Thuviendientu.

org
S LC V HT NHN NGUYN T
I. TM TT L THUYT
1. Cu trc ht nhn. ht khi v nng lng lin kt
Ht nhn nguyn t bao gm cc proton v notron gi chung l cc ht nuclon. Cc nuclon ny
lin kt bng lc ht nhn, l loi lc c c li tng tc rt nh. Mt ht nhn X c Z proton v N
notron th s c Z = A + N nuclon, s c k hiu l
. Z cng chnh l v tr ca nguyn t
tng ng trong bng h thng tun hon.
Khi lng ca cc nuclon hay cc ht nhn c o bng n v Cacbon, l khi lng bng
1/12 khi lng ca ht nhn C12, k hiu l u. Khi lng ca proton l 1,0073 u, khi lng
ca notron l 1,0087 u. n v khi lng u cng c th vit l 931 MeV/c2.
iu c bit l tng khi lng m0 ca cc nuclon cu thnh bao gi cng ln hn khi lng m
ca ht nhn. Gi m = m0 m l ht khi ca ht nhn. Theo h thc nng lng ca
Anhxtanh, ta thy nng lng gii phng cc nuclon trong ht nhn thnh cc nuclon ring r
ti thiu phi l m.c2. Nng lng gi l nng lng lin kt ca ht nhn.
2. Phng x.
S phng x l ht nhn pht ra cc tia phng x v bin i thnh ht nhn khc. Cc tia phng
x c th l tia gm cc ht nhn ht Heli, tia gm cc electron hoc phn electron hay cc tia
gamma l cc sng in t mnh.
Bn cht ca phng x + l mt proton bin thnh mt notron v mt ht e+:
p

n + e+

Bn cht ca phng x - l mt notron bin thnh mt proton v mt ht e-:

n

p+e.

S phng x khng ph thuc vo cc iu kin bn ngoi nh p sut, nhit , nh sng. C sau

mt khong thi gian T gi l chu k bn r th s lng ht nhn phng x gim i mt na. Do
d ta vit:
N = N0.
Hoc

N = N0.e-t vi = ln2/T

T ta cng c:
m = m0.e-t = m0.
n = n0.e-t = n0.

.
.

phng x hay hot phng x l s ht phng x trong mt giy. Mt phng x trn giy gi
l mt Bec-c-ren (Bq), 1 Curi (Ci) l 3,7.1010 phng x trn giy: 1 Ci = 3,7.1010 Bq.

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Ta cng c:
H = H0.e-t = H0.

3. Phn ng ht nhn
Phn ng ht nhn l tng tc ca cc ht nhn dn n s to thnh cc ht nhn khc.
Trong phn ng ht nhn, khi lng c th thay i nhng cc i lng sau y c bo ton:
Tng s khi ca cc ht nhn
Tng in tch ca cc ht nhn
Nng lng ca cc ht nhn
ng lng ca cc ht nhn.
4. Phn ng phn hch v phn ng nhit hch
Phn ng phn hch l s hp th notron ca mt ht nhn s khi ln ri v thnh hai ht nhn
trung bnh. Phn ng ny thng km theo s phng ra cc notron khc.
Ty theo h s nhn notron (s notron pht ra trong mi phn ng) v kt cu ca mu cht m
phn ng c duy tr hay khng.
Phn ng nhit hch l s kt hp gia cc ht nhn nh di tc dng ca nhit cao thnh cc
ht nhn ln hn. Nhit cho phn ng ny xy ra l hng triu . Do , phn ng nhit
hch xy ra, trc cn c mt phn ng phn hch
II. TM TT CNG THC
Ni dung

Cc cng thc
n=

Cu trc ht nhn.
ht khi, nng lng
lin kt

N = n.NA.
m = Zmp + Nmn m = Zmp
+ (A - Z)mn m
Elk = m.c2
m = m0.e-t = m0.

Phng x. nh lut
phng x

n = n0.e-t = n0.
H=-

= - N = N

H = H0.e-t = H0.

Ghi ch

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Phn ng ht nhn. Cc
nh lut bo ton

Qta = (m1 m2)c2

Qthu = (m2 m1)c2
K2 = K1 + Qta = K1 - Qthu
P = mv, p2 = 2mK

III. DNG BI C BN

Bi 1:

Cu trc ht nhn. Nng lng lin kt

Phng php gii:

S proton trong ht nhn: Z
S nuclon: A
S notron: A - Z
ht khi: m = Zmp + Nmn m = Zmp + (A - Z)mn - m
Nng lng lin kt: Elk = m.c2.
V d 1: Ht nhn Natri c k hiu
v kh lng ca n l mNa = 22,983734 u, bit mp =
1,0073 u, mn = 1,0087 u.
a. Tnh s ht notron c trong ht nhn Na.
b. Tnh s nuclon c trong 11,5 g Na.
c. Tnh ht khi v nng lng lin kt, nng lng lin kt ring ca ht nhn Na.
Li gii:
a. S notron ca Na: N* = 23 11 = 12.
b. S mol Na c trong 11,5 g Na: n =
= 0,5.
S nguyn t cha trong : N = n.NA = 0,5.6,02.1023 = 3,01.1023.
Mi nguyn t Na c 23 nuclon, vy trong tng nguyn t th s nuclon l:
N1 = N.23 = 69,23.1023.
c. ht khi: m = 11. 1,0073 + 13. 1,0087 - 22,9837 = 0,201 (u)
Nng lng lin kt ca Na: Elk = 0,201.931 = 187 (MeV).

Thuviendientu.org

Bi 2:

Phng x. Hot phng x

Phng php gii:

Hot phng x hay phng x: H = -

= - N = N.

Khi lng ca cht phng x ph thuc t theo cng thc: m = m0.e-t = m0.
S mol ca cht phng x ph thuc t theo cng thc: n = n0.e-t = n0.

phng x ca cht phng x ph thuc t theo cng thc: H = H0.e-t = H0.

