Lu nay, k thut gii ton Ha hc vn cha c quan tm ng mc, c bit l trong chng trnh o to ca trng ph thng, dn n tnh trng

hc sinh ca chng ta gp nhiu kh khn v lng tng trong vic gii cc bi Ton phc tp, cc sch tham kho v gii ton Ha hc cng c kh nhiu, tuy nhin cng tht kh c th tm c mt cun sch c th tm lc y cc phng php gii ton thng gp. Topic ny c lp ra vi mong mun gip cc bn c c ci nhn y nht v cc phng php gii cc bi tp Ha, a vic gii ton Ha hc khng ch l mt k thut m l mt ngh thut ca ngi yu hc Ha. Bi m u m tui t ra hm nay l k thut ng cho - mt k thut rt hay gp trong cc bi ton Ha ph thng linh hn ca phng php trung bnh. Lu nay c khng t ngi cp n k thut ng cho, nhng cn rt hn ch. Hy vng bi vit di y s cung cp cho cc bn nhiu thng tin qu bu v mt k thut quan trng bc nht trong gii ton Ha hc.

Ngh thut s dng ng cho trong gii ton Ha hc.

_K thut ng cho c s dng rt rng ri trong gii ton Ha hc, c mt trong hu ht cc bi ton c s dng phng php trung bnh (ch l ch trong hn hp 2 thnh phn) _Bn cht ca k thut ny l vn l cng thc gii h phng trnh bc nht 2 n, ni cch khc n l s hnh nh ha nh thc cp 2 trong cng thc Crame. _ u im ni bt ca phng php ny l hn ch c s n s trong bi ton, nhanh gn v trnh by trc quan. _ Khng th c mt nh ngha chnh xc v k thut ny, nn ti s trnh by cc dng bi c trng ca phng php ny thng qua cc v d c th c so snh vi phng php thng thng y, ti xin im qua cc dng ton ht sc c bn c dng n k thut ny, theo th t trong chng trnh ph thng bt u t lp 10. Cn nh l cc bi ton trong thc t phc tp hn nhiu, i hi cc bn phi c s suy ngh, tm ti hnh thnh k thut gii ton Ha hc mt cch y v hon thin, khng th lm my mc. Chc cc bn s tm thy nhiu iu th v khi vn dng linh hot cc k nng ny! Dnh cho hc sinh lp 10 Dng 1: Tnh ton hm lng ng v VD: KLNT ca ng l 63,54. ng c 2 ng v l 65Cu29 v 63Cu29. Tm phn trm v s nguyn t ca mi ng v? Cch 1: t x, y ln lt l phn trm v s nguyn t ca 2 ng v 65Cu29 v 63Cu29 (0 < x, y < 100, %) T cc gi thit trong bi, ta c h phng trnh:

x + y = 100 %
M
Cu

65 x +63 y x +y

= 63,54

Gii h 2 phng trnh trn, ta c : x = 27% v y = 73% Vy hm lng ca 65Cu29 trong t nhin l 27% v 63Cu29 l 73%. ( Trong cch lm ny, cn c th hn ch c 1 n nu khi t ta chn n l x v 100 x ) Cch 2: p dng k thut ng cho cho hn hp 2 ng v trn trong t nhin, ta c: 65 Cu29 (M = 65) 63,54 63 = 0,54 27 M Cu = 63,54 63 Cu29 (M = 63) 65 63,54 = 1,46 73

%65Cu29 =

Bi tp tng t: 1. KLNT trung bnh ca Brom l 79,91. Brom c 2 ng v trong t nhin l 79 Br35 v 81Br35. Tnh hm lng phn trm ca mi ng v trong t nhin? 2. KLNT trung bnh ca Antimon l 121,76. Antimon c 2 ng v trong t nhin l 121Sb51 v 123Sb51 . Tnh hm lng phn trm ca mi ng v? 3. KLNT trung bnh ca nguyn t Bo l 10,812. Mi khi c 94 nguyn t 10 B5 th c bao nhiu nguyn t 11B5 ? Dng 2: Tnh t l thnh phn ca hn hp kh qua t khi VD: T khi ca mt hn hp kh Nit v Hidro so vi Oxi l 0,3125. Tm th tch v thnh phn phn trm v th tch ca Nit v Hidro c trong 29,12 lt hn hp? Cch 1: Gi s c 100 mol hn hp trn (phng php gi thit tm) v s mol ca N 2 v H2 ln lt l x v y (0 < x,y < 100, mol) T cc gi thit trong bi, ta c h phng trnh: x + y = 100 mol
M
hh

