Object-oriented Programming Class A class is away to bind the data and functions together.

When defining a class, we are creating a new abstract data type (ADT). Class specification has two parts: 1. Class declaration 2. Class function definitions Class declaration describes the type and scope of its members. The class functions definition describes how the class functions are implemented. Class class_name { Private: Variable declaration; Function declaration; Public: Variable declaration; Function declaration; }; Keywords: class, private, public { Private: Char Account type; int acc_no; Float bal Public: Void getdata(); Void display(); }; Private and public are known as visibility labels. Variables declared inside the class are known as data members and the functions are known as member functions. Only the member functions can have access to the private data members and private functions. Public members (both functions and data) can be accessed from outside the class. Binding of data and function together into a single entity is referred to as encapsulation.

Class BankAccount

OOP

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Object is an instance of a class. Once a class is declared, you can create variables of that type by using the class name. BankAccount acc1; To access class members we create main () and call class member functions use object. Object_name.function_name (argument list); Defining member Functions Member functions can be defined in two ways: Outside the class Inside the class (inline function)

Outside the class Return type class_name :: function_name (argument decleration) { Body of function } :: is called membership label that tells the compiler that the function function_name belongs to the class class_name. Inside the class Class Item { Int number; Float cost; Public: Void getdata(int a, float b); //function decleartion Void putdata(void ) { Cout<<number<<endl; Cout<<cost<<endl; } }; Inline functions An inline function is a function that is expanded in line when it is invoked i.e. the compiler replaces the function call with the corresponding function code (similar to macros in c). to define the inline function we use inline keyword Ex: inline void Item :: getdata(int a, float b); OOP Page 2

Note: inline is a request not a command. Compiler may ignore request and can treat it as a normal function. Note: there are some of the situations where inline may not work: For functions returning values, if a loop, a switch, or a goto exists. Function contain static variables; Recursive functions.

Function overloading Overloading means use the same thing for different purposes. C++ allows overloading of functions i.e. we can use the same function name to create functions that perform a variety of different tasks. This is an example of polymorphism in OOP. Ex: //Declarations int sum (int a, int b); int sum (int a, int b, int c); double sum (double x, double y); //Function call Cout<<sum(5,10); Cout<<sum(11.3, 8.9); Cout<<sum(4,8,12) Static data members: A keyword A static data member variable has certain special characteristics: o Initialized to zero when the first object of a class is created. o One copy of that member is created for the entire class and is shared by all the objects of that class. o Visible only within the class, but its lifetime is the entire program. Generally used to maintain values common to the entire class.

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Class Item { Static int count; int number; Public: Void getdata(int a) { number=a; count++; } Void getcount(void) { Cout<<count:<<count<<endl; } }; main () { Item a,b,c; //count is initialized to zero a.getcount(); b.getcount (); c.getcount(); a.getdata(100); b.getdata(200);
c.getdata(300); a.getcount(); b.getcount(); c.getcount(); } Output: count: 0 count: 0 count: 0 count: 3 count: 3 count: 3 Friend functions The functions that are declared with the keyword friend are known as friend functions. Friend function is not a member function but has all access rights to the private members of the class. Friend function definition does not use either the keyword friend or the scope operator (::). OOP Page 4

Characteristics: It is not in the scope of the class to which it has been declared as friend. Can not be called using the object of that class, because it is not in the scope of the class. Invoked like a normal function. It can be declared either in public or the private section of a class without affecting its meaning. Usually, it has objects as arguments. Often used in operator overloading

Ex: in a situation where two classes want to share a same function, use of friend is required.

OOP

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