238

V d 2: Urani 92U c chu k bn r l 4,5.109nm.

a. Gi s rng tui ca Tri t l 5 t nm. Hy tnh lng cn li ca 1 g U238 k t
khi Tri t hnh thnh.
b. Tnh phng x ca mt mol U238 v phng x ca lng cn li sau thi gian
2,25 t nm.
Li gii:
a. Khi lng cht phng x c tnh theo cng thc:
m = m0. .
Thay s m0 = 1g, t = 5.109, T = 4,5.109 ta tnh c m = 0,463 g.
b. phng x c tnh theo cng thc: H = N
Trong = ln2/T vi T tnh ra giy.
= ln2/(4,5.109.365.86400)
N = nNA = 6,02.1023.
Thay s ta tnh c H = 2,94.106 Bq.
phng x ph thuc thi gian theo cng thc: H = H0.e-t = H0.
Vi t = 2,25.109 nm th H = 2,94.106.
Bi 3:

= 2,1.106 (Bq).

Tm chu k phng x. Tm tui ca c vt

Phng php gii:

S dng cc cng thc v s phng x nh dng 3 nu trn.
Xt cng thc: m = m0.

= -log2
Ta c th tnh t hoc T.
Abc

V d 3: Khi phn tch mt mu g, ngi ta thy 87,5% s nguyn t ng v phng x

phn r thnh cc nguyn t
g ny l bao nhiu?

17
7

14
6

C b

N . Bit chu k bn r ca 146C l 5570 nm. Tui ca mu

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Li gii: Khi 87,5% s nguyn t b phng x th s nguyn t cn li ch l 22,5 % tc l:
N = 0,225N0.
M N = N0.

= 0,225

=>

= - log20,225 = 2,15 t = 2,15T.

Thay s ta tnh c 11976 (nm).

Cht phng x v cht to thnh

Bi 4:

Phng php gii:

Lu rng c bao nhiu ht phng x th c by nhiu ht to thnh.
S ht phng x (chnh l s ht to thnh) c tnh:
Nu thi gian so snh c vi chu k: N = N0 N = N0(1 Nu thi gian rt nh so vi chu k: N = H.t = N.t
T s s ht cht cn li trn s ht cht to thnh:

=(

T s khi lng cht cn li trn khi lng cht to thnh:

V d 4: Urani

).

)/(1 =

).

238
92

U c chu k bn r l 4,5.109nm. Khi phng x , urani bin thnh Thri

234
90

Th . Ban u c 23,8 g urani.

a. Tnh s ht v khi lng Thori sau 9.109 nm.

b. Tnh t s s ht v t s khi lng sau 4,5,109 nm.
Li gii: Phng trnh phng x:

Ta thy mt nguyn t U phng x cho mt nguyn t Th

Trong 23,8 g U ban u tng ng 1 mol th c 6,02.1022 nguyn t U.
a. Sau thi gian 9.109 nm tng ng 2 chu k, s lng ht U s gim i 4 ln, tc l
cn li , hay s ht phng x l . Vy s ht U phng x hay s ht Th to thnh
l:
NTh = .6,02.1022 = 4,515.1022.
Ta cng thy rng khi lng U phng x hay 17,85 g U phng x. C 238 g
U phng x th to thnh 234 g Th. Vy khi lng Th to thnh l:
mTh = 17,85.

= 17,55 (g).

b. Cn c lp lun trn, ta thy t s gia s ht

v ht
l 1/3.
Khi lng U cn li l: .23,8 = 5,95.
T s gia khi lng
v
l: 5,95:17,55 = 0,339 1/2,95.
Ta thy rng t s khi lng khc t s s ht ca cc cht urani v thori.

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Bi ton hai cht phng x vi chu k bn r khc nhau

Bi 5:

Phng php gii:

Vit biu thc s ht hoc khi lng cn li ca cc cht phng x
Thit lp t s ca s ht hoc khi lng cc cht phng x

238

235

V d 5: Cho bit 92U v 92U l cc cht phng x c chu k bn r ln lt l T1 = 4,5.109 nm

v T2=7,13.108 nm. Hin nay trong qung urani thin nhin c ln U238 v U 235 theo
t l 160 : 1. Gi thit thi im to thnh Tri t t l 1:1. Cho ln10 = 2,3; ln2 =
0,693. Tui ca Tri t l bao nhiu?
Li gii: Gi N0 l s ht ban u (khi Tri t hnh thnh) ca U238 v U235.
S ht U238 hin nay l: N1 = N0.
S ht U235 hin nay l: N2 = N0.

Ta thy chu k bn r ca U235 nh hn, tc l U235 phng x nhanh hn, suy ra rng s
ht cn li ca n phi t hn.
Kt hp gi thit ta c

= 160.

= 160

t(

) = log2160

t(

) = log216 +

t(

) = 7,32

t = 7,32.

t= 6,2.109 (nm)
Theo tnh ton trn, tui ca Tri t l 6,2 t nm.

Thuviendientu.org

Bi 6:

Tnh nng lng ta ra hay thu vo trong phn ng ht nhn. iu

kin phn ng

Phng php gii:

Gi m1, m2 l khi lng trc v sau phn ng.
Nu m1 > m2 th phn ng ta mt lng nng lng Q = (m1 - m2)c2.
Nu m2 > m1 th phn ng thu mt lng nng lng Q = (m2 m1)c2.
iu kin phn ng xy ra l phi nhn nng lng cn thu vo. Nng
lng c th l ng nng ca cc ht n.

