r
i
,
r
e
) chu p sut trong p nh trn
Hnh 6.9.2. Hy tnh chuyn v v
ng sut trong vng. y l dng bi
ton vt i xng trc chu ti i
xng trc v c th s dng cc phn
t dng v i xng trc gii.
Nhng y ta s s dng m hnh
bi ton ng sut phng gii
quyt. Vi: r
i
= 15mm; r
e
= 30mm;
p = 120N/mm
2
; E = 70000 N/mm
2
;
v = 0,3 v h = 1mm.
So snh kt qu tm c vi cc kt qu gii tch nh sau:
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
)
`
+ +
=
2
2
2 2
2
2
2
2 2
2
2
2
2 2
2
1 ; 1
1 1
r
r
r r
p r
r
r
r r
p r
r
r
r r E
pr r
u
e
i e
i e
i e
i
r
e
i e
i
r
u
o o
v v

6.3. Mt tm thp hnh tam gic
c bt cht vo mt ct thp bng 5
bu-lng ng knh 8mm nh trn hnh
v 6.9.3. Gi thit l ct thp v bu-lng
l rt cng so vi tm thp v b qua
ma st gia tm v ct, hy xc nh
xem bu-lng no chu ti trng ln nht
v xc nh gi tr . So snh vi kt
qu theo phng php gii tch thng
dng cho mt nhm bu-lng chu ti
lch. Nu tm trn lm bng nhm th
ti trng m bu-lng phi chu c thay
i khng?
Lu : Do kch thc tng i gia
bu-lng, tm v ct, ch cn m phng mi bu-lng bng mt hoc mt
vi nt, v t cc chuyn v nt ny bng khng (= 0). Phn lc ti cc
p

h
r
e
r
i
Hnh 6.9.2. Vng dt chu p lc
d
a
a
a
a
b c
P
d
Hnh 6.9.3. Kt cu lp ghp
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101
nt c nh ny s chnh l ti m bu-lng tng ng phi chu. Tuy
nhin c mt phn b kh chnh xc ca ng sut trn tm ta cn
phi c mt li mn cho tm. S dng phn t tam gic tuyn tnh.
Bit: a = 100mm; b = 120mm; c = 300mm; d = 600mm; E = 210gPa; v
= 0,22 v P = 4kN.
6.4. Bi ton tng ng nh bi 6.3, ln ny tm thp c dng
hnh thang nh trn hnh v 6.9.4 v c bt bng tm bu-lng ng
knh 16mm. S dng phn t tam gic tuyn tnh. Bit: a = 50mm; b =
75mm; c = 500mm v P = 8kN.

6.5. Xc nh h s tp trung ng sut trong kt cu tm phng
c chiu dy 1 n v, chu ti trng nh Hnh 6.9.5, ng vi cc
trng hp sau:
a. Mt l chnh tm ca tm
b. Mt l lch tm
c. Mt l chnh tm v hai rnh cong khot i xng gia chiu
di tm
d. Mt l chnh tm v chiu rng mt u nh hn.
Bit: a = 50 mm; b = 80 mm; c = 30 mm; e = 110 mm; r = 10 mm; r
1
=
6 mm; q = 20N/mm v P = qa.
c
2b
2b
a
a b
P
2b b
a
a

SinhVienKyThuat.Com

102

r
q
q
r
q
q
e
r
r
1

b
r
P
P
r
e
2b
a
b
a
2b
q
q
a
b
2b
2b
b
a
(d)
(c)
(b)
(a)
Hnh 6.9.5. Cc kt cu tm phng chu ko
SinhVienKyThuat.Com

103
Chng 7
PHN T HU HN TRONG BI TON I XNG TRC
CHU TI TRNG I XNG

1. M U
tnh ton mt vt i xng trc hay cn gi l vt trn xoay
chu ti trng i xng trc, ta a bi ton v bi ton hai chiu n
gin.
V vt i xng hon ton i vi trc z, nn cc thnh phn bin
dng v ng sut khng ph thuc vo gc quay u. Do , bi ton
c xem xt nh mt bi ton hai chiu trong mt phng (rz), trong
z l trc ng, r l trc hng knh.
2. M T I XNG TRC
Kho st mt vi phn th tch nh trn Hnh 7.1:

Vi phn th tch dv = rdudrdz = rdudA. Khi biu thc th nng
s c dng:
dA
r
z
P
i

w
u
r,z
dA
bin L
r
z
(a) (b)
Hnh 7.1. Vt i xng trc
SinhVienKyThuat.Com

104

= I
i
i
T
i
L
T
A
T
A
T
P u Trdld u frdAd u rdAd
t t t
u u u c o
2
0
2
0
2
0
2
1
(7.1)
vi P
i
l lc tp trung tc dng trn chu tuyn i xng qua trc z.
V tt c cc bin trong tch phn trn khng ph thuc vo u , do
, h thc (7.1) cho ta:

|
|
.
|
\
|
= I
i
i
T
i
L
T
A
T
A
T
P u Trdl u frdA u rdA c o t
2
1
2 (7.2)
y:
u = [u w]
T
(7.3)
f = [f
r
f
z
]
T
(7.4)
T = [T
r
T
z
]
T
(7.5)
T (7.3), ta c quan h gia bin dng c v chuyn v u:
{ }
T
T
rz z r
r
u
r
w
z
u
z
w
r
u
)
`
c
c
+
c
c
c
c
c
c
= =
u
c c c c (7.6)
Vct ng sut:
{ }
T
rz z r u
o t o o o = (7.7)
Quan h gia ng sut v bin dng:
o = Dc (7.8)
vi:
( )
( )( )
( )

+

=
1 0
1 1
0
1 2
2 1
0 0
1
0 1
1
1
0
1
1
2 1 1
1
v
v
v
v
v
v
v
v
v
v
v
v
v
v
v v
v E
D
(7.9)
3. PHN T TAM GIC
Xt mt min hai chiu (mt ct) c trch ra t vt th trn xoay.
Ta chia min ny thnh cc phn t tam gic. Mt phn t i din vi
SinhVienKyThuat.Com

105
3 nt l 1, 2, 3 v cc chuyn v tng ng q
1
, q
2
, q
3
, q
4
, q
5
v q
6
c
biu din nh trn Hnh 7.2.

Vi ch rng cc to r v z ng vai tr ging nh x v y trong bi
ton hai chiu xt trong Chng 6.
Nh cc hm dng N
1
, N
2
, N
3
bit trong chng 6, ta biu din hm
chuyn v bi:
u = Nq (7.10)
trong :
=
3 2 1
3 2 1
0 0 0
0 0 0
N N N
N N N
N (7.11)
{ }
T
q q q q q q q
6 5 4 3 2 1
= (7.12)
Ch rng:
N
1
= 1 - c - n, N
2
= c, N
3
= n

Suy ra:
( )
( )
+ + =
+ + =
6 4 2
5 3 1
1
1
q q q v
q q q u
n c n c
n c n c
(7.13)
Dng php m t ng tham s ta cng c:
A
e

r
z
Hnh 7.2. Phn t tam gic i xng trc
u
w
(r
3
,z
3
) 3
1
(r
1
,z
1
)
2
(r
2
,z
2
)
q
3

q
4

q
5

q
6

q
1

q
2

SinhVienKyThuat.Com

106
( )
( )
+ + =
+ + =
3 2 1
3 2 1
1
1
z z z z
r r r r
n c n c
n c n c
(7.14)
T ta c:
c
c
c
c
=
c
c
c
c
z
u
r
u
J
u
u
n
c
(7.15)
v
c
c
c
c
=
c
c
c
c
z
w
r
w
J
w
w
n
c
(7.16)
Trong ma trn vung (22) c gi l Jacobian ca php bin i,
k hiu l J:
=
31 31
21 21
z r
z r
J ( (( (7.17)
K hiu: r
j
= r
i
- r
j ;
z
= z
i
- z
j

Suy ra:
detJ = r
21
z
31
r
31
z
21
(7.18)
vy
|detJ| = 2A
e

Nghch o (7.15) v (7.16) ta c:
c
c
c
c
=
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
=
c
c
c
c

n
c
n
c
w
w
J
z
w
r
w
u
u
J
z
u
r
u
1 1
; (7.19)
Trong ,
1
J l ma trn nghch o ca J v c xc nh bi:
21 31
21 31 1
det
1
r r
z z
J
J (7.20)
{ }
T
T
rz z r
r
u
r
w
z
u
z
w
r
u
)
`
c
c
+
c
c
c
c
c
c
= =
u
c c c c (7.21)
SinhVienKyThuat.Com

107
( )
( )
+ + =
+ + =
6 4 2
5 3 1
1
1
q q q v
q q q u
n c n c
n c n c
(7.22)
Thay cc quan h trn vo biu thc bin dng - chuyn v (7.6), ta
c:
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
+ +
+ +
+

=
r
q N q N q N
J
q q z q q z q q r q q r
J
q q r q q r
J
q q z q q z
5 3 3 2 1 1
2 6 21 2 4 31 1 5 21 1 3 31
2 6 21 2 4 31
1 5 21 1 3 31
det
det
det
c
Hoc di dng ma trn:
c = Bq (7.23)
Trong , ma trn bin dng - chuyn v B c xc nh bi:
=
0 0 0
det det det det det det
det
0
det
0
det
0
0
det
0
det
0
det
3 2 1
12 21 31 13 23 32
21 13 32
12 31 23
r
N
r
N
r
N
J
z
J
r
J
z
J
r
J
z
J
r
J
r
J
r
J
r
J
z
J
z
J
z
B (7.24)
SinhVienKyThuat.Com

108
3.1. Ma trn cng ca phn t
Trc ht ta xc nh biu thc th nng bin dng nh sau:

|
|
.
|
\
|
= I
i
i
T
i
e
e
T
e
T
e
T
P u d r T u d fr u d r D l 2 A 2 A 2
2
1
t t c c t (7.25)
S hng u trong du mc [], chnh l nng lng bin dng ca phn t. Sau khi thay
q d r B D B q U
e
T T
e
|
|
.
|
\
|
=

A 2
2
1
t (7.26)
i lng
=
e
T e
d r B D B k A 2t (7.27)
c gi l ma trn cng ca phn t.
Ch rng hng th t ca ma trn B v tch phn (7.25) c cha bin
r. Trong thc t, n gin ho vic xc nh ma trn cng k
e
, ta
tnh gn ng gi tr ca B v r i vi trng tm ca tam gic v coi
y l gi tr c trng ca tam gic . Do , i vi trng tm tam
gic th:
3
1
3 2 1
= = = N N N (7.28)
K hiu:
3
3 2 1
r r r
r
+ +
= ; trong r l bn knh ca trng tm tam
gic.
K hiu B l ma trn quan h bin dng-chuyn v ca phn t c
tnh i vi trng tm tam gic, khi ta c:
=
e
T
e
d B D B r k A 2t
Cui cng, ma trn cng ca phn t c xc nh bi:
B D B A r k
T
e
e
t 2 = (7.29)
Ch : s hng
e
A r t 2 chnh l th tch ca phn t vnh, cn din tch
A
e
c xc nh bi:
2
det J
A
e
=
SinhVienKyThuat.Com

109
3.2. Lc nt qui i
3.2.1. Lc th tch
Ta c:
( )
( ) ( ) | |

+ + + + + =
+ =
e
z r
e
z r
e
T
rdA f q N q N q N f q N q N q N
rdA wf uf frdA u
6 3 4 2 2 1 5 3 3 2 1 1
2
2 2
t
t t

Ly xp x cc bin bng cc gi tr tng ng ti trng tm tam gic,
ta c:
e T
e
T
f q frdA u =
t 2 (7.30)
trong :
{ }
T
z r z r z r
e e
f f f f f f
A r
f
3
2t
= (7.31)
K hiu r f f
z r
, , trong (7.31) ch cc i lng c biu din
i vi trng tm ca tam gic.
3.2.2. Lc din tch
Xt trng hp lc tc dng u trn cnh ni nt 1 v nt 2 c cc
thnh phn l T
r
, T
z
(Hnh 7.3).

Da vo biu thc:
1
2
3
r
T
q
3

l
12

Hnh 7.3. Lc tc dng trn cnh phn t
q
4

q
2

q
1

T
r

T
z

SinhVienKyThuat.Com

110
e T
e
T
T q Trdl u =
t 2 (7.32)
trong :
{ }
T
q q q q q q q
6 5 4 3 2 1
= (7.33)
{ }
T
z r z r
e
bT bT aT aT l T
12
2t = (7.34)

vi
( ) ( )
2
1 2
2
1 2 12
2 1 2 1
6
2
;
6
2
z z r r l
r r
b
r r
a
+ =
+
=
+
=
(7.35)
Ch trong tch phn (7.33), r = N
1
r
1
+ N
2
r
2
. Khi cnh 1-2 song
song vi trc z, th a = b = 0,5r
1
v r
1
= r
2

3.3. ng sut
Sau khi tnh c th nng ton phn, iu kin bin s c p
dng trong qu trnh cc tiu ho th nng, cui cng ta c thu c
h phng trnh dng quen thuc sau:
K Q = F (7.36)
trong : K l ma trn cng chung; Q l vct chuyn v nt chung;
F l vct lc nt chung.
T (7.36) ta s gii c cc chuyn v nt Q, sau nh bng nh v
phn t s suy ra chuyn v q
i
ca tng phn t.
Tip tc p dng biu thc quan h ng sut-bin dng v bin dng-
chuyn v, ta s tnh c
q B D = o (7.37)
Ch : o
u
l mt ng sut chnh, hai ng sut chnh khc l o
1
v o
2
s
c xc nh qua o
r
, o
z
v t
rz
nh vng trn Mohr ng sut.
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111
3.4. V d
Cho mt ng tr di c ng knh trong bng 80mm, ng knh
ngoi bng 120mm. ng c ghp cng xung quanh ng sinh vi
mt vt cng khc v chu p lc t bn trong p = 2 mPa. Bng m
hnh hai phn t hu hn trn chiu di 10mm, hy xc nh cc
chuyn v, ng sut ca im bn trong thnh ng, bit E = 200 gPa, v
= 0,3.
Li gii
M hnh 2 phn t trn chiu di 10mm theo phng z c minh
ho nh trn Hnh 7.4.
Vi ng chu lin kt nh trn, chuyn v pha ngoi ng khng
c; coi lin kt ti nt 3 v 4 l c nh. Tng t, chuyn v dc trc
cng khng c; lin kt ti nt 1 v 2 l c nh theo phng dc trc z.

Theo nhn xt trn ta c:
Q
2
= Q
4
= 0 (chuyn v dc trc)
Q
5
= Q
6
= Q
7
= Q
8
= 0 (chuyn v pha ngoi ng)

Ta lp bng nh v cc phn t:
2mPa
80mm
120mm
1
2
10mm
1
F
1

F
2
2
3
4
z
60mm
40mm
Hnh 7.4. M hnh hai phn t
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112
Bc t.do
Phn t
1 2 3 4 5 6
1 1 2 3 4 7 8
2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Khi ly gc to trng vi nt 2, ta c bng to cc nt nh sau:
Nt r z
1 40 10
2 40 0
3 60 0
4 60 10
Tnh ma trn D theo biu thc (7.9):

=
5 5 5
5
5 5 5
5 5 5
10 69 , 2 0 10 15 , 1 10 15 , 1
0 10 77 , 0 0 0
10 15 , 1 0 10 69 , 2 10 15 , 1
10 15 , 1 0 10 15 , 1 10 69 , 2
D
Vi c 2 phn t, ta u c: detJ = 200mm
2
v din tch ca phn t l
A
e
= 100mm
2
. Cc lc nt c xc nh bi:
( ) N
lp r
F F 2514
2
2 10 40 14 , 3 2
2
2
1
2 1
=

= = =
t

Xt phn t 1
( ) ( ) mm r 67 , 46 60 40 40
3
1
1 = + + =
=
0 0071 , 0 0 0071 , 0 0 0071 , 0
05 , 0 0 0 1 , 0 05 , 0 1 , 0
0 0 1 , 0 0 1 , 0 0
0 05 , 0 0 0 0 05 , 0
1 B
Xt phn t 2
( ) ( ) mm r 33 , 53 60 60 40
3
1
2 = + + =
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113
=
0 00625 , 0 0 00625 , 0 0 00625 , 0
0 1 , 0 05 , 0 1 , 0 05 , 0 1 , 0
1 , 0 0 1 , 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 05 , 0 0 05 , 0
2 B
p dng cng thc (7.29), ta tnh c:

=
565 , 0
0 25 , 2
0 93 , 1 89 , 7
13 , 1 16 , 0 24 , 0 30 , 2
565 , 0 93 , 1 89 , 7 37 , 1 45 , 8
13 , 1 932 , 1 45 , 1 34 , 2 58 , 2 03 , 4
10
7 1
DX
k

=
01 , 9
241 , 0 62 , 2
01 , 9 05 , 1 66 , 9
17 , 2 42 , 2 46 , 3 11 , 5
0 29 , 1 645 , 0 29 , 1 645 , 0
69 , 1 085 , 0 69 , 1 22 , 2 0 05 , 2
10
7 2
DX
k
Ghp 2 phn t vi ma trn cng l k
1
v k
2

ri p t cc iu kin
bin: Q
2
= Q
4
= Q
5
= Q
6
= Q
7
=Q
8
= 0.
Ta thu c h hai phng trnh, hai n s:
)
`
=
)
`
2514
2514
35 , 4 34 , 2
34 , 2 03 , 4
10
3
1 7
Q
Q

Gii h phng trnh trn ta thu c:
( ) mm
Q
Q
)
`
=
)
`
2
2
3
1
10 0133 , 0
10 014 , 0

Chuyn v nt ca tng phn t:
{ } ( ) mm q
T
2
1
10 0 0 0 0133 , 0 0 014 , 0

=

{ } ( ) mm q
T
2
2
10 0 0 0 0 0 0133 , 0

=

Xc nh ng sut
Da vo phng trnh quan h ng sut - bin dng (7.37) ; ta nhn
c cc kt qu sau:
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114

{ } ( ) mPa , ,
T
2 1
10 4 28 54 2 58 166

= o
{ } ( ) mPa , ,
T
2 2
10 54 0 9 66 3 169

= o

4. CHNG TRNH TNH KT CU I XNG TRC
Ta s xy dng chng trnh tnh cho bi ton c m t v
d trn (Mc 3.4), vi m hnh 10 phn t (Hnh 7.5).

Chng trnh tnh v kt qu s c m t chi tit di y:
2 mPa
80mm
120mm
2
1
10mm
2
p
1
60mm
40mm
Hnh 7.5
4
3
6
5
8
7
10
9
3
5 7 9
11
4 6 8 10
12
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115
Chng trnh ngun
%----------------------------------------------------------------------------
% Chuong trinh tinh ket cau doi xung truc- chuong 7
% tinh ket cau ong (doi xung truc) chiu ap luc trong
% bang cach su dung phan tu tam giac (hinh 7.5 mo ta luoi phan tu)
%
% Mo ta cac bien
tu
cau
%----------------------------------------------------------------------------
%-----------------------------------------
% du lieu cua cac tham so dieu khien
%-----------------------------------------
clear
noe=10; % tong so phan tu
nnel=3; % so nut cua 1 phan tu
ndof=2; % so bac tu do tai moi nut
nnode=12; % tong so nut trong he thong
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116
edof=nnel*ndof; % so bac tu do cua moi phan tu
E_module=200e3; % modul dan hoi (MPa=N/mm2)
in_r=40; % ban kinh trong cua ong (mm)
out_r=60; % ban kinh ngoai cua ong (mm)
len_z=10; % kich thuoc phan tu theo phuong truc z (mm)
p=2; % gia tri ap luc (MPa)
%---------------------------------------------
% du lieu toa do nut, luu tru trong ma tran gcoord(i,j),
% trong do i la chi so nut va j =1 la toa do x, j=2 la toa do y
%---------------------------------------------
temp=((out_r-in_r)/noe)*2;
gcoord=[in_r 0; in_r len_z; in_r+temp 0; in_r+temp len_z;
in_r+temp*2 0; in_r+temp*2 len_z; in_r+temp*3 0; in_r+temp*3
len_z; in_r+temp*4 0; in_r+temp*4 len_z; in_r+temp*5 0;
in_r+temp*5 len_z];
%---------------------------------------------------------
% du lieu cac chi so nut tong the o moi phan tu
% nodes(i,j), trong do i la chi so phan tu va j la chi so nut
%---------------------------------------------------------
nodes=[1 3 4; 1 4 2; 3 5 6; 3 6 4; 5 7 8;
5 8 6;7 9 10; 7 10 8; 9 11 12; 9 12 10];
%-------------------------------------
% du lieu mo ta dieu kien bien
%-------------------------------------
% cac chuyen vi nut bi khong bi che
bcdof=[2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24];
bcval=[0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0]; % gia tri cua chuyen vi nut = 0
%-----------------------------------------
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117
%-----------------------------------------
ff=zeros(sdof,1); % vec to luc nut tong the
disp=zeros(sdof,1); % vecto chuyen vi nut tongthe
stress=zeros(noe,4); % ma tran cac thanh phan ung suat
strain=zeros(noe,4); % ma tran cac thanh phan bien dang
index=zeros(edof,1); % vecto chi so
B_matrix=zeros(4,edof); % ma tran chuyen vi bien dang
%----------------------------
% vec to luc nut tong the
%----------------------------
ff(1)=p*2*pi*len_z*in_r/2; % luc dat tai nut 1 theo phuong x
ff(3)=p*2*pi*len_z*in_r/2; % luc dat tai nut 2 theo phuong x
%-----------------------------------------------------------------
% tinh toan cac ma tran do cung phan tu, cac vec to luc nut
% va ghep noi chung vao ca ma tran va vec to tong the
%-----------------------------------------------------------------

for iel=1:noe % tinh cho moi phan tu
nd(1)=nodes(iel,1); % chi so nut tong the ung voi nut 1 cua phan tu
(iel)
(iel)
(iel)
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118

% xay dung vec to chi so phuc vu viec ghep noi phan tu
%-------------------------------------------------------
% xac dinh dao ham cac ham dang
%-------------------------------------------------------
% dien tich phan tu tam giac
area2=area*2;
xcenter=(x1+x2+x3)/3; % toa do x cua trong tam phan tu
ycenter=(y1+y2+y3)/3; % toa do y cua trong tam phan tu
shape(1)=((x2*y3-x3*y2)+(y2-y3)*xcenter+(x3-x2)*ycenter)/area2;
dhdx=(1/area2)*[(y2-y3) (y3-y1) (y1-y2)]; % dao ham theo x
dhdy=(1/area2)*[(x3-x2) (x1-x3) (x2-x1)]; % dao ham theo y

% xay dung ma tran bien dang chuyen vi
B_matrix=B_matrix_ax(nnel,dhdx,dhdy,shape,xcenter);

k=2*pi*xcenter*area*B_matrix'*D_matrix*B_matrix;

% ghep noi ma tran do cung phan tu vao ma tran do cung chung
end
%-----------------------------
% ap dat dieu kien bien
%-----------------------------
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119
%----------------------------
% giai he phuong trinh PTHH
%----------------------------
disp=kk\ff;
%---------------------------------------
% tinh ung suat tai cac diem gauss cua phan tu
%---------------------------------------
for ielp=1:noe % Tinh cho moi phan tu
nd(1)=nodes(ielp,1); % chi so nut tong the ung voi nut 1 cua phan tu
(iel)
(iel)
(iel)

% xay dung vec to chi so phuc vu viec ghep noi phan tu
index=feeldof(nd,nnel,ndof);
%-------------------------------------------------------
% xac dinh vec to chuyen vi nut phan tu
%-------------------------------------------------------
for i=1:edof
end
% area of triangule
area2=area*2;
xcenter=(x1+x2+x3)/3; % toa do x cua trong tam phan tu
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120
ycenter=(y1+y2+y3)/3; % toa do y cua trong tam phan tu
dhdx=(1/area2)*[(y2-y3) (y3-y1) (y1-y2)]; % dao ham theo x
dhdy=(1/area2)*[(x3-x2) (x1-x3) (x2-x1)]; % dao ham theo y

% tinh ma tran chuyen vi bien dang
B_matrix=B_matrix_ax(nnel,dhdx,dhdy,shape,xcenter);
estrain=B_matrix*eldisp; % tinh vecto bien dang
estress=D_matrix*estrain; % tinh vecto ung suat
for i=1:4
strain(ielp,i)=estrain(i); % luu tru
stress(ielp,i)=estress(i); % luu tru
end
end
%------------------------------------
% hien thi ket qua
%------------------------------------
num=1:1:sdof;
displace=[num' disp] % hien thi chuyen vi nut
for i=1:noe
stresses=[i stress(i,:)] % hien thi ung suat
end

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121
%------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
function [B_matrix]=B_matrix_ax(nnel,dhdx,dhdy,shape,radist)
%------------------------------------------------------------------------
% Muc dich:
% xac dinh ma tran chuyen vi - bien dang cho bai toan ket cau x
% doi xung dung truc
% Cu phap:
% [B_matrix]=B_matrix_ax(nnel,dhdx,dhdy,shape,radist)
%
% Mo ta cac bien:
% nnel so nut cua phan tu
% shape cac ham dang
% dhdy - dao ham ham dang theo y
% radist khoang cach tu ta den diem lay tich phan den hay
% trong tam phan tu
%------------------------------------------------------------------------
for i=1:nnel
i1=(i-1)*2+1;
i2=i1+1;
B_matrix(1,i1)=dhdx(i);
B_matrix(2,i1)=shape(i)/radist;
B_matrix(3,i2)=dhdy(i);
B_matrix(4,i1)=dhdy(i);
B_matrix(4,i2)=dhdx(i);
end

Kt qu chng trnh
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122
displace =
bc t do chuyn v nt
1 0.0011
2 0
3 0.0011
4 0
5 0.0010
6 0
7 0.0010
8 0
9 0.0010
10 0
11 0.0010
12 0
bc t do chuyn v nt
13 0.0010
14 0
15 0.0010
16 0
17 0.0009
18 0
19 0.0009
20 0
21 0.0009
22 0
23 0.0009
24 0

stresses =
phan tu
r
o
z
o
rz
t
u
o
1 -1.5928 4.7563 0.7909 0.0221
2 -1.7516 4.9888 0.8093 0.0575
3 -1.0897 4.2332 0.7859 0.0016
4 -1.1632 4.4217 0.8146 0.0221
5 -0.6878 3.8327 0.7862 -0.0117
6 -0.7261 3.9831 0.8143 0.0016
7 -0.3606 3.5200 0.7899 -0.0225
8 -0.3944 3.6361 0.8104 -0.0117
9 -0.0882 3.2724 0.7960 -0.0345
10 -0.1400 3.3558 0.8039 -0.0225
5. BI TP
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123
7.1. Mt ng dy hnh tr chu
p sut trong p nh trn hnh v 7.5.1,
tm chuyn v v ng sut trong ng.
y l dng bi ton vt i xng trc
chu ti i xng trc. Hy s dng cc
phn t phng tuyn tnh (tam gic
hoc t gic) gii cho mt lt mng
(bi ton bin dng phng).
r
i
= 15; r
e
= 30 mm; h = 10 mm ;
E = 70000N/mm
2
; v = 0,3 ;
p = 120 N/mm
2
.

So snh kt qu tm c vi cc kt qu tm c bng phng php
gii tch nh sau:
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
)
`
+ +
=
2
2
2 2
2
2
2
2 2
2
2
2
2 2
2
1 ; 1
1 1
r
r
r r
p r
r
r
r r
p r
r
r
r r E
pr r
u
e
i e
i e
i e
i
r
e
i e
i
r
u
o o
v v

7.2. Mt tm trn ng knh R=120mm, chiu dy h=15mm,
b ngm cht trn ton b bin chu mt p sut phn b u p=2mPa
theo phng vung gc trn mt mt ca n.
- Xc nh vng cc i ca tm bit rng vt liu ca tm c
mun n hi E=210 gPa v h s Poisson v=0,3.
- So snh vi kt qu gii tch biu din di dng:
D
pR
w
max
64
4
=
trong , D l cng chng un:
( )
2
3
1 12
D
v
=
Eh

p
h
r
e
r
i
Hnh 7.5.1. Vng dt chu p lc
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124

7.3. ng tr rng khng y (Hnh 7.5.3) chu p lc tc dng
t pha trong, ln 1MPa. Xc nh bin dng ca ng v s phn b
ca ng sut chnh. Bit E = 200 gPa v v = 0,3.