27.100 % = 27% 27 + 73

28 x +2 y x +y

= 32.0,3125 = 10

Gii h phng trnh trn, ta c: x = 30,77 (mol) v y = 69,23 (mol) V t l v s mol cng bng t l v th tch trong cng iu kin nhit v p sut nn ta c: %VN2 = 30,77% v %VH2 = 69,23% T c: VN2 = 29,12 . 30,77/100 = 8,96l v suy ra VH2 = 29,12 8,86 = 20,16l Cch 2: p dng k thut ng cho cho hn hp 2 cht kh trn, ta c:

N2 (M = 28)
M
hh

8 4 = 32.0,3125 = 10
4.100 % 4 + 9 = 30,77%

H2 (M = 2)

18 9

%VN2 =
Bi tp tng t:

1, Cn thm bao nhiu lt kh N2 vo 29,12 lt hn hp kh VD trn thu c mt hn hp mi c t khi hi so vi O2 l 0,46875. 2, Mt hn hp kh gm N2 v H2 c t khi hi so vi kh Hidro l 3,6. Sau khi un nng mt thi gian vi bt st 550*C th thy t khi ca hn hp kh so vi Hidro tng ln v bng 4,5. a, Tnh thnh phn ca hn hp kh trc v sau phn ng b, Tnh xem c bao nhiu phn trm th tch ca N 2 v Hidro tham gia phn ng. Cho bit phn ng gia N2 v H2 xy ra khng hon ton: N2 + 3H2 2NH3 3, Khi ha tan hon ton 2,72 gam hn hp Canxi cacbua (CaC2) v Nhm cacbua (Al4C3) vo dung dch HCl 2M ngi ta thu c mt lng kh c t khi so vi Hidro bng 10. a, Xc nh thnh phn phn trm khi lng ca cc cht rn ban u. b, Tnh th tch dung dch HCl 2M ti thiu cn dng ha tan hn hp. c, Tnh th tch kh thu c 27,3*C v 836 mm Hg 4, T khi ca mt hn hp gm O2 v O3 i vi He l 10,24. Nu cho hn hp ny i t t qua dung dch KI c d th thu c 50 lt kh. a, Xc nh th tch ca O2 v O3 c trong hn hp b, Cn thm vo hn hp trn bao nhiu lt kh O 3 thu c hn hp mi c t khi so vi He l 10,667. 5, Trn 13 gam mt kim loi M c ha tr 2 ( M ng trc Hidro trong dy Bktp) vi Lu hunh ri nung nng phn ng xy ra hon ton, thu c cht rn A. Cho A phn ng vi 300ml dung dch H2SO4 1M (acid ly d), th thu c hn hp kh B nng 5,2 gam (t khi hi ca B vi Oxi l 0,8125) v dung dch C. a, Xc nh kim loi M v nng mol/lit ca dung dch C (gi s th tch dung dch khng i). Bit rng mui MSO4 tan trong nc. b, Cho 250ml dung dch NaOH c nng cha bit vo dung dch C th thu c 1 kt ta. em nung kt ta n khi lng khng i th c cht rn D nng 6,075 gam. Tnh nng mol/lt ca dung dch NaOH. (i hc Ti chnh 1988) Dnh cho hc sinh lp 11 Dng 3: Tnh ton trong pha ch dung dch

Cng thc chung:

1, Nng phn trm: Trn m1 (gam) dung dch A% (ln) vi m2 (gam) dung dch nng a% (nh hn) th c dung dch c nng X% tha mn: m1 A% X% X-a m2 a% AX

X a = m1
AX

m2

Nu gi thit l t khi ca dung dch thay i khng ng k th ta c:

V1 X a = V2 AX

2, Nng mol/lit: Trn V1 (lit) dung dch A (mol/l) vi V2 (lit) dung dch a (mol/l) vi gi thit th tch dung dch hao ht khng ng k th ta c dung dch c nng X (mol/l) tha mn: V1 A (M) X (M) V2 a (M) AX X-a