27

30

V d 6: Xt phn ng ht nhn xy ra khi dng ht bn ph nhn Al: 13 Al

15 P n . Bit
khi lng ht nhn: mAl = 26,974 u; m = 4,0015 u; mp = 29,97 u; mn = 1,0087 u. ng
nng ti thiu ca ht phn ng xy ra l bao nhiu?
Li gii: Xt phng trnh phn ng:

27
13

Al

30
15

P n

Khi lng trc phn ng: m1 = mAl + m = 26,974 + 4,0016 = 30,9756 (u)
Khi lng sau phn ng: m2 = mAl + m = 29,79 + 1,0087 = 30,9787 (u)
Vy phn ng trn l phn ng thu nng lng.
W1 - W2 = (m2 m1)c2 = (30,9787 - 30,9756).931 = 2,89 (MeV).
Sau phn ng, cc ht sinh ra c ng nng. Trng hp ti thiu cc ht sinh ra c ng
nng bng 0, tc l W2 = 0. Khi ng nng ca cc ht ban u, hay ht l 2,88
MeV.
V d 7: Cho phn ng ht nhn:
+ p
+
. Bit khi lng ht nhn mNa =
22,983734u, mHe = 4,001151u, mp = 1,007276u, mNe = 19,986950u. Phn ng ny ta
hay thu bao nhiu nng lng.
Li gii:
Khi lng trc phn ng: m1 = mNa + mp = 22,983734 + 1,007276 = 23,99101 (u)
Khi lng sau phn ng: m2 = mHe + mNe = 4,001151 + 19,986950 = 23,988101 (u)
Phn ng ny ta ra mt nhit lng l: Q = (m1 m2)c2 = (23,99101 - 23,988101).931 =
2,7 (MeV).

Thuviendientu.org

Vn dng cc nh lut bo ton trong phn ng ht nhn

Bi 7:

Phng php gii:

Bo ton s khi (s nuclon)
Bo ton in tch
Bo ton nng lng
Bo ton ng lng
Ch : ng lng l mt vc t.

V d 8: Phn ng phn r uran c dng

trnh trn.

238
92

206
82

Pb x

y . Tnh x v y trong phng

Li gii:
Theo nh lut bo ton s khi ta c: 238 = 206 + 4x
Theo nh lut bo ton in tch ta c: 92 = 82 + 2x y
T suy ra x = 8; y = 6.
V d 9: ng v phng x plni

mPo

209,9828u; m

210
84

Po l cht phng x

4,0015u; m X

plni ng yn, ng nng ca ht

to thnh ht nhn X. Cho

205,9744u;1u 931MeV / c2 . Gi s ban u ht

l bao nhiu?

Li gii: Ta c phng trnh phng x nh sau:

Khi lng trc phn ng l m1 = 209,9828 u.

Khi lng sau phn ng l m2 = 209,9759 u.
Vy phn ng ta nhit. Nhit lng ta ra l Q = (m1 - m2)c2, hay Q = (209,9828 209,9759).931 = 6,42 (MeV).
ng nng sau phn ng bng ng nng trc phn ng cng vi nhit ta ra. Theo gi
thit, ng nng ca Po ban u bng 0, vy tng ng nng ca ht X v sinh ra bng
6,42 MeV.
KX + K = 6,42 (*)
Mt khc theo nh lut bo ton ng lng ta c:
Po

T gi thit suy ra

pX = p

=0

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(1)

Ta bit rng biu thc ca ng lng: p = mv, cn biu thc ng nng: K = mv 2/2, suy
ra
p2 = 2mK
Vy (*) c th vit li:
=
Vi biu thc trn, ta c th ly gn ng m

4, mX

206

K = 51,5KX (**)
Gii h gm (*) v (**) ta tnh c K = 6,3 MeV.
V d 10: Bn ht nhn
14
7

17
8

c ng nng 18 MeV vo ht nhn

14
7

N ng yn ta c phn ng

O p . Bit cc ht nhn sinh ra cng vc t vn tc. Cho m = 4,0015u;

m p = 1,0072u; m N = 13,9992u; m O =16,9947u; cho u = 931 MeV/c2. ng nng ca ht

prtn sinh ra c gi tr l bao nhiu?
Li gii:
Phng trnh phn ng ht nhn:

Khi lng trc phn ng: m1 = m + mN = 4,0015 + 13,9992 = 18,0007 (u)

Khi lng sau phn ng: m2 = mO + mp = 16,9947 + 1,0072 = 18,0019 (u).
Nh vy phn ng thu nng lng.
Nng lng thu vo: Q = (m2 m1)c2 hay Q = (18,0019 - 18,0007).931 = 1,12 (MeV)
ng nng cc ht sau phn ng: KO + K = 18 1,12 = 16,88 MeV (*)
Cc ht O v c cng vn tc nn t s ng nng ca chng bng t s khi lng. C
th ly gn ng khi lng bng s khi (vi n v u), ta c:
=

= 4,25

Thay vo h thc (*) ta tnh c K = 3,26 MeV v KO = 13,66 MeV.

Ch : Chng ta c hai bi ton phn ng ht nhn ph bin l bi ton mt ht ng yn v thnh
hai ht v bi ton mt ht bay vo va chm vi mt ht ng yn sinh ra hai ht.

IV. BI TP N LUYN
Bi t lun:

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9.1. Ht nhn heli c 4,0015u. Tnh nng lng lin kt v nng lng lin kt ring ca ht nhn hli.
Tnh nng lng ta ra khi tao thnh 1g hli. Cho bit khi lng ca prton v ntron l mp =
1,007276u v mn = 1,008665u; 1u = 931,5MeV/c2 v s avgar l NA = 6,022.1023mol-1.
9.2. Tnh nng lng lin kt ring ca hai ht nhn

23
11

56
26

He v

Fe . Ht nhn no bn vng hn ? Cho

mNa = 22,983734u ; mFe = 55,9207u mn = 1,008665u ; mp = 1,007276u.

9.3. Plni

210
84

Po l nguyn t phng x , c chu k bn r 138 ngy, n phng ra 1 ht

v bin i

thnh ht nhn con X.

a. Vit phng trnh phn ng. Nu cu to, tn gi ca ht nhn X.
b. Mt mu plni nguyn cht c khi lng ban u 0,01g. Tnh phng x ca mu cht trn
sau 3 chu k bn r.
9.4. Ht nhn

14
6

C l mt cht phng x, n phng x ra tia

c chu k bn r l 5730 nm.

a. Vit phng trnh ca phn ng phn r.

b. Sau bao lu lng cht phng x ca mt mu ch cn bng 1/8 lng cht phng x ban u
ca mu .
c. Trong cy ci c cht phng x

14
6

C . phng x ca mt mu g ti v mt mu g c i

cng khi lng ln lt l 0,25Bq v 0,215Bq. Tnh tui ca mu g c i.