7.4. Mt khun thp hnh chic cc, c t va kht vo mt
ai thp hnh vnh khn (Hnh 7.5.4a). Chy dp tc dng lc p ln
phi to ra vt c hnh dng nh chic cc. Gi s qu trnh dp l l
tng vi lc tc dng vo khun thay i tuyn tnh theo b mt chu
lc p (Hnh 7.5.4b). Xc nh v tr v ln ca ng sut chnh ln
nht trong khun trong cc trng hp sau:
a. Khun khng c ai thp vnh khn bao ngoi.
b. Khun c ai thp bao ngoi v khng c s trt gia khun
thp vi ai thp.
c. Khun c ai thp bao ngoi c k n ma st trt (gi : cn
phi tch ring b mt tip xc gia khun v ai thp. Nu I
v J l l mt cp im trn b mt tip xc, khi rng buc
gia cc im l: Q
2I-1
Q
2J-1
= 0.
R
h
p
Hnh 7.5.2. a trn chu lc phn b u
16 mm
200 mm
100 mm
Hnh 7.5.3. ng thp h, chu p lc trong lng ng
1 mPa
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125

7.5. Hnh 7.5.5 m t mt on trc h bc chu ti dc trc c
s dng bn knh cong gim tp trung ng sut. Mun phn tch
chnh xc qu trnh ph hu mi th nh gi h s tp trung ng sut
(HSTTS) ti ch trc h bc ny l rt quan trng ta c th s
dng ng sut dc trc trung bnh cho ton tit din ngang. Hy nh
gi HSTTS bng phng php phn t hu hn v so snh kt qu
vi cc kt qu cng b trong cc bng tra cu. Mun Young v h s
Poisson c lm nh hng n HSTTS hay khng?
Bit:
d
1
=150mm ; d
2
= 200mm ;
r = 15mm ;
E = 210 gPa ; v = 0,22 ;
P = 100 kN

ai thp
hp kim
Khun
Phi
Chy dp
190
100
u 220
u 320
u 420
320
300

1 2
3
p
1

1
p
2

p
2

p
3

(a)
(b)
Hnh 7.5.4. M hnh chu lc ca b chy - ci dp
d
1
P
r
d
2

P
Hnh 7.5.5. Trc bc chu ko
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126

Chng 8
PHN T T GIC

1. M U
Trong chng 6 v 7 chng ta lm quen vi phn t tam gic 3
nt c bin dng l hng s. Trong chng ny, chng ta s kho st
phn t t gic 4 nt, mi nt c 2 bc t do. Cc phn t t gic c
ng dng nhiu trong k thut gii cc bi ton hai v ba chiu.
2. PHN T T GIC
Kho st mt phn t t gic tng qut nh Hnh 8.1. Phn t c
bn nt: 1, 2, 3 v 4 c nh s ngc chiu kim ng h, mi nt
c 2 bc t do; (x
i
, y
i
) l to ca nt i. Vct chuyn v nt ca phn
t c k hiu bi:
{ }
T
q q q q
8 2 1
=
Chuyn v ca mt im M(x, y) bt k trong phn t c k hiu
l u: u = [u(x, y), v(x, y)]
T

Hnh 8.1. Phn t t gic 4 nt
x
y
1
2
3
4
q
2

q
1

q
8

q
7

q
6

q
5

q
4

q
3

M(x,y)
v
u
1
(-1,-1)
2
(1,-1)
(1,1)
3
(-1,1)
4
c
n
(0,0)
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127
3. HM DNG
Ging nh cc chng trc, trong chng ny, phn t qui chiu
t gic c dng hnh vung c xc nh trong h to (c, n) (Hnh
8.1). Cc hm dng N
i
(i = 1, 2, 3, 4) c tnh cht: N
i
= 1 ti nt i v
bng khng ti cc nt khc. Chng hn: N
1
bng 1 ti nt 1; bng 0 ti
cc nt cn li (2, 3, 4). Yu cu N
1
= 0 ti nt 2, 3, 4 c ngha l N
1
=
0 dc theo cnh c=1 v n =1. V vy, N
1
phi c dng: N
1
= c(1- c)(1-
n) ; trong c l hng s cn xc nh.
T iu kin N
1
= 1 ti nt 1 (c = -1; n = -1), suy ra:
4
1
= c .
Tng t nh trn, ta cng xc nh c biu thc ca cc hm dng
cn li. Cui cng, biu thc ca cc hm dng N
i
nh sau:
( )( )
( )( )
( )( )
( )( ) n c
n c
n c
n c
+ =
+ + =
+ =
=
1 1
4
1
1 1
4
1
1 1
4
1
1 1
4
1
4
3
2
1
N
N
N
N
(8.1)
Ta c th biu din cc hm dng mt cch tng qut nh sau:
( )( )
i i i
N nn cc + + = 1 1
4
1
(8.2)
trong (c
i
, n
i
) l to ca nt i.
By gi ta m t trng chuyn v ca phn t theo chuyn v nt ca
n. Ta thy:
u = N
1
q
1
+ N
2
q
3
+ N
3
q
5
+ N
4
q
7

v = N
1
q
2
+ N
2
q
4
+ N
3
q
6
+ N
4
q
8
(8.3)
Hoc di dng ma trn
u = Nq (8.4)

Trong
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128
=
4 3 2 1
4 3 2 1
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
N N N N
N N N N
N (8.5)
Nh cch m t ng tham s, ta biu din to ca mt im trong
phn t qua to cc nt phn t cng nh cc hm dng N
i
trn:
x = N
1
x
1
+ N
2
x
2
+ N
3
x
3
+ N
4
x
4

y = N
1
y
1
+ N
2
y
2
+ N
3
y
3
+ N
4
y
4
(8.6)
Trc ht, ta tnh o hm ca hm hp f = f(x, y) = f[x(c, n), y(c, n)]
theo c v n
.
n n n
c c c
c
c
c
c
+
c
c
c
c
=
c
c
c
c
c
c
+
c
c
c
c
=
c
c
y
y
f x
x
f f
y
y
f x
x
f f
(8.7)
Hoc
c
c
c
c
=
c
c
c
c
y
f
x
f
J
f
f
n
c
(8.8)
Trong J l ma trn Jacbin
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
=
n n
c c
y x
y x
J (8.9)
T (8.1) v (8.6), ta c:
( )( ) ( )( ) ( )( ) ( )( )
( )( ) ( )( ) ( )( ) ( )( )
+ + + +
+ + + +
=
22 21
12 11
2 3 1 4 2 3 1 4
4 3 1 2 4 3 1 2
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
4
1
J J
J J
y y y y x x x x
y y y y x x x x
J
c c c c
n n n n
(8.10)
Nghch o (8.8) ta c quan h:
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129
c
c
c
c
=
c
c
c
c
n
c
f
f
J
y
f
x
f
1
(8.11)
Hoc
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
n
c
f
f
J J
J J
J
y
f
x
f
11 21
12 22
det
1
(8.12)
Ta s s dng cc biu thc trn xy dng ma trn cng ca phn
t.
4. MA TRN CNG CA PHN T
Nng lng bin dng ca vt th n hi c xc nh bi:
=
V
T
dV U c o
2
1
(8.13)
hoc

=
e
V
T
e
dA t U c o
2
1
(8.14)
Quan h gia bin dng v chuyn v:
c
c
+
c
c
c
c
c
c
=
=
x
v
y
u
y
v
x
u
xy
y
x
c
c
c (8.15)
Nu trong (8.12), coi vai tr ca f l u, ta c:
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
n
c
u
u
J J
J J
J
y
u
x
u
11 21
12 22
det
1
(8.16)

Tng t,
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130
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
n
c
v
v
J J
J J
J
y
v
x
v
11 21
12 22
det
1
(8.17)

Biu thc (8.15), (8.16) v (8.17) cho ta:
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
=
n
c
n
c
c
v
v
u
u
A (8.18)
Trong A c xc nh bi
=
12 22 11 21
11 21
12 22
0 0
0 0
det
1
J J J J
J J
J J
J
A (8.19)
T phng trnh ni suy (8.3), ta c th vit:
q G
v
v
u
u
=
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
n
c
n
c
(8.20)
Trong
+
+
+
+
=
c c c c
n n n n
c c c c
n n n n
1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0
1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0
0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1
0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1
4
1
G
(8.21)
Cui cng ta c:
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131
c = Bq (8.22)
Trong
B = AG (8.23)
v ng sut c xc nh bi
o = DBq (8.24)
Quay li biu thc nng lng bin dng (8.14),

=
=

e
e T
e
T
e
T
q k q q d d J DB B t q U
2
1
det
2
1
1
1
1
1
n c (8.25)
Trong

=
1
1
1
1
det n c d d J DB B t k
T
e
e
(8.26)
chnh l ma trn cng ca phn t t gic.
5. QUI I LC V NT
5.1. Lc th tch
tch phn:
V
T
dV f u (8.27)
vi: u = Nq v gi thit rng cc thnh phn lc khi f = [f
x
, f
y
]
T
phn
b l hng s trong mi phn t, ta s c:
=
e
e T
V
T
f q dV f u (8.28)
Trong :
)
`
=

y
x
T
e
e
f
f
d d J N t f
1
1
1
1
det n c (8.29)
5.2. Lc din tch
Gi s lc din tch T = [T
x
, T
y
]
T
bng hng s, tc dng trn cnh
2-3 ca phn t t gic. Dc theo cnh 2-3, c = 1 v khi y cc hm
dng tr nn:

2
1
;
2
1
; 0
3 2 4 1
n n +
=
= = = N N N N
Ta tnh c cc thnh phn ca vct lc nt phn t:
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132
{ }
T
y x y x
e e
T T T T
l t
T 0 0 0 0
2
23
= (8.30)
Ch : Trong cng thc ma trn cng (8.26) v cng thc qui i
lc th tch (8.29), cc i lng B v detJ u l cc hm s ca c v
n. Ta cn phi s ho cc tch phn trn. Di y chng ta nhc li
mt vi khi nim v tch phn s.
6. TCH PHN S
6.1. Tch phn s mt bin
Cho tch phn
( )
=
1
1
c c d f I

(8.31)
Ta s xp x tch phn I trn di dng mt tng n im xp x nh sau:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
n n
f w f w f w d f I c c c c c + + + = =

2 2 1 1
1
1

(8.32)
Trong w
1
, w
2
, ..., w
n
l cc hm trng s v c
1
, c
2
, ..., c
n
l cc im
Gauss. T tng ca phng php cu phng Gauss l chn n im
Gauss v n hm trng s sao cho tch phn (8.31) cho kt qu chnh
xc nht i vi a thc f(c). Ni khc i, cng thc tch phn n im
l chnh xc cho tt c cc a thc bc cao, v cng thc tch phn
trn vn ng thm ch khi f khng phi l mt a thc. hiu c
bn cht ca phng php, chng ta xt cng thc tch phn 1- im v
tch phn 2- im nh sau:
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133
6.1.1. Cng thc tch phn 1- im
Khi n = 1:
( ) ( )
1 1
1
1
c c c f w d f I = =

(8.33)
C 2 tham s w
1
v c
1
cn xc nh, vi yu cu l (8.33) cho kt qu
chnh xc khi f(c) l mt a thc bc nht. iu ny c ngha l nu
f(c) l mt a thc bc nht, th sai s:
( ) ( ) 0
1 1
1
1
1 0
= + = A

c c c f w d a a

(8.34a)
hoc
( ) 0 2
1 1 0 1 0
= + = A c a a w a

(8.34b)
( ) 0 2
1 1 1 1 0
= = A c a w w a

(8.34c)
T (8.34c), suy ra A = 0 khi:
=
=
0
2
1
1
c
w

(8.35)
Vi hm f tng qut v tu , ta c:
( ) ( ) 0 2
1
1
f d f I = =
c c

(8.36)
Kt qu tnh ging nh phng php trung im (phng php hnh
ch nht), nh m t Hnh 8.2 sau.

6.1.2. Cng thc tch phn 2- im
c
f(0)
f
-1 0 1
Phn din tch
xp x = 2f(0)
Phn din tch
chnh xc
f(c)
Hnh 8.2. Cu phng 1 im Gauss
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134
Khi n = 2
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 1 1
1
1
c c c c f w f w d f I + = =

(8.37)
y, c 4 thng s cn xc nh l: w
1
; w
2
; c
1
v c
2
. Chn
( )
3
3
2
2 1 0
c c c c a a a a f + + + = , ta c:
( ) ( ) ( ) | | 0
2 2 1 1
1
1
3
3
2
2 1 0
= + + + + = A

c c c c c c f w f w d a a a a

(8.38)
tho mn (8.38): A = 0, khi ta phi c:
= +
= +
= +
= +
0
3
2
0
2
3
2 2
3
1 1
2
2 2
2
1 1
2 2 1 1
2 1
c c
c c
c c
w w
w w
w w
w w
(8.39)
H phng trnh phi tuyn (8.39) c nghim duy nht l:
= = =
= =
57735 , 0
3
1
1
2 1
2 1
c c
w w
(8.40)
T y, chng ta c th kt lun rng phng php cu phng Gauss
n-im s cho kt qu chnh xc nu f l mt a thc bc (2n-1) hoc
nh hn. Bng di cho cc gi tr ca w
i
v c
i
theo cng thc Gauss
vi n =1,...,6.
Bng 8.1. im Gauss v hm trng lng
n
c
i

w
i
n
c
i

w
i

1 0 2
5
0,9061798459
0,2369268851
2 0,5773502692
1
0,5384693101
0,4786286705
3
0,7745966692
0,5555555556 0 0,5688888889
0 0, 888888889
6
0,9324695142
0,1713244924
4
0,8611363116
0,3478548451
0,6612093865
0,3607615730
0,3399810436
0,6521451549
0,2386191861
0,4679139346
6.2. Tch phn s hai bin
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135
Xt tch phn
( ) n c n c d d f I

=
1
1
1
1
,

(8.41)
Ta c
( ) ( ) ( )

= =
~ ~ ~
n
i
n
j
j i j i
n n
j i i j
n
i i
f w w f w w d f w I
1 1 1 1
1
1
1
, , , n c n c n n c

(8.42)
6.3. Tch phn ma trn cng
T cng thc (8.26):

=
1
1
1
1
det n c d d J DB B t k
T
e
e

Ch k
e
l ma trn cng (8x8) i xng, do ta ch cn ly tch
phn cc s hng pha trn ng cho chnh l .
K hiu
( ) ( )
ij
T
e
J DB B t det , = u n c (8.43)
v p dng cng thc (8.42), ta c
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
2
2 1 2 1 2 2 1 2 1 1 1
2
1
, , , , n c n c n c n c u + u + u + u = w w w w w w k
ij
(8.44)
Trong :
= = = =
= =
57735 , 0 ; 57735 , 0
1
2 2 1 1
2 1
n c n c
w w

Cc im Gauss theo cng thc tch phn 2- im trn c m t
trn Hnh 8.3. Nu gi cc im Gauss ln lt l 1, 2, 3, 4 th k
ij
trong
(8.44) c vit di dng:
=
u =
4
1 K
K k j i
W k (8.45)
Trong u
K
l gi tr ca u v W
K
l hm trng s ti im tch phn
k. Ch rng W
K
= (1)(1) = 1. Cng thc (8.45) rt thun li cho
chng ta khi lp trnh tnh ton ma trn cng.
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136

7. TNH NG SUT
Khng ging nh phn t tam gic c bin dng hng s; vi phn
t t gic, ng sut o = DBq khng phi l hng s trong phm vi mt
phn t, m chng thay i theo c

v n.

Trong thc t, ng sut c
tnh ti cc im Gauss, y cng l nhng im c s dng trong
khi tnh ma trn cng k
e
. Nh vy, vi phn t t gic, ta s c 4 gi
tr ng sut. trnh sinh ra nhiu s liu, ta ch cn tnh ng sut ti
mt im cho mi phn t, chng hn im (c

= 0, n= 0).
8. V D
Kho st mt phn t ch nht nh hnh v di y. Gi thit
phn t chu trng thi ng sut phng v c cc thnh phn chuyn v:
{ } ( ) mm q
T
0 0 081 , 0 152 , 0 076 , 0 051 , 0 0 0 = . Bit E = 206
gPa, v = 0,3. Hy xc nh cc i lng J, B v o ti im (c = 0, n =
0).

1
1 2
3 4
n
c
3
1
= c
3
1
= c
3
1
= n
3
1
= n
Hnh 8.3. im Gauss theo qui tc tch phn 2 im
3
(2,1)
y
x
2 (2,0) 1 (0,0)
4
(0,1)
q
7

q
8

q
5

q
6

q
3

q
4

q
1

q
2

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137
Bi gii
Theo cng thc (8.10), ta c:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

+ + + + + +
+ + +
=
2
1
0
0 1
1 1 1 2 1 2
1 1 1 2 1 2
4
1
c c c c
n n n n
J

p dng cng thc (8.19), ta c:
=
0
2
1
1 0
1 0 0 0
0 0 0
2
1
2 1
1
A

p dng cng thc (8.21) v (8.23) vi c = 0, n = 0 ta s c:

=
4
1
2
1
4
1
2
1
4
1
2
1
4
1
2
1
2
1
0
2
1
0
2
1
0
2
1
0
0
4
1
0
4
1
0
4
1
0
4
1
B
Ma trn D c xc nh bi (6.8)

=
35 , 0 0 0
0 1 3 , 0
0 3 , 0 1
09 , 0 1
10 206
3
D

Cui cng ta tnh c o ti im c = 0, n = 0:
{ } ( ) MPa DBq
T
282 159 461 = = o
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138
9. CHNG TRNH
Tr li vi v d mc 7, chng 6. y, ta s s dng phn t
t gic bc nht ng tham s vi 4 phn t xy dng chng trnh
tnh cho kt cu, nh m t trong Hnh 8.5. Trong chng trnh, vic
ly tch phn s s c thc hin vi 22 im Gauss. Theo s li
PTHH, iu kin bin s c m t nh sau: Ti nt 1, cc thnh phn
chuyn v u v v bng khng, ti nt 2 u bng khng; nh vy iu kin
bin tng ng l Q
1
= Q
2
= Q
3
= 0

Chng trnh ngun.
%----------------------------------------------------------------------------
% Chuong trinh so 1, chuong 8 - (P8_1)
%----------------------------------------------------------------------------
% Phan tich ung suat cua tam chiu keo su dung phan tu tu giac bac 1
% (Hinh. 8.5 mo ta luoi phan tu)
% Mo ta cac bien
Hnh 8.5. Tm ch nht chu ko trong mt phng
1
2
2
1
3 4
4
3
6
5
8
7
10
9
p
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139
tu
cau
%----------------------------------------------------------------------------
%------------------------------------
%------------------------------------
clear
noe_x=4; % so luong cac phan tu theo phuong x
noe_y=1; % so luong cac phan tu theo phuong y
noe=noe_x*noe_y; % tong so phan tu
nnel=4; % tong so nut cua moi phan tu
ndof=2; % tong so bac tu do tai moi nut
nnode=(noe_x+1)*(noe_y+1); %tong so nut cua he
edof=nnel*ndof; % so bac tu cua phan tu
E_module=200e3; % modul dan hoi khi keo nen
x_length=400; % chieu dai tam (mm)
y_length=100; % chieu rong tam (mm)
t=10; % chieu day tam (mm)
p=200; % tai trong phan bo deu (MPa=N/mm)
nog_x=2; nog_y=2; % 2x2 Gauss-Legendre quadrature
nog_xy=nog_x*nog_y; % number of sampling points per element

%---------------------------------------------
% nhap gia tri toa do cac nut: gcoord(i,j),
% trong do: i la chi so nut, j =1,2 chi toa do x hay y
%---------------------------------------------
len_x_elm = x_length/noe_x;
len_y_elm = y_length/noe_y;
for col_index=1:(noe_x+1)
for row_index=1:(noe_y+1)
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140
gcoord((row_index+(col_index-1)*(noe_y+1)),1)=...
(col_index-1)*len_x_elm;
gcoord((row_index+(col_index-1)*(noe_y+1)),2)=...
(row_index-1)*len_y_elm;
end
end
gcoord
%---------------------------------------------------------
% Nhap chi so nut o moi phan tu: nodes(i,j)
% trong do: i la chi so cua phan tu va j la chi so nut
%---------------------------------------------------------
nodes=[1 3 4 2; 3 5 6 4; 5 7 8 6; 7 9 10 8];
%-------------------------------------
% Nhap cac dieu kien bien
%-------------------------------------
bcdof=[1 2 3]; % bon bac tu do dau tien chiu rang buoc
bcval=[0 0 0]; % voi gia tri bang khong

%-----------------------------------------
%-----------------------------------------
ff=zeros(sdof,1); % vecto luc nut tong the
stress=zeros(noe,3); % ma tran ung suat
strain=zeros(noe,3); % ma tran bien dang
index=zeros(edof,1); % veto chi so
B_matrix=zeros(3,edof); % ma tran chuyen vi-bien dang
%----------------------------
% vecto luc nut
%----------------------------
%-----------------------------------------------------------------
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141
% tinh toan cac ma tran do cung phan tu, vec to luc nut phan tu va
% ghep noi thanh ma tran do cung tong the, vecto luc nut tong the
%-----------------------------------------------------------------
% tinh toa do va trong so cac diem Gauss
[point,weight]=Gauss_Point_2D(nog_x,nog_y);
for i=1:nnel
nd(i)=nodes(iel,i); % chi so nut tong the cua nut thu i phan tu
iel
xcoord(i)=gcoord(nd(i),1); % toa do x cua nut thu i
ycoord(i)=gcoord(nd(i),2); % toa do y cua nut thu i
end
k=zeros(edof,edof); % khoi tao ma tran do cung phan tu iel

% tich phan so

for intx=1:nog_x
x=point(intx,1); % toa do x cua diem Gauss
wtx=weight(intx,1); % trong so diem gauss
for inty=1:nog_y
y=point(inty,2); % toa do y cua diem Gauss
wty=weight(inty,2) ; % trong so diem gauss
% tinh cac ham dang va cac dao ham tai cac diem Gauss
[shape,dhdr,dhds]=Shape_Func_4node(x,y);
% ma tran Jacobian
jacob2=jacob_2D(nnel,dhdr,dhds,xcoord,ycoord);
detjacob=det(jacob2); % dinh thuc ma tran Jacobian
invjacob=inv(jacob2); % nghich dao ma tran Jacobian
% xac dinh cac dao ham ham dang trong he toa do vat ly
for i=1:nnel
dhdx(i)=invjacob(1,1)*dhdr(i)+invjacob(1,2)*dhds(i);
dhdy(i)=invjacob(2,1)*dhdr(i)+invjacob(2,2)*dhds(i);
end
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142
% -----------------------------------
% tinh ma tran chuyen vi-bien dang B
% -----------------------------------
%------------------------------
%------------------------------
k=k+t*B_matrix'*D_matrix*B_matrix*wtx*wty*detjacob;
end
end % ket thuc doan chuong trich tinh phan so
% ghep noi ma tran do cung tong the
end
%-----------------------------
%-----------------------------
%------------------------------
% tinh vecto chuyen vi nut tong the
%------------------------------
disp=kk\ff;
%------------------------------
% in ket qua chuyen vi
%------------------------------
num=1:1:sdof;
displace=[num' disp]
%------------------------------
% tinh ung suat phan tu
%------------------------------
for ielp=1:noe % xet tung phan tu
for i=1:nnel
nd(i)=nodes(ielp,i); % chi so nut tong the cua nut thu i phan tu
iel
xcoord(i)=gcoord(nd(i),1); % toa do x cua nut thu i
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143
ycoord(i)=gcoord(nd(i),2); % toa do y cua nut thu i
end
%--------------------------------
% tich phan so
%--------------------------------
intp=0;
for intx=1:nog_x
x=point(intx,1); % toa do x diem gauss
wtx=weight(intx,1); % trong so diem gauss
for inty=1:nog_y
y=point(inty,2); % stoa do y diem gauss
wty=weight(inty,2) ; % trong so diem gauss
intp=intp+1;
% tinh cac ham dang va cac dao ham tai cac diem Gauss
% ma tran Jacobian
detjacob=det(jacob2); % determinant of Jacobian
invjacob=inv(jacob2); % inverse of Jacobian matrix
% xac dinh cac dao ham ham dang trong he toa do vat ly
for i=1:nnel
end
% -----------------------------------
% tinh ma tran chuyen vi-bien dang B_p
% -----------------------------------
%-------------------------------------------------------
% xac dinh vec to chuyen vi nut phan tu
%-------------------------------------------------------
for i=1:edof
end
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144
estrain=B_matrix*eldisp; % tinh bien dang
estress=D_matrix*estrain; % tinh ung suat
for i=1:3
strain(intp,i)=estrain(i); % luu kq cua moi phan tu
stress(intp,i)=estress(i); % luu kq cua moi phan tu
end
location=[ielp,intx,inty] % in vi tri bieu dien US
stress(intp,:) % gia tri ung suat
end
end % ket thuc phan tinh tich phan so
end

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function [point_1D,weight_1D]=Gauss_Point_1D(nog_1D)
%-------------------------------------------------------------------
% Muc dich:
% xac dinh cc diem tich phan va ham trong so
% cua cac diem Gauss-Legendre voi tich phan so 1 bien
% Cu phap:
% [point1,weight1]=1_D_Gauss_Point(nog_1D)
% Mo ta cac bien:
% nog_1D so luong cac diem tich phan
% point_1D - vector chua tao do cac diem Gauss
% weight_1D - vector chua cac he so trong so cua diem Gauss
%-------------------------------------------------------------------
% khoi tao
point_1D=zeros(nog_1D,1);
weight_1D=zeros(nog_1D,1);
% tim cac diem tich phan va he so trong so tuong ung
if nog_1D==1 % tich phan 1 diem
point_1D(1)=0.0;
weight_1D(1)=2.0;

elseif nog_1D==2 % tich phan 2 diem
point_1D(1)=-0.577350269189626;
point_1D(2)=-point_1D(1);
weight_1D(1)=1.0;
weight_1D(2)=weight_1D(1);

point_1D(1)=-0.774596669241483;
point_1D(2)=0.0;
weight_1D(1)=0.555555555555556;
weight_1D(2)=0.888888888888889;
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146

point_1D(1)=-0.861136311594053;
point_1D(2)=-0.339981043584856;
weight_1D(1)=0.347854845137454;
weight_1D(2)=0.652145154862546;
else % tich phan 5 diem
point_1D(1)=-0.906179845938664;
point_1D(2)=-0.538469310105683;
point_1D(3)=0.0;
weight_1D(1)=0.236926885056189;
weight_1D(2)=0.478628670499366;
weight_1D(3)=0.568888888888889;
end
%-------------------------------------------------------------------
function [point_2D,weight_2D]=Gauss_Point_2D(nog_xa,nog_ya)
%-------------------------------------------------------------------
% Muc dich:
% xac dinh cc diem tich phan va ham trong so
% cua cac diem Gauss-Legendre voi tich phan so 2 bien
% Cu phap:
% [point_2D,weight_2D]=2_D_Gauss_Point(nog_xa,nog_ya)
% Mo ta cac bien:
% nog_xa - so diem tich phan theo phuong x
% nog_ya - so diem tich phan theo phuong y
% point_2D - vector chua cac diem Gauss
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147
% weight_2D - vector cac he so trong so cua diem Gauss
%-------------------------------------------------------------------
% xac dinh gia tri max giua nog_xa va nog_ya
if nog_xa > nog_ya
nog=nog_xa;
else
nog=nog_ya;
end
% khoi tao
point_2D=zeros(nog,2);
weight_2D=zeros(nog,2);
% tim cac diem tich phan va he so trong so tuong ung
% tinh cac diem Gauss theo phuong x
[point_xa,weight_xa]=Gauss_Point_1D(nog_xa);
% tinh cac diem Gauss theo phuong x
[point_ya,weight_ya]=Gauss_Point_1D(nog_ya);
% tinh cac diem Gauss theo 2 phuong
for intx=1:nog_xa % quadrature in x-axis
point_2D(intx,1)=point_xa(intx);
weight_2D(intx,1)=weight_xa(intx);
end
for inty=1:nog_ya % quadrature in y-axis
point_2D(inty,2)=point_ya(inty);
weight_2D(inty,2)=weight_ya(inty);
end
%------------------------------------------------------------------------
function [shape,dos_r,dos_s]=Shape_Func_4node(rvalue,svalue)
%------------------------------------------------------------------------
% Muc dich:
% tinh ham dang cua phan tu tu giac bac nhat dang tham so
% va cac dao ham cua no tai cac diem Gauss trong he truc tu nhien
% Cu phap:
% [shape,dos_r,dos_s]=4node_Shape_Func(rvalue,svalue)
% Mo ta cac bien:
SinhVienKyThuat.Com

148
% shape ham dang cua phan tu tu giac bac nhat
% dos_r dao ham ham dang theo r (Coxi)
% dos_s - dao ham ham dang theo s (Nheta)
% rvalue gia tri toa do r cua diem Gauss
% svalue - gia tri toa do s cua diem Gauss
% Chu y:
% toa do nut 1 la (-1,-1), toa do nut 2 la (1,-1)
% toa do nut 3 la (1,1), toa do nut 4 la (-1,1)
%------------------------------------------------------------------------
% Ham dang
shape(1)=0.25*(1-rvalue)*(1-svalue);
shape(2)=0.25*(1+rvalue)*(1-svalue);
shape(3)=0.25*(1+rvalue)*(1+svalue);
shape(4)=0.25*(1-rvalue)*(1+svalue);
% cac dao ham
dos_r(1)=-0.25*(1-svalue);
dos_r(2)=0.25*(1-svalue);
dos_r(3)=0.25*(1+svalue);
dos_r(4)=-0.25*(1+svalue);
dos_s(1)=-0.25*(1-rvalue);
dos_s(2)=-0.25*(1+rvalue);
dos_s(3)=0.25*(1+rvalue);
dos_s(4)=0.25*(1-rvalue);
%--------------------------------------------------------------------------

SinhVienKyThuat.Com

149
Kt qu s
- Chuyn v nt:
Bc t
do
(q)
Gi tr Bc t
do
(q)
Gi tr Bc t
do
(q)
Gi tr Bc t
do
(q)
Gi tr
1 0 6 0.0000 11 0.0200 16 -0.0030
2 0 7 0.0100 12 -0.0030 17 0.0400
3 0 8 -0.0030 13 0.0300 18 0.0000
4 -
0.0030
9 0.0200 14 0.0000 19 0.0400
5 0.0100 10 0.0000 15 0.0300 20 -0.0030
- ng sut ti cc im Gauss:
im
Gauss
Phn t
1, 1 1, 2 2, 1 2, 2
Phn t 1 20.0000 20.0000 20.0000 20.0000
Phn t 2 20.0000 20.0000 20.0000 20.0000
Phn t 3 20.0000 20.0000 20.0000 20.0000
Phn t 4 20.0000 20.0000 20.0000 20.0000
Ch : Thnh phn ng sut trong bng l o
x
, cc thnh phn ng sut
cn li o
y
v t
xy
u bng khng. Kt qu ny hon ton tng t nh
nhn c trong V d 6.8.1 Chng 6.
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150
10. BI TP
8.1. Tr li kt cu trong bi ton 6.1 trn hnh 8.10.1. Ta vn i
xc nh chuyn v ti hai im A v B, v phn b ca ng sut trong
tm, nhng y ta s dng cc phn t ch nht. Vt liu ca tm l
thp c mun n hi E=210 gPa v h s Poisson v= 0,22. Hy chia
tm ra thnh hai phn t ch nht theo hai cch c m t trong cc
hnh: Hnh 8.10.1a,b.
So snh kt qu trong hai trng hp trn v so snh vi kt qu
tm c bng cc phn t tam gic nh trong bi 6.1. Bit: a = 0,2 m;
b = 0,3 m; t = 5mm v q = 8 kN/m.

8.2. Mt kt cu c m t nh Hnh 8.10.2. Bng cc phn t
ch nht tuyn tnh, hy gii li bi ton theo yu cu nh bi ton 6.4.

c
2b
2b
a
a b
P
2b b
a
a

a = 50mm;
b = 75mm;
c = 500mm
P = 8kN.
4 3
2 1
b
a
B
A
q
a
b
q
B
2
1
4 3
A
1
2
1 2
Hnh 8.10.1. S ho PTHH vi phn t t gic
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151
8.3. Xc nh ma trn cng tng th cc li phn t nh
trn hnh v 8.10.3. Gi thit mi nt c mt bc t do v gi [K
(e)
] l
ma trn cng ca phn t th e. (Kt qu c th biu din thng qua
cc s hng K
ij
(e)
).

8.4. Tr li kt cu trong bi tp 6.5 (Hnh 6.9.5). Bng cch kt
hp hp l cc phn t tam gic tuyn tnh vi cc phn t ch nht
tuyn tnh, hy tnh li h s tp trung ng sut trong cc kt cu.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
1
2
3
4
1 2 3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Hnh 8.10.3. S li phn t
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152

Chng 9
PHN T HU HN TRONG TNH TON KT CU DM V
KHUNG

1. GII THIU
Dm v khung c ng dng rng ri trong k thut. Trong
chng ny chng ta s p dng phng php phn t hu hn tnh
dm sau m rng cho kt cu khung hai chiu.
Ta ch xt dm c mt ct ngang i xng so vi mt phng ti
trng. S ho dm chu un v bin dng ( vng) ca trc dm
c minh ho nh Hnh 9.1 di y.