X a = V1
AX

V2

VD: Cn bao nhiu ml dd NaCl 3% pha 500 ml dung dch nc mui sinh l, gi thit rng t khi ca dung dch thay i khng ng k? (Bi thc tp Ha Sinh ca SV nm th 2 khoa Sinh hc H KHTN HN) Nc mui sinh l l dung dch NaCl 0,9% Cch 1: t x, y ln lt l th tch ca NaCl 3% v H2O cn dng (0 < x,y <500). Ta c h phng trnh: V = x+ y = 500 (ml) mNaCl = x.3% = 500.0,9% Gii h trn, ta c: x = 150 ml v y = 350 ml Cch 2: p dng cng thc ng cho, ta c:

NaCl (3%) NaCl (0,9%) H2O (0%)

0,9 2,1
0,9 2,1 +0,9

VNaCl =

. 500 = 150 ml

Bi tp tng t: 1, Trnh by cch pha dd ethanol 50% t 2 dd ethanol 90% v 30%. 2, Cn dng bao nhiu gam nc ha tan 1,4 mol xt th thu c dung dch 25% 3, Phi ha tan bao nhiu ml dd HCl 1,6M vi 20 ml dd HCl 0,5M c dung dch CuSO4 4, Xc nh th tch dung dch HCl 10M v th tch H2O cn dng pha thnh 400ml dd 2M 5, Xc nh lng nc cn dng ha tan 188g Kali oxit iu ch dd KOH 5,6% 6, Cn bao nhiu gam dd Fe(NO3)2 20% v bao nhiu gam H2O pha thnh 500g dd Fe(NO3)2 8%. Ch : Cch lm trn cn c th p dng trong cc bi ton pha ch dung dch biu din qua pH, bn c t ly VD. Dng 4: Tnh thnh phn mui trong phn ng n baz vi a acid y l dng ton c gii thiu c trong chng trnh Ha hc lp 9 v Chng Nit Phospho trong Ha hc 11. Tuy nhin, cc Gio vin v Hc sinh vn cn i theo li mn trong vic gii quyt dng Ton ny. VD: Thm 250ml dung dch NaOH 2M vo 200ml dung dch H3PO4 1,5M a, Tnh khi lng mui to thnh? b, Tnh nng mol/l ca dung dch to thnh? (Bi tp 80 trang 100 Gii Ton Ha hc 11 - Nguyn Trng Th (ch bin)) Cch 1: (y chnh l li mn) Phn ng gia NaOH v H3PO4 c th xy ra nh sau: NaOH + H3PO4 = NaH2PO4 + H2O (1)

nNaOH nH3 PO4 = 1 nNaOH nH3 PO4 = 2

2NaOH

H3PO4

Na2HPO4

H2O

(2)

3NaOH

+
nNaOH
3

H3PO4
0, 2.5, 2

Na3PO4
0,5

H2 O

(3)

nNaOH nH3 PO4 = 3

y, n = = = 1,67 1 < 1,67 < 2 0, 2.1,5 0,3 H PO c 2 loi mui Na2HPO4 v NaH2PO4 to thnh theo (1) v (2). t a mol, b mol ln lt l s mol ca NaH2PO4 v Na2HPO4 to thnh do (1) v (2), ta c h phng trnh:
4

a + 2b = 0,5 a + b = 0,3 Gii h phng trnh trn, ta c: a = 0,1 v b = 0,2 Vy, mNaH PO = 120.0,1 = 12g; mNa HPO = 142.0,2 = 28,4g Tng th tch dung dch l: 250 + 200 = 450ml = 0,45 l
2 4 2 4

[ NaH 2 PO4 ] [ Na2 HPO4 ]

0,1 = o,22M 0, 45 0, 2 = = 0,44M 0, 45

(Chp y chang bi gii trong Sch) Cch 2: Cch lm ng cho ca Sao bng: Khng cn vit phn ng m nhn vo CTPT, ta cng c th thy c t l n=
nNaOH nH3 PO4 , v nu p dng ng cho, ta c nh sau:

Na2HPO4 (n1 = 2)
n = 0, 2.5, 2 0,5 = 0, 2.1,5 0,3

2/3

NaH2PO4 (n2 = 1)
M tng s mol H3PO4 l

Nn d dng c kt qu nh trn. Ghi ch: y khng phi l mt dng Ton hay gp v quan trng nn ngh bn c t ly VD thm Dnh cho hc sinh lp 12 Dng 6 Bi ton hn hp 2 cht v c ca 2 Kim loi cng ha tr v kh nng phn ng. Tht ra dng ton ny c th tm thy c trong chng trnh lp 9, 10, 11 nhng tp trung hn c phn Kim loi ca chng trnh Ha hc 12, thng c gii bng phng php M

1/3 1
= 0,3

H 3 PO4

VD: Ha tan 28,4g mt hn hp gm 2 mui cacbonat ca 2 Kim loi ha tr 2 bng dung dch HCl d, thu c 6,72 lt kh ktc v 1 dung dch A a, Tnh tng s gam ca 2 mui Clorua c trong dung dch A. b, Xc nh tn 2 kim loi nu 2 kim loi thuc 2 chu k lien tip ca phn nhm IIA. c, Tnh thnh phn phn trm ca mi mui trong hn hp ban u. d, Nu dn ton b kh CO2 cho hp th hon ton vo 1,25 lt dung dch Ba(OH)2 thu c 39,4g kt ta th nng mol/l ca dung dch Ba(OH)2 l bao nhiu? Cho: Be = 9, Mg = 24, Ca = 40, Ba = 137, Sr = 87 Li gii: Cu a ca bi ton gii bng phng php Tng - gim khi lng, d dng c mMCL =31,7g Cu b, d dng c M = 34,67 t suy ra 2 Kim loi to mui l Ca v Mg Cu c ca bi ton c 2 cch gii: Cch 1: Gi a, b ln lt l s mol ca MgCO3 v CaCO3 trong 28,4g hn hp ban u. Ta c h phng trnh:
2

mMCO = 84a + 106b = 28, 4

3

mMCl = 95a + 111b = 31, 7

2

Gii h phng trnh trn ta c: a = 0,1 mol v b = 0,2 mol Cch 2: p dng cng thc ng cho cho hn hp 2 mui Cacbonat, ta c: CaCO3 (M = 100)
M= 284 3 16 3 32 3

0,2 mol

MgCO3 (M = 84)

0,1 mol

Bi tp tng t: 1. Mt dung dch X cha 2 mui ACl2 v BCl2 (A, B l 2 kim loi thuc cng mt phn nhm chnh v 2 chu k lien tip). Tng kh lng 2 mui l 44,5 gam. Dung dch phn ng va vi dung dch cha AgNO3 v Pb(NO3)2 to ra kt ta nng 140,8 gam. Dung dch Y khi tc dng vi H2SO4 d cho ra 70,9 gam kt ta. a, Tnh s mol AgNO3 v Pb(NO3) cha trong dung dch Y b, Suy ra tng s mol ACl2 v BCl2 trong dung dch X. Xc nh A, B v s mol mi mui ACl2, BCl2. 2. Xt mt hn hp 2 mui Clorua ca 2 kim loi kim A v B vi khi lng nguyn t ca A nh hn ca B v A, B 2 chu k lin tip. Cho 19,15g hn hp X tc dng va vi 300g dung dch AgNO3, sau phn ng ta thu c 43,05g kt ta v mt dung dch D. a, Xc nh nng phn trm ca dung dch AgNO3

b, C cn dung dch D ta thu c bao nhiu gam mui khan? c, nh tn v khi lng cc mui Clorua trong hn hp X Cho: Li = 7, Na = 23, K = 39, Rb = 85, Cs = 133, Ag = 108, N = 14, Cl = 35,5, O = 16 3. Mt hn hp X gm 2 kim loi A v B cng c ha tr 2, c khi lng nguyn t ca X l 19,3 gam a, Xc nh A, B v khi lng A, B trong X bit rng khi cho X tc dng vi dung dch HCl d ch c A tan cho ra 2,24 lt kh H2 (ktc) b, Nu ly cng mt lng X nh trn cho vo 200ml dung dch Y cha cha AgNO3 1M v Hg(NO3)2 0,5M, tnh khi lng cht rn Z thu c (Hg = 200