32

9.5. Pht pho ( 15 P ) phng x

vi chu k bn r T = 14,2 ngy v bin i thnh lu hunh (S). Vit

phng trnh ca s phng x v nu cu to ca ht nhn lu hunh. Sau 42,6 ngy k t thi

im ban u, khi lng ca mt khi cht phng x

32
15

P cn li l 2,5g. Tnh khi lng ban

u ca n.
9.6. Phn ng phn r ca urani c dng:

238
92

206
82

Pb + x + y .

a. Tnh x v y.
b. Chu k bn r ca

238
92

U l 4,5.109 nm. Lc u c 1g

ban u, phng x sau 9.109 nm v s nguyn t

60

9.7. Coban ( 27 Co ) phng x

238
92

U nguyn cht. Tnh phng x

238
92

U b phn r sau 5.109 nm.

vi chu k bn r 5,27 nm v bin i thnh niken (Ni). Vit phng

trnh phn r v nu cu to ca ht nhn con. Hi sau bao lu th 75% khi lng ca mt khi
cht phng x

60
27

Co phn r ht.

9.8. Tm nng lng to ra khi mt ht nhn urani 234U phng x tia to thnh ng v thori 230Th.
Cho cc nng lng lin kt ring ca ht
l7,10MeV; ca 234U l 7,63MeV; ca 230Th l
7,70MeV.
9.9. Ht nhn triti (T) v teri (D) tham gia phn ng nhit hch sinh ra ht nhn X v ht ntron.
Vit phng trnh phn ng v tm nng lng to ra t phn ng. Cho bit ht khi ca ht
nhn triti l mT = 0,0087u, ca ht nhn teri l mD = 0,0024u, ca ht nhn X l mX =
0,0305u, 1u = 931,5 MeV/c2.
9.10. o chu k bn r ca cht phng x, ngi ta cho my m xung bt u m t thi im t o
= 0. n thi im t1 = 2gi, my m c n1 xung, n thi im t2 = 3t1, my m c n2
xung, vi n2 = 2,3n1. Xc nh chu k bn r ca cht phng x.

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9.11.

Cho phn ng ht nhn

37
17

Cl + X

n+

37
18

Ar.

Hy cho bit l phn ng ta nng lng hay thu nng lng. Xc nh nng lng ta ra hoc
thu vo. Bit khi lng ca cc ht nhn: mAr = 36,956889u; mCl = 36,956563u; mp = 1,007276u;
mn = 1,008665u; u = 1,6605.10-27kg; vn tc nh sng trong chn khng c = 3.108m/s.
9.12.

Ht nhn

226
88

Ra c chu k bn r 1570 nm phn r thnh 1 ht

v bin i thnh ht nhn X.

a. Vit phng trnh phn ng.

b. Tnh s ht nhn X c to thnh trong nm th 786. Bit lc u c 2,26g radi. Coi khi
lng ca ht nhn tnh theo u xp x bng s khi ca chng v NA = 6,02.1023mol-1.
9.13.

Plni

210
84

Po l mt cht phng x c chu k bn r 140 ngy m. Ht nhn plni phng x s

bin thnh ht nhn ch (Pb) v km theo mt ht . Ban u c 42mg cht phng x plni. Tnh
khi lng ch sinh ra sau 280 ngy m.
9.14. ng v 24
v to thnh ng v ca magi. Mu 24
11 Na l cht phng x
11 Na c khi lng ban
u l m0 = 0,24g. Sau 105 gi, phng x ca n gim i 128 ln. Cho NA = 6,02.1023(mol-1).
a. Vit phng trnh phn ng.
b. Tm chu k bn r v phng x ban u.
c. Tm khi lng magi to ra sau thi gian 45 gi.
9.15.

Cho phn ng ht nhn

230
90

Th

226
88

Ra + X + 4,91MeV.

a. Nu cu to ca ht nhn X.
b. Tnh ng nng ca ht nhn Ra. Bit ht nhn Th ng yn. Ly khi lng gn ng ca cc
ht nhn tnh bng n v u c gi tr bng s khi ca chng.
9.16.

Cho phn ng ht nhn 94 Be + 11 H

X + 63 Li

a. X l ht nhn ca nguyn t no v cn gi l ht g?
b. Hy cho bit l phn ng ta nng lng hay thu nng lng. Xc nh nng lng ta ra
hoc thu vo. Bit mBe = 9,01219u; mp = 1,00783u; mLi = 6,01513u; mX = 4,0026u; 1u =
931MeV/c2.
9.17. Dng 1 prton c ng nng Wp = 5,58MeV bn ph ht nhn 23
v
11 Na ng yn sinh ra ht
X. Coi phn ng khng km theo bc x .
a. Vit phng trnh phn ng v nu cu to ht nhn X.
b. Phn ng trn thu hay ta nng lng. Tnh nng lng .
c. Bit ng nng ca ht l W = 6,6MeV. Tnh ng nng ca ht nhn X.
9.18.

Bn ht

c ng nng 4MeV vo ht nhn

14
7

N ng yn th thu c mt ht prton v mt

ht nhn X.
a. Vit phng trnh phn ng, nu cu to ca ht nhn X v tnh xem phn ng ta ra hay thu
vo bao nhiu nng lng.
b. Gi s hai ht sinh ra c cng tc , tnh ng nng v tc ca prton. Cho: m = 4,0015u;
mX = 16,9947u; mN = 13,9992u; mp = 1,0073u; 1u = 931MeV/c2; c = 3.108m/s.
Bi trc nghim:

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L thuyt
Cu 1:

Nng lng lin kt ca ht

l 28,4MeV, ca ht

23
11

Na l 186,6MeV. Ht

23
11

Na bn vng hn ht

l do:
A. ht nhn no c nng lng lin kt ln hn th bn vng hn
23
B. l ng v phng x cn 11 Na l ng v bn
C. ht nhn c s khi cng ln th cng bn vng
D. ht nhn c nng lng lin kt ring cng ln th cng bn vng
Cu 2: Chn cu ng.
A. Ht nhn cng bn khi ht khi cng ln.
B. Khi lng ca ht nhn bng tng khi lng ca cc nucln
C. Trong ht nhn s prtn lun lun bng s ntrn.
D. Khi lng ca prtn ln hn khi lng ca ntroon.
Cu 3: ng v v l nhng nguyn t m ht nhn
A. c th phn r phng x
B. c cng s prtn Z
C. c cng s ntron N
D. c cng s nucln A
Cu 4: Chu k bn r T ca mt cht phng x l khong thi gian no?
A. Sau , s nguyn t phng x gim i mt na
B. Bng qung thi gian khng i, sau , s phng x lp li nh ban u
C. Sau , cht y mt hon ton tnh phng x
D. Sau , phng x ca cht gim i 4 ln
Cu 5: Trong phng x , ht nhn m so vi ht nhn con c v tr th no?
A. Tin 1 trong bng tun hon
B. Tin 2 trong bng tun hon
C. Li 1 trong bng tun hon
D. Li 2 trong bng tun hon
Cu 6: iu no sau y ng khi ni v tia ?
A. Ht

c cng khi lng vi lectron nhng mang in tch nguyn t dng.

B. Tia

c tm bay ngn hn so vi tia .

C. Tia
c kh nng m xuyn rt mnh, ging nh tia Rn ghen.
D. A, B v C u ng.
Cu 7: iu no sau y sai khi ni v tia ?
A. Tia thc cht l ht nhn nguyn t hli
B. Khi i qua in trng gia hai bn t in, tia b lch v pha bn m ca t in
C. Tia phng ra t ht nhn vi vn tc bng vn tc nh sng
D. Tia ch i c ti a 8cm trong khng kh
Cu 8: Trong cc loi tia phng x sau, tia m xuyn yu nht l tia no?
A. Tia
B. Tia +
C. Tia D. Tia
Cu 9: Trong cc loi tia phng x, tia no khng mang in?
A. Tia
B. Tia +
C. Tia D. Tia
Cu 10: Chn cu tr li sai
A. Ntrin l ht s cp
B. Ntrin xut hin trng s phn r phng x
C. Ntrin xut hin trng s phn r phng x
D. Ntrin ht khng c in tch
Cu 11: C th tng hng s phn r ca ng v phng x bng cch no?
A. t ngun phng x vo trong t trng mnh
B. t ngun phng x vo trong in trng mnh
C. t nng ngun phng x
D. Hin nay ta khng bit cch no c th lm thay i hng s phn r phng x
Cu 12: Trong cc phn ng ht nhn, i lng no c bo ton?
A. Tng s prtn
B. Tng s nucln
C. Tng s ntron
D. Tng khi lng cc ht nhn
Cu 13: Cc phn ng ht nhn khng tun th theo cc nh lut no sau y?

Thuviendientu.org
A. Bo ton nng lng ton phn
B. Bo ton in tch
C. Bo ton ng lng
D. Bo ton khi lng
Cu 14: Trong mt phn ng ht nhn, tng khi lng cc ht tham gia s nh th no?
A. c bo ton
B. Tng, hoc gim tu theo phn ng
C. Gim
D. Tng
Cu 15: Phn ng nhit hch l phn ng ht nhn
A. to mt lng nhit ln
B. cn mt nhit rt cao mi thc hin c
C. hp th mt nhit lng ln
D. ht nhn cc nguyn t b nung chy thnh cc
nucln

Cu trc ht nhn
Cu 16: Ht nhn nguyn t c cu to bi nhng ht no?
A. Prtn
B. Ntrn
C. Prton v ntrn
lectron
Cu 17: Tnh s nguyn t trong 1g O2 cho N A 6, 022.1023 ht/mol; O = 16.
A. 376.1020 nguyn t
B. 736.1020 nguyn t
C. 637.1020 nguyn t
D. 367.1020 nguyn t
16
Cu 18: S prtn trong 15,9949 gam 8 O l bao nhiu?
A. 4,82.10 24

B. 6, 023.10 23

D. Prton, ntrn v

C. 96, 34.10 23

D. 14, 45.10 24

Cu 19: Cho s Avogadro NA = 6,02.1023mol-1. S ht nhn nguyn t c trong 100g it phng x ( 131
53 I )l bao
nhiu?
A. 3,592.1023ht
B. 4,595.1023ht
C. 4,952 .1023ht
D.5,426 .1023ht
Cu 20: Chn cu ng. Ht nhn liti c 3 prtn v 4 ntron. Ht nhn ny c k hiu nh th no?
7
4
3
3
A. 3 Li
B. 3 Li
C. 4 Li
D. 7 Li

Cu 21: Ht nhn nguyn t ch c 82 prtn v 125 ntron. Ht nhn nguyn t ny c k hiu nh th no?
125
12
82
207
A. 12 Pb
B. 125 Pb
C. 207 Pb
D. 82 Pb
Cu 22: Cho 4 ht nhn nguyn t c k hiu tng ng 21 D, 31T, 23 He, 24 He. Nhng cp ht nhn no l cc
ht nhn ng v?
2
3
A. 1 D v 2 He

2
4
B. 1 D v 2 He

Cu 23: Khi lng ca ht nhn

10
4

2
4
C. 1 D v 2 He

2
3
D. 1 D v 1T

Be l 10,0113u; khi lng ca prtn m p = 1,0072u, ca ntron m n =

1,0086; 1u = 931 MeV/c 2 . Nng lng lin kt ring ca ht nhn ny l bao nhiu?
A. 6,43 MeV
B. 6,43 MeV
C. 0,643 MeV
D. Mt gi tr khc
20
Cu 24: Ht nhn 10 Ne c khi lng mNe 19,986950u . Cho bit mp 1, 00726u;m n 1, 008665u;
20
Ne c gi tr l bao nhiu?
931,5MeV / c 2 . Nng lng lin kt ring ca 10
A. 5,66625eV
B. 6,626245MeV
C. 7,66225eV
60
Cu 25: ng v phng x cban 27 Co pht ra tia - v tia . Bit mCo

1u

mp
A.
C.