Trong trng hp bin dng nh, ta c kt qu quen bit sau:
y
J
M
= o (9.1)
E
o
c = (9.2)
Phng trnh vng:
J
2
2
E
M
dx
v d
= (9.3)
M
km

P
kp
p
y
x
Hnh 9.1. (a) S ho dm chu un; (b). Bin dng ca trc dm
x
v
(a)
(b)
kp
km
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153
Trong : o l ng sut php, c l bin dng di, M l mmen un ni
lc trn mt ct ngang, v l vng ca trc x v J l mmen qun
tnh ca mt ct ngang i vi trc trung ho (trc z i qua trng tm
mt ct ngang).
2. TH NNG
Nng lng bin dng trong mt phn t c chiu di dx c xc nh
bi:
dAdx du

=
A
2
1
c o (9.4)
Thay (9.1) v (9.2) vo (9.4) ta c:
dx
EJ
M
dx dA y
EJ
M
dAdx du
A
2
2
2
2
2
A
2
1
2
1
2
1
=
= =

c o (9.5)
T (9.5) ta tnh c nng lng bin dng ton phn trong dm:
dx
dx
v d
EJ U
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
L
2
2
2
1
(9.6)
Th nng H ca dm c xc nh bi:

|
|
.
|
\
|
= I
km
km km
kp
kp kp
L L
M v P vdx dx
dx
v
m
0
2
0
2
2
p
d
EJ
2
1
(9.7)
Trong : p l ti trng phn b trn mt n v di; P
kp
l lc tp trung
ti im kp; M
km
l mmen ca ngu lc ti im km; v
kp
l vng ti
im kp v m
km
l gc xoay ca mt ct ngang ti km.
3. HM DNG HERMITE
Gi s ta chia dm thnh bn phn t nh Hnh 9.2, mi phn t c
2 nt; mi nt c 2 bc t do. Hai bc t do ca nt i c k hiu l
Q
2i-1
v Q
2i
. Trong Q
2i-1
l vng; Q
2i
l gc xoay.
Q l vct chuyn v chung:
Q = [ Q
1
, Q
2
, Q
3
, ..., Q
10
]
T
(9.8)
Bn bc t do a phng ca mi phn t c k hiu bi: q = [q
1
,
q
2
, q
3
, q
4
]
T
. trong : q
1
, q
3
l vng v q
2
, q
4
l gc xoay.
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154

Cc hm dng ni suy chuyn v trn mt phn t dm s c
xc nh theo c; trong -1s c s 1.
Cc hm dng i vi phn t dm khc vi cc hm dng m ta
bit trong cc chng trc. V c c chuyn v ngang ( vng) v
gc xoay do chng ta a vo hm dng Hermite nh sau:
H
i
= a
i
+ b
i
c + c
i
c
2
+ d
i
c
3
; vi (i = 1, 2, 3, 4) (9.9)
Cc hm dng Hermite tho mn cc iu kin:
H
1
H
1

H
2
H
2
H
3
H
3
H
4
H
4

c = -1
1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
c = 1
0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
Cc h s a
i
, b
i
, c
i
v d
i
c xc nh nh cc iu kin trong bng
trn.
Kt qu cho ta:
H
1
= ( 1 - c)
2
(2 + c)/4 = (2 - 3c + c
3
)/4
H
2
= (1 - c)
2
(1 + c)/4 = (1 - c - c
2
+ c
3
)/4
H
3
= (1 + c)
2
(2 - c)/4 = (2 + 3c - c
3
)/4 (9.10)
H
4
= (1 + c)
0
(c - 1)/4 = (-1 - c + c
2
+ c
3
)/4
Biu din hnh hc cc hm dng nh Hnh 9.3:
1 2 3 4 e
Q
10

Q
9

Q
6

Q
8

Q
5

Q
6

Q
3

Q
4

Q
1

Q
2
q
4

q
3

q
1

q
2

2 1
v
1

v
2

v
2

v
1

(a) (b)
Hnh 9.2. Ri rc dm bng phn t hu hn
SinhVienKyThuat.Com

155

4. MA TRN CNG CA PHN T DM
Trc ht, ta s dng cc hm dng Hermite trn xy dng biu
thc chuyn v v(c):
v(c) = H
1
v
1
+ H
2
(dv/dc)
1
+ H
3
v
2
+ H
4
(dv/dc)
2
(9.11)
Mt khc:
c
c c
2 2 2
1
2
1
1 2 2 1
2 1
x x x x
x x x

+
+
=
+
+
= (9.12)
V (x
2
- x
1
= l
e
) l di phn t, do : c d
l
dx
e
2
= ; v
c c d
dx
dx
dv
d
dv
= ,
nn ta c quan h o hm sau:
dx
dv l
d
dv
e
2
=
c
(9.13)
Ch rng (dv/dx) ti nt 1 v nt 2 chnh l q
2
v q
4
, suy ra:
( )
4 4 3 3 2 2 1 1
2 2
q H
l
q H q H
l
q H v
e e
+ + + = c (9.14)
hay vit di dng c ng:
Hnh 9.3. Hm dng Hermite
SinhVienKyThuat.Com

156
v = H q (9.15)
Trong :
=
4 3 2 1
2 2
H
l
H H
l
H H
e e
(9.16)
Nng lng bin dng ca phn t c xc nh bi:
dx
dx
v d
EJ U
e
e
2
2
2
2
1
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
T (9.13) suy ra:
c d
dv
l dx
dv
e
2
= v
2
2
2 2
2
4
c d
v d
l dx
v d
e
=
Thay v = Hq, ta c:
+
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
2 2
3 1
2
3
2 2
3 1
2
3
16
2
2
2
2
2
2
4
2
2
2
e e
T
e
T
l l
d
H d
q
d
H d
d
H d
l
q
dx
v d
c
c
c
c
c
c c
(9.17)
Ch : c d
l
dx
e
2
= , biu thc ca nng lng bin dng ca phn t
c vit di dng:
( ) ( )
( )
( )
q d
l
l DX
l l l
l l
l
EJ
q U
e
e
e e e
e e
e
T
e
c
c
c c c
c
c c
c
c c c c c c
|
.
|
\
| +
+
+
+
|
.
|
\
| +
+ +
=
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2 2
3
4
3 1
3 1
8
3
4
9
16
9 1
3 1
8
3
4
3 1
3 1
8
3
4
9
3 1
8
3
4
9
8
2
1
(9.18)
cui cng ta thu c:
q k q U
e T
e
2
1
= (9.19)

Trong k
e
l ma trn cng ca phn t dm
SinhVienKyThuat.Com

157
=
e e e e
e e
e e e e
e e
e
e
l l l l
l l
l l l l
l l
l
EJ
k
4 6 2 6
6 12 6 12
2 6 4 6
6 12 6 12
3
(9.20)
5. QUY I LC NT
Cc dng ti trng tc dng gy un trn phn t dm nh ch ra
trong Hnh 9.4.

Vic quy i cc ti trng ny v nt c thc hin nh sau:
5.1. Lc phn b u, cng p (Hnh 9.4a)
q d H
pl
pvdx
e
e
|
|
.
|
\
|
=

1
1
2
c (9.21)
Thay biu thc ca H t (9.10) v (9.16) vo (9.21), sau ly tch
phn ta c:
q f pvdx
eT
e
=
(9.22)
Trong :
l x
y
p
l x
y
l
x p
x p
0
) ( =
p
0

x
y
P
0

x
0

l
x
y
M
0

x
0

(a) (b)
(c)
(d)
Hnh 9.4. Cc dng ti trng gy un trn phn t dm
l
SinhVienKyThuat.Com

158
| |
T
e e
e e
l l
pl
f = 6 6
12
(9.23)
5.2. Lc phn b bc nht (0: p
0
) (Hnh 9.4b)
q d H
l p
vdx
l
x p
pvdx
e
e e e
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ = =

1
1
0 0
) 1 (
4
c c (9.24)
Thay biu thc ca H t (9.10) v (9.16) vo (9.24), sau ly tch
phn ta s nhn c:
| |
T
e e
e e
l l
l p
f 3 21 2 9
60
0
= (9.25)
5.3. Lc tp trung P
0
(Hnh 9.4c)
q H P v P
kp kp
0
0 c c =
= (9.26)
Tng t nh trn, ta c:
T
e e e
H
l
H H
l
H P f

= ) (
2
) ( ) (
2
) (
0 4 0 3 0 2 0 1 0
c c c c (9.27)
trong :
1
2
0
0
=
e
l
x
c (9.28)
5.4. Ngu lc c mmen M
0
(Hnh 9.4d)
Tng t nh trn, ta c:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) | |
T
e e e e e e e
e
e
l x l x l x x x l x l l l x x
l
M
f 2 3 6 3 4 6
0 0 0 0
2
0 0
2
0 0
3
0
+ =
(9.29)
Ch : vct lc nt f
e
cng c th c biu din theo bin c
0
, bng
cch thay ( ) 1
2
0 0
= x
l
x
e
vo biu thc (9.29).
6. TNH MMEN UN V LC CT
p dng h thc mmen un v lc ct:
dx
dM
Q
dx
v d
EJ M = = ;
2
2
, trong : v = Hq
Suy ra
SinhVienKyThuat.Com

159
( ) ( ) | |
4 3 2 1
2
1 3 6 1 3 6 q l q q l q
l
EJ
M
e e
e
+ + + = c c c c (9.30)
( )
4 3 2 1
3
2 2
6
q l q q l q
l
EJ
Q
e e
e
+ + = (9.31)
7. KHUNG PHNG
Kho st mt kt cu phng gm cc dm lin kt cng vi nhau.
Cc phn t trong kt cu c th c nhiu phng khc nhau. Hnh 9.5
gii thiu mt phn t khung.

Mi nt phn t c hai chuyn v theo x,y v mt gc xoay. Ta k
hiu vct chuyn v nt ca phn t bi:
q = [ q
1
, q
2
, q
3
, q
4
, q
5
, q
6
]
T
(9.32)
Ta qui c h to a phng (x, y) sao cho x hng dc theo
phn t khung vi cc cosin ch phng l = cosu v m = sinu.
Trong h to a phng, vct chuyn v nt c xc nh bi:
q' = [ q'
1
, q'
2
, q'
3
, q'
4
, q'
5
, q'
6
]
T
(9.33)
Ch : q
3
= q
3 ;
q
6
= q
6
, ta tm c biu thc quan h gia q v q:
q' = Lq (9.34)
Trong :
x
y
y
x
q
6
(q
6
)
q
5

q
5

q
4

q
4

q
2

q
2

q
1

q
1

q
3
(q
3
)
Hnh 9.5. Phn t khung phng
SinhVienKyThuat.Com

160

=
1 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 1 0 0
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
l m
m l
l m
m l
L
(9.35)
y, ta coi q'
2
, q'
3
, q'
5
, q'
6
nh cc bc t do ca mt phn t dm
chu un; cn q'
1
v q'
4
ging nh cc chuyn v ca mt phn t thanh
chu ko hoc nn (Chng 4).
Tng hp cc cng theo ng v tr cn c, ta xc nh c ma
trn cng ca phn t khung nh sau:
=
e
e
e
e
e e e e
e e
e
e
e
e
e e e e
e e
e
l
EA
l
EJ
l
EA
l
EJ
l
EJ
l
EJ
l
EJ
l
EJ
l
EA
l
EA
l
EA
l
EJ
l
EJ
l
EJ
l
EJ
l
EJ
l
EJ
l
EJ
l
EA
l
EA
k
4 6
0
2 6
0
6 12
0
6 12
0
0 0 0 0
2 6
0
4 6
0
6 12
0
6 12
0
0 0 0 0
'
2 2
2 3 2 3
2 2
2 3 2 3
(9.36)
Tng t nh phn h thanh phng (Chng 5), ta c th xc nh
c nng lng bin dng ca phn t khung:
q k q Lq k L q q k q U
e T e T T e T
e
2
1
'
2
1
' ' '
2
1
= = = (9.37)
trong :
k
e
= L
T
k
'e
L (9.38)
l ma trn cng ca phn t trong h to chung (x, y).
Trong cc chng trnh phn t hu hn, trc ht ta xc nh ma
trn k
e
, sau tin hnh nhn cc ma trn trn theo (9.38) c
k
e
.
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161
Nu trn khung c ti trng phn b tc dng, chng hn nh Hnh 9.6.
Ta c:
q
T
f' = q
T
L
T
f'
trong
T
e
e
e
e
Pl Pl Pl Pl
f

=
12 2
0
12 2
0 '
2 2
(9.39)
Vy, ti trng nt do p gy ra s c xc nh bi:
f = L
T
f' (9.40)
Cc gi tr ca f c cng vo vct lc nt chung, vi ch l chiu
dng ca p c ly theo chiu ca y'.
Lc tp trung v mmen ca ngu lc un cng c cng mt
cch n gin vo vct lc nt chung.
p dng iu kin bin, cui cng ta thu c h phng trnh
PTHH:
KQ = F
cho php tnh chuyn v ti mt im bt k ca khung chu lc.
8. V D
8.1. V d 1
Cho mt dm chu lc nh Hnh 9.7. Bit E = 200 gPa, J = 410
6

mm
4
, = 1000 mm, p = 12 kN/m. Xc nh gc xoay ti B, C v
vng ti im gia on BC.
x
y
y
x
p
2
e
Pl

Hnh 9.6. Qui i lc phn b v nt
2
e
Pl

12
2
e Pl

12
2
e Pl

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162

Li gii
Chia dm ra 2 phn t; mi phn t c 2 nt; mi nt c 2 bc t
do (Hnh 9.7).
Cc chuyn v Q
1
= Q
2
= Q
3
= Q
5
= 0; cn tm Q
4
v Q
6
.
Ta c:
( )( )
m N
l
EJ
e
/ 10 8
1
10 4 10 200
5
3
6 9
3
=

=

= =
4 6 2 6
6 12 6 12
2 6 4 6
6 12 6 12
10 8
5 2 1
k k
p dng cng thc (9.23), ta tnh c lc nt qui i: F
4
= -1000
Nm ;F
6
= 1000 Nm

Ghp hai phn t, ta thu c ma trn cng chung ca dm

+
=
4 2
2 8
10 8
5
44
2
24
2
24
2
22
2
44
1
k k
k k k
K
v h phng trnh
p
l l
2 3 1
1 2
A B C
Hnh 9.7. Tnh dm chu un bng phng php PTHH
Q
3

Q
4

Q
1

Q
2

Q
5

Q
6

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163

)
`
=
)
`

1000
1000
4 2
2 8
10 8
6
4 5
Q
Q

Gii h phng trnh trn s c

)
`

=
)
`
4
4
6
4
10 464 . 4
10 679 . 2
Q
Q
(Rad)
i vi phn t 2: q
1
= 0; q
2
= Q
4
; q
3
= 0; q
4
= Q
6
. xc nh
vng ti im gia ca phn t 2, ta p dng cng thc (9.15): v = Hq,
ti c = 0
Suy ra:
) ( 0893 . 0 ) ( 10 93 . 8
2
0
2
0
5
6 4 4 2
mm m Q H
l
Q H
l
v
e e
= = + + + =

8.2. V d 2
Xc nh chuyn v ti im B ca khung chu lc nh hnh di.
Bit A = 0,006m
2
; J = 0,0002m
4
; E = 200 gPa.
Li gii
1. Bng nh v cc phn t
Kt cu c chia ra 2 phn t nh Hnh 9.8; s nt chung l 1, 2 v 3.
Bc t.do
PT
1 2 3 4 5 6
1 1 2 3 7 8 9
2 7 8 9 4 5 6
2. Cc thng s lin quan
PT
u()
sin cos E(N/m
2
) l(m) J(m
4
) EJ/l
3
A(m
2
)
1
2
22,02
0
0.375
0
0,927
1
200.10
9
200.10
9

8
8
0,0002
0,0002
78,125
78,125
0,006
0,006
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164

3. Ma trn cng ca cc phn t
p dng cng thc (9.36), ta tnh c ma trn cng ca cc phn
t:

=
20
477 , 3 9 , 21
406 , 1 82 , 51 129
10 477 , 3 406 , 1 20
477 , 3 9 , 21 82 , 51 477 , 3 90 , 21
406 , 1 82 , 51 129 406 , 1 82 , 51 129
10
9 8 7 3 2 1
6 1
DX
k

=
20
75 , 3 9375 , 0
0 0 150
10 75 , 3 0 20
75 , 3 9375 , 0 0 75 , 3 9375 , 0
0 0 150 0 0 150
10
6 5 4 9 8 7
6 2
DX
k

4. Xc nh vct lc nt ca cc phn t:
2
1
P=50kN
1
3
2
p=4 kN/m
5m
3m
8m
3m
Q
1

Q
2

Q
3

Q
4

Q
5

Q
6
Q
9

Q
8

Q
7

2
1
1
3
2
Hnh 9.8. Bi ton khung phng chu lc
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165
- Trn phn t 1, lc tp trung P khng t ng nt, nn c th s
dng cc cng thc (9.10), (9.27) v (9.28), ta c:
) (
15 , 35
66 , 15
932 , 5
59 , 58
68 , 31
82 , 12
10
3 1
N f
= ;
- Trn phn t 2, c lc phn b u tc dng, p dng cng thc
(9.34) v (9.35), ta c:
) (
33 , 21
16
0
33 , 21
16
0
10
3 2
N f
=
Ghp hai ma trn cng trn ta s c ma trn cng chung K;
ghp hai vct lc nt phn t trn ta c vct lc nt chung F. p
dng iu kin bin (Q
1
= Q
2
= Q
3
= Q
4
= Q
5
= Q
6
=0); cui cng ta thu
c h phng trnh:
48 , 56
34 , 1
932 , 5
10
40 2735 , 0 406 , 1
2735 , 0 84 , 22 82 , 51
406 , 1 82 , 51 279
10
3
9
8
7
6
Q
Q
Q

Gii h phng trnh trn, ta c cc thnh phn chuyn v ti im B:
) ( 001412 , 0
) ( 01631 , 0
) ( 0111 , 0
9
8
7
Rad
mm
mm
Q
Q
Q

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166
9. CHNG TRNH TNH DM CHU UN
V d 9. 1
Cho mt dm chu lc nh Hnh 9.9. Bit E = 1010
6
psi; tit din
ngang hnh ch nht, kch thc 11in, = 10 in, P = 100 lb (1psi =
6894,8Pa; 1lb = 4,448N; 1in = 25,4mm). Xc nh gc xoay ti B, C v
vng ti im gia on BC.

v d ny, do tnh do i xng ca kt cu v ti trng tc dng nn
chng ta s dng 5 phn t dm Hermitian cho mt na dm xy
dng chng chnh tnh. S ri rc dm bng cc phn t nh
minh ho trn hnh. Di y l chng trnh:
Chng trnh ngun
%----------------------------------------------------------------------------%
% Chuong trinh so 1, chuong 9 (P9_1)
%----------------------------------------------------------------------------%
% tinh do vong tinh cua dam, su dung phan tu dam Hermitian
% voi vecto chuyen vi nut nut la {u_1 theta_1 u_2 theta_2}
% Mo ta bai toan
% Tinh do vong cua dam chiu lien ket don tai 2 dau mut
% Chieu dai dam bang 20 inches.
% Modul dan hoi vat lieu dam la 10x10e6 psi
% Mo men quan tinh mat cat ngang la 1/12 inch^4.
% Chiu tai trong tap trun tai giua dam, do lon bang 100 lb.
% Su dung 5 phan tu cho 1 nua dam (Hinh 9.9 mo ta luoi phan tu)
P
l
l
1
1
A
B
C
Hnh 9.9. Dm lin kt n chu un
2 3 4 5 6
2 3 4
5
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167
% Mo ta cac bien
% f = vec to luc nut phan tu
% ff = vec to luc nut tong the
% index = vecto chi so phuc vu ghep noi phan tu
% bcdof = vecto chua cac chuyen vi nut bi rang buoc boi dieu kien
bien
% bcval = vecto chua gia tri cac chuyen vi nut bi rang buoc
%----------------------------------------------------------------------------%
clear
% Cac he so chuyen doi don vi tinh
psi_pa = 6894.8; % he so chuyen don vi tu Psi => Pa
in_mm = 25.4; % he so chuyen don vi tu Inch => mm
lb_N = 4.448; % he so chuyen don vi tu Lb => N
psi_pa=1;
in_mm = 1;
nnel=2; % so nut cua moi phan tu
nnode=(nnel-1)*noe+1; % tong so nut cua ca he
sdof=nnode*ndof; % tong so bac tu do cua ca he
edof = nnel*ndof; % so bac tu do cua moi phan tu
E_module=10^7; % modul dan hoi
J=1/12; % momen quan tinh cua mat cat ngang
tleng=10; % mot nua chieu dai cua dam
leng=10/noe; % kich thuoc cua cac phan tu
area=1; % dien tich mat cat ngang cua dam
bcdof(1)=1; % chuyen vi nut dau tien chiu rang buoc boi DK bien
bcval(1)=0; % gia tri cua chuyen vi nay bang 0
bcdof(2)=12; % chuyen vi nut thu 12 chiu rang buoc boi DK bien
bcval(2)=0; % gia tri cua chuyen vi nay bang 0
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ff=zeros(sdof,1); % khoi tao vec to luc nut chung
kk=zeros(sdof,sdof); % khoi tao ma tran do cung tong the
index=zeros(edof,1); % khoi tao vec to chi so ghep noi
ff(11)=50; % xac dinh vec to luc nut tong the ( cua luc tap trung)
for iel=1:noe % xet tung phan tu cua he
% xac dinh cac chuyen vi nut chung tuong ung tai moi phan tu
start = (iel-1)*(nnel-1)*ndof;
for i=1:edof
index(i)=start+i;
end
% tinh toan ma tran do cung phan tu dam Hermit
k=HermitianBeam(E_module,J,leng,area);
kk=kk_build_2D(kk,k,index); % ghep noi phan tu
end
[kk,ff]=boundary_aply_2D(kk,ff,bcdof,bcval); % ap dat dieu kien
bien
fem_solution=kk\ff; % giai he phuongg trinh PTHH
% tinh chuyen vi tai cac nut theo phuong phap giai tich
e=10^7; l=20; xi=1/12; P=100;
for i = 1:nnode
x=(i-1)*2;
c=P/(48*e*xi);
k=(i-1)*ndof+1;
exac_solution(k)=c*(3*l^2-4*x^2)*x;
exac_solution(k+1)=c*(3*l^2-12*x^2);
end
% hien thi ket qua theo ca 2 phuong phap
num=1:1:sdof;
store=[num' fem_solution exac_solution']
Cc hm c s dng trong chng trnh
function k=HermitianBeam(E_module,J,leng,area)
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169
%-------------------------------------------------------------------
% Muc dich:
% Tinh ma tran do cung phan tu cua phan tu dam Hermit
% Cu phap ham:
% [k]=HermitianBeam(E_module,J,leng,area)
% Mo ta cac bien:
% k ma tran do cung phan tu (kich thuoc 4x4)
% J momen quan tinh mat cat ngang cua dam
% leng kich thuoc (chieu dai) cua phan tu
% area dien tich mat cat ngang cua dam
%-------------------------------------------------------------------
% ma tran do cung phan tu
c=E_module*J/(leng^3);
k=c*[12 6*leng -12 6*leng;...
6*leng 4*leng^2 -6*leng 2*leng^2;...
-12 -6*leng 12 -6*leng;...
6*leng 2*leng^2 -6*leng 4*leng^2];
Kt qu s
store =
Chuyn
v nt
Kt qu theo
PTHH
Kt qu theo
gii tch
Chuyn
v nt
Kt qu theo
PTHH
Kt qu theo
gii tch
1 0 0 7 0.0158 0.0158
2 0.0030 0.0030 8 0.0019 0.0019
3 0.0059 0.0059 9 0.0189 0.0189
4 0.0029 0.0029 10 0.0011 0.0011
5 0.0114 0.0114 11 0.0200 0.0200
6 0.0025 0.0025 12 0 0
V d 9. 2
Xc nh chuyn v ti im mt t do ca khung chu lc nh
Hnh 9.10 di. Bit E = 200 gPa. y ta s xy dng chng trnh
tnh vi li gm 6 phn t c kch thc u nhau, c m t nh
Hnh 9.10.
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170

Chng trnh ngun
%----------------------------------------------------------------------------
% Chuong trinh so 2, chuong 9 Vi du 9.2 - (P9_2)
%----------------------------------------------------------------------------
% Giai bai toan khung phang chiu luc, su dung phan tu khung
% Mo ta bai toan
% Xac dinh bien dang cua khung phang hinh chu L, cac doan co kich
thuoc
% la 2m va 1m. tiet dien mat cat ngang = 60x30mm, khong doi tren
chieu
% dai cua ca 2 doan. Modul dan hoi l 200 GPa. Khung chiu lien ket
ngam
% tai mot dau, dau tu do chiu luc tap trung bang 50 KN. Su dung luoi
6
% phan tu de xay dung chuong trinh tinh, nhu mo ta tren Hinh 9.10
% Mo ta cac bien
% x va y = cac toa do nut toan cuc
6
1
P=50KN
1
2 m
1m
Hnh 9.10. Bi ton khung phng chu lc
2
3
4
5 6 7
x
y
6 cm
3cm
A-A
A-A
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171
% index = vecto chi so ghep noi phan tu
% bcdof = vecto chua cac bac tu do (chuyen vi nut chung) chiu rang
buoc
% boi cac dieu kien bien
% bcval = vecto gia tri cac chuyen vi nut chiu rang buoc boi dieu kien
bien
%----------------------------------------------------------------------------%
clear
nnel=2; % so nut cua moi phan tu
nnode=(nnel-1)*noe+1; % tong so nut cua ca he
edof = nnel*ndof; % so bac tu do cua moi phan tu
% toa do x, y cua nut trong he truc chung
x(1)=0; y(1)=0; % toa do nut so 1
x(2)=0; y(2)=500; % toa do nut so 2
x(3)=0; y(3)=1000; % toa do nut so 3
x(4)=0; y(4)=1500; % toa do nut so 4
x(5)=0; y(5)=2000; % toa do nut so 5
x(6)=500; y(6)=2000; % toa do nut so 6
x(7)=1000; y(7)=2000; % toa do nut so 7
E_module=200*10^3; % modul dan hoi (E = 200 GPa)
b=30; % chieu rong cua mat cat ngang (mm)
h=60; % chieu cao mat cat ngang (mm)
area=b*h; % tinh dien tich mat cat ngang (mm^2)
J=b*h^3/12; % mo men quan tinh mat cat ngang (mm^4)
bcdof(1)=1; % chuyen vi theo phuong x ti nut 1 bi khong che
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bcval(1)=0; % gia tri bang 0
bcdof(2)=2; % chuyen vi theo phuong y ti nut 1 bi khong che
bcdof(3)=3; % chuyen vi goc tai nut 1 bi khong che
ff=zeros(sdof,1); % khoi tao vec to luc nut tong the
index=zeros(edof,1); % khoi tao vec to vecto chi so (bang) ghep noi
ff(20)=-50e3; % khai bao cac thanh phan vecto luc nut tong the
% xac dinh cac bac tu do (chuyen vi nut) tong the tai moi phan tu
for i=1:edof
index(i)=start+i;
end
node1=iel; % nut thu 1 cua phan tu thu 'iel'
node2=iel+1; % nut thu 2 cua phan tu thu 'iel'
x1=x(node1); y1=y(node1); % cac toa do cua nut thu nhat
x2=x(node2); y2=y(node2); % cac toa do cua nut thu hai
leng=sqrt((x2-x1)^2+(y2-y1)^2); % chieu dai cua phan tu thu 'iel'
if (x2-x1)==0; % tinh goc giua truc dia phuong va truc chung
if y2>y1;
beta=pi/2;
else
beta=-pi/2;
end
else
beta=atan((y2-y1)/(x2-x1));
end
k=frame_element(E_module,J,leng,area,beta);
kk=kk_build_2D(kk,k,index); % ghep noi ma tran do cung tong the
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173
end
fem_solution=kk\ff; % giai he phuong trinh PTHH
% in cac ket qua
num=1:1:sdof;
store=[num' fem_solution]
%--------------------------------------------------------------
function k=frame_element(E_module,J,leng,area,beta)
%--------------------------------------------------------------
% Muc dich:
% tinh ma tran do cung phan tu ca phan tu khung 2 chieu
% voi vecto chuyen vi nut nut la {u_1 v_1 theta_1 u_2 v_2 theta_2}
%
% Cu phap:
% k=frame_element(J,leng,area,beta)
%
% Mo ta cac bien:
% J mo men quan tinh mat cat ngang
% leng chieu dai phan tu
% area dien tich mat cat ngang
% beta goc giua truc x he truc dia phuong va truc X- he truc
chung
%--------------------------------------------------------------------------
% tinh ma tran do cung phan tu trong he toa do dia phuong
a=E_module*area/leng;
c=E_module*J/(leng^3);
kl=[a 0 0 -a 0 0;...
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174
0 12*c 6*leng*c 0 -12* c 6*leng*c;...
0 6*leng*c 4*leng^2*c 0 -6*leng*c 2*leng^2*c;...
-a 0 0 a 0 0;...
0 -12*c -6*leng*c 0 12*c -6*leng*c;...
0 6*leng*c 2*leng^2*c 0 -6*leng*c 4*leng^2*c];
% xay dung ma tran quay
r=[ cos(beta) sin(beta) 0 0 0 0;...
-sin(beta) cos(beta) 0 0 0 0;...
0 0 1 0 0 0;...
0 0 0 cos(beta) sin(beta) 0;...
0 0 0 -sin(beta) cos(beta) 0;...
0 0 0 0 0 1];
% tinh ma tran do cung phan tu trong he toa do chung
k=r'*kl*r;

Kt qu s
store =
Chuyn
v nt
Gi tr Chuyn
v nt
Gi tr Chuyn
v nt
Gi tr
1 0 8 -0.0001 15 -0.0009
2 0 9 -0.0005 16 0.9259
3 0 10 0.5208 17 -0.5115
4 0.0579 11 -0.0002 18 -0.0011
5 - 0.0001 12 -0.0007 19 0.9259
6 - 0.0002 13 0.9259 20 -1.0805
7 0.2315 14 -0.0003 21 -0.0012
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175
10. BI TP

9.1-9.6. Trong cc bi ton v dm, biu din trn cc hnh v
t 9.10.1-9.10.6. Bit: EJ = 3E6 Nm
2
; L = 4 m; x
C
= 0,4L; q = 15kN/m;
m = 10kN.m. Hy xc nh:
a) Ma trn cng tng th v vct lc tng th
b) Cc chuyn v tng th
c) Mmen un ti im C trn dm
Ch : S dng s lng phn t cn thit ti thiu trong mi bi ton.

