Speed Control of DC Motors

- Anoop Mathew
Asst. Professor Electronics & Commn. Engg. Dept. Vedavyasa Institute of Tech. Malappuram Dist. 673632 Kerala
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Speed Control of DC Motors

Merits of DC Drives

Versatile control characteristics. High starting torque. (Traction purposes) Control over a large speed range. Speed control methods are simpler and cheaper as compared to AC machines.

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Demerits of DC Drives

Tailor-made machines. Bulky as compared to AC counterpart. Commutator sparking not suitable for petrochemicals, mine and chemical applications.

Above 500 kW, manufacturing of machine itself is tedious.

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Fundamentals of Drives
Quadrants of operation

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Fundamentals of DC machines DC machine

Compound

Separately excited

Series

Shunt

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Fundamentals of DC machines

Consists of stationary field winding and rotating armature winding. Field magnetic field interacts with the current in the armature conductors and this generates a torque. Armature current distribution is maintained by the Commutators. Commutators reverse the armature current as armature pass from one field pole to next. Due to the field, a back EMF is induced in the armature windings and it appears at the commutators.
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Fundamentals of DC machines
Motoring
Vb = V-IaRa = K Neglecting IaRa drop, (1) V= Vb = K ie, 1/ Where, Also V V terminal voltage Vb back emf rotational speed flux Ra armature resistance

(V/)

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Speed control options

Drive Speed can be controlled by: Armature Voltage control Field Flux control

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Speed control using Armature voltage control

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Semi-converter fed separately-excited motor

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Waveforms (Continuous motor current)

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Waveforms (Discontinuous Motor current)

High power motors often have continuous current

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Terminal Voltage

Avg. teminalVoltage, V =
a

Sin t d ( t )

V m / (1 + cos )

Vdc (min) = zero when = Vdc (max) = 2Vm/ when = 0 Range of Vdc, 0 to 2Vm/

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Torque-Speed Characteristics
= (Va-IaRa)/Ka But Ia =T/Ka And Va =
--------------- (2)

Vm / (1+ cos)

? Substitute these values in Eqn. (2) ? Find No-Load speed (At no-load, T=0)

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Torque-Speed Characteristics

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Full converter fed separately excited DC motor

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Waveforms (continuous current)

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Home work.... ? Find No-Load speed ? Find terminal voltage

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Speed-Torque Characteristics

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Motoring & Breaking operation

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Motoring & Breaking

n n

Rectifier supplies power to the load for 0900 Reversing the rectifier output current by reversing the rectifier output voltage. Rectifier output voltage can be reversed by 180o>>90o rectifier works as a line commuted inverter. Regenerative braking cannot be obtained by half controlled rectifier since o/p voltage cannot be reversed.
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Converter fed DC series motor

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Single phase semi converter fed Series motor

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Class work ...

n

Derive equation for torque from the series motor fundamentals and terminal voltage equations.

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Speed-Torque characteristics

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Single phase full converter drive

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Waveforms

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Home work ...

n

Derive equation for torque from the series motor fundamentals and terminal voltage equations.

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Speed-torque characteristics

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Speed control using Armature voltage control Chopper-fed DC drive

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Chopper-fed DC series Motor- Power Circuit

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Waveform- Continuous motor current

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Waveform- Discontinuous motor current

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Chopper-fed series DC motor

Torque

T I

2 a

Ia armature current

Average motor voltage

For continuous current: Va=Edc. For discontinuous current: Va= Edc. +Kres.N.(T-tp)/T
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duty ratio

References
[1] A. Maamoun, DEVELOPMENT OF CYCLOCONVERTERS, IEEE Trans. 2003. [2] Ned Mohan et al, Power Electronics, Weily publications 2005 [3] M.D. Singh & K.B Khanjandani, Power Electronics, TMH 2006 [4] Cyril W. Lander Power Electronics, McGraw Hill International Editions 2007 [5] Dr.S. Rama Reddy Power Electronics, Nirosha Publications [6] Vedam Subramanyam Power Electronics, New Age Publications 2004
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Thank You

Questions ???
anoopmathew@ieee.org URL : www.anoopmathew.110mb.com

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