D. 8,02487MeV

55,940u;mn 1, 008665u;

1, 007276u . Nng lng lin kt ca ht nhn cban l bao nhiu?

E
E

6, 766.10
5, 766.10

10

J
10
J

B.
D.

E
E

3, 766.10
7, 766.10

10
10

J
J

Cu 26: Cho ht nhn 24 He ln lt c khi lng 4,001506u, mp=1,00726u, mn=1,008665u, u=931,5MeV/c2. Nng
4

lng lin kt ring ca ht nhn 2 He c gi tr l bao nhiu?

A. 7,066359 MeV
B. 7,73811 MeV
C. 6,0638 MeV
D. 5,6311 MeV
Cu 27: Tnh nng lng lin kt ring ca ht nhn 37
.
Cho
bit:
m
=
1,0087u;
mn = 1,00867u; mCl =
Cl
p
17
2
36,95655u; 1u = 931MeV/c

Thuviendientu.org
A. 8,16MeV

B. 5,82 MeV

C. 8,57MeV

D. 9,38MeV

Cu 28: Bit khi lng ca ht nhn U238 l 238,00028u, khi lng ca prtn v ntron l mP=1.007276U;
mn = 1,008665u; 1u = 931 MeV/ c2. Nng lng lin kt ca Urani 238
l bao nhiu?
92 U
A. 1400,47 MeV

B. 1740,04 MeV

C.1800,74 MeV

D. 1874 MeV

Phng x
Cu 29: Thi gian bn r ca

90
38

Sr l T = 20 nm. Sau 80 nm, s phn trm ht nhn cn li cha phn r l

bao nhiu?
A. Gn 25%
B. Gn 12,5%
C. Gn 50%
D. Gn 6,25%
Cu 30: Mt ngun phng x c chu k bn r T v ti thi im ban u c 32N0 ht nhn. Sau cc khong thi
gian T/2, 2T v 3T, s ht nhn cn li ln lt bng bao nhiu?
A. 24N0 ,12N0 ,6N0

B. 16 2N0 ,8N0 , 4N0

C. 16N0 ,8N0 , 4N0

D. 16 2N0 ,8 2N0 , 4 2N0

Cu 31: Mt ngun phng x c chu k bn r T v ti thi im ban u c 48No ht nhn. Hi sau khong thi
gian 3T, s ht nhn cn li l bao nhiu?
A. 4N0
B. 6N0
C. 8N0
D. 16N0
14
Cu 32: Chu k bn r ca 6 C l 5570 nm. Khi phn tch mt mu g, ngi ta thy 87,5% s nguyn t ng
14

v phng x C14 b phn r thnh cc nguyn t 7 N . Tui ca mu g ny l bao nhiu?

A. 11140 nm
B. 13925 nm
C. 16710 nm
D. Phng n khc
222
Rn , sau
Cu 33: Radon l cht phng x c chu k bn r T = 3,6 ngy. Ti thi im ban u c 1,2g 86
222

khong thi gian t = 1,4T s nguyn t 86 Rn cn li l bao nhiu?

A. 1,874.1018
B. 2,165.1018
C. 1,234.1018
D. 2,465.1018
24
Na , bit ng v
Cu 34: C bao nhiu ht - c gii phng trong mt gi t mt micrgam (10-6g) ng v 11
phng x vi chu k bn r T = 15 gi.
15
A. N 2,134.1015 %
B. N 4,134.1015%
C. N 3,134.1015 %
D. N 1,134.10 %

Cu 35: Radon l cht phng x c chu k bn r T = 3.6 ngy. Ti thi im ban u c 1,2 g

222
86

Rn , sau

222

khong thi gian t = 1,4T s nguyn t 86 Rn cn li l bao nhiu?

A. N = 1.874. 1018
B. N = 2,615.1019
C. N = 2,234.1021
D. N = 2,465.1020
-3
Cu 36: Mt cht phng x c hng s phn r bng 1,44.10 (1/gi). Sau thi gian bao lu th 75% s ht
nhn ban u b phn r ht?
A. 36ngy
B. 37,4ngy
C. 39,2ngy
D. 40,1ngy
210
Cu 37: Chu k bn r 84 Po l 318 ngy m. Khi phng x tia , plni bin thnh ch. C bao nhiu nguyn
t plni b phn r sau 276 ngy trong 100mg
A. 0, 215.10

20

B. 2,15.10

210
84

Po ?

20

C. 0, 215.10 20

D. 1, 25.10 20

60
27

Cu 38: phng x

Co phn r ht l bao nhiu?

A. 2,35nm
B.2,57nm
C. 7.905 nm
D. 10.54 nm
Cu 39: cho chu k bn r T ca mt cht phng x, ngi ta dng my m xung. Trong t1 gi u tin my
m c n1 xung; trong t2 = 2t1 gi tip theo my m c n 2
nhiu?
A. T = t1/2

Cu 40: Urani

B. T = t 1
238
( 92

C. T = t1

9
n1 xung. Chu k bn r T c gi tr l bao
64
4

D. T = t1

U ) c chu k bn r l 4,5.10 nm. Khi phng x , urani bin thnh thri ( 234
90Th ). Khi
9

lng thri to thnh trong 23,8 g urani sau 9.109 nm l bao nhiu?
A. 17,55g
B. 18,66g
C. 19,77g

D. Phng n khc

Thuviendientu.org
Cu 41: Bit chu k bn r ca it phng x ( 131
53 I ) l 8 ngy m. Ban u c 100g it phng x. Khi lng
cht it cn li sau 8 tun l l bao nhiu?
A. 0,391g
B.0,574g
C. 0,781g
D. 0,864g
Cu 42: Plni (Po210) l cht phng x c chu k bn r T = 138 ngy. Mt mu Plni nguyn cht c khi
lng ban u l 0,01 g. phng x ca mu cht trn sau 3 chu k bn r l bao nhiu?
A. 16,32.10 10 Bq
B. 18,49.10 9 Bq
C. 20,84.10 10 Bq
D. Mt p n khc.
226
Cu 43: 88 Ra l cht phng x , vi chu k bn r T = 1570 nm (1 nm = 365 ngy). phng x ca 1g
radi l:
10
10
A. H 0 7,37.10 Bq
B. H 0 7, 73.10 Bq
C. H 0