9.7. Hy ch ra tnh hi t ca cc m hnh phn t hu hn cho
mt dm ta trn hai gi n gin v chu ti phn b u, nh Hnh
9.10.7. Hy chia li mn dn xc nh chuyn v ( y l vng)
cc i v ng sut cc i vi sai s nh hn 5%. Dm c chiu di
gp 10 ln chiu cao v c chiu dy n v. So snh kt qu tnh c
x
q
x
L
L L
Hnh 9.10.1
Hnh 9.10.2
4J
1 2J
1
J
1
P

q
L 2L
x
Hnh 9.10.3 Hnh 9.10.4
L L
L
m
m
q
x
L L
L
x
L L L
Hnh 9.10.5
Hnh 9.10.6
L
x
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176
vi ng sut un v vng gia dm c k n nh hng ca bin
dng trt theo biu thc gii tch sau:
( )
Ebc
qL
Ebc
qL
y
bc
qL
5
1 3
16
5
;
4
3
2
3
4
max
2
2
v
o
+
+ = =

9.8. Xc nh vng cc i v ng sut cc i cho mt dm
cng xn chu ti phn b u, nh Hnh 9.10.8. Chiu dy ca dm
bng n v v chiu di ca dm gp 5 ln chiu cao ca n. So snh
kt qu tnh c vi ng sut un v vng gia dm c k n
nh hng ca bin dng trt theo biu thc gii tch sau:
( )
Ebc
qL
Ebc
qL
y
bc
qL
5
1 3
16
5
;
4
3
2
3
4
max
2
2
v
o
+
+ = =

9.9-9.10. Trong cc bi ton v khung biu din trn cc hnh v
t Hnh 9.10.9 - 9.10.10. Hy xc nh: Ma trn cng tng th;
vct lc nt tng th; cc chuyn v nt v cc phn lc ti cc lin
kt. Cho Q = 15 kN ; P= 10 kN; L = 3m; E = 200 gPa; ng knh D =
0,1m.
L
L
y
x
b
2c
q
Hnh 9.10.7. Dm lin kt ta bn l chu un
L
y
x
q
b
2c
Hnh 9.10.8. Dm cng xn chu un
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177

9.11. Hy phn tch kt cu s b cho mt khung xe p trn
Hnh 9.10.11. Thit k theo ch ti trng nh sau: ti tc dng theo
phng thng ng ti v tr yn xe l 75 kg v ti v tr tay li xe (ghi
ng) l 12 kg. K n nh hng ca lc qun tnh bng cch s dng
h s ti trng 2,5. Gi thit ban u l tt c cc dm u l thp ng
vi ng knh ngoi l 25 mm v chiu dy thnh ng l 1,5 mm.
Kim tra xem khung xe c b ph hy cc b (ti mt im no trn
khung) nu vt liu l thp giu cacbon vi gii hn n hi l 600gPa?
Nu ph hy xy ra th hy thit k li (thit k tinh) v d thay vt liu
bng loi c gii hn n hi cao hn hoc c tit din ln hn hoc
thay i hnh dng ca khung chng ph hy. Nu khung c thit
k qu tha bn th hy thit k tinh gim khi lng ca khung.
(Kch thc ca khung trn hnh v di y c biu din bng mm

P

Q

L
P

L
Hnh 9.10.9 Hnh 9.10.10
L
L
915

75 kg

12 kg

458

813

305

380

255

790

Hnh 9.10.11. M hnh khung xe p chu lc

SinhVienKyThuat.Com

178

Chng 10
PHN T HU HN TRONG BI TON DN NHIT

1. GII THIU
Trong k thut, vic xc nh ng sut nhit trong qu trnh hn,
ng sut nhit do cc ng c nhit hot ng gy ra v xc nh cc
bin dng nhit do nh sng mt tri gy ra trn cc kt cu v.v, c
ngha rt quan trng. gii quyt vn trn, ta cn thit phi bit s
phn b nhit trong vt.
Di y, ta xt bi ton dn nhit mt chiu v hai chiu trong
mi trng dng nh phng php phn t hu hn.
2. BI TON DN NHIT MT CHIU
2.1. M t bi ton
Bi ton dn nhit mt chiu cn c gi l bi ton thanh nhit,
Hnh 10.1.

2.2. Phn t mt chiu
Gi thit nhit bin thin tuyn tnh dc chiu di thanh, khi
ta c th s dng m hnh phn t 2 nt vi hm dng tuyn tnh
xy dng m hnh PTHH cho bi ton truyn nhit mt chiu (Hnh
qA
A dx
dx
dq
q
|
.
|
\
|
+
x dx
dng
nhit
Vt dn
nhit
Hnh 10.1. M hnh bi ton dn nhit mt chiu
QAdx
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179
10.2). Nhit ti cc nt c k hiu l T (ti nt 1 l T
1
v nt 2 l
T
2
) l cc n s cn tm.

Trong chng ny, cc k hiu c s dng nh sau:
T l nhit ,
k l h s dn nhit ca vt liu (W/m
0
C),
q l mt dng nhit (W/ m
2
),
Q l ngun nhit trn mt n v th tch hoc trn mt n v
din tch,
h l h s i lu nhit (W/m
2 0
C),
nh lut Fourier cho rng: Dng nhit i qua thanh t l thun vi
grain nhit cT/cx theo phng dn. Do ,
dx
dT
kA Q = (10.1)
Trong : Q l nhit lng; k l h s dn nhit; A l din tch mt ct
ngang (mt ng nhit vung gc vi hng truyn nhit).
v:

e
i j
i j
i j
l
T T
x x
T T
dx
dT

=
= (10.2)
do :
( ) ( )
j i
e
j i j
e
i
T T
l
kA
Q T T
l
kA
Q = = ;
hoc di dng ma trn:
1 2
1 2 3 L
T
1
=T
0

q=h(T
L
-T
)
X
Hnh 10.2. M hnh phn t hu hn cho bi ton dn nhit
SinhVienKyThuat.Com

180
)
`
=
)
`

=
j
i
j
i
e
Q
Q
T
T
l
kA
1 1
1 1
(10.3)
y l phng trnh cn bng ca phn t cho bi ton thanh nhit.
So snh vi bi ton mt chiu (Chng 4), ta d thy c mt s tng
t:
Q f T u
l
kA
l
EA
; ;
Tin hnh ghp cc phn t nh trong bi ton mt chiu (1D).
Cui cng ta cng thu c h phng trnh PTHH di dng tng
qut:
KT = R (10.4)
2.3. V d
Kho st s phn b nhit qua vch phng c ghp t 3 lp vt
liu nh Hnh 10.3; vi h s dn nhit ca cc lp vt liu l:
k
1
=8010
-3
W/mm
0
C; k
2
=110
-3
W/mm
0
C; k
3
=8010
-3
W/mm
0
C.

Li gii
Ta c th m t bi ton nh mt thanh nhit gm 3 phn t; din
tch mt ct ngang bng 1 n v.
Trc ht ta xy dng bng ghp ni cc phn t, nh bng sau:
Bc t.do
Phn t
1 2
1 2
1 2 3
T
1
=200
0
C
x
Hnh 10.3. M hnh bi ton dn nhit qua vch phng 3 lp
4
3
k
1
k
2
k
3
T
4
=20
0
C
10

5

10

SinhVienKyThuat.Com

181
1 1 2
2 2 3
3 3 4

Sau tnh cc ma trn dn nhit ca cc phn t:
( ) C w
0 3
3
/
1 1
1 1
10 8
1 1
1 1
10
10 80

( ) C w
0 3
3
/
1 1
1 1
10 2 , 0
1 1
1 1
5
10 1

( ) C w
0 3
3
/
1 1
1 1
10 8
1 1
1 1
10
10 80

T y, ta tnh c ma trn dn nhit K:
( ) C w K
0 3
/ 10
8 8 0 0
8 2 , 8 2 , 0 0
0 2 , 0 2 , 8 8
0 0 8 8

=
v h phng trnh PTHH c dng:
4
1
4
3
2
1
3
0
0
8 8 0 0
8 2 , 8 2 , 0 0
0 2 , 0 2 , 8 8
0 0 8 8
10
R
R
T
T
T
T

p t iu kin bin: T
1
= 200
0
C, T
4
= 20
0
C vo h phng trnh trn
(tc l loi b dng 1, ct 1 v dng 4, ct 4); sau gii h phng
trnh, ta s c:
T
2
= 195,71
0
C
T
3
= 24,29
0
C
Thay cc gi tr ca T vo h phng trnh trn, ta tm c lng nhit
cn cung cp ti nt 1 v 4 s l:
R
1
= -R
4
= 34,3210
-3
W/mm
2
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182
3. BI TON DN NHIT HAI CHIU
3.1. Phng trnh vi phn qu trnh dn nhit hai chiu
Mc ch ca chng ta y l i xc nh s phn b nhit
T(x, y) trong mt vt th di, hnh lng tr; chng hn trong ng khi c
tit din ngang ch nht nh Hnh 10.4.

Kho st mt vi phn th tch nh Hnh 10.4b. Vi phn th tch c
dy t l hng s theo phng z. Lng nhit pht sinh trong phn t
c k hiu l Q(W/m
3
). V lng nhit i vo vi phn th tch cng
vi lng nhit pht sinh phi bng lng nhit i ra; do :
t dx dy
y
q
q t dy dx
x
q
q t Qdxdy t dx q t dy q
y
y
x
x y x
|
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
+ + |
.
|
\
|
c
c
+ = + + (10.5)
T (10.5), suy ra:
0 =
c
c
+
c
c
Q
y
q
x
q
y
x
(10.6)
thay y T k q x T k q
y x
c c = c c = ; vo (10.6), ta s c phng
trnh dn nhit:
A A
A-A
Hnh 10.4. (a). M hnh bi ton dn nhit hai chiu
(b).Vi phn th tch dn nhit
y
x
Q
(b)
(a)
q
y

dx
q
q
x
x
x
c
c
+
dy
q
q
y
y
y
c
c
+
q
x

d
x

d
y

SinhVienKyThuat.Com

183
0 = +
|
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
c
c
+
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
c
c
Q
y
T
k
y x
T
k
x
(10.7)
Phng trnh vi phn o hm ring m t qu trnh dn nhit 2 chiu
(10.7) l mt trng hp ring ca phng trnh tng qut cho qu
trnh dn nhit Helmholtz.
3.2. iu kin bin
Phng trnh (10.7) phi c gii quyt vi cc iu kin bin xc
nh. C ba dng iu kin bin nh m t trn Hnh 10.5.
Cc iu kin bin c pht biu c th nh sau:
i. Cho trc nhit T = T
0
trn bin S
T
;
ii. Cho trc mt nhit q
n
= q
0
trn S
q
;
iii. Cho trc qui lut trao i nhit gia b mt ca vt v mi
trng q
n
= h(T-T
) trn S
c
.

Phn bn trong vt k hiu l A. Bin tng cng l S = (S
T
+ S
q
+ S
c
).
Ngoi ra, vct mt nhit q
n
vung gc vi bin dn. y ta qui
c: q
0
>0 nu nhit i ra ngoi vt v q
0
<0 nu nhit i vo trong vt.
S
c
: q
n
= h(T-T
)

S
T
: T=T
0

S
q
: q
n
= q
0

Hnh 10.5. Cc iu kin bin ca bi ton dn nhit hai chiu
A
SinhVienKyThuat.Com

184
3.3. Phn t tam gic
Di y, chng ta s s dng phn t tam gic gii bi ton
dn nhit (Hnh 10.6). Vic m rng cho phn t t gic ng tham s
cng c thc hin tng t nh Chng 8.

Ta biu din trng nhit trong phn t c biu din bi:
T = T
1
N
1
+ T
2
N
2
+ T
3
N
3
(10.8)
Hoc: T = NT
e

Trong :
| | n c n c = 1 N l cc hm dng v | |
T
e
T T T T
3 2 1
=
tng ng l nhit ti cc nt v l cc n s cn tm.
Tng t nh Chng 6, vi phn t tam gic ng tham s ta c:
x = N
1
x
1
+ N
2
x
2
+ N
3
x
3

y = N
1
y
1
+ N
2
y
2
+ N
3
y
3
(10.9)
Suy ra
c c c c
c
c
c
+
c
c
c
c
=
c
c y
y
T x
x
T T
v
n n n c
c
c
c
+
c
c
c
c
=
c
c y
y
T x
x
T T
(10.10)
Hay
c
c
c
c
=
c
c
c
c
y
T
x
T
J
T
T
n
c
(10.11)

1
2
3
1
2
3
c
n
c = 1
n = 1
y
x
T(x,y)
T
1

T
3

T
2

Hnh 10.6. Phn t tam gic bc nht trong bi ton dn nhit hai chiu
Phn t quy chiu
SinhVienKyThuat.Com

185
J l ma trn Jacobian c xc nh bi:
=
31 31
21 21
y x
y x
J
Trong : x
ij
= x
i
- x
j
; y
ij
= y
i
- y
j
v
e
A J 2 det = , vi A
e
l din tch
ca phn t tam gic.
Nghch o (10.11), dn n:
e
T
x x
y y
J
T
T
J
y
T
x
T
c
c
c
c
=
c
c
c
c
1 0 1
0 1 1
det
1
21 31
21 31 1
n
c
(10.12)
Hay:
e
T
T B
y
T
x
T
=
c
c
c
c
(10.13)
Trong

=
21 13 32
12 31 23
21 31 21 31
21 31 31 21
det
1
det
1
x x x
y y y
J x x x x
y y y y
J
B
T
(10.14)
Kt qu l:

e
T
T
T
T
e
T B B T
y
T
x
T
y
T
x
T
y
T
x
T
=
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
+
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
2
2
(10.15)
3.4. Xy dng phim hm
Nh cp mc trn, chng ta cn gii phng trnh (10.7)
vi cc iu kin bin: (i). T = T
0
trn S
T
; (ii). q
n
= q
0
trn S
q
; (iii). q
n
=
h(T-T
) trn S
c
. Vic gii bi ton ny tng ng vi vic cc tiu
ho phim hm:
( )

+ +
|
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
+
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
= I
c q
S S A
tdS T T h TtdS q tdA QT
y
T
k
x
T
k
2
0
2
2
2
1
2
2
1
(10.16)
sao cho T = T
0
trn S
T
.
SinhVienKyThuat.Com

186
Th (10.15) vo hai s hng u trong biu thc tch phn th nht ca
H, ta s c:
e
T
T
e
e
e
T
T
e
e
e
T
T
T e
T
e
e
e
e
T
T
T
T
e
A
T K T T k T T B B ktA T
tdA T B B kT
tdA
y
T
k
x
T
k
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
= = =
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
+
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
= I

(10.17)
Trong ma trn dn nhit ca phn t c xc nh bi:
T
T
T e T
B B ktA k = (10.18)
v ma trn dn nhit ca c h:

=
e
T T
k K (10.19)
a. Xt s hng th ba trong biu thc tch phn th nht ca H, c ba
trng hp xy ra:
1. Khi Q =Q
e
l hng s trong phn t; dy phn t t = const.
e
e
T
Q
e
e
e
e
A
T r T NtdA Q QTtdA

=
|
|
.
|
\
|
= (10.20)
V
e
e
i
A dA N
3
1
=
, do vct lng nhit:

| |
T
e e
Q
tA Q
r 1 1 1
3
= (10.21)
2. Khi Q bin thin tuyn tnh vi Q
e
= [Q
1
, Q
2
, Q
3
]
T
. Khi y, ta c:
Q(c, n) = NQ
e
(10.22)
Th (10.22) vo
A
QTtdA, s c:
| |
T
e
Q
Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q
tA
r
3 2 1 3 2 1 3 2 1
2 2 2
12
+ + + + + + = (10.23)
3. Trng hp im nhit. Gi s Q
0
l bin ca im nhit ti (c
0
,
n
0
) trong phn t. Nu im nhit trng vi nt ca phn t th Q
0
c
SinhVienKyThuat.Com

187
cng vo vct ti trng v phi; nu im nhit nm bn trong phn
t th:
( )
e
T
Q
e
e
T r T N tQ T tQ QTtdA = = =
0 0 0 0 0
,n c (10.24)
Trong : ( )
0 0 0
,n c
T
Q
N tQ r =
Hay
| |
T
Q
tQ r
0 0 0 0 0
1 n c n c = (10.25)
b. Xt tch phn tip theo

|
|
.
|
\
|
=
q
S
e
e
e
q
T NtdS q TtdS q
0 0
(10.26)
Gi thit rng iu kin bin mt nhit q = q
0
c cho vung gc
vi cnh 2-3 ca phn t nh Hnh 10.7.

Khi y, dc theo cnh 2-3, ta c: | | c c = 1 0 N v c d l dS
23
= . V
vy
| |

=
|
|
.
|
\
|
e
e
T
Q
e
e e
e
e
q
T r tT d l q T NtdS q c c c
1
0
23 0 0
1 0 (10.27)
Trong :
| |
T
Q
tl q
r 1 1 0
2
23 0
= (10.28)
1
2
3
q = q
0

Hnh 10.7. iu kin bin dn trn cnh 2-3 ca phn t tam gic
c = 0
n = 0
c = 1
n = 0
c = 0
n = 1
x
SinhVienKyThuat.Com

188
Tng t, nu iu kin bin mt nhit q = q
0
c cho vung gc
vi cnh 1-2 ca phn t, ta s c:
| |
T
Q
tl q
r 0 1 1
2
12 0
= (10.29)
V nu iu kin bin mt nhit q = q
0
c cho vung gc vi
cnh 1-3 ca phn t, ta s c:
| |
T
Q
tl q
r 1 0 1
2
13 0
= (10.30)
c. Xt tch phn cui cng
( )

+ =
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
+ =
e
e
c
e
e T e
e
T
T
e
e
e
c
e
e
e
c
e
e
e
c
T
T
e
S S S S
dS t hT T r T h T
dS t hT T NtdS hT T NtdS hN T
tdS hT tdS hTT tdS hT tdS T T h
c c c c
2
2
2 2 2
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
(10.31)
Nu cnh 2-3 l cnh to nhit i lu ca phn t, khi y
| | c c = 1 0 N v c d l dS
23
= , nn ta c:
=
2 1 0
1 2 0
0 0 0
6
23
htl
h
T
(10.32)
| |
T
l htT
r 1 1 0
2
23
= (10.33)
| | 0 1 c c = N v c d l dS
12
= , nn ta c:
=
0 0 0
0 2 1
0 1 2
6
12
htl
h
T
(10.34)
| |
T
l htT
r 0 1 1
2
12
= (10.35)
| | n n 0 1 = N v n d l dS
13
= , nn ta c:
SinhVienKyThuat.Com

189
=
2 0 1
0 0 0
1 0 2
6
13
htl
h
T
(10.36)
| |
T
l htT
r 1 0 1
2
13
= (10.37)
cui cng, s hng
e
e
c
dS t hT
2
2
1
trong (10.31) c b qua v n
khng cha cc thnh phn ca vect T
e
, nn s t ng b trit tiu
trong php ton tm cc tr ca phim hm.
Cui cng, ta vit phim hm (10.16) di dng:
T R KT T
T T
= I
2
1
(10.38)
Trong

+ =
e
T T
h k K (10.39)
( )

+ =
e
q Q
r r r R (10.40)
Vic cc tiu ho phim hm H phi c thc hin sao cho tho mn
iu kin T = T
0
tt c cc nt trn S
T
.
3.5. V d
Mt vt th di, tit din ngang ch nht, c h s dn nhit l
1,5W/m
0
C chu iu kin bin nh Hnh 10.8. Hai mt i din trn v
di c gi nhit 180
0
C; mt tri cch nhit; mt phi chu s
trao i nhit i lu vi T

= 25
0
C; h = 50 W/m
2

0
C. Xc nh s
phn b nhit trong vt th.
Li gii
Do mt ct ngang i xng nn ta ch xt mt na chiu cao mt
ct ngang. Phn mt ct kho st c chia ra 3 phn t vi 5 nt nh
Hnh 10.8.

SinhVienKyThuat.Com

190

T s li phn t nh trn, ta xy dng c bng ghp ni cc
phn t:
Bc t.do
Phn t
1 2 3
1 1 2 3
2 5 1 3
3 5 3 4
Theo cng thc (10.14)
=
21 13 32
12 31 23
det
1
x x x
y y y
J
B
T

Ta tnh c
=
4 , 0 4 , 0 0
0 15 , 0 15 , 0
06 , 0
1
1
B

=
0 4 , 0 4 , 0
3 , 0 15 , 0 15 , 0
12 , 0
1
2
B

=
4 , 0 4 , 0 0
0 15 , 0 15 , 0
06 , 0
1
3
B

k=1,5W/m
0
C
2
3
1
1
5 4
3
2
0,4m
0,6m
h, T

h, T

T=180
0

T=180
0

q=0
Hnh 10.8. M hnh bi ton thanh dn nhit
T=180
0

SinhVienKyThuat.Com

191
p dng cng thc
T
T
T e T
B B kA k =

(t=1 n v), ta tnh c cc ma
trn nhit ca cc phn t:
( ) ( )

=
=
2 2 0
2 2813 , 2 2813 , 0
0 2813 , 0 2813 , 0
) 03 , 0 ( ) 5 , 1 (
1 1
1
T
T
T T
B B k

=
5625 , 0 2813 , 0 2813 , 0
2813 , 0 14 , 1 86 , 0
2813 , 0 86 , 0 14 , 1
2
T
k

=
2 2 0
2 2813 , 2 2813 , 0
0 2813 , 0 2813 , 0
3
T
k
Tip theo, cn tnh ma trn h
T
cho phn t c cnh i lu. V hai
phn t 1 v 3 cng c cnh 2-3 (nt a phng) i lu, p dng biu
thc (10.32) ta c:
=
2 1 0
1 2 0
0 0 0
6
23
htl
h
T

thay s vo ta c:
= =
5 , 2 25 , 1 0
25 , 1 5 , 2 0
0 0 0
3 1
T T
h h
Ma trn dn nhit ca c h (kch thc 5x5) s c xy dng
nh bng ghp ni cc phn t trn. Ch n iu kin bin T =
180
0
C ti nt 4 v 5 (b hng 4, ct 4; hng 5, ct 5), ta c:

=
563 , 9 75 , 0 2813 , 0
75 , 0 7813 , 4 2813 , 0
2813 , 0 2813 , 0 4213 , 1
K

By gi ta i tnh vct lng nhit R theo cng thc (10.33):
SinhVienKyThuat.Com

192
| |
T
l htT
r 1 1 0
2
23
=
ta c:
| |
T
r r 1 1 0
2
15 , 0 25 50
3 1

= =

Vy
R = 93,75 [ 0 1 2 ]
T
Gii h phng trnh: (KT = R) ta c:
{ } { }
T T
T T T T T T 180 180 4 , 40 34 5 , 124
5 4 3 2 1
= =
Nu chia cnh 2-4 ra nhiu nt, ta s c kt qu chnh xc hn.
4. CC CHNG TRNH TNH BI TON DN NHIT
4.1. V d 10.1
Kho st s phn b nhit qua vch phng c ghp t 3 lp vt
liu nh Hnh 10.9. Vi h s dn nhit ca cc lp vt liu l: k
1
=20
W/mm
0
C; k
2
=30 W/mm
0
C; k
3
=25 W/mm
0
C. Qu trnh truyn nhit
i lu t b mt bn trong ca vch, vi T
= 800
0
C v h=25
W/m
2
.
0
C.

bi ton ny, ta s s dng m hnh PTHH vi 4 phn t nh
Hnh 10.9, iu kin bin s l T
4
=20
0
C ; do , vic p t iu kin
bin vo h phng trnh PTHH s cn phi c thc hin theo trnh
t sau:
- Cng vo cc thnh phn ca vct R(i) mt i lng bng -
K(i,4)*20, vi i l ch s hng (i=1..4) ;
1 2
1 2 3
x
Hnh 10.9. M hnh bi ton dn nhit qua vch phng 3 lp
4
3
k
1
k
2
k
3
T
4
=20
0
C
0,3m

0,15m

h, T

0,15m

SinhVienKyThuat.Com

193
- Tin hnh loi hng 4 v ct 4 nh bi ton thng thng.
Chng trnh ngun
%----------------------------------------------------------------------------
% Chuong trinh 1 chuong 10.
%----------------------------------------------------------------------------
% Vi du 10.1, giai bai toan truyen nhiet mot chieu
% Mo ta bai toan
% Xac dinh phan bo nhiet do trong vach phang nhu Hinh 10.9.
% Mo ta cac bien
% k = ma tran dan nhiet phan tu
% kk = ma tran dan nhiet tong the
% rr = vecto nhiet luong tong the
% gcoord = ma tran toa do nut tong the
% k_coeff = he so dan nhiet cua vat lieu
% elsec = dien tich mat cat ngang phan tu
% nodes = ma tran chi so nut tong the tai moi phan tu
% bcdof = vecto nhiet do nut chiu rang buoc cua cac dieu kien bien
% bcval = gia tri nhiet do nut chiu rang buoc cua cac dieu kien bien
%----------------------------------------------------------------------------
%---------------------------
% du lieu dieu khien luoi
%---------------------------
clear
nnel=2; % so nut cua phan tu
ndof=1; % so bac tu do tai nut
nnode=noe+1; % tong so nut cua he
%---------------------------
% toa do nut
%---------------------------
gcoord(1)=0.0; % toa do x cua nut 1
%-----------------------------------------------------------
% cac tham so: he so dan nhiet cua vat lieu v thong so hinh hoc phan
tu
%-----------------------------------------------------------
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% Don vi W/m do C
k_coeff(1)=20; % he so dan nhiet cua vat lieu phan tu thu 1
elsec(1)=1; % dien tich mat c ngang phan tu thu 1
%-----------------------------
% nodal connectivity
%-----------------------------
nodes(1,1)=1; nodes(1,2)=2; % cac chi so nut tong the cua phan tu 1
%-----------------------------------------------------------
% Convection heat transfer conditions
%-----------------------------------------------------------
T_0 = 20; % nhiet do ben ngoai (do C)
T_ext = 800 % T_vocung (do C)
h_coeff = 25; % he so trao doi nhiet (W/m^2)
%-----------------------------
% khai bao cac dieu kien bien
%-----------------------------
bcdof(1)=4;
bcval(1)=T_0;
%----------------------------
% khoi tao cac vecto va cac ma tran
%----------------------------
rr=zeros(sdof,1);
index=zeros(nnel*ndof,1);
r=zeros(nnel*ndof,1); % vec to nhiet luong phan tu
eltemp=zeros(nnel*ndof,1); % vecto nhiet do nut phan tu
k=zeros(nnel*ndof,nnel*ndof); % ma tran dan nhiet phan tu
%-----------------------------
% xay dung vecto nhiet luong tong the
%-----------------------------
rr(1)=h_coeff*T_ext;
kk(1,1)=h_coeff;
%--------------------------
% Xet tung phan tu
%--------------------------
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nd(1)=nodes(iel,1); % chi so tong the cua nut 1 phan tu (iel)
nd(2)=nodes(iel,2); % chi so tong the cua nut 2 phan tu (iel)
x1=gcoord(nd(1)); % toa do nut thu 1
x2=gcoord(nd(2)); % toa do nut thu 2
leng=x2-x1; % chieu dai phan tu 1 chieu
% xac dinh cac bac tu do phan tu
k=0;
for i=1:nnel
start = (nd(i)-1)*ndof;
for j=1:ndof
k=k+1;
index(k)=start+j;
end
end
% tinh ma tran dan nhiet phan tu
k= (area(iel)*k_coeff(iel)/leng(iel))*[ 1 -1;-1 1];
end
%---------------------------------------------------
% ap dat cac dieu kien bien va giai he phuong trinh PTHH
%---------------------------------------------------
kkk=kk; % kkk luu vet cua kk de tinh vecto nhiet luong.
% ap dat cac dieu kien bien
[kk,rr]=boundary_aply_2D_N(kk,rr,bcdof,bcval);
disp=kk\rr; % giai he phuong trinh PTHH
%--------------------------------------------------
% tinh vecto nhiet luong
%--------------------------------------------------
rr=zeros(sdof,1); % khoi tao vecto nhiet luong
for i=1:sdof
for j=1:sdof
rr(i)=rr(i)+kkk(i,j)*disp(j);
end
end
%----------------------------
% in ket qua
%----------------------------
num=1:1:sdof;
displ=[num' disp rr]
%--------------------------------------------------------------------
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Kt qu s
displ =
Node Nhit Nhit lng vo/ra
1 305 20000
2 119 0
3 57 0
4 20 -12381

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4.2. V d 10.2
Mt thanh di, tit din ngang ch nht, c h s dn nhit l
1,5W/m.
0
C chu iu kin bin nh Hnh 10.10. Hai mt i din trn
v di c gi nhit 180
0
C; mt tri cch nhit; mt phi chu
s trao i nhit i lu vi T

= 25
0
C; h = 50 W/m
2

0
C. Xc nh s
phn b nhit trong vt th.

y, ta s xy dng chng trnh tnh vi m hnh 6 phn t cho mt
na chiu cao mt ct ngang. V t kt qu s ca chng trnh, bn
c c th t so snh vi kt qu tnh tay thc hin vi m hnh 3
phn t trong v d 2, (Chng 10)
Chng trnh ngun:
%----------------------------------------------------------------------------
% Chuong trinh 2, chuong 10 Vi du 10.2 (P10_2)
%----------------------------------------------------------------------------
% Mo ta bai toan:
% Mot thanh kim loai du dai, co mat cat ngang hinh chu nhat;
% he so dan nhiet cua vat lieu thanh bang 1,5 W/m. do C
% dieu kien bien nhu mo ta tren Hinh 10.10:
% hai mat doi dien duoc duy tri o mot nhiet do deu la 180 do C

k=1,5W/m
0
C
1
7 8
5
2
0,4m
0,6m
h, T

h, T

T=180
0

T=180
0

q=0
Hnh 10.10. M hnh bi ton thanh dn nhit
T=180
0

3
4
6
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198
% su trao doi nhiet doi luu tren mot mat voi T_extremely=25 do C
% va h=50W/m^2. do C, mat doi dien duoc phu lop cach nhiet
% Xac dinh su phan bo nhiet do trong thanh
% su dung 6 phan tu tam giac bac nhat dang tham so tren 1 nua mat cat
% Chu y, tai bien doi xung truc, khong co su trao doi nhiet luong
% Hinh 10.10 mo ta luoi phan tu
%
% Mo ta cac bien
% k = ma tran dan nhiet phan tu
% kk = ma tran dan nhiet tong the
% rr = vec to nhiet luong tong the
% gcoord = ma tran toa do nut tong the
% nodes = ma tran cac chi so nut tong the tai moi phan tu
% bcdof = vecto nhiet do nut chiu rang buoc cac dieu kien bien
% bcval = gia tri nhiet do nut chiu rang buoc cua cac dieu kien bien
%----------------------------------------------------------------------------
%------------------------------------
% cac tham so dieu khien luoi phan tu
%------------------------------------
clear
nnode=8; % tong so nut trong he
edof=nnel*ndof; % so bac tu do cua phan tu
%---------------------------------------------
% nhap thong tin toa do nut: gcoord(i,j),
% trong do i la so hieu nut va j = 1 chi toa do x, j=2 chi toa do y
%---------------------------------------------
gcoord=[0.0 0.0; 0.4 0.0; 0.4 0.075; 0.0 0.15;
0.4 0.15; 0.4 0.225; 0.0 0.3; 0.4 0.3];
%---------------------------------------------------------
% nhap thong tin chi so nut tong the cua moi phan tu: nodes(i,j)
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199
% trong do i chi phan tu, j la chi so nut
%---------------------------------------------------------
nodes=[1 2 3; 1 3 4; 4 3 5; 4 5 6; 4 6 7; 7 6 8];