3, 73.1010 Bq

D. H 0

3,37.1014 Bq

Cu 44: Cht phng x plni (Po210) c chu k bn r 138 ngy. Tnh lng plni c phng x l 1Ci.
A. 1018 nguyn t
B. 50,2.1015 nguyn t
16
14
C. 63,65.10 nguyn t D. 30,7.10 nguyn t
Cu 45: Mt gam cht phng x trong 1s pht ra 4,1. 1013 ht . Khi lng nguyn t ca cht phng x ny
l 58,933u; 1u = 1,66.10-27 kg. Chu k bn r ca cht phng x ny l bao nhiu?
A. 1,78.108 s
B. 1,68.108 s
C. 1,86.108 s
D. 1,87.108s
Cu 46: Ban u c m0 = 1mg cht phng x radon ( 222 Rn ). Sau 15,2 ngy th phng x ca n gim
93,75%, phng x H ca n khi l bao nhiu?
A. H= 0,7553.1012 Bq
B. H= 0,3575. 1012 Bq
11
C. H = 1,4368.10 Bq
D. p s khc.
222
Cu 47: Ban u c 5 g radon 86 Rn l cht phng x vi chu k bn r T = 3,8 ngy. phng x ca lng
radon ni trn sau thi gian 9,5 ngy l:
A. 1,22.105 Ci
B. 1,36.105 Ci
C. 1,84.105 Ci
D. Phng n khc
200
-9
Cu 48: 79 Au l mt cht phng x. Bit phng x ca 3.10 kg cht l 58,9 Ci, ln2 = 0,693; ln10 = 2,3.
Chu k bn r cua Au200 l bao nhiu ?
A. 47,9 Pht
B. 74,9 pht
C. 94,7 pht
D. 97,4pht
24
24
Cu 49: ng v 11 Na l cht phng x v to thnh ng v ca magie. Mu 11 Na c khi lng ban u

m0 0, 24g . Sau 105 gi, phng x ca n gim i 128 ln. Chu k bn r ca Na24 l
Cu 50: Cht phng x plni (Po210) c chu k bn r 138 ngy. Tnh lng plni c phng x l 1Ci.
A. 1018 nguyn t
B. 50,2.1015 nguyn t
16
14
C. 63,65.10 nguyn t D. 30,7.10 nguyn t
Cu 51: ng v phng x 66
29 Cu c thi gian bn r T = 4,3 pht. Sau thi gian t = 1,29 pht, phng x ca
ng v ny gim xung cn bao nhiu?
A. 85%
B. 87,5%
C. 82,5%
D. 80%
222
Rn l bao
Cu 52: Radon l cht phng x c chu k bn r T = 3,6 ngy. phng x ban u ca 1,2 g 86
nhiu?
A. 1,234.1012 Bq
B. 7,255.1015 Bq
C. 2,134.1016 Bq
D. 8,352.1019 Bq
Cu 53: Khi phn tch mt mu g, ngi ta thy 87,5% s nguyn t ng v phng x 146C b phn r thnh
17

14

cc nguyn t 7 N . Bit chu k bn r ca 6 C l 5570 nm. Tui ca mu g ny l bao nhiu?

A. 1760 nm
B. 111400 nm
C. 16710 nm
D. Mt s p s khc
238
235
Cu 54: Cho bit 92U v 92U l cc cht phng x c chu k bn r ln lt l T 1 = 4,5.109 nm v
T2=7,13.108 nm. Hin nay trong qung urani thin nhin c ln U238 v U 235 theo t l 160 : 1. Gi thit thi
im to thnh Tri t t l 1:1. Cho ln10 = 2,3; ln2 = 0,693. Tui ca Tri t l bao nhiu?
A. 4,91.109 nm
B. 5,48.109 nm
C. 6,20.109 nm
D. 7,14.109 nm

Thuviendientu.org
C trong mt tng g c bng 0,65 ln phng x ca 14 C trong mt g cng khi
lng va mi cht. Chu k bn r ca 14 C l 5700 nm. Tui ca tng g c l bao nhiu nm?
Cu 55: phng x

14

A. 3521 nm

B. 4352 nm
C. 3542 nm
D. p n khc
206
U sau nhiu ln phng x ht v bin thnh ch 82 Pb . Bit chu k bn r ca s bin i tng
Cu 56:
hp ny l T = 4,6.109 nm. Gi s ban u mt loi ch cha urani, khng c ch. Nu hin nay t l cc khi
lng ca U238 v Pb206 l 37 th tui ca y l bao nhiu nm?
A. 2.107 nm
B. 2.108 nm
C. 2.109 nm
D. 2.1010 nm
238
92

Phn ng ht nhn
Cu 57: Ht nhn nguyn t ca nguyn t AZ X b phn r
A.

A 2
Z 2

B.

A 4
Z 2

C.

Cu 58: Phn ng phn r uran c dng

238
92

206
82

v kt qu l xut hin ht nhn nguyn t no?

A 1
Z

D.

A
Z 1

, trong x v y c gi tr l bao nhiu?

A. x = 8; y = 6
B. x =6; y = 8
C. x = 7; y =9
D. x = 9; y =7
10
A
8
Cu 59: Chn cu ng. Phng trnh phng x: 5 B Z X
4 Be . Trong Z, A c gi tr:
A. Z = 0; A = 1
B. Z = 1; A = 1
C. Z = 1; A = 2
D. Z = 2; A = 4
235
A
93
Cu 60: Cho phn ng ht nhn 92 U n Z X 41 Nb 3n 7 . A v Z c gi tr l bao nhiu?
A. A = 142, Z = 56
B. A= 139; Z = 58
C. A = 133; Z = 58
D. A = 138; Z = 58.
27
27
Cu 61: ng v phng x 14 Si chuyn thnh 13 Al phng ra:
A. Ht

Pb x

B. Ht pzitn

Cu 62: Cho phn ng ht nhn:

mAr

37
17

Cl

1
1

C. Ht lectron

37
18

D. Ht prtn

Ar . Cho bit khi lng ht nhn mCl 36,956563u ,

36,956889u, m p 1, 00727u; m n 1, 008670u . Phn ng s l phn ng g?

A. To nng lng 1,6MeV

B. Thu nng lng 2,3MeV
C. To nng lng 2,3MeV
D. Thu nng lng 1,6MeV
23
4
20
Cu 63: Cho phn ng ht nhn: 11 Na p
2 He
10 He . Bit khi lng ht nhn mNa = 22,983734u, mHe =
4,00 11506u, mp = 1,007276u, mNe = 19,986950u. Phn ng ny l phn ng g?
A. Thu nng lng 2,45 MeV
B. Thu nng lng 1,45 MeV
C. To nng lng 2,71 MeV
D. To nng lng 2,45 MeV.
Cu 64: Nng lng trung bnh to ra khi phn hch mt ht nhn 235
92 U l 200MeV. Mt nh my in
nguyn t dng nguyn liu urani trn c cng sut 500MW, hiu sut 20%. Khi lng urani tiu th hng nm
ca nh my trn l bao nhiu?
A.865,12kg
B. 926,74kg
C. 961,76kg
D. p s khc
235
95
139
2n l mt phn ng phn hch ca Urani 235. Bit khi lng ht nhn:
Cu 65: 92U n
42 Mo
57 La
mN = 234,99u; mNo = 94,88u; m La =138,87u; mn = 1,0087u. Cho nng sut to nhit ca xng l 46.106 J/kg. Khi
lng xng cn dng c th to ra nng lng nh 1g Urani l bao nhiu?
A. 1616 kg
B. 1717 kg
C. 1818 kg
D. 1919 kg
210
Cu 66: Nguyn t plni 84 Po phng x v bin i thnh nguyn t ch (Pb). Bit m Po 209, 937304u ,
m Pb 205, 929442u, m He 4, 001506u . Nng lng ta ra bi phn ng ht nhn l bao nhiu?
A. E 5,2MeV
B. E 3,2 MeV
C. E 5,92 MeV
D. E 3,6 MeV
Cu 67: Cho nng lng lin kt ring ca l 7,10 MeV, ca urani U234 l 7,63 MeV, ca thri Th230 l 7,70
MeV. Nng lng to ra khi mt ht nhn U234 phng x to thnh Th230 l bao nhiu?
A. 12MeV
B.13MeV
C. 14MeV
D.
15MeV
7
4
4
Cu 68: Cho phn ng ht nhn: 3 Li p 2 He 2 He . Bit mLi = 7,0144u; mp = 1,0073u; m = 4,0015u.
Nng lng to ra trong phn ng l bao nhiu?
A. 20 MeV
B. 16MeV
C. 17,4 MeV
D. 10,2 MeV

Thuviendientu.org
Cu 69: Nng lng ti thiu cn thit chia ht nhn

12
6

C thnh ba ht

(cho mC

12,000u,

4, 0015u,1u 931MeV / c ) c gi tr l bao nhiu?

A. 2,1985MeV
B. 3,8005MeV
C. 4,1895MeV
D. 4,8915MeV
234
234
4
Cu 70: Ht nhn phng x 92 U ng yn pht ra ht theo phng trnh 92 U 2 He AZ X . Nng lng ta
ra ca phn ng ny l 14,15MeV. Xem khi lng ht nhn gn ng bng s khi tnh theo n v u. ng nng
ca ht l bao nhiu?
A. 13,72MeV
B. 12,91MeV
C. 13,91MeV
D. 12,79MeV
226
Cu 71: 88 Ra l cht phng x , vi chu k bn r T = 1570 nm (1 nm = 365 ngy). Phng x trn ta ra
nhit lng 5,96MeV. Gi s ban u ht nhn radi ng yn. Tnh ng nng ca ht v ht nhn con sau phn
ng. Cho khi lng ht v ht nhn con tnh theo n v u bng s khi ca chng.
1, 055MeV;Kx 4,905MeV
4,905MeV;Kx 1, 055MeV
A. K
B. K
C. K

5,855MeV;Kx

0,1055MeV

D. K

0,1055MeV;Kx

5,855MeV

7
3

Cu 72: Dng pttn c WP = 1,20 MeV bn vo ht nhn Li ng yn th thuc hai ht nhn 42 He c cng
4

vn tc. Cho mP = 1,0073u; mLi = 7,0140u; mHe = 4,0015u v 1 u = 931MeV/c2. ng nng ca mi ht 2 He l:

A. 0,6MeV
B. 7,24MeV
C. 8,52MeV
D. 9,12MeV
14
14
17
p . Bit
Cu 73: Bn ht nhn
c ng nng W vo ht nhn 7 N ng yn ta c:
7 N
8 O

4, 0015u;mp

1, 0072u;mN

13,9992u;mO 16,9947u;1u 931MeV / c2 ; cc ht nhn sinh ra cng

vn tc. ng nng prtn sinh ra c gi tr l bao nhiu?

1
W
62
27
Al
Cu 74: Xt phn ng ht nhn xy ra khi dng ht bn ph nhn: 13
A. Wp

1
W
48

B. Wp

1
W
81

C. Wp

D. Wp
30
15

1
W
45

P n . Bit khi lng ht

nhn : MAl = 26, 974u; mp = 29,97u; mn = 1,0087u. Nng lng ti thiu ca ht phn ng xy ra l bao
nhiu?
A. 2,35 MeV
B. 3,17MeV
C. 5,23 MeV
D. 6,21 MeV
14
14
17
p.
Cu 75: Bn ht nhn c ng nng 18 MeV vo ht nhn 7 N ng yn ta c phn ng
7 N
8 O
Bit cc ht nhn sinh ra cng vc t vn tc. Cho m = 4,0015u; m p = 1,0072u; m N = 13,9992u; m O =16,9947u;
cho u = 931 MeV/c2. ng nng ca ht prtn sinh ra c gi tr l bao nhiu?
A. 0,111 MeV
B. 0,222MeV
C. 0,333 MeV

D. 0,444 MeV