% canh 2 cua cac phan tu: 1, 3, 4 va 6 la cac canh trao doi nhiet doi luu
ce=[2 0 2 2 0 2];
%-----------------------------------------------------------
% cac thong tin ve su dan nhiet va doi luu nhiet
%-----------------------------------------------------------
t=1; % chieu day phan tu thanh, la do day PTHH 2 chieu
k_coeff=1.5; % he so dan nhiet cua vat lieu (W/m do C)
T_0 = 180; % nhiet do moi truong ngoai (do C)
T_ext = 25; % T_vocung (do C)
h_coeff = 50; % he so doi luu (W/m^2)
%-------------------------------------
% thongg tin ve dieu kien bien
%-------------------------------------
bcdof(1)=7; % nhiet do nut 7 chiu rang buoc
bcdof(2)=8; % nhiet do nut 8 chiu rang buoc
bcval(1)=T_0; % gia tri nhiet do tai nut 7 = 0
bcval(2)=T_0; % gia tri nhiet do tai nut 8 = 0
%----------------------------------------------
% khoi tao cac vecto va ma tran
%----------------------------------------------
rr=zeros(sdof,1);
hh=zeros(sdof,sdof); % ma tran doi luu tong the
index=zeros(edof,1);
eltemp=zeros(edof,1); % vec to nhiet do nut phan tu
%-----------------------------------------------------------------
% tinh toan cac ma tran dan nhiet, vecto nhiet luong phan tu va ghep
noi
%-----------------------------------------------------------------
for i=1:nnel
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nd(i)=nodes(iel,i); % chi so nut tong the cac nut cua phan tu
(iel)
xcoord(i)=gcoord(nd(i),1); % toa do x cua cac nut
ycoord(i)=gcoord(nd(i),2); % toa do x cua cac nut
end

k=zeros(edof,edof); % khoi tao ma tran dan nhiet phan tu
h=zeros(edof,edof); % khoi tao ma tran doi luu nhiet phan tu
r=zeros(edof,1); % khoi tao vecto nhiet luong phan tu

nd(1)=nodes(iel,1); % chi so nut tong the cua nut thu 1 phan tu(iel)

x1=gcoord(nd(1),1); % toa do x cua nut thu 1
y1=gcoord(nd(1),2); % toa do y cua nut thu 1
J=[x2-x1 y2-y1; x3-x1 y3-y1] % ma tran Jacobian phan tu
A_e=det(J)/2 % dien tich phan tu

B_t=(1/det(J))*[y2-y3 y3-y1 y1-y2; x3-x2 x1-x3 x2-x1];
%--------------------------------------------
% tinh ma tran dan nhiet phan tu
%--------------------------------------------
k=k_coeff*A_e*B_t'*B_t;
%------------------------------------
% tinh vec to nhiet luong doi luu
%-------------------------------------------------
% khoi tao vecto nhiet luong do doi luu nhiet
r_ext=zeros(edof,1);
if ce(iel)~=0 % co 1 canh la canh doi luu
length(1)=sqrt((x2-x1)^2+(y2-y1)^2); % do dai cua canh (1-2)
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201
if ce(iel)==1 % canh 1-2 la canh doi luu
h=(h_coeff*length(1)/6)*[2 1 0; 1 2 0; 0 0 0];
r_ext=(h_coeff*T_ext*length(1)/2)*[1 1 0];
else
if ce(iel)==2 % canh 2-3 la canh doi luu
h=(h_coeff*length(2)/6)*[0 0 0; 0 2 1; 0 1 2];
else % canh 1-3 la canh doi luu
h=(h_coeff*length(3)/6)*[2 0 1; 0 0 0; 1 0 2];
end
end
end
% xay dung bang ghep noi phan tu

kk=kk_build_2D(kk,k,index); % ghep noi ma tran dan nhiet
hh=kk_build_2D(hh,h,index); % ghep noi ma tran doi luu
rr=ff_build_2D(rr,r_ext,index); % ghep noi vecto nhiet luong
end

kk=kk+hh;
%-----------------------------
%-----------------------------
[kk,rr]=boundary_aply_2D_N(kk,rr,bcdof,bcval);
%----------------------------
%----------------------------
disp=kk\rr;
num=1:1:sdof;
displace=[num' disp] % in ket qua
Kt qu s:
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202
Nt Nhit (
o
C)
1 128.9190
2 37.1185
3 40.0259
4 142.0870
5 51.6724
6 85.4203
7 180.0000
8 180.0000

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203
5. BI TP
10.1. Trong mt bi ton dn nhit
ca mt kt cu, ngi ta cho bit rng
nhit ti cc nt ca phn t tam gic
s (5) l: T
6
= 488,66
0
K; T
7
= 425,16
0
K;
T
8
= 496,08
0
K, nh trn Hnh 10.5.1.
Xc nh graien nhit trong phn t.
Xc nh xem ng ng nhit 491
0
K
ct bin ca phn t ti u?

10.2. Trong mt bi ton dn nhit
tng t nh bi 10.1 ngi ta bit nhit
ti cc nt ca phn t ch nht s
(10) l: T
5
= 258,46
0
K; T
6
= 288,66
0
K;
T
7
= 325,16
0
K; T
8
= 196,08
0
K nh trn
Hnh 10.5.2. Xc nh graien nhit
trong phn t. Xc nh xem ng ng
nhit 260
0
K ct bin ca phn t ti u?

10.3. Kho st mt bc tng c
chiu dy L=30 cm, h s dn nhit ca
vt liu k = 0.7 W/m
.o
C. B mt trong c
nhit 28
o
C v b mt ngoi tip xc
vi khng kh lnh nhit -15
o
C. H
s i lu nhit ca b mt l h = 40W/m
2
.o
C. Hy xc nh gi tr nhit trung
bnh phn b trong tng v lng nhit
i qua tng. S dng 2 cch c bn: tnh
ton bng tay v sa i li chng trnh
P10_2.

10.4. Xt kt cu nhit nh Hnh
10.5.4. Mt ngoi ca b pht nhit (dng
bng) c gn vi 1 lp cch nhit, mt
y

x

8

7

6

Hnh 10.5.1

5
y

x

8

7

6

5

Hnh 10.5.2

10
Hnh 10.5.3
k=0.7W/m
o
C
28
o
C
h=40W/m
2 o
C
T

= -15
o
C
30 cm
2cm
Hnh 10.5.4
h =5W/m
2
.
0
C
T

=20
o
C

Thp trng
k =16.6W/m
o
C
Phn t pht nhit
Lp cch nhit
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204
trong c gn vi mt tm thp khng g dy 2cm, h s dn nhit k
=16.6W/m
.o
C. B mt kia ca tm thp c tip xc vi khng kh
nhit 20
o
C. Nhit lng pht sinh t b pht nhit cng
500W/m
2
. Hy xc nh nhit ti b mt m di nhit gn vi tm
thp tn nhit.

10.5. ng khi bng gch trn Hnh 10.5.5 c chiu cao 6m. B mt
trong c nhit c nh l 100
o
C v b mt ngoi c gi nhit
l 30
o
C. Bng cch tnh tay v pht trin chng trnh P10_2 tnh
tng nhit lng truyn qua thnh ng khi. Ch n tnh i xng
ca h, nn ch thc hin tnh cho mt ct ngang. Bit h s dn
nhit ca vt liu l k = 0,72 W/m.
o
C.

0,1m
0,6m
100
o
C
30
0
C
Hnh 10.5.5
x
y
0,1m
0,8m
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206

Chng 11
PHN T HU HN
TRONG TNH TON KT CU TM - V CHU UN
1. GII THIU
Tm v v l cc dng kt cu c s dng nhiu trong k thut
v chng thng chu bin dng chu un. Cc phng trnh PTHH i
vi cc kt cu tm-v thng phc tp hn nhiu so vi cc dng kt
cu khc. Chng 11 s gii thiu v hai l thuyt tm c s dng
ph bin trong cc bi ton kt cu tm-v: l thuyt tm kinh in ca
Kirchoff (gi tt l tm Kirchoff) v l thuyt tm bc nht ca Mindlin
(gi tt l tm Mindlin).
Cc thut ton PTHH i vi tm chu un tng ng vi hai l
thuyt trn c thit lp chi tit.
Phn t v c xem l t hp ca phn t tm chu un v phn
t tm chu trng thi ng sut phng.
2. L THUYT TM KIRCHOFF
Gi thit c bn ca l thuyt un tm Kirchoff l: on thng
vung gc vi mt trung bnh (mt phng chia i chiu cao tm) vn
thng v vung gc vi mt trung bnh sau khi bin dng. H qu ca
gi thit ny l ta b qua cc thnh phn bin dng ct ngang
( 0 = =
xz yz
). Do , cc thnh phn chuyn v trong mt phng: u, v
v w (Hnh 11.1) c biu din nh sau:
=
c
c
=
c
c
=
) , ( ) , , (
) , , (
) , , (
0
y x w z y x w
y
w
z z y x v
x
w
z z y x u
(11.1)
trong , mt phng (0, x, y) l mt gia ca tm, trc z vung gc vi
b mt tm. Cc thnh phn u, v v w tng ng l chuyn v theo
phng x, phng y v phng z; w
0
l chuyn v ti mt trung bnh
(gi thit bin dng mng: u
0
= v
0
= 0).
SinhVienKyThuat.Com

207

V b qua bin dng ct, nn cc thnh phn bin dng trong mt
phng c vit dng sau:
{ } { } { }
xy y x xy y x
T
z k k k c c c = = (11.2)
Trong :
{ } { }
)
`
c c
c
c
c
c
c
= =
y x
w
y
w
x
w
xy y x
T
2
2
2
2
2
2 k k k k (11.3)
c gi l cc thnh phn cong.
Thay cc biu thc (11.2) v (11.3) vo quan h ng sut bin
dng { } | |{ } c o D = ta c biu thc sau:
{ } | |{ } k o D z = (11.4)
Trong :
{ } { }
T
xy y x
t o o o =
x
y
z
M
xy

M
x

Q
x

Q
y

M
xy

M
y

dy
y
M
M
y
y
c
c
+
dx
x
M
M
xy
xy
c
c
+
dx
x
M
M
x
x
c
c
+
dy
y
M
M
xy
xy
c
c
+
dx
x
Q
Q
x
x
c
c
+

dy
y
Q
Q
y
y
c
c
+

dy

dx
Hnh 11.1. S phn t tm chu un
SinhVienKyThuat.Com

208
| |
=
2
1
0 0
0 1
0 1
1
2
v
E
D v
v
v

Cc thnh phn mmen c xc nh bi:
{ } { } dz z M
h
h
=
2
2
o (11.5)
Trong : { } { }
T
xy y x
M M M M = v h l chiu dy tm. Thay biu
thc (11.4) vo (11.5), ta thu c quan h gia mmen v cc thnh
phn cong nh sau:
{ } | |{ } k D M = (11.6)
Trong :
| | | | D
h
D
12
3
= (11.7)
Cc phng trnh cn bng (cn bng mmen i vi cc trc x, y v
cn bng lc i vi trc z, c suy ra t iu kin cn bng tnh hc
ca phn t tm (Hnh 11.1). Sau khi b qua cc thnh phn bc cao,
ta thu c cc phng trnh cn bng sau:
= +
c
c
+
c
c
=
c
c
+
c
c
=
c
c
+
c
c
0
0
0
p
y
Q
x
Q
Q
y
M
x
M
Q
y
M
x
M
y
x
y
y xy
x
xy
x
(11.8)
Trong , Q
x
v Q
y
l cc lc ct v p l ti trng phn b gy un tm
(phng tc dng vung gc vi mt phng tm). Kh cc thnh phn
lc ct trong cc phng trnh ca h (11.8) ta c:
0 2
2
2 2
2
2
= +
c
c
+
c c
c
+
c
c
p
y
M
y x
M
x
M
y xy
x
(11.9)
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209
T hp cc biu thc (11.3), (11.6) v (11.9), qua mt s php bin i
n gin cui cng ta nhn c phng trnh vi phn cn bng i vi
tm chu un nh sau:
r
D
p
y
w
y x
w
x
w
=
c
c
+
c c
c
+
c
c
4
4
2 2
4
4
4
2 (11.10)
Trong :
) 1 ( 12
2
3
v
=
Eh
D
r

l cng chng un ca tm.
3. PHN T TM KIRCHOFF CHU UN
Da trn l thuyt tm kinh in trnh by trn, chng ta s
xy dng thut ton PTHH cho phn t t gic bn nt ti nh chu
un. Phn t c m t trong Hnh 11.2.

Mi nt ca phn t c 3 bc t do: Chuyn v w theo phng z v
hai gc xoay u
x
= w,
x
v u
y
= w,
y
(du phy l k hiu ca o hm
ring phn ca w theo cc bin x v y) quanh trc x v y tng ng. K
hiu vct chuyn v nt l d
i
, ta c:
T
i
i
i i
y
w
x
w
w d
|
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
=
(11.11)
(x
2
,y
2
)
1
(x
1
,y
1
)

4
(x
4
,y
4
)
3
(x
3
,y
3
)

x
y
z
w
u
y
u
x

Hnh 11.2. Phn t t gic Kirchoff
SinhVienKyThuat.Com

210
Vi phn t t gic 4 nt, vct chuyn v nt phn t c biu
din nh sau:
{ }
T
T T T T
d d d d q
4 3 2 1
= (11.12)
v vct chuyn v ti mt im bt k ca phn t l:
{ }
T
y x
w d u u
0
= (11.13)
Vct chuyn v nt phn t (11.11) c cha cc thnh phn l o
hm bc nht tng ng vi cc gc xoay ti nt. Do , cc thnh
phn chuyn v ca vct chuyn v (11.13) s c ni suy qua cc gi
tr chuyn v nt nh sau:
- Thnh phn chuyn v vng tm (w) c xp x theo hm
ni suy Hecmit, tc l:
4
12
4
11
0
4 10
1
3
1
2
0
1 1
...
|
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
+
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
+ + +
|
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
+
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
+ =
y
w
H
x
w
H w H
y
w
H
x
w
H w H w (11.14)
- Cc thnh phn chuyn v gc xoay c ni suy qua cc thnh
phn chuyn v nt:
=

|
|
.
|
\
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
+
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
+
c
c
=
c
c
=
4
1
3 1 3 2 3
i
i
i
i
i i i x
y
w
H
x
w
H w H
x x
w
u (11.15)
=

|
|
.
|
\
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
+
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
+
c
c
=
c
c
=
4
1
3 1 3 2 3
i
i
i
i
i i i y
y
w
H
x
w
H w H
y y
w
u (11.16)
Khi , quan h gia vct chuyn v c ni suy qua vct chuyn v
nt phn t nh sau:
d = B q. (11.17)
Trong : B l ma trn ni suy, c biu din nh sau:
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
=
12 11 10 3 2 1
12 11 10 3 2 1
12 11 10 3 2 1
H
y
H
y
H
y
H
y
H
y
H
y
H
x
H
x
H
x
H
x
H
x
H
x
H H H H H H
B
(11.18)
Thay vo biu thc (11.3) ta c th biu din cc thnh phn bin
dng qua vct chuyn v di dng:
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211
{ } | |{ } d L = k ; (11.19)
vi L l ma trn ton t o hm, c xc nh nh sau:
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
=
x y
y
x
L
0
0 0
0 0
(11.20)
Cui cng, cc thnh phn bin dng c vit li di dng:
{ } Bq q B L L = = = d k (11.21)
vi B l ma trn quan h bin dng-chuyn v.
T biu thc nng lng bin dng n hi:
=
V
t
e
dV U o c
2
1
(11.22)
a cc quan h (11.2), (11.3) v (11.4) vo (11.22) v qua mt s khai
trin, ch n biu thc ca cc thnh phn ni lc, ta c biu thc
ca nng lng bin dng n hi:
{ } | |{ } ( ) { } | |{ }
{ } | |{ } | | q BdS D B
h
q dS D
h
dz z dS D dSdz D z z U
e e
e e
S
T T
S
T
h
h
S
T
h
h
S
T
e
= =
= =

24 24
2
1
2
1
3 3
2
2
2
2
2
k k
k k k k

Cui cng, th nng bin dng n hi ca phn t c biu din
di dng c ng:
q q
2
1
e t
e
k U = (11.23)
trong k
e
l ma trn cng phn t t gic Kirchoff v c xc
nh theo biu thc:
| |
=
e
S
T e
BdS D B
h
k
24
3
(11.24)
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212
xc nh c ma trn cng phn t t gic Kirchoff, ta cn
xy dng c cc hm ni suy Hecmit H
i
(i = 1, 2, .., 12). Cc hm
ny c xc nh trong h to quy chiu (c, n) v vi tnh cht:
Nt 1
c,n H
1
H
1c
H
1n
H
2
H
2c
H
2n
H
3
H
3c
H
3n

-1,-1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1
1,-1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1,1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-1,1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Nt 2
c,n H
4
H
4c
H
4n
H
5
H
5c
H
5n
H
6
H
6c
H
6n

-1,-1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1,-1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1
1,1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-1,1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Nt 3
c,n H
7
H
7c
H
7n
H
8
H
8c
H
8n
H
9
H
9c
H
9n

-1,-1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1,-1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1,1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1
-1,1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Nt 4
c,n H
10
H
10c
H
10n
H
11
H
11c
H
11n
H
12
H
12c
H
12n

-1,-1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1,-1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1,1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-1,1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1
Ta c th chn cc hm dng H
i
di dng sau:
H = a
0
+ a
1
c + a
2
n+ a
3
c
2
+ a
4
cn + a
5
n
2
+
+ a
6
c
3
+ a
7
c
2
n + a
8
cn
2
+ a
9
n
3
+ a
10
c
3
n + a
11
cn
3

T bng trn, ta s xc nh c cc h s a
i
(i = 0 .. 11). Cui
cng, ta s thu c cc hm ni suy Hecmit nh sau:
( )( )( )
2 2
1
2 1 1
8
1
n c n c n c = H (11.25a)
( )( )( )
2
2
1 1 1
8
1
c n c = H ; ( )( )( )
2
3
1 1 1
8
1
n n c = H
SinhVienKyThuat.Com

213
( )( )( )
2 2
4
2 1 1
8
1
n c n c n c + + = H (11.25b)
( )( )( )
2
5
1 1 1
8
1
c n c + = H ; ( )( )( )
2
6
1 1 1
8
1
n n c + = H
( )( )( )
2 2
7
2 1 1
8
1
n c n c n c + + + + = H (11.25c)
( )( )( )
2
8
1 1 1
8
1
c n c + + = H ; ( )( )( )
2
9
1 1 1
8
1
n n c + + = H
( )( )( )
2 2
10
2 1 1
8
1
n c n c n c + + = H (11.25d)
( )( )( )
2
11
1 1 1
8
1
c n c + = H ; ( )( )( )
2
12
1 1 1
8
1
n n c + = H
Quan h gia 2 h to (x,y) v (c, n) c th hin di dng:
( ) ( )
+ = + =
=
C C
C C
y
b
y x
a
x
b
y y
a
x x
n c
n c
2
;
2
2
;
2
(11.26)
trong : a, b l kch thc phn t ch nht; x
C
, y
C
l ta trng tm
C ca phn t.
Nh thy trn y, cc hm ni suy H
i
tng ng vi nt i c
biu din theo cc to quy chiu (c,n). Cc biu thc ca ma trn
ton t L (11.20), c cha o hm ring phn ca cc hm H
i
ly theo
bin x v y ca h to thc. Do , ta cn thc hin php tnh o
hm ca hm hp:
| |
c
c
c
c
=
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
=
c
c
c
c
y
x
J
y
x
y x
y x
n n
c c
n
c
(11.27a)
v:
| |
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
=
c
c
c
c
n
c
n
c
*
22
*
21
*
12
*
11
1
J J
J J
J
y
x
(11.27b)
SinhVienKyThuat.Com

214
vi: | |
1
J l ma trn nghch o ca ma trn Jacbin | |

=
b
a
J
0
0
.
Vy ta c:
| |
b
a
J J
J J
J
1
0
0
1
*
22
*
21
*
12
*
11
1
(11.28)
v:
c
c
c
c
=
c
c
c
c
n
c
b
a
y
x
1
1
;
c
c
c
c
=
c
c
c
c
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
n
c
b
a
y
x
(11.29)
Khi cc biu thc (10.20) ca ma trn ton t o hm c
biu din theo h to quy chiu (c, n):
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
=
c n
n
c
a b
b
a
L
2 2
0
2
0 0
0
2
0
(11.30)
v ma trn B c biu din nh sau:
c c
c
c c
c
c c
c
c c
c
c c
c
c c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
=
n c n c n c n c n c n c
n n n n n n
c c c c c c
12
2
11
2
10
2
3
2
2
2
1
2
2
12
2
2 2
11
2
2 2
10
2
2 2
3
2
2 2
2
2
2 2
1
2
2
2
12
2
2 2
11
2
2 2
10
2
2 2
3
2
2 2
2
2
2 2
1
2
2
8 8 8 8 8 8
4 4 4 4 4 4
4 4 4 4 4 4
H
ab
H
ab
H
ab
H
ab
H
ab
H
ab
H
b
H
b
H
b
H
b
H
b
H
b
H
a
H
a
H
a
H
a
H
a
H
a
B
(11.31)
Trong :
( )c n
c
=
c
c
1
4
3
2
1
2
H
; ( )n c
n
=
c
c
1
4
3
2
1
2
H
. (11.32a)
( )( ) 1 3 1
4
1
2
2
2
=
c
c
c n
c
H
; 0
2
2
2
=
c
c
n
H
. (11.32b)
0
2
3
2
=
c
c
c
H
; ( )( ) 1 3 1
4
1
2
3
2
=
c
c
n c
n
H
(11.32c)
SinhVienKyThuat.Com

215
( )c n
c
=
c
c
1
4
3
2
4
2
H
; ( )n c
n
+ =
c
c
1
4
3
2
4
2
H
(11.32d)
( )( ) 1 3 1
4
1
2
5
2
+ =
c
c
c n
c
H
; 0
2
5
2
=
c
c
n
H
(11.32e)
0
2
6
2
=
c
c
c
H
; ( )( ) 1 3 1
4
1
2
6
2
+ =
c
c
n c
n
H
(11.32f)
( )c n
c
+ =
c
c
1
4
3
2
7
2
H
; ( )n c
n
+ =
c
c
1
4
3
2
7
2
H
. (11.32g)
( )( ) 1 3 1
4
1
2
8
2
+ + =
c
c
c n
c
H
; 0
2
8
2
=
c
c
n
H
, (11.32h)
0
2
9
2
=
c
c
c
H
; ( )( ) 1 3 1
4
1
2
9
2
+ + =
c
c
n c
n
H
(11.32i)
( )c n
c
+ =
c
c
1
4
3
2
10
2
H
; ( )n c
n
=
c
c
1
4
3
2
10
2
H
(11.32k)
( )( ) 1 3 1
4
1
2
11
2
+ =
c
c
c n
c
H
; 0
2
11
2
=
c
c
n
H
(11.32m)
0
2
12
2
=
c
c
c
H
; ( )( ) 1 3 1
4
1
2
12
2
+ =
c
c
n c
n
H
(11.32n)
4. PHN T TM MINDLIN CHU UN
Khc vi l thuyt tm Kirchoff, l thuyt tm ca Mindlin c k
n nh hng ca cc thnh phn bin dng ct ngang ( 0 = =
xz yz
).
Khi , biu thc ca nng lng bin dng n hi ca tm c cha
thm biu thc nng lng bin dng ct ngang:
{ } { } { } { }dV dV U
V
s
T
s
V
b
T
b e

+ = c o c o
2
1
2
1
(11.33)
trong :
{ } { }
T
xy y x b
t o o o = (11.34)
{ } { }
T
xy y x b
c c c = (11.35)
l cc thnh phn ng sut v bin dng un, cn:
{ } { }
T
yz xz s
t t o = (11.36)
{ } { }
T
yz xz s
c = (11.37)
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216
l cc thnh phn ng sut v bin dng ct ngang (trong cc mt
phng vung gc vi mt trung bnh).
Trong cc tnh ton k thut theo l thuyt tm ca Mindin, ta cn phi
s dng thm h s hiu chnh ct, h s ny thng c chn l
6
5
.
Khi , nng lng bin dng n hi ca tm chu un c k n nh
hng ca bin dng ct s c biu din di dng:
{ } | |{ } { } | |{ }dV D dV D U
V
s s
T
s
V
b b
T
b e

+ = c c c c
12
5
2
1
(11.38)
trong :
| |
=
2
1
0 0
0 1
0 1
1
2
v
E
D
b
v
v
v
(11.39)
v
| |

=
G
G
D
s
0
0
(11.40)
Theo l thuyt tm Mindlin, trng chuyn v c biu din nh sau :
=
=
=
) , ( ) , , (
) , ( ) , , (
) , ( ) , , (
0
y x w z y x w
y x z z y x v
y x z z y x u
y
x
u
u
(11.41)
trong ,
y x
u u , l cc gc xoay ca mt trung bnh quanh trc y v
trc x tng ng. y, ta gi thit: khng c cc thnh phn bin
dng trong mt phng trung bnh (khng c bin dng mng). Cc
thnh phn gc xoay ny c biu din bi:
c
c
=
c
c
=
yz y
xz x
y
w
x
w
u
u
(11.42)
V chuyn v w v cc gc xoay
y x
u u , l cc thnh phn c lp nhau,
nn chng ta cn c cc hm dng ni suy chng mt cch c lp.
Do , vi phn t tm chu un c k n bin dng ct ngang ny s
SinhVienKyThuat.Com

217
yu cu s dng phn t tng thch C
0
. Cc hm dng ng tham s s
c s dng cho cc phng trnh PTHH ca phn t tm chu un,
c th nh sau :
( )
( )( )
( )( )

=
=
=
=
=
=
n
i
i
y i y
n
i
i x i x
n
i
i i
N
N
w N w
1
1
1
,
,
,
u n c u
u n c u
n c
(11.43)
y, n l s nt ca phn t. n gin ha bi ton, ta c th s
dng cc hm dng song tuyn tnh (Chng 8) cho phn t t gic bn
nt. i vi cc bi ton c yu cu cao v chnh xc, ngi ta
thng s dng cc hm dng bc cao hn.
Ta c:
{ } | |{ }
{ } | |{ }
)
=
=
e
s s
e
p b
d B z
d B z
c
c
(11.44)
trong :
| |
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
=
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
4 4 3 3 2 2 1 1
4 3 2 1
4 3 2 1
x
N
y
N
x
N
y
N
x
N
y
N
x
N
y
N
y
N
y
N
y
N
y
N
x
N
x
N
x
N
x
N
B
p
(11.45)
| |
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
=
y
N
N
y
N
N
y
N
N
y
N
N
x
N
N
x
N
N
x
N
N
x
N
N
B
s
4
4
3
3
2
2
1
1
4
4
3
3
2
2
1
1
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
(11.46)
v
{ } { }
T
y x y x y x y x
e
w w w w d
4 4 4 3 3 3 2 2 2 1 1 1
u u u u u u u u = (11.47)
Thay cc biu thc trong (11.44) vo (11.38) ta c :
SinhVienKyThuat.Com

218
{ } { } | |{ } { } { } { } | |{ } { }
e
V z
s s
T
s
T
e e
A z
b b
T
b
T
e
e
d dA dz B D B d d dA dz D B d U
e

=

12
5
2
1
c
(11.48)
Cui cng, ta thu c ma trn cng ca phn t tm t gic bc
nht chu un di dng:
{ } | |{ } { } | |{ }

+ =
V
s s
T
s
A
b b
T
b
e
dA B D B h dA D B
h
k
e
6
5
12
3
c
(11.49)
trong , h l chiu dy tm.
Ch : khi chiu dy h ca tm rt nh so vi kch thc ca 2
phng cn li (tm mng), nng lng bin dng n hi do cc thnh
phn bin dng ct (t l vi h) s ln hn nhiu so vi nng lng bin
dng n hi do cc thnh phn bin dng un (t l vi h
3
) gy ra.
Hin tng ny c gi l nghn ct (shear locking), khin cho li
gii s ca bi ton khng hi t. khc phc hin tng ny, ngi
ta c th s dng k thut tch phn rt gn (reduced integration)
hoc tch phn la chn (selective integration). Ni dung chnh ca
cc k thut ny l: biu thc nng lng ca bin dng un s c
tnh theo lut tch phn ng cp, cn biu thc nng lng ca bin
dng ct s c ly tch phn mc km chnh xc hn mt cp.
Chng hn, vi phn t t gic 4 nt ng tham s, ta s dng tch
phn s vi 22 im Gauss i vi biu thc tch phn nng lng
bin dng un, cn i vi biu thc tch phn nng lng bin dng
ct ch s dng 1 im Gauss. Tng t, vi phn t t gic 9 nt ng
tham s, nu s dng tch phn s 33 im Gauss i vi biu thc
tch phn nng lng bin dng un, th ta s ch s dng tch phn s
22 im Gauss i vi biu thc tch phn nng lng bin dng ct.
5. PHN T V
Kt cu v tng t nh kt cu tm nhng c cong khng i
hoc thay i theo cc phng x v y. C th coi kt cu tm phng l
trng hp ring ca kt cu v, khi bn knh cong bng v cng. Khi
v c chia thnh mt s hu hn cc phn t c kch thc nh,
th mi phn t c th c xem nh l phn t tm phng chu un vi
mt phng xc nh trong khng gian. Tuy nhin, mi phn t ny li
SinhVienKyThuat.Com

219
c phng khc nhau (phng vct php tuyn ca mt), v vy bin
dng un trong phn t ny c th gy ra bin dng trong mt phng
cho phn t k tip.
Kt qu l, mt phn t v c th c xc nh nh l t hp ca
mt phn t chu un v mt phn t trng thi ng sut phng,
tng t nh phn t khung 2 chiu c xy dng t phn t dm
chu un v phn t thanh chu ko hoc nn. Hnh 11. 3 m t t hp
hai phn t ni trn to ra phn t v c 5 bc t do ti mi nt: ba
chuyn v thng v hai chuyn v gc. Ma trn cng ca phn t v
c biu din nh sau:

| |
| |
{ }
{ }
{ }
{ }
)
`
=
)
`
m
b
m
b
m
b
F
F
d
d
K
K
0
0
(11.50)
trong : K, d v F tng ng l ma trn cng, vct chuyn v nt
v vct lc nt. Cc ma trn v cc vct trn bao gm hai phn, mt
l t phn t tm chu un v hai l t phn t tm chu ko (nn). Cc
ch s di b v m ch cc bin dng un v bin dng mng (ko, nn)
ca phn t v.

Khi cc phn t v c phng khc
nhau, v d khi xt v tr gc ca
mt hnh hp (Hnh 11.4), ti y c
3 phn t k nhau; ta c th thy rng
thnh phn gc xoay ca phn t ny
x
y
z
w
v
u
u
x

u
y

u
y

u
x

v
u
w
+
=
Hnh 11. 3. Phn t v l t hp ca 2 phn t
X
Y
z
k

u
y

Hnh 11. 4
z
j

z
i

Z
u
x

w
j
k
i
SinhVienKyThuat.Com

220
s l gc xon ca phn t k tip. Do , khi ghp ni cc ma trn
cng phn t v vct lc nt phn t ta cn phi tnh n gc xon ni
trn. Kt qu l, s bc t do ca cc ma trn v vct phn t cn phi
tng thm 1 ti mi nt. Nh vy, phng trnh (11.50) s c vit li
nh sau :

| |
| |
{ }
{ }
{ }
{ }
0 0 0 0
0 0
0 0
m
b
z
m
b
m
b
F
F
d
d
K
K
u
(11.51)
Cc ma trn v vct trong phng trnh (11.45) c xc nh
trong h trc to a phng ca mi phn t, vi trc x v y nm
trong mt phng trung bnh ca phn t v v trc z l trc vung gc
vi mt phng phn t. V vy, ghp ni cc ma trn v vct ny
thnh ma trn cng tng th v vct lc nt tng th h trc to
chung th chng phi c bin i sang h trc to chung trc
khi tin hnh ghp ni. Nu gi ma trn chuyn i h trc l T, ta c :
{ } | |{ }
g l
d T d = (11.52)
Trong , l v g l k hiu cho h trc a phng v h trc chung
tng ng.
Nh vy, ma trn T chuyn i cc bc t do chung sang cc bc
t do a phng. N cha cc cosin ch phng ca cc trc to a
phng trong h trc to chung.
Ti mi nt, quan h gia cc bc t do trong h to a phng v
h to chung c m t bi:
g
z
g
y
g
x
g
g
g
l
z
l
y
l
x
l
l
l
w
v
u
c c c
c c c
c c c
c c c
c c c
c c c
w
v
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
13 12 11
13 12 11
13 12 11
33 32 31
23 22 21
13 12 11
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
(11.53)
Trong , c
ij
l cosin ca gc hp bi trc to a phng x
i
v trc
to chung X
j
. Quan h ny c s dng cho tng nt phn t. Nh
vy, ma trn chuyn i T i vi phn t t gic 4 nt s c biu
din di dng:
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| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
=
d
d
d
d
T
T
T
T
T
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
(11.54)
vi T
d
c xc nh theo biu thc (11.53).
Cui cng, ta xc nh c ma trn cng v vct lc nt phn
t nh sau :
| | | | | || | T K T K
l
T
g
= (11.55)
| | | | | |
l
T
g
F T F = (11.57)
Ch : khi v suy bin v tm phng, ma trn cng tng th s l
mt ma trn k d v trc ta gn thm gc xon vo vct
chuyn v nt. khc phc hin tng trn, ngi ta thng cng
thm mt gi tr nh vo bc t do gc xon. Gi tr cng thm ny
khng c qu nh cho ma trn c sa i l mt ma trn
khng k d. ng thi, gi tr ny cng khng qu ln trnh nh
hng n chnh xc ca kt qu tnh. Trong thc t tnh ton, ngi
ta thng khc phc hin tng trn bng cch t K(i,i) = 1, vi i l
ch s ng vi bc t do gc xon.
6. CHNG TRNH TNH TM CHU UN
Xt tm vung vi lin kt n trn 4 cnh chu un bi ti trng
tp trung t ti gia tm nh Hnh 11.5. Tm vng ca tm da trn
l thuyt bin dng ct bc nht. Bit cc kch thc ca tm l
4004002 (mm). Vt liu tm l thp c mun n hi E=200gPa v
h s Poatxng v=0,3; lc tp trung P=500N.
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Do kt cu i xng, nn ta s gii bi ton cho tm vung. Phn
din tch ny c chia thnh 4 phn t t gic bn nt, s nt nh
m t trn Hnh 11.5b.
y, ta ly tch phn s s 22 im Gauss i vi tch phn ma trn
cng un phn t v 11 im Gauss i vi tch phn ma trn
cng ct phn t. Theo s li PTHH, iu kin bin s c m t
nh sau:
Ti cc nt 1, 2 v 3: cc thnh phn u
x
v w bng khng; ti cc nt 1,
4 v 7: cc thnh phn u
y
v w bng khng; ti cc nt: 3, 6 v 9 c
thnh phn u
x
bng khng; cn ti cc nt 7, 8 v 9: thnh phn u
y
bng
khng.
Chng trnh ngun
%----------------------------------------------------------------------------
% Chuong trinh so 1, chuong 11- Vi du 11.1
%----------------------------------------------------------------------------
% Mo ta bai toan:
% Tim bien dang (do vong) cua tam, su dung phan tu tu giac bac 1
% dang tham so voi ly thuyet chuyen vi cat bac nhat.
% Kich thuoc tam la 400x400 mm va do day 5 mm.
% Vat lieu tam bang thep, tai trong tap trung bang 500 N.
% (so do luoi phan tu mo ta tren hinh 11.5)
% Mo ta cac bien
P
z
y
x
1 2 3
4
5 6
7
8
9
1
2
3 4
Hnh 11.5. (a). S ho tm vung chu un
(b). Li 4 phn t ca tm vung
(b)
(a)
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% kb = ma tran do cung phan tu (thanh phan chuyen vi uon)
% ks = ma tran do cung phan tu (thanh phan chuyen vi cat)
% disp = vecto chuyen vi nut chung
% gcoord = toa do nut tong the
% nodes = ma tran dinh vi nut phan tu
% index = bang ghep noi phan tu
% pointb = ma tran toa do cac diem Gauss cho cac thanh phan uon
% weightb = ma tran trong so cac diem Gauss cho cac thanh phan uon
% points = ma tran toa do cac diem Gauss cho cac thanh phan cat
% weights = ma tran trong so cac diem Gauss cho cac thanh phan cat
% bcdof = vecto chuyen vi nut chiu rang buoc boi dieu kien bien
% bcval = vecto gia tri chuyen vi nut chiu rang buoc
% B_b = ma tran chuyen vi ung suat cua cac thanh phan bien dang
uon
% D_b = ma tran do cung chong uon cua vat lieu
% B_s = ma tran chuyen vi ung suat cua cac thanh phan bien dang
cat
% D_s = ma tran do cung chong cat cua vat lieu
%------------------------------------
% cac tham so dieu khien loi
%------------------------------------
clear
noe_x=2; % tong so phan tu theo phuong x
noe_y=2; % tong so phan tu theo phuong x
noe=noe_x*noe_y; % tong so phan tu
ndof=3; % so bac tu do o moi nut
nnode=(noe_x*2-1)*(noe_y*2-1); % tong so nut cua ca he

E_module=200e3; % modul dan hoi (Mpa=N/mm^2)
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len_x=400; % kich thuoc theo phuong x cua tam (mm)
len_y=400; % kich thuoc theo phuong y cua tam (mm)
t=5; % chieu day tam (mm)
% tich phan so 2x2 diem Gauss voi tich phan ma tran do cung uon
nog_xb=2; nog_yb=2;
% so cac diem Gauss
nog_b=nog_xb*nog_yb;
% tich phan so 1x1 diem Gauss voi tich phan ma tran do cung cat
nog_xs=1; nog_ys=1;
% so cac diem Gauss
nog_s=nog_xs*nog_ys;
%---------------------------------------------
% du lieu toa do nut: gcoord(i,j)
% voi i la chi so nut va j chi toa do x hay y
%---------------------------------------------
len_x_elm = (len_x/2)/noe_x;
len_y_elm = (len_y/2)/noe_y;
for row_index=1:(noe_y*2-1)
for col_index=1:(noe_x*2-1)
gcoord((col_index+(row_index-1)*(noe_x*2-1)),1) = ...
gcoord((col_index+(row_index-1)*(noe_x*2-1)),2) = ...
end
end
%---------------------------------------------------------
% du lieu ma tran dinh vi nut phan tu: nodes(i,j)
% voi i la chi so phan tu va j la chi so nut tong the
%---------------------------------------------------------
nodes=[1 2 5 4; 2 3 6 5; 4 5 8 7; 5 6 9 8];
%-------------------------------------
% du lieu ve dieu kien bien
%-------------------------------------
bcdof=[1 2 3 4 6 7 9 11 12 16 20 21 23 25 26]; % cac bac tu do bi rang
buoc
bcval=zeros(1,15); % gia tri cac bac tu do bi rang buoc = 0
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%----------------------------------------------
% khoi tao cac vecto va cac ma tran
%----------------------------------------------
ff=zeros(sdof,1);
disp=zeros(sdof,1);
B_b=zeros(3,edof);
D_b=zeros(3,3);
B_s=zeros(2,edof);
D_s=zeros(2,2);
%----------------------------
% xay dung vec to luc nut tong the
%----------------------------
ff(15)=500; % luc gay uon dat tai nut so 5
%-----------------------------------------------------------------
% tinh toan cac ma tran do cung phan tu, vec to luc nut phan tu
% va ghep noi phan tu
%-----------------------------------------------------------------
% voi do cung chong uon
% xac dinh toa do va trong so cua cac diem Gauss
[pointb,weightb]=Gauss_Point_2D(nog_xb,nog_yb);
% xac dinh ma tran do cung chong uon cua vat lieu
D_b=D_matrix_2D(1,E_module,poisson)*t^3/12;
%
% voi do cung chong cat
% xac dinh toa do va trong so cua cac diem Gauss
[points,weights]=Gauss_Point_2D(nog_xs,nog_ys);
G_module=0.5*E_module/(1.0+poisson); % modul cat
shcof=5/6; % he so hieu chinh cat
% xac dinh ma tran do cung chong cat cua vat lieu
D_s=G_module*shcof*t*[1 0; 0 1];
for iel=1:noe % xet ti\ung phan tu
for i=1:nnel
nd(i)=nodes(iel,i); % xac dinh chi so nut phan tu thu (iel)
xcoord(i)=gcoord(nd(i),1); % xac dinh toa do x cua nut phan tu
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ycoord(i)=gcoord(nd(i),2); % xac dinh toa do y cua nut phan tu
end
k=zeros(edof,edof);
kb=zeros(edof,edof); % khoi tao ma tran do cung uon phan tu
ks=zeros(edof,edof); % khoi tao ma tran do cung cat phan tu
%------------------------------------------------------
% tinh tich phan so cua ma tran cac thanh phan bien dang uon
%------------------------------------------------------
for intx=1:nog_xb
x=pointb(intx,1); % toa do x diem Gauss
wtx=weightb(intx,1); % trong so cua diem Gauss theo phuong
x
for inty=1:nog_yb
y=pointb(inty,2); % toa do y diem Gauss
wty=weightb(inty,2) ; % trong so cua diem Gauss theo phuong
y
% tinh cac ham dang va dao ham ham dang tai cac diem Gauss
jacob2=jacob_2D(nnel,dhdr,dhds,xcoord,ycoord); % tinh ma tran
Jacobian
invjacob=inv(jacob2); % nghich dao ma tran Jacobian matrix
% xac dinh dao ham ham dang trong he truc vat ly
for i=1:nnel
end
% xac dinh ma tran bien dang chuyen vi cac thanh phan uon
B_b=Bb_matrix(nnel,dhdx,dhdy);
% tinh ma tran do cung phan tu uon
kb=kb+B_b'*D_b*B_b*wtx*wty*detjacob;
end
end % ket thuc doan CT tinh tich phan so
%------------------------------------------------------
% tinh tich phan so cua ma tran cac thanh phan bien dang cat
%------------------------------------------------------
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for intx=1:nog_xs
x=points(intx,1); % toa do x diem Gauss
wtx=weights(intx,1); % trong so cua diem Gauss theo phuong x
for inty=1:nog_ys
y=points(inty,2); % toa do y diem Gauss
wty=weights(inty,2) ; % trong so cua diem Gauss theo phuong
y
% tinh cac ham dang va dao ham ham dang tai cac diem Gauss
jacob2=jacob_2D(nnel,dhdr,dhds,xcoord,ycoord); % tinh ma tran
Jacobian
invjacob=inv(jacob2); % nghich dao ma tran Jacobian matrix
% xac dinh dao ham ham dang trong he truc vat ly
for i=1:nnel
end
% xac dinh ma tran bien dang chuyen vi cac thanh phan cat
B_s=Bs_matrix(nnel,dhdx,dhdy,shape);
%----------------------------------------
% tinh ma tran do cung phan tu cat
%----------------------------------------
ks=ks+B_s'*D_s*B_s*wtx*wty*detjacob;
end
end % ket thuc doan CT tinh tich phan so
%--------------------------------
%--------------------------------
k=kb+ks;
% xac dinh bang ghep boi phan tu
end
%-----------------------------
% ap dat cac dieu kien bien
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%-----------------------------
%----------------------------
%----------------------------
disp=kk\ff;
num=1:1:sdof;
displace=[num' disp] % in ket qua

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%--------------------------------------------------------------------------
function [B_b]=Bb_matrix(nnel,dhdx,dhdy)
%--------------------------------------------------------------------------
% Muc dich:
% xac dinh ma tran chuyen vi bien dang cua cac thanh phan bien
dang uon
% theo ly thuyet chuyen vi bac nhat co ke den bien dang cat
% Cu phap:
% [B_b]=Bb_matrix(nnel,dhdx,dhdy)
% Mo ta ca cac bien
% nnel - so nut cua phan tu
%--------------------------------------------------------------------------
for i=1:nnel
i1=(i-1)*3+1;
i2=i1+1;
i3=i2+1;
B_b(1,i1)=dhdx(i);
B_b(2,i2)=dhdy(i);
B_b(3,i1)=dhdy(i);
B_b(3,i2)=dhdx(i);
B_b(3,i3)=0;
end
%------------------------------------------------------------------------
function [B_s]=Bs_matrix(nnel,dhdx,dhdy,shape)
%------------------------------------------------------------------------
% Muc dich:
% xac dinh ma tran chuyen vi bien dang cua cac thanh phan bien
dang cat
% theo ly thuyet chuyen vi bac nhat co ke den bien dang cat
% Cu phap:
% [B_s]=Bs_matrix(nnel,dhdx,dhdy,shape)
% Mo ta cac bien:
% nnel - so nut cua phan tu
% shape ham dang
%------------------------------------------------------------------------
for i=1:nnel
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i1=(i-1)*3+1;
i2=i1+1;
i3=i2+1;
B_s(1,i1)=-shape(i);
B_s(1,i3)=dhdx(i);
B_s(2,i2)=-shape(i);
B_s(2,i3)=dhdy(i);
end
Kt qu s
displace =
Chuyn v nt Gi tr
1 0
2 0
3 0
4 0
5 0.0054
6 0
7 0
8 0.0064
9 0
10 0.0054
11 0
12 0
13 0.0026
14 0.0026
15 0.4032
16 0
17 0.0043
18 0.5345
19 0.0064
20 0
21 0
22 0.0043
23 0
24 0.5345
25 0
26 0
27 0.7490
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231
7. BI TP
11.1. Mt kt cu tm bng hp kim nhm, c mun n hi E
= 75gPa v h s Poisson v = 0,3. Tm c kch thc 500100mm v
chiu dy h = 5mm; chu lin kt ta bn l trn 2 cnh i din v chu
ti trng phn b u, cng p= 0,5 N/mm trn sut chiu rng v
nm gia chiu di ca n nh trn Hnh 11.7.1. Xc nh vng
cc i ca kt cu bng phng php phn t hu hn. So snh vi kt
qu gii tch theo l thuyt dm: vng ca dm chu un (c k n
c nh hng ca lc ct)
* 4 48
3
GS
hL
EJ
hL
w + =
Trong : G l modul n hi trt ; S* l tit din chu ct thc t:
S S
6
5
* = .
Gi : c th dng m hnh dm hoc m hnh tm (chu c ko nn v
un), v ch tnh i xng ca kt cu.

11.2. Cho kt cu nh bi tp 11.1, hy tnh vng cc i
ca kt cu khi chu ti trng phn v u trn ton b b mt tm, vi
cng p= 0,1 N/mm
2
.
11.3. Hy gii bi ton vi kt cu v ti trng nh bi tp
11.2, nhng thay lin kt ta bn l trn hai cnh bng lin kt ngm
trn c hai cnh ny.
11.4. Mt a trn bn knh 0,2m, chiu dy 10mm b ngm
cht trn bin nh Hnh 11.7.2a, mun n hi E = 200 gPa, h s
p
z
y
x
Hnh 11.7.1. S ho tm ch nht chu un
b=100mm
L =500mm
h=5mm
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232
Poisson v = 0,3 chu lc tp trung ti tm a c cng p = 2 kN.
Hy xc nh vng ln nht ca tm theo s li ca tm nh
Hnh 11.7.2c; gii bng tay v xy dng chng trnh tnh.
11.5. Hy thc hin bi ton vi kt cu v yu cu tnh ton
nh bi 11.4, nhng thay lc tp trung bng lc phn b u trn ton
b mt tm vi cng p = 1N/mm
2
nh Hnh 11.7.2b.

p
P
(a)
(b) (c)
Hnh 11.7.2
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233

SinhVienKyThuat.Com

234

Chng 12
PHN T HU HN
TRONG TNH TON VT LIU, KT CU COMPOSITE
1. GII THIU
Vt liu composite l vt liu c t hp t hai pha: pha lin tc
v pha gin on. Pha gin on gi l ct, pha lin tc gi l nn. Ct
c chc nng chu lc, nn lm chc nng lin kt, bo v v truyn ti
trng cho ct.
Ct thng c s dng di dng si: si ccbon, si thu tinh,
si kevlar, si gm, v.v.
Nn thng s dng l nha: nha epoxy, nha polyeste v.v.
Vt liu composite ct si/nn nha c nhiu u im ni tri so
vi cc vt liu ng hng truyn thng: nh, bn ring, mun
n hi ring cao, bn mi cao, v.v. Do n ngy cng c ng
dng rng ri trong nhiu ngnh cng nghip: trong cng nghip hng
khng dng cc kt cu khung, dm v tm v; trong hng hi nh
ng dng lm v tu, thuyn; trong ngnh giao thng vn ti; trong
ngnh cng nghip xy dng dn dng v c bit trong nhiu lnh vc
ca cuc sng.
Trong k thut, kt cu bng vt liu composite thng c ng
dng di dng tm hoc v nhiu lp, vic tnh ton cc loi vt liu
v kt cu lp ny rt quan trng, n s gip chng ta hiu r hn cc
qui lut ng x c hc tin n ti u vt liu cng nh cc kt cu
nghin cu.
2. PHN LOI VT LIU COMPOSITE
Trong k thut, ta thng gp cc loi vt liu composite sau:
- (1): Composite ct ht hoc bt; (2): Composite ng phng, khi
ct (si) c phn b theo mt phng no , (3): Composite
"mat", khi si c cht vn v phn b ngu nhin trong mt mt
phng.
- Composite lp vung, khi mt (hoc nhiu) lp theo phng 0
0

c km mt hoc (nhiu) lp theo phng 90
0
.
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235
- Composite ct vi, khi ct l nhng tm vi gm nhng si dc an
vi nhng si ngang.
Trn phng din c hc, cc loi vt liu composite trn c xp
vo 3 nhm chnh:
- Composite ng hng: Si vn phn b ngu nhin theo c ba
phng x, y v z.
- Composite ng hng ngang: composite gm nhiu lp mat hoc
composite nhiu lp si ng phng;
- Composite trc hng: composite gm nhiu lp ng phng xp
vung gc hoc composite nhiu lp ct vi, v.v.
Hnh 12.1 m t mt s lp vt liu composite thng dng

Khi phng ca ct (si) trng hoc vung gc vi phng ca
trc qui chiu hay phng ti trng tc dng (u = 0
0
hoc 90
0
) ta c
composite ng trc; khi phng si khng trng hoc khng vung
gc vi phng ca trc qui chiu hay phng ti trng tc dng (u =
0
0
hoc =90
0
) ta c composite lch trc.
Nh vy s c khi nim composite ng hng ngang ng trc
v lch trc; composite trc hng ng trc v lch trc
(a)
(b)
(c)
Hnh 12.1. Lp vt liu composite
Lp mat
Lp si ng phng
Lp si trc hng
Nn nha
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236
3. M T PTHH BI TON TRONG TRNG THI NG SUT
PHNG
xy dng m hnh tnh ton vt liu v kt cu composite bng
phng php PTHH, ta coi vt liu l ng nht v d hng (thng
gp l trc hng hoc ng hng ngang).
Nh gii thiu trong cc chng trc, trong qu trnh tnh ton
kt cu ta cn phi xy dng cc h thc sau:
1. Quan h gia chuyn v u vi chuyn v nt q ca phn t:
u = Nq (12.1)
trong N l cc hm dng, c xc nh c th tu thuc vo phn
t c s dng (xem chng 6, 7, 8, v.v)
2. Quan h gia bin dng vi cc chuyn v nt:
c = Bq (12.2)
trong B l ma trn lin h gia bin dng v chuyn v, l hm ca
cc to nt ca cc phn t.
3. Quan h n hi tuyn tnh gia ng sut vi bin dng:
o = Dc (12.3)
trong D l ma trn n hi ph thuc qui lut ng x ca vt liu.
R rng, ta cn phi bit qui lut ng x ca mt vt liu
composite cn tnh ton, c ngha l phi bit ma trn D. Di y ta s
lm quen vi ma trn D ca lp composite trc hng v ng hng
ngang chu trng thi ng sut phng.
3.1. Ma trn D i vi trng thi ng sut phng
Lp composite trc hng v ng hng ngang ng trc
Trong trng thi ng sut phng, quan h gia ng sut v bin
dng ca hai loi vt liu trn c cng mt dng:

12
2
1
66
12 12
12 11
12
2
1
0 0
0
0
c
c
o
o
o
Q
Q Q
Q Q
(12.4)
Hoc di dng c ng:
o = D c (12.5)
trong :
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237
=
66
12 12
12 11
0 0
0
0
Q
Q Q
Q Q
D (12.6)
vi

12 66
21 12
2
22
21 12
1 21
12
21 12
1
11
;
1
1
;
1
G Q
E
Q
E
Q
E
Q
=
=
v v
v v
v
v v
(12.7)
y, E
1
, E
2
, v
12
v G
12
l bn mun k thut c lp ca lp vt liu
composite.
Lp composite trc hng v ng hng ngang lch trc
Ta thng gp lp composite lch trc nh Hnh 12.2

Chng ta cn phi bit quan h ng sut-bin dng khi h trc
chnh (1, 2) ca lp vt liu khng trng vi h qui chiu (x, y).
Quay tenx ng sut t h trc (1, 2) n h trc (x, y), ta s c:
12
2
1
2 2
2 2
2 2
sin cos cos sin cos sin
cos sin 2 cos sin
cos sin 2 sin cos
o
o
o
u u u u u u
u u u u
u u u u
o
o
o
xy
y
x
(12.8)

Quay tenx bin dng t h trc (x,y) n h trc (1,2), ta s c:
2
y
y
z3
x
1
u
x
z3
Hnh 12.2. Lp composite lch trc
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238
xy
y
x
c
c
u u u u u u
u u u u
u u u u
c
c
2 2
2 2
2 2
12
2
1
sin cos cos sin 2 cos sin 2
cos sin cos sin
cos sin sin cos
(12.9)
T cc h thc (12.4), (12.7) v (12.8), ta tm c quan h gia ng
sut v bin dng trong h trc (x, y) nh sau:

xy
y
x
xy
y
x
Q Q Q
Q Q Q
Q Q Q
c
c
o
o
o
66 26 16
26 12 12
16 12 11
' ' '
' ' '
' ' '
(12.10)
Hoc di dng c ng:
o = D c (12.11)
trong
=
66 26 16
26 12 12
16 12 11
' ' '
' ' '
' ' '
Q Q Q
Q Q Q
Q Q Q
D (12.12)
vi:
( ) u u u u
2 2
66 12
4
22
4
11 11
sin cos 2 2 sin cos ' Q Q Q Q Q + + + =
( ) ( ) u u u u
2 2
22 11
4 4
12 12
sin cos sin cos ' Q Q Q Q + + + =
( ) ( ) u u u u
3
66 22 2 1
3
66 12 11 16
sin cos 2 sin cos 2 ' Q Q Q Q Q Q Q + + =

( ) u u u u
2 2
66 12
4
22
4
11 22
sin cos 2 2 cos sin ' Q Q Q Q Q + + + =
( ) ( ) u u u u sin cos 2 sin cos 2 '
3
66 22 2 1
3
66 12 11 26
Q Q Q Q Q Q Q + + =

( ) ( ) | | u u u u
2 2
66 12 22 11
4 4
66 66
sin cos 2 sin cos ' Q Q Q Q Q Q + + + + =

3.2. V d
Xt lp composite ng phng cacbon/epoxy c chiu dy 9,15
mm, chu lc nh Hnh 12.3. Bit p = 1750N/m ; E
1
=213740 mPa, E
2

= 18616 mPa, v
12
=0,28, G
12
= 5170 mPa; a = 3000 mm, b = 4000
mm. Hy xc nh chuyn v ti hai im A v B.

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239

Li gii
1. M hnh tnh
M hnh 2 phn t tam gic ba nt, mi nt c hai bc t do c
m t nh Hnh 12.3b
2. Bng nh v cc phn t
Bc t.do
Phn t
1 2 3 4 5 6
1 1 2 3 4 5 6
2 1 2 5 6 7 8
3. Tnh ma trn cng ca mi phn t
Ma trn cng ca mi phn t c tnh theo cng thc:
DB tAB k
T e
=
trong t = 9,15 mm, l dy phn t
A = 610
6
mm
2
l din tch phn t
B c xc nh theo cng thc (6.31) - Chng 6:
=
12 21 31 13 23 32
21 13 32
12 31 23
0 0 0
0 0 0
det
1
y x y x y x
x x x
y y y
J
B
x
p
a
b
A
B
y
Hnh 12.3. Tm vt liu composite lp n, chu ko
1
2
1 2
3 4
(a) (b)
t
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240
D c xc nh theo cng thc (12.12).
4. Tnh ma trn cng chung K
Ma trn K s c kch thc 88. Vi iu kin bin:
Q
1
=Q
2
= Q
7
= Q
8
=0
ta loi dng v ct 1, 2, 7, v 8. Khi y K ch cn:
+ +
+ +
=
2
44
1
66
2
43
1
65
1
64
1
63
2
34
1
56
2
33
1
55
1
54
1
53
1
46
1
45
1
44
1
43
1
36
1
35
1
34
1
33
K K K K K K
K K K K K K
K K K K
K K K K
K
5. Tnh lc qui i v nt
p dng cng thc (6.47) - Chng 6, ta c:
( ) N F
=
0
3500
0
3500

6. H phng trnh PTHH
Vi iu kin bin trn, ta thit lp c h phng trnh PTHH nh
sau:
0
3500
0
3500
126 0 6 , 75 2 , 25
0 7 , 162 8 , 37 3 , 28
6 , 75 8 , 37 126 63
2 , 25 3 , 28 63 7 , 162
10
6
5
4
3
3
Q
Q
Q
Q

Gii h phng trnh ta tm c cc chuyn v ti nt 2 v 3 tc l ti
im A v B ca tm:
( ) mm
Q
Q
Q
Q
4
4
4
4
6
5
4
3
10 106 , 40
10 51 , 270
10 32 , 42
10 5 , 273

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241
4. BI TON UN TM COMPOSITE LP THEO L THUYT
MINDLIN
4.1. M hnh ha vt liu composite nhiu lp theo l thuyt
Mindlin
Trong tnh ton k thut cc kt cu composite dng tm - v,
ngi ta phi da trn mt gi thit v trng chuyn v trong tm hay
cn gi l l thuyt tm; v l thuyt tm c vai tr quyt nh n
chnh xc ca li gii. Trc ht, ta xy dng mt s h thc c hc
cho vt liu composite lp theo l thuyt tm Mindlin.
Gi thit vt liu composite gm n lp nh Hnh 12.4, cc lp
c nh s theo th t t di ln trn. Mt phng trung bnh l mt
phng Oxy. Lp th k c xc nh bi chiu cao h
k-1
v h
k
.

a. Trng chuyn v
Cc thnh phn chuyn v u, v, w ca tm c biu din bi:
) , ( ) , ( ) , , (
0
y x z y x u z y x u
x
v + =

) , ( ) , ( ) , , (
0
y x z y x v z y x v
y
v + = (12.13)
) , ( ) , , (
0
y x w z y x w =

Trng chuyn v Mindlin ph thuc vo 5 hm s c lp: u
0
, v
0
, w
0
,
v
x
v v
y
. Trong : u
0
, v
0
v w
0
l cc chuyn v ca mt trung bnh;
v
x
, v
y
l cc chuyn v gc quanh cc trc y v x tng ng.
h
k-1

Hnh 12.4. S ha vt liu composite lp
z
y
x
h
k

Lp th k
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242
b. Trng bin dng
Trng bin dng c xc nh t trng chuyn v (12.13):
+ = + =
+ + + =
= + = + =
y y yz x x xz
x y y x x y xy
z y y y y x x x x
w w
z v u
z v z u
v v
v v
c v c v c
0
'
0
'
' '
0
'
0
'
'
0
' '
0
'
;
) ( ) (
0 ; ;
(12.14)
Tuy nhin, theo l thuyt Mindlin, cc bin dng ct
yz xz
, c
xem l hng s trong tt c cc lp vt liu v bng bin dng ca mt
trung bnh. Do , cc thnh phn bin dng ca mt im bt k thuc
tm s c biu din bi:
0 0 0
0 0
; ;
;
yz yz xz xz xy xy xy
y y y x x x
z
z z
k
k c c k c c
= = + =
+ = + =
(12.15)
trong
x y xy y y x x
v u v u , , ; , ; ,
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
+ = = = c c (12.16)
x y y x xy y y y x x x
, , ; , ; , v v k v k v k + = = = (12.17)
y y yz x x xz
w w v v + = + = , ; ,
0 0 0 0
(12.18)
tng ng l cc thnh phn bin dng mng, cong theo cc phng
x, phng y, bin dng xon k
xy
v cc thnh phn bin dng ct ngang.
c. Trng ng sut
Theo gi thit, ta b qua ng sut php theo phng z (o
z
= 0), khi
y trng ng sut trong lp th k c biu din qua cc h s
cng C
ij
nh sau:
k
xz
yz
xy
y
x
k k
xz
yz
xy
y
x
C C
C C
C C C
C C C
C C C
0
0
'
55
'
45
'
45
'
44
'
66
'
26
'
16
'
26
'
22
'
12
'
16
'
12
'
11
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
c
c
o
o
o
o
o
(12.19)
'
ij
C l cc hng s ca ma trn cng ca lp k trong h trc chung
(Oxyz), c xc nh nh sau:
c o
CT T C
1
'

= (12.20)
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243
Vi
1
o
T l ma trn nghch o ca ma trn bin i h c s ng sut
T
o
:
u u
u u
u u u u u u
u u u u
u u u u
o
cos sin 0 0 0
sin cos 0 0 0
0 0 sin cos cos sin cos sin
0 0 cos sin 2 cos sin
0 0 cos sin 2 sin cos
2 2
2 2
2 2
1
T
(12.21)
v
c
T l ma trn bin i h c s bin dng:

=
u u
u u
u u u u u u
u u u u
u u u u
c
cos sin 0 0 0
sin cos 0 0 0
0 0 sin cos cos sin 2 cos sin 2
0 0 cos sin cos sin
0 0 cos sin sin cos
2 2
2 2
2 2
T
(12.22)
C
ij
l cc hng s cng ca lp vt liu, c xc nh theo cc
mun k thut bi biu thc:
A
+
=
A
+
=
A
=
2 1
23 12 13
13
3 1
13 32 12
12
3 2
32 23
11
; ;
1
E E
C
E E
C
E E
C
v v v v v v v v
A
=
A
+
=
A
=
2 1
21 12
33
2 1
13 21 23
23
3 1
23 13
22
1
; ;
1
E E
C
E E
C
E E
C
v v v v v v v
12 66 13 55 23 44
; ; G C G C G C = = =
0
54 45 36 35 34 26 25 24 16 15 14
= = = = = = = = = = = C C C C C C C C C C C
3 2 1
13 32 21 31 13 32 23 21 12
2 1
E E E
v v v v v v v v v
= A
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244
d. Cc thnh phn ni lc
Tch phn biu thc (12.19) theo chiu dy tm, nhm a bi ton
ba chiu v bi ton hai chiu, ta nhn c cc thnh phn ni lc nh
sau:
Lc mng, mmen un v mmen xon:
{ } { } { } | |

=

)
=
n
k
h
h
xy
y
x
xy xy
y y
x x
k
k
dz z
M N
M N
M N
M N
1
1
1
o
o
o
(12.23)
Cc thnh phn lc ct:
{ }

=
)
`
=
)
`
=

=

0
0
55 45
45 44
1
1
xz
yz
n
k
h
h
xz
yz
x
y
A A
A A
dz
Q
Q
Q
k
k

o
o
(12.24)
vi:
| | 4,5 j i, ); ( '
1
1
= =

=
k k
k
n
k
ij ij
h h C A (12.25)
Trong tnh ton, c cc thnh phn ng sut ct t chnh xc
cao so vi li gii ca l thuyt n hi, ngi ta phi s dng thm
cc h s hiu chnh ng sut ct. Mindlin xut hm hiu chnh
di dng:
|
.
|
\
|
=
2
2 /
1
4
5
) (
h
z
z f (12.26)
Khi y, t (12.24) cc thnh phn lc ct s c tnh theo biu thc:
0
55
0
45
0
45
0
44 ;
xz yz x xz yz y
A A Q A A Q + = + = (12.27)
trong :
| |
=

=
=
n
k
k k k k
k
ij
ij
h
h h h h C A
1
2
3
1
3
1
4,5 j i, ;
1
) (
3
4
'
4
5
(12.28)
Ch : Hm hiu chnh (hay h s hiu chnh) c chn tu theo vt
liu v ph thuc vo tc gi. Chng hn, Reissner chn h s bng 5/6
cho tm trc hng v ng nht.
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245
e. Phng trnh ng x c hc ca tm nhiu lp.
Phng trnh quan h ca tm nhiu lp c vit di dng sau:
0
0
0
0
0
55 45
45 44
66 26 16 66 26 16
26 22 12 26 22 12
16 12 11 16 12 11
66 26 16 66 26 16
26 22 12 26 22 12
16 12 11 16 12 11
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
xz
yz
xy
y
x
xy
y
x
x
y
xy
y
x
xy
y
x
A A
A A
D D D B B B
D D D B B B
D D D B B B
B B B A A A
B B B A A A
B B B A A A
Q
Q
M
M
M
N
N
N
k
k
k
c
c
(12.29)
Hay c th vit di dng thu gn:
| |
| |
| |
| | | | | |
| | | | | |
| | | | | |
{ }
{ }
{ }
0
' 0 0
0
0
k
c
m
A
D B
B A
Q
M
N
(12.30)
trong :
A =[A
ij
] (i, j =1, 2, 6) l ma trn cng mng; D l ma trn
cng un; B l ma trn tng tc mng-un-xon; A =[A
ij
] (i, j
=4, 5) l ma trn cng ct. Cc phn t ca chng c xc
nh theo cc biu thc:
| | ) (
1
1
'
=
=
k
n
k
k
k
ij ij
h h Q A (12.31a)
| | ) (
2
1
2
1
2
1
'
=
=
k k
n
k
k
ij ij
h h Q B (12.31b)
| | ) (
3
1
3
1
3
1
'
=
=
k k
n
k
k
ij ij
h h Q D (12.31c)
{ } { }
T
xy y x m
0 0 0
c c c = l ma trn bin dng mng,
{ } { }
T
xy y x
k k k k = l ma trn cong ca tm chu un,
{ } { }
T
xz yz
0 0 0
= l ma trn bin dng ct ca mt trung bnh.
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246
4.2. M hnh ha PTHH bi ton tm composite lp chu un
Di y, chng ta s s dng phn t t gic ng tham s, bn
nt nh gii bi ton un tm composite.
a. Vct chuyn v nt phn t
Theo l thuyt chuyn v bc nht ca Mindlin trn y, ti mi
nt ca phn t s c 5 thnh phn chuyn v:
{ }
T
i x i y
i i i
i
w v u d u u
0 0 0
= (12.32)
Cc thnh phn chuyn v ny tng ng vi 5 bc t do ti mi nt:
{ }
T
i i i i i i
q q q q q q
4 3 2 1 + + + +
= (12.33)
b. Vct bin dng
Vct chuyn v ti mt im bt k ca phn t tm l:
{ }
T
x y
w v u d u u
0 0 0
= (12.34)
Vct ny c xc nh nh php ni suy t cc chuyn v nt v cc
hm dng:
i
i
i
d N d

=
=
4
1
(12.35)
Trong (nhc li v phn t t gic bc nht ng tham s): cc hm
dng v o hm ca chng c biu din nh sau:
( )( ) ( )( ) ( )( ) ( )( ) | | n c n c n c n c + + + + = 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
4
1
N (12.36a)
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) | |
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) | |
+ + =
+ + =
c c c c
n n n n
n
c
1 1 1 1
4
1
1 1 1 1
4
1
'
'
N
N
(12.36b)
To hnh hc ca mt im bt k trong phn t cng c ni suy
t to cc im nt nh sau:
x = N
1
x
1
+ N
2
x
2
+ N
3
x
3
+ N
4
x
4

y = N
1
y
1
+ N
2
y
2
+ N
3
y
3
+ N
4
x
5
(12.37)
Quan h gia cc o hm ring trong cc h to thc v h to
quy chiu ca mt hm f bt k c biu din nh sau:
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247
c c c c
c
c
c
+
c
c
c
c
=
c
c y
y
f x
x
f f

v
y
y
f x
x
f f
c
c
c
c
+
c
c
c
c
=
c
c
n n
(12.38)
Hay
c
c
c
c
=
c
c
c
c
y
f
x
f
J
f
f
n
c
(12.39)
Vi J l ma trn Jacobian c xc nh bi:
c
c
=
c
c
=
c
c
=
c
c
=
c
c
=
c
c
=
c
c
=
c
c
=

= =
= =
4
1
22
4
1
21
4
1
12
4
1
11
;
;
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
y
N x
J x
N x
J
y
N y
J x
N x
J
n n n n
c c c c
(12.40)
Thay (12.36b) vo (12.40) ta c:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
4 3 2 1 11
1
4
1
1
4
1
1
4
1
1
4
1
x x x x J n n n n + + + + = (12.41a)
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
4 3 2 1 12
1
4
1
1
4
1
1
4
1
1
4
1
y y y y J n n n n + + + + = (12.41b)
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
4 3 2 1 21
1
4
1
1
4
1
1
4
1
1
4
1
x x x x J c c c c + + + = (12.41c)
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
4 3 2 1 22
1
4
1
1
4
1
1
4
1
1
4
1
y y y y J c c c c + + + = (12.41d)
V quan h ngc:
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
=
c
c
c
c
n
c
n
c
f
f
J J
J J
J
f
f
J
y
f
x
f
11 21
12 22 1
det
1
(12.42)
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248
Khi , trng bin dng c xc nh qua vct chuyn v di
dng:
d
L
L
L
m
3
2
1
0
k
c
(12.43)
Trong : L
i
l cc ma trn ton t o hm c biu din nh sau:
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
=
0 0 0
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
1
x y
y
x
L
;
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
=
x y
y
x
L
0 0 0
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
2
;
c
c
c
c
=
0 1 0 0
1 0 0 0
3
x
y
L
(12.44)
Gi a l vct chuyn v nt ca phn t:
{ } { }
T T T T T
d d d d a
4 3 2 1
= (12.45)
Khi , cc thnh phn bin dng c biu din qua vct chuyn v
nt phn t nh sau:
{ }

=
= = =
4
1
1 1 1
i
i i m
a B d N L d L c (12.46a)
{ }

=
= = =
4
1
2 2 2
i
i i
a B d N L d L k (12.46b)
{ }

=
= = =
4
1
3 3 3
0
i
i i
a B d N L q L (12.46c)
Trong B
i
c gi l cc ma trn bin dng-chuyn v v c xc
nh nh sau:
=
4
1
3
1
2
1
1
1
1
N L N L N L N L B (12.47a)
=
4
2
3
2
2
2
1
2
2
N L N L N L N L B (12.47b)
=
4
3
3
3
2
3
1
3
3
N L N L N L N L B (12.47c)
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249
c. Ma trn cng ca phn t ca tm
Biu thc ca nng lng bin dng n hi l:
dV U
V
T
e
o c
=
2
1
(12.49)
Khai trin (12.49), vi ch 0 =
z
o ta c:
( )dzdS U
S
h
h
xz xz yz yz xy xy y y x x e

+ + + + =
2
2
2
1
o o o o c o c (12.50)
Thay cc quan h ni lc ng sut (12.14) v (12.19) vo (12.50), ri
ly tch phn dc theo z ta s c biu thc nng lng bin dng n
hi nh sau:
dS
Q Q M k N
M k N M k N
U
S xz xz yz yz xy xy xy xy
y y y y x x x x
e

|
|
.
|
\
|
+ + +
+ + + +
=
0 0 0
0 0
2
1

c c
(12.51)
Thay biu thc (12.30) vo (12.51) ta c:
{ } | |{ } { } | |{ }
{ } | |{ } { } | |{ } { } | |{ }
dS
A k D k B k
k B A
U
Se
T
T
m
T
T
m m
T
m
e

+ +
+ +
=
0 ' 0
2
1
c
c c c
(12.52)
Thay cc biu thc (12.44a-c) vo (12.52) ta c:
dS
a B A B a a DB B a
a BB B a a BB B a a AB B a
U
Se
T T T T
T T T T T T
e

+ +
+ +
=
2 3 2 2
1 2 2 1 1 1
'
2
1
(12.53)
Cui cng, ta c th vit (12.53) di dng c ng sau:
| |a k a U
e T
e
2
1
= (12.54)
Trong
e
k c gi l ma trn cng phn t nh sau:
| |dS B A B DB B BB B BB B AB B k
Se
T T T T T e
+ + + + =
3 3 2 2 1 2 2 1 1 1
' (12.55)
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250
d. Vct lc nt phn t
Cng do ti trng phn b p(x,y) tc dng vung gc vi b mt tm
c biu din bi biu thc:
| | { }

=
e e
S
T
P
T
S
dS y x p B a dS y x w y x p ) , ( ) , ( ) , ( (12.56)
Vi phn t t gic bn nt, ma trn B
p
c xc nh bi:
=
4 3 2 1 p p p p p
B B B B B (12.57)
vi:
( )( )

= 0 0 1 1
4
1
0 0
1
n c
p
L (12.58a)
( )( )

+ = 0 0 1 1
4
1
0 0
2
n c
p
L (12.58b)
( )( )

+ + = 0 0 1 1
4
1
0 0
3
n c
p
L (12.58c)
( )( )

+ = 0 0 1 1
4
1
0 0
4
n c
p
L (12.58d)
5. CHNG TRNH TNH TM COMPOSITE LP CHU UN
Xt tm composite lp ch nht vi lin kt bn l trn 4 cnh chu
un bi ti trng phn b u nh Hnh 12.5. Tm vng ca tm da
trn l thuyt tm Mindlin. Kch thc ca tm ch nht: a=254 mm,
b=508mm, h=12,7mm; cu hnh i xng, ng trc:(90
0
/0
0
/0
0
/90
0
); ti
trng phn b u trn ton b b mt tm: p=0,6895 N/mm
2
. C tnh
ca cc lp nh nhau: E
1
=144,8 gPa, E
2
=E
3
=9,65 gPa, G
12
=G
13
=4,14
gPa, G
23
=3,45 gPa; cc h s Poatxong : 3 , 0
23 13 12
= = = v v v .
y, vi ma trn cng un phn t, ta ly tch phn s 22
im Gauss; vi ma trn cng ct, ta ly tch phn s 1 im Gauss.
iu kin bin s c m t nh sau:
- Ti cc nt nm trn cc cnh bin song song vi trc x: u, w v u
x

bng khng.
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251
- Ti cc nt nm trn cc cnh bin song song vi trc y: v, w v u
y

bng khng.

Chng trnh ngun
%----------------------------------------------------------------------------
% Chuong trinh chuong 12 Vi du 12.2 (P12_2)
z
y
x
1 2 3 4
5
6 7
8 9
1
Hnh 12.5. (a). S ho tm composite ch nht chu un
(b). Li 44 phn t trn tm ch nht
(b)
(a)
p
2 3 4
5 6 7 8
9 10 11 12
13 14 15 16
10
11 12 13 14 15
16 17 18 19 20
21
22 23 24 25
y
a
b
h
x
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%----------------------------------------------------------------------------
% Mo ta bai toan
% Tam composite, chiu lien ket tua ban le tren 4 canh; chiu tai trong
deu.
% Tim do vong cua tam, su dung phan tu tu giac bac nhat dang tham
so
% dua tren ly thuyet tam bac nhat Mindlin. (so do luoi nhu Hinh 12.5)
% Mo ta cac bien
% kb = ma tran do cung phan tu ung voi cac thanh phan uon
% ks = ma tran do cung phan tu ung voi cac thanh phan cat
% kk = ma trando cung tong the
% ff = vecto luc nut phan tu
% gcoord = toa do nut tong the
% nodes = bang dinh vi nut phan tu
% pointb = toa do cac diem Gauss cho tich phan so cac thanh phan
uon
% weightb = he so trong so cac diem Gauss cho cac thanh phan uon
% points = toa do cac diem Gauss cho tich phan so cac thanh phan cat
% weights = he so trong so cac diem Gauss cho cac thanh phan cat
% bcdof = cac chuyen vi nut chiu rang buoc boi dieu kien bien
% bcval = gia tri cac chuyen vi nut chiu rang buoc
% B_b = ma tran bien dang - chuyen vi doi voi cac bien dang uon
% D_b = ma tran do cung chong uon cua vat lieu
% B_s = ma tran bien dang - chuyen vi doi voi cac bien dang cat
% D_s = ma tran do cung chong cat cua vat lieu
%----------------------------------------------------------------------------
%-----------------------------------------
% cac tham so dieu khien luoi
%-----------------------------------------
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clear
noe_x=4; % so luong phan tu theo phuong x
noe_y=4; % so luong phan tu theo phuong y
noe=noe_x*noe_y; % tong so phan tu cua he
nnel=4; % so luong nut cua phan tu
ndof=5; % so bac tu do cua nut
nnode=(noe_x+1)*(noe_y+1); % tong so nut cua he
lop=254; % kich thuoc (chieu dai) tam (mm)
ratio_b_a=2;
wop=lop*ratio_b_a; % kich thuoc (chieu rong) tam (mm)
ratio_h_a=0.05;
nol_p=4; % so lop vat lieu
top = lop*ratio_h_a; % chieu day tam
aol_p=[0 90*pi/180 90*pi/180 0]; % cac goc dat cot (radial)

nog_xb=2; nog_yb=2; % 2x2 diem Gauss-Legendre cho TP uon
nog_b=nog_xb*nog_yb; % tong so diem Gauss
nog_xs=1; nog_ys=1; % 1x1 Gauss-Legendre cho TP cat
nog_s=nog_xs*nog_ys; % tong so diem Gauss
%------------------------------------------
% du lieu tinh chat cau vat lieu lop
%------------------------------------------
type_material=1; % chon 1 trong cac loai vat lieu
switch (type_material)
case 1
emodule_1=175.0e3; % modul dan hoi E_1 (N/mm^2)
emodule_2=emodule_1/25; % modul dan hoi E_2
emodule_3=emodule_2; % modul dan hoi E_3
gmodule_12=0.5*emodule_2; % modul dan hoi truot G_12
gmodule_13=gmodule_12; % modul dan hoi truot G_13
gmodule_23=0.2*emodule_2; % modul dan hoi truot G_23
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% He so Poisson
nuy_12 = 0.25; nuy_13 = 0.25; nuy_23 = 0.45;
case 2
emodule_1=144.8e3;
emodule_2=9.65e3;
emodule_3=emodule_2;
gmodule_12=4.14e3;
gmodule_13=gmodule_12;
gmodule_23=3.45e3;
nuy_12 = 0.3;
nuy_13 = 0.3;
nuy_23 = 0.49;
case 3
emodule_1=19.2*psi_Pa;
emodule_2=1.56*psi_Pa;
emodule_3=emodule_2;
gmodule_12=0.82*psi_Pa;
gmodule_13=gmodule_12;
gmodule_23=0.49*psi_Pa;
nuy_12 = 0.24;
nuy_13 = 0.24;
nuy_23 = 0.49;
end
%----------------------------
% tai trong gay uon phan bo deu
%----------------------------
p=13.8e-3; % tai trong phan bo deu (N/mm^2)
%---------------------------------------------
% du lieu toa do nut gcoord(i,j)
% trong do, i la chi so nut va j=1, chi toa do x va j=2 chi toa do y
%---------------------------------------------
len_x_elm = lop/noe_x;
len_y_elm = wop/noe_y;
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for row_index=1:noe_y+1
for col_index=1:noe_x+1
gcoord(((row_index-1)*(noe_x+1)+col_index),1) =
gcoord(((row_index-1)*(noe_x+1)+col_index),2) =
end
end
%---------------------------------------------------------
% Tinh do cao tam lop cua cac lop vat lieu
%---------------------------------------------------------
z_p(1)= -top/2.0;
for k=1:nol_p
tol_p(k)=top/nol_p; % do day cua cac lop deu nhau (mm)
z_p(k+1)=z_p(k)+tol_p(k);
end
%---------------------------------------------------------
% du lieu cua mang chi so nut tong the cua moi phan tu
% nodes(i,j), trong do i la chi so phan tu, j la chi so nut
%---------------------------------------------------------
% nodes=[1 2 5 4; 2 3 6 5; 4 5 8 7; 5 6 9 8]; % 4 phan tu 4 nut.
for row=1:noe_y
for col=1:noe_x
elm=(row-1)*noe_x+col;
nodes(elm,1)= (row-1)+elm;
nodes(elm,2)= nodes(elm,1)+1;
nodes(elm,4)= nodes(elm,1)+(noe_x+1);
nodes(elm,3)= nodes(elm,4)+1;
end
end
%--------------------------------------------
% dieu kien bien
%--------------------------------------------
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i=1;
for node_indx=1:nnode
temp_n=(node_indx-1)*5;
% cac bien x=0 va x=a
if ((gcoord(node_indx,1)= =0)||(gcoord(node_indx,1)= =lop))
bcdof(i)=temp_n+2; % v_i
i=i+1;
bcdof(i)=temp_n+3; % w_i
i=i+1;
bcdof(i)=temp_n+5; % teta_x_i
i=i+1;
end
% cac bien y=0 va y=b
if ((gcoord(node_indx,2)==0)||(gcoord(node_indx,2)==wop))
bcdof(i)=temp_n+1; % u_i =0
i=i+1;
% tranh cap nhat cac nut goc
if ((gcoord(node_indx,1)~= 0)&&(gcoord(node_indx,1)~=lop))
bcdof(i)=temp_n+3;
i=i+1;
end
bcdof(i)=temp_n+4;
i=i+1;
end
end
bcval=zeros(size(bcdof)); % gia tri cac chuyen vi nut bi rang buoc =
0
%----------------------------------------------
% khoi tao cac vec to va ma tran
%----------------------------------------------
ff=zeros(sdof,1);
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A=zeros(3,3); % ma tran do cung mang
B=zeros(3,3); % ma tran tuong tac mang-uon-xoan
D=zeros(3,3); % ma tran do cung uon
A_t=zeros(2,2); % ma tran do cung cat
%-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
% tinh ma tran do cung phan tu, vecto luc nut va ghep noi phan tu
%-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
%
% voi cac thanh phan gay uon
% xac dinh toa do va trong so cac diem gauss
[pointb,weightb]=Gauss_Point_2D(nog_xb,nog_yb);
% voi cac thanh phan gay cat
% xac dinh toa do va trong so cac diem gauss
[points,weights]=Gauss_Point_2D(nog_xs,nog_ys);
% tinh cac ma tran do cung vat lieu
[A, B, D, A_t]=ABD_matrix(emodule_1,emodule_2,emodule_3,...
gmodule_12,gmodule_13,gmodule_23,
nuy_12,nuy_13,nuy_23,nol_p,aol_p,
z_p);
for i=1:nnel
nd(i)=nodes(iel,i); % chi so tong nut the cua phan tu (iel)
xcoord(i)=gcoord(nd(i),1); % toa do nut (phuong x)
ycoord(i)=gcoord(nd(i),2); % toa do nut (phuong y)
end
k=zeros(edof,edof);
f=zeros(edof,1);
kb=zeros(edof,edof);
ks=zeros(edof,edof);
%------------------------------------------------------
% tinh tich phan so cac thanh phan uon
%------------------------------------------------------
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for intx=1:nog_xb
x=pointb(intx,1); % toa do diem Gauss (phuong x)
wtx=weightb(intx,1); % trong so diem Gauss (phuong x)
for inty=1:nog_yb
y=pointb(inty,2); % toa do diem Gauss (phuong y)
wty=weightb(inty,2) ; % trong so diem Gauss (phuong y)
% tinh cac ham dang va dao ham tai cac diem Gauss
% tinh ma tran Jacobian
% xac dinh dao ham ham dang trong he toa do vat ly
for i=1:nnel
end
% xac dinh ma tran chuyen vi bien dang
[B1, B2]=Bb_matrix_com1(nnel,dhdx,dhdy);
B_p= Bp_matrix_com1(nnel,shape,edof);
%--------------------------------------------
% tinh ma tran do cung ung voi thanh phan uon
%--------------------------------------------
kb=kb+(B1'*A*B1+B1'*B*B2+B2'*B*B1+B2'*D*B2)
*wtx*wty*detjacob;
%--------------------------------------------
% tinh vecto luc nut phan tu
%--------------------------------------------
f=f+B_p'*wtx*wty*detjacob*p;
end
end % ket thuc doan chuong trinh tich phan so
%------------------------------------------------------
% tinh tich phan so cac thanh phan cat
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%------------------------------------------------------
for intx=1:nog_xs
x=points(intx,1);
wtx=weights(intx,1);
for inty=1:nog_ys
y=points(inty,2);
wty=weights(inty,2) ;
% tinh cac ham dang va dao ham tai cac diem Gauss
% tinh ma tran Jacobian
% xac dinh dao ham ham dang trong he toa do vat ly
for i=1:nnel
end
% xac dinh ma tran chuyen vi bien dang
B_s=Bs_matrix_com1(nnel,dhdx,dhdy,shape);
%----------------------------------------
% tinh ma tran do cung ung voi thanh phan cat
%----------------------------------------
ks=ks+B_s'*A_t*B_s*wtx*wty*detjacob;
end
end % ket thuc doan chuong trinh tich phan so
%--------------------------------
%--------------------------------
k=kb+ks;
% xay dung bang ghep noi phan tu
kk=kk_build_2D(kk,k,index); % ghep noi ma tran do cunng tong
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the
ff=ff_build_2D(ff,f,index); % ghep noi vecto luc nut tong the
end
%------------------------------------
%------------------------------------
%---------------------------------
%---------------------------------
disp=kk\ff;
for node=1:nnode
displace(node)=disp((node-1)*5+3);
end
num=1:1:nnode;
Result=[num' displace'] % in ket qua
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function [A, B, D,
A_t]=ABD_matrix(emodule_1,emodule_2,emodule_3,...
gmodule_12,gmodule_13,gmodule_23,
nuy_12,nuy_13,nuy_23,nol_p,aol_p, z_p)
%------------------------------------------------------------------------
% Muc dich:
% xac dinh cac ma tran do cung vat lieu composite lop
% Cu phap:
% [A, B, D]=ABD_matrix(emodule_1,emodule_2,emodule_3,...
% gmodule_12,gmodule_13,gmodule_23,
% nuy_12,nuy_13,nuy_23,nol_p,aol_p)
%------------------------------------------------------------------------
% Tinh toan cac ma tran do cung cua cac lop
nuy_21 = nuy_12*emodule_2/emodule_1;
temp_delta = 1-nuy_12*nuy_21;
U1=(emodule_1+emodule_2+2*nuy_12*emodule_2)/(8*temp_delta);
U2=(temp_delta*gmodule_12-nuy_12*emodule_2)/(2*temp_delta);
U3=(emodule_1-emodule_2)/(2*temp_delta);
U4=(emodule_1+emodule_2-2*nuy_12*emodule_2-
4*temp_delta*gmodule_12)/(8*temp_delta);

for k=1:nol_p
% C(k,i,j): the k layer, i row, j column of hardness coefficient matrix
C(1,1,k)=3*U1+U2+U3*cos(2*aol_p(k))+U4*cos(4*aol_p(k));
C(2,2,k)=3*U1+U2-U3*cos(2*aol_p(k))+U4*cos(4*aol_p(k));
C(1,2,k)=U1-U2-U4*cos(4*aol_p(k));
C(2,1,k)=C(1,2,k);
C(3,3,k)=U1+U2-U4*cos(4*aol_p(k));
C(1,3,k)=0.5*U3*sin(2*aol_p(k))+U4*sin(4*aol_p(k));
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C(3,1,k)=C(1,3,k);
C(2,3,k)=0.5*U3*sin(2*aol_p(k))-U4*sin(4*aol_p(k));
C(3,2,k)=C(2,3,k);
C(4,4,k)=cos(aol_p(k))*cos(aol_p(k))*gmodule_13 +
sin(aol_p(k))*sin(aol_p(k))*gmodule_23;
C(5,5,k)=sin(aol_p(k))*sin(aol_p(k))*gmodule_13 +
cos(aol_p(k))*cos(aol_p(k))*gmodule_23;
C(4,5,k)=cos(aol_p(k))*sin(aol_p(k))*
(gmodule_13-gmodule_23);
C(5,4,k)=C(4,5,k);
end
for i=1:5
for j=1:5
Temp1(i,j)=0;
Temp2(i,j)=0;
Temp3(i,j)=0;
for k=1:nol_p
Temp1(i,j) = Temp1(i,j) + C(i,j,k)*(z_p(k+1)-z_p(k));
Temp2(i,j) = Temp2(i,j) + C(i,j,k)*((z_p(k+1)^2)-(z_p(k)^2))/2;
Temp3(i,j) = Temp3(i,j) + C(i,j,k)*((z_p(k+1)^3)-(z_p(k)^3))/3;
end
end
end
for i=1:3
for j=1:3
A(i,j) = Temp1(i,j);
B(i,j) = Temp2(i,j);
D(i,j) = Temp3(i,j);
end
end
for i=1:2
for j=1:2
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A_t(i,j) = Temp1(i+3,j+3)*5.0/6.0; % 5/6 He so hieu chinh
end
end
%--------------------------------------------------------------------------
%--------------------------------------------------------------------------
function [B1,B2]=Bb_matrix_com1(nnel,dhdx,dhdy)
%--------------------------------------------------------------------------
% Muc dich:
% xac dinh cac ma tran chuyen vi bien dang
% cua cac thanh phan chuyen vi uon va do cong
% Cu phap:
% [B1, B2]=Bb_matrix_com1(nnel,dhdx,dhdy)
% Mo ta cac bien:
%--------------------------------------------------------------------------
for row =1:3
for col=1:nnel*5
B1(row,col)=0;
B2(row,col)=0;
end
end
for i=1:nnel
i1=(i-1)*5+1;
i2=i1+1;
i3=i1+3;
i4=i3+1;
B1(1,i1)=dhdx(i);
B1(2,i2)=dhdy(i);
B1(3,i1)=dhdy(i);
B1(3,i2)=dhdx(i);
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B2(1,i3)=dhdx(i);
B2(2,i4)=dhdy(i);
B2(3,i3)=dhdy(i);
B2(3,i4)=dhdx(i);
end

%------------------------------------------------------------------------
function [B_p]=Bp_matrix_com1(nnel,shape,edof)
%------------------------------------------------------------------------
% Muc dich:
% xac dinh vecto dinh vi luc nut phan tu
% Cu phap:
% [B_p]=Bp_matrix_com1(nnel,shape, edof)
% Mo ta cac bien:
% nnel so luong nut cua phan tu
% shape ham dang
% edof - so bac tu do cua phan tu
%------------------------------------------------------------------------
B_p=zeros(1,edof); % khoi tao vecto B_p

for i=1:nnel
ii=(i-1)*5+3;
B_p(1,ii)=shape(i);
end

%------------------------------------------------------------------------
%------------------------------------------------------------------------
function [B_s]=Bs_matrix_com1(nnel,dhdx,dhdy,shape)
%------------------------------------------------------------------------
% Muc dich:
% xac dinh ma tran quan he chuyen vi bien dang
% cua cac thanh phan bien dang cat
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265
% Cu phap:
% [B_s]=Bs_matrix_com1(nnel,dhdx,dhdy,shape)
% Mo ta cac bien:
% shape - ham dang
%------------------------------------------------------------------------
for row =1:2
for col=1:nnel*5
B_s(row,col)=0;
end
end
for i=1:nnel
i1=(i-1)*5+3;
i2=i1+2;
i3=i1+1;
B_s(1,i1)=dhdy(i);
B_s(1,i2)=shape(i);
B_s(2,i1)=dhdx(i);
B_s(2,i3)=shape(i);
end

Kt qu s
Result =
Nt s vng (mm)
1 0
2 0
3 0
4 0
5 0
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6 0
7 0.0210
8 0.0291
9 0.0210
10 0
11 0
12 0.0256
13 0.0361
14 0.0256
15 0
16 0
17 0.0210
18 0.0291
19 0.0210
20 0
21 0
22 0
23 0
24 0
25 0
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267
6. BI TP
12.1-12.3. Pht trin chng trnh P12_2 cho bi ton cho
trong V d 12.2, nhng thay lin kt n trn 4 cnh ca tm bng cc
dng sau y:
a. Lin kt ngm (N) mt bin y = 0 (TTNT);
b. Lin kt ngm bin y = 0 v lin kt ta bn l (B) bin y = b
(TTNB);
c. Lin kt ngm ti 2 bin y = 0 v y =b (TTNN).
12.4-12.6. Pht trin chng trnh P12_2 cho bi ton cho
trong V d 12.2, vi cc yu cu ca bi 12.1-12.3, nhng thay ti
trng phn b u trn b mt tm thnh ti trng phn b sin nh sau:
( ) mm / N p ;
b
y
sin
a
x
sin p p 1
0 0
= =
t t

12.7. Pht trin chng trnh P12_2 tnh ton vng ln
nht v cc thnh phn ng sut ti im ca tm hnh vung c cu
hnh lp vung xen lp (0
o
/90
o
/0
o
/90
o
/...), s cc cp lp (0
o
/90
o
) quy
c l n, ln lt l n=1, n=5 v n=10. Vt liu ca cc lp l nh
nhau, c c tnh l E
1
/E
2
= 25 = 280 gPa, G
12
= G
13
= 0,5E
2
, G
23
= 0,2
E
2
, v
12
=0,25. Xt bi ton vi cc iu kin bin khc nhau v chu ti
trng gy un phn b sin nh cho trong bi 12.3-12.6. Trong cc
trng hp tnh ton, cc cnh bin x = 0 v x = a chu lin kt n
(BB), hai cnh cn li s l (NN), (BB) v (TT). S dng phn t t
gic bc nht ng tham s v kho st bi ton vi cc mt li
khc nhau 33; 44; 66 v 88. Chiu dy cc lp c xc nh
trong tng trng hp c th, vi quy nh t l a/h = 100.
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268

Chng 13
PHN T HU HN
TRONG BI TON NG LC HC KT CU
1. GII THIU
Trong cc chng trc, chng ta xt cc kt cu chu tc dng
ca ti trng tnh. Trong k thut, ta cn gp cc kt cu chu lc tc
dng tc thi ca lc hoc lc thay i theo thi gian, khi y khi
lng v gia tc ng vai tr quan trng.
Gi s mt kt cu b bin dng n hi, nu ta loi b lc tc
dng mt cch tc thi, khi y kt cu s dao ng xung quanh v tr
cn bng. Chuyn ng c chu k ny c gi l dao ng t do. S
chu k trong mt n v thi gian c gi l tn s; chuyn v ln
nht t v tr cn bng c gi l bin .
Di y ta xt bi ton dao ng t do khng c lc cn ca vt
(kt cu).
2. M T BI TON
Ngi ta nh ngha Lagrangean L l hiu ca ng nng T v th
nng H ca vt (hay h) nh sau:
L = T - H (13.1)
Nguyn l Haminton
Trong mt khong thi gian bt k t t
1
n t
2
, trng thi chuyn
ng ca vt s lm cc tr phim hm:
=
2
1
t
t
Ldt I (13.2)
Biu din L theo cc bin m rng ( )
n n
q q q q q q , , , , ,
2 1 2 1
; trong

t
q
q
i
i
c
c
= . Khi , cc phng trnh chuyn ng s c vit di
dng:
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269
n i
q
L
q
L
dt
d
i i
, , 2 , 1 ; 0
= =
c
c
|
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
(13.3)
minh ho, chng ta xt v d sau:
V d
Kho st h gm hai khi lng
tp trung m
1
, m
2
ni vi nhau bi cc
l xo c cng k
1
v k
2
nh Hnh
13.1.
ng nng v th nng ca h c
xc nh bi:

2
2 2
2
1 1
2
1
2
1
x m x m T + =
( )
2
1 2 2
2
1 1
2
1
2
1
x x k x k + = I

p dng L = T - H, ta thu c phng trnh chuyn ng
( )
( ) 0
0
1 2 2 2 2
2 2
1 2 2 1 1 1 1
1 1
= + =
c
c
|
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
= + =
c
c
|
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
x x k x m
x
L
x
L
dt
d
x x k x k x m
x
L
x
L
dt
d

Hoc di dng ma trn:
=
)
`
+
+
)
`
0
0
0
0
2
1
2 2
2 2 1
2
1
2
1
x
x
k k
k k k
x
x
m
m

Hay di dng c ng hn:
0 = + KX X M

(13.4)
Trong M l ma trn ca cc khi lng ca cc phn t hu hn ca
h, K l ma trn cng, X l ma trn chuyn v, X

l ma trn gia tc.
1 1
, x x
2 2
, x x
k
1

k
2

m
2

m
1

Hnh 13.1. H l xo-khi lng
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270
3. VT RN C KHI LNG PHN B
Kho st mt vt rn vi khi lng phn b (Hnh 13.2).

Biu thc xc nh th nng trnh by trong (1.9) - Chng 1, cn
ng nng c xc nh bi:
=
V
T
dV u u T p
2
1
(13.5)
Trong p l khi lng ring ca vt liu; u l vct vn tc ti im
x vi cc thnh phn u , v v w .
{ }
T
w v u u = (13.6)
Theo phng php PTHH, vt th c chia thnh cc phn t; trong
mi phn t, ta biu din chuyn v u theo cc chuyn v nt q nh cc
hm dng N:
u = N q (13.7)
Trong cc bi ton ng lc hc, cc thnh phn chuyn v q ph thuc
vo thi gian. V vy, vct vn tc c xc nh bi:
q N u = (13.8)
Thay (13.8) vo (13.5) ta thu c ng nng ca phn t:
q dV N N q T
e
T T

=

p
2
1
(13.9)
Biu thc trong ngoc c gi l ma trn khi lng ca phn t:
=
e
T e
dV N N m p (13.10)
y
x
z
u u ,
v v ,
w w ,
dV
V
Hnh 13.2. Vt c khi lng phn b
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271
ng nng ca c vt (h) c xc nh bi:
Q M Q q m q T T
T
e
e T
e
e

2
1
2
1
= = =

(13.11)
Mt khc, th nng ca vt (h) c xc nh bi:
F Q KQ Q
T T
= I
2
1
(13.12)
p dng h thc (13.3), ta thu c phng trnh chuyn ng
F KQ Q M = +

(13.13)
Trong M l ma trn khi lng ca cc phn t hu hn ca h do
cc khi lng phn b qui i ra.
Trong trng hp vt dao ng t do, F = 0, do :
0 = + KQ Q M

(13.14)
Khi dao ng t do, tt c cc im ca h dao ng cng pha, v vy
ta c th vit:
Q = U sin et (13.15)
trong U l vct dao ng nt v e (rad/s) l tn s gc.
Th phng trnh (13.15) vo (13.14), ta c:
KU = e
2
M U (13.16)
y l bi ton tr ring tng qut. Ta cng c th vit (13.16) di
dng:
KU = M U (13.17)
y, U l vct ring, biu th dng dao ng ng vi tr ring . Tr
ring l bnh phng ca tn s gc e, cn tn s f = e/2t c o
bng Hz (s chu k/giy). Mi gi tr tn s e ng vi mt dng dao
ng c th. C nhiu phng php gii h phng trnh (13.17) tm
cc tr ring v dng dao ng ca h (xem thm gio trnh phng
php tnh).
Trong thc hnh, ngi ta hay dng cc chng trnh gii bi ton
tr ring.
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272
4. MA TRN KHI LNG CA PHN T C KHI LNG
PHN B
Xt mt vt liu c khi lng ring p bng hng s. T cng thc
(13.10) ta c:
=
e
T e
dV N N m p (13.18)
4.1. Phn t mt chiu
Vi phn t mt chiu nh m t trong Hnh 13.3.

Ta c:
{ }
T
q q q
2 1
=
| |

+
= =
2
1
2
1
2 1
c c
N N N (13.19)
Khi :
= = =

2 1
1 2
6 2
1
1
e e T e e
e
e
T e
l A
Nd N
l A
dx A N N m
p
c
p
p (13.20)
4.2. Phn t trong h thanh phng
Phn t gin, nh m t trong Hnh 13.4.

Ta c:
1
q
1

q
2

l
e

Hnh 13. 3. Phn t 1 chiu
dV=Adx
2
1
Hnh 13.4. Phn t gin

2
q
3

q
4

q
1

q
2

u
v
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273
| | { }
=
= =
2 1
2 1
4 3 2 1
0 0
0 0
;
N N
N N
N
q q q q q v u u
T T
(13.21)
Trong N
1
, N
2
cng c xc nh theo (13.19)
Tng t nh trn, ma trn khi lng ca phn t gin cng c xc
nh theo biu thc:

=
2 0 1 0
0 2 0 1
1 0 2 0
0 1 0 2
6
e e e
l A
m
p
(13.22)
4.3. Phn t tam gic
Vi phn t hu hn tam gic bin
dng hng s, Hnh 13.5.
ta c:
| |
{ }
n c n c = = =
=
=
=
3 1 1
3 2 1
3 2 1
6 5 4 3 2 1
; ; 1
0 0 0
0 0 0
;
N N N
N N N
N N N
N
q q q q q q q
v u u
T
T

Ch rng:
;
12
1
;
6
1
2 1
2
1 e
e
e
e
A dA N N A dA N = =

Khi , ma trn khi lng ca phn t c xc nh bi:

=
2 0 1 0 1 0
0 2 0 1 0 1
1 0 2 0 1 0
0 1 0 2 0 1
1 0 1 0 2 0
0 1 0 1 0 2
12
e e e
t A
m
p
(13.23)
1
q
1

q
2

2
q
3

q
4

3
q
5

q
6

u
v
x
y
Hnh 13.5. Phn t tam gic phng
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274
4.4. Phn t tam gic i xng trc
Vi phn t tam gic i xng trc, ta c
| |
T
w u u =
Trong u v w l cc chuyn v hng knh v hng trc. Vct q
v N c xc nh tng t nh trng hp phn t tam gic trn.
Khi y:

= =
e
T
e
T e
dA r N N dV N N m t p p 2 (13.24)
V: r = N
1
r
1
+ N
2
r
2
+ N
3
r
3
, do :
( )
+ + =
e
T e
dA N N r N r N r N m
3 3 2 2 1 1
2tp
Ch
;
60
;
30
;
10
3 2 1 2
2
1
3
1
e
e
e
e
e
e
A
dA N N N
A
dA N N
A
dA N = = =

Cui cng ta c
+
+
+
+
+
+
=
r r
r
r
r
r
r r
r
r
r
r
r
r r r
r
r
r
r r r
r
r
r
r
r
r r r
r
r
r
r r r
A
m
e e
2
3
4
0
3
2 0
3
2 0
0 2
3
4
0
3
2 0
3
2
3
2 0 2
3
4
0
3
2 0
0
3
2 0 2
3
4
0
3
2
3
2 0
3
2 0 2
3
4
0
0
3
2 0
3
2 0 2
3
4
10
3
1 2
3
1 2
1
2
3
1
2
3
2 3
1
2 3
1
tp
(13.25)
Trong :
3
3 2 1
r r r
r
+ +
= (13.26)
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275
4.5. Phn t t gic
Vi phn t t gic trng thi ng sut v bin dng phng:
| | { }
=
= =
4 3 2 1
4 3 2 1
8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
;
N N N N
N N N N
N
q q q q q q q q q v u u
T T
(13.27)
Ma trn khi lng c xc nh bi:

=
1
1
1
1
det n c p d d J N N t m
T
e
e
(13.28)
tnh c ma trn khi lng trn, ta s p dng cng thc tch
phn s (xem Chng 8)
4.6. Phn t dm
Vi phn t dm Hermite, Hnh 13.6, ta c:
v = Hq (13.29)

Khi y:
=
1
1
2
c p d
l
A H H m
e
e
T e
, sau khi ly tch phn, ta c:
=
e e e e
e e
e e e e
e e
e e e
l l l l
l l
l l l l
l l
l A
m
4 22 3 13
22 156 13 54
3 13 4 22
13 54 22 156
420
p
(13.30)
q
2

q
1
q
3

q
4

v
l
e

Hnh 13.6. Phn t dm
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276
4.7. Phn t khung
Trong h to a phng (x', y'), ma trn khi lng ca phn t
c xem nh mt t hp ca ma trn khi lng ca phn t thanh v
phn t dm. Khi y, ma trn khi lng c xc nh bi:
=
b l b l b l b l
b l b b l b
a a
b l b l b l b l
b l b b l b
a a
m
e e e e
e e
e e e e
e e
e
2 2
2 2 2
2
4 22 0 3 13 0
22 156 0 13 54 0
0 0 2 0 0
3 13 0 4 22 0
13 54 0 22 156 0
0 0 0 0 2
' (13.31)
vi k hiu:
420
;
6
e e e e
l A
b
l A
a
p p
= =
p dng ma trn chuyn v L gii thiu trong Chng 9, ta s
xc nh c ma trn khi lng m
e
ca phn t khung trong h to
chung bi:
L m L m
e T e
' = (13.32)
5. V D
Cho mt dm ngm hai u (Hnh 13.7), chiu di 2, khi lng
ring p, mt ct ngang trn, din tch A. Dm chu dao ng un t do.
Hy xc nh cc tn s dao ng ring.

Li gii
Chia dm ra hai phn t c chiu di bng nhau. T ma trn
cng ca phn t chu un (xem Chng 9), ta xc nh c ma trn
cng chung K; ch n iu kin bin s c:
1 2
1 2 3 l
1
=l l
2
=l
A B
Hnh 13.7
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277
=
2 3
8 0
0 24
l l
EJ
K
p dng cng thc (13.31), ta xc nh c ma trn khi lng ca
cc phn t, t suy ra ma trn khi lng chung M; ch n iu
kin bin s c:
=
2
8 0
0 312
420 l
Al
M
p

Cui cng ta thit lp c phng trnh
)
`
=
)
`
4
3
2
2
4
3
2 3
8 0
0 312
420 8 0
0 24
U
U
l
Al
U
U
l l
EJ p
e
do tnh i xng, ta suy ra ngay:
4
2
2
4
2
1
420 ; 31 , 32
Al
EJ
Al
EJ
p
e
p
e = =
Nu chia dm ra nhiu phn t, ta s tnh c cc gi tr tn s gc
chnh xc hn.
6. CHNG TRNH TNH TN S DAO NG T DO CA DM V
KHUNG
6.1. Chng trnh tnh tn s dao ng t do ca dm
Tnh tn s dao ng t do ca dm cng xn nh Hnh 13.8. Dm
c chiu di 1m, tit din mt ct ngang 2020 mm; khi lng ring
vt liu dm l 1000Kg/m
3
; mul n hi ko l 100 gPa, mul n
hi trt ca vt liu dm l 40 gPa. y, ta s minh ho bng
chng trnh Matlab, vi s phn t l 4. Trong chng trnh ny,
chng ta s dng hm = eig(K,M) l mt cng c sn c ca Matlab,
cho php tnh nghim ring ca phng trnh KU = MU. y, U l
vct ring, biu th dng dao ng ng vi tr ring . Tr ring l
bnh phng ca tn s gc e, cn tn s f = e/2t c o bng Hz (s
chu k/giy). Mi gi tr tn s e ng vi mt dng dao ng c th.
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278

Chng trnh ngun
%----------------------------------------------------------------------------
% Chuong trinh so 1, chuong 13- Vi du 13.1 (P13_1)
%----------------------------------------------------------------------------
% tinh tan so dao dong tu do cua dam, su dung phan tu dam voi 1 bac
tu do
% Mo ta bai toan
% Tinh tan so dao dong tu do cua dam cong xon, su dung 4 phan tu.
% dam co chieu dai 1 m, kich thuoc mat cat ngang 0.02 x0.02 (m)
% va trong luong rieng la 1000 Kg/m^3.
% mo dul dan hoi E = 100 GPa va mo dul dan hoi truot la 40 GPa
% Mo ta cac bien
% m = ma tran khoi luong phan tu
% mm = ma tran khoi luong tong the
% bcdof = vecto chua cac bac tu do bi rang buoc theo dieu kien bien
%-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--
clear
edof = nnel*ndof; % so bac tu do cua phan tu
nnode=noe+1; % tong so nut cua he
sdof=nnode*ndof; % so bac tu do cua he
e_module=100*10^9; % modul dan hoi
1 2 3 4
1 2 3 4 5
1 m
A-A
A-A
0,02
Hnh 13.8. M hnh dm dao ng un t do
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279
g_module=40*10^9; % modul dan hoi truot
tleng=1; % chieu dai dam
leng=tleng/noe; % chieu dai cac phan tu (deu nhau)
h=0.02; % chieu cao mat cat dam
b=0.02; % chieu rong mt cat dam
rho=1000; % trong luong rieng vat lieu dam
bcdof(1)=1; % bac tu do thu 1 tai nut 1 bi rang buoc theo dieu kien
bien
bien
bien
mm=zeros(sdof,sdof); % khoi tao ma tran khoi luong tong the
index=zeros(edof,1); % khoi tao bang ghep noi
for iel=1:noe % xet tuing phan tu trong he
% xay dung bang ghep noi
for i=1:edof
index(i)=start+i;
end
% tinh ma tran do cung phan tu va ma tran khoi luong phan tu
[k,m]=beam_elm_3(e_module,g_module,leng,h,b,rho);
% ghep noi ma tran do cung
% ghep noi ma tran khoi luong
mm=kk_build_2D(mm,m,index);
end
%----------------------------------
%----------------------------------
[kn,mn]=boundary_aply_beam(kk,mm,bcdof);
fsol=eig(kn,mn); % giai he phuong trinh tri rieng va in ket qua
fsol=sqrt(fsol)
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280
function [k,m]=beam_elm_3(e_module,g_module,leng,h,b,rho)
%--------------------------------------------------------------
% Muc dich:
% Xac dinh ma tran do cung va ma tran khoi luong phan tu
% cua phan tu dam, voi cac chuyen vi nut chi la chuyen vi dai
% vecto chuyen vi phan tu: {u_1_b u_1_t v_1 u_2_b u_2_t v_2}
% Cu phap:
% [k,m]=beam_elm_3(e_module,g_module,leng,h,b,rho)
% Mo ta cac bien:
% m ma tran khoi luong phan tu (kich thuoc 6x6)
% e_module modul dan hoi
% g_module modul cat
% h, b chieu cao va chieu rong mat cat ngang cua dam
% rho trong luong rieng vat lieu dam
%---------------------------------------------------------------
% ma tran do cung

a1=(g_module*leng*b)/(4*h);
a2=(g_module*h*b)/leng;
a3=(e_module*h*b)/(6*leng);
a4=g_module*b/2;
k= [ a1+2*a3 -a1+a3 a4 a1-2*a3 -a1-a3 -a4;...
-a1+a3 a1+2*a3 -a4 -a1-a3 a1-2*a3 a4;...
a4 -a4 a2 a4 -a4 -a2;...
a1-2*a3 -a1-a3 a4 a1+2*a3 -a1+a3 -a4;...
-a1-a3 a1-2*a3 -a4 -a1+a3 a1+2*a3 a4;...
-a4 a4 -a2 -a4 a4 a2];

% ma tran khoi luong
m=zeros(6,6);
mass=rho*h*b*leng/4;
m=mass*diag([1 1 2 1 1 2]);
%----------------------------------------------------------------------
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281
function [kk,mm]=boundary_aply_beam(kk,mm,bcdof)
%----------------------------------------------------------------------
% Muc dich:
% Ap dat cac dieu kien bien len he phuong trinh tri rieng
% [kk]{x}=lamda[mm]{x}

% Cu phap:
% [kk,mm]=boundary_aply_beam(kk,mm,bcdof)

% Mo ta cac bien:
% kk ma tran do cung tong the truoc khi ap dat dieu kien bien
% mm - ma tran khoi luong tong the truoc khi ap dat dieu kien bien
% bcdof vecto cac bac tu do chiu rang buoc theo dieu kien bien
%---------------------------------------------------------------------
n=length(bcdof);
sdof=size(kk);
for i=1:n
c=bcdof(i);
for j=1:sdof
kk(c,j)=0;
kk(j,c)=0;
mm(c,j)=0;
mm(j,c)=0;
end
mm(c,c)=1;
end
Kt qu s
fsol =
Mode Tn s (Hz)
1 200
2 1260
3 4040
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282
6.2. Chng trnh tnh tn s dao ng t do ca khung
V d 13.2.
Tnh tn s dao ng t do ca khung cng xn nh Hnh 13.9.
Tit din mt ct ngang 1010 mm; khi lng ring vt liu khung l
1000Kg/m
3
; mun n hi ko nn vt liu khung l 100gPa. y ta
s xy dng chng trnh tnh vi li gm 10 phn t c kch thc
u nhau, c m t nh Hnh 13.9.

1
1
1 m
1m
Hnh 13.9. Dao ng t do ca khung phng
2
3
4
5
6
7
x
y
0.01m
0,01
A-A
A-A
10
8 9
10
11
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283
Chng trnh ngun
%----------------------------------------------------------------------------
% Chuong trinh so 2, chuong 13 Vi du 13.2 (P13_2)
%----------------------------------------------------------------------------
% Mo ta bai toan
% Tim tan so dao dong rieng cua khung hinh chu L duoc cau tao tu 2
thanh
% moi thanh co do dai 1 m. Ca 2 thanh co cung tiet dien ngang
0.01x0.01 m.
% Mo dul dan hoi E=100 gPa; khoi luong rieng vat lieu thanh 1000
Kg/m^3.
% Chuong trinh dung luoi 10 phan tu.
% Mo ta cac bien
% x va y = cac toa do nut toan cuc
% m = ma tran khoi luong phan tu
% mm = ma tran khoi luong tong the
% bcdof = vecto chuyen vi nut chiu rang buoc theo dieu kien bien
%----------------------------------------------------------------------------
clear
b=0.01; % chieu rong mat cat thanh (mm)
h=0.01; % chieu cao mat cat thanh (mm)
noe=10; % so luong phan tu
nnel=2; % so luong nut cua phan tu
ndof=3; % so luong bac tu do cua moi nut
nnode=(nnel-1)*nel+1; % tong so nut trong he
% toa do x, y cua cac nut trong he truc chung
x(1)=0; y(1)=0;
x(2)=0; y(2)=0.2;
x(3)=0; y(3)=0.4;
x(4)=0; y(4)=0.6;
x(5)=0; y(5)=0.8;
x(6)=0; y(6)=1;
x(7)=0.2; y(7)=1;
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284
x(8)=0.4; y(8)=1;
x(9)=0.6; y(9)=1;
x(10)=0.8; y(10)=1;
x(11)=1; y(11)=1;
e_module=100*10^9; % modul dan hoi
area=b*h; % dien tich mat cat ngang
xi=(b*h^3)/12; % momen quan tinh mat cat ngang
rho=1000; % khoi luong rieng vat lieu khung
bcdof(1)=1; % thanh phan u tai nut 1chiu rang buoc boi dieu kien
bien
bcdof(2)=2; % thanh phan v tai nut 1chiu rang buoc boi dieu kien
bien
bcdof(3)=3; % goc xoay tai nut 1chiu rang buoc boi dieu kien bien
mm=zeros(sdof,sdof);
index=zeros(nel*ndof,1);
index=feeldof1(iel,nnel,ndof); % xay dung bang ghep noi phan tu
node1=iel; % chi so nut tong the cua nut thu 1 phan tu 'iel'
node2=iel+1; % chi so nut tong the cua nut thu 2 cua phan tu 'iel'
x1=x(node1); y1=y(node1); % toa do x, y cua nut thu 1
x2=x(node2); y2=y(node2); % toa do x, y cua nut thu 2
leng=sqrt((x2-x1)^2+(y2-y1)^2); % chieu dai phan tu 'iel'
if (x2-x1)==0; % tinh goc giua truc dia phuong x va truc chung X
beta=pi/2;
else
beta=atan((y2-y1)/(x2-x1));
end
% tinh ma tran do cung phan tu va ma tran khoi luong phan tu
[k,m]=frame_element_2(e_module,xi,leng,area,rho,beta,1);
kk=kk_build_2D(kk,k,index); % ghep noi ma tran do cung tong the
mm=kk_build_2D(mm,m,index); % ghep noi ma tran khoi luong tong
the
end
[kn,mn]=boundary_aply_beam(kk,mm,bcdof); % ap dat dieu kien bien
fsol=eig(kn,mn); % giai he phuong trinh tri rieng
fsol=sqrt(fsol) % in ket qua
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%--------------------------------------------------------------
function
[k,m]=frame_element_2(e_module,xi,leng,area,rho,beta,ipt)
%--------------------------------------------------------------
% Muc dich:
% xac dinh ma tran do cung phan tu va ma tran khoi luong phan tu
% cua phan tu khung 2 chieu
% voi vecto chuyen vi {u_1 v_1 theta_1 u_2 v_2 theta_2}
% Cu phap:
% [k,m]=frame_element_2(e_module,xi,leng,area,rho,beta,ipt)
% Mo ta cac bien:
% m ma tran khoi luong phan tu (kich thuoc 6x6)
% e_module modul dan hoi
% xi mo men quan tinh cua mat cat ngang
% area dien tich mat cat ngang cua khung
% rho khoi luong rieng (kg/m^3)
% beta goc nghieng giua truc dia phuong x va truc chung X
%--------------------------------------------------------------------------
% ma tran do cung trong he truc dia phuong
a=e_module*area/leng;
c=e_module*xi/(leng^3);
kl=[a 0 0 -a 0 0;...
0 12*c 6*leng*c 0 -12* c 6*leng*c;...
0 6*leng*c 4*leng^2*c 0 -6*leng*c 2*leng^2*c;...
-a 0 0 a 0 0;...
0 -12*c -6*leng*c 0 12*c -6*leng*c;...
0 6*leng*c 2*leng^2*c 0 -6*leng*c 4*leng^2*c];
% ma tran quay (bien doi he toa do)
r=[ cos(beta) sin(beta) 0 0 0 0;...
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286
-sin(beta) cos(beta) 0 0 0 0;...
0 0 1 0 0 0;...
0 0 0 cos(beta) sin(beta) 0;...
0 0 0 -sin(beta) cos(beta) 0;...
0 0 0 0 0 1];
% ma tran do cung phan tu tinh trong he truc chung
k=r'*kl*r;
% consistent mass matrix
mm=rho*area*leng/420;
ma=rho*area*leng/6;
ml=[2*ma 0 0 ma 0 0;...
0 156*mm 22*leng*mm 0 54*mm -13*leng*mm;...
0 22*leng*mm 4*leng^2*mm 0 13*leng*mm
-3*leng^2*mm;...
ma 0 0 2*ma 0 0;...
0 54*mm 13*leng*mm 0 156*mm -22*leng*mm;...
0 -13*leng*mm -3*leng^2*mm 0
-22*leng*mm 4*leng^2*mm];
% ma tran khoi luong trong he toa do chung
m=r'*ml*r;
Kt qu s
Mode Tn s (Hz)
1 34
2 92
3 455
4 667
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287
7. BI TP
13.1. Cho kt cu dm nh Hnh 13.7.1.
a. Hy xy dng ma trn cng tng th cho kt cu v ma trn
khi lng h;
b. Thc hin tnh ton bng tay, xc nh tn s dao ng t do nh
nht ca dm;
c. Pht trin chng trnh P13_1 thc hin theo cc yu cu
a v b trn y; v kim tra, so snh kt qu.

13.2. Pht trin chng trnh P13.1, xc nh cc tn s dao
ng t do ca kt cu dm nh Hnh 13.7.2. So snh kt qu khi tnh
hai trng hp: s dng li 2 phn t v li 4 phn t.

13.3. Bng cch tnh tay v pht trin chng trnh P13_1
xc nh hai tn s dao ng t do thp nht ca h thng trc thp
mang cc bnh rng (coi nh khi lng tp trung) nh ch ra trn Hnh
13.7.3. hai trng hp nh sau:
a. Coi c 3 bi nh cc gi n
b. Mi bi c coi l cc gi mm, cng l 45kN/mm.

800 mm
x
Hnh 13.7.2
75 mm
25 mm
300 mm 400 mm
A
1
=1200 mm
2

A
2
=900 mm
2

x
Hnh 13.7.1
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288

13.4. Pht trin chng trnh P13_2 xc nh hai tn s dao
ng t do thp nht ca khung thp nh ch ra trn Hnh 13.7.4.

600
600
300
15
30
0,5
1
Khung thp Mt ct ngang
Hnh 13.4
10 kN
5 kN
75mm 75mm 45mm 45mm
Hnh 11.7.3
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TI LIU THAM KHO

1. Trn ch Thnh - Trn c Trung - Nguyn Vit Hng.
Phng php phn t hu hn trong k thut. i hc Bch Khoa
H Ni, 2000.
2. Tirupathi R. Chandrupatla Ashok D. Belegundu. Introduction
Finite Elements in Engineering. Third Edition.
3. Young W. Hwon - Hyochoong Bang. The Finite Element Method
Using MATLAB. Second Editor. CRC Press, 2000.
4. J. N. Reddy. An Introduction To The Finite Element Method.
Third Edition. Tata McGraw-Hill, 2005.
5. Klaus Jrgen Bathe. Finite Element Procedures. Prentice-Hall
of India, New Delhi, 2005.
6. K Chandrashekhara. Theory of Plates. Universities Press, 2001.
7. O. C. Zienkiewicz and R. L. Taylor. The Finite Element Method,
Fifth Edition. Volume 2, Solid Mechanics. Butterworth Heinemann,
2000.
8. O. C. Zienkiewicz and K. Morgan. Finite Element and
Approximation. New York: Wiley Iterscience, 1982.
9. Akin J. E. Finite Element for Analysis and Design. Academic
Press Limited, London, 1994.
10. Batoz J. L. Et Dhatt DG. Modlesation des structues par
lements finis.Vol. 1, 2, 3. Ed. Herms. Paris, 1995.
11. Dhatt G. Et Touzot G. Une prsentation de la mthode des
lements finis. Maloine S.A. Editeur, 1981.
12. Ochoa O. O, Readdy, J. N. Finite Element Analysis of Composite
Laminates. Klwer Academic Publisher, 1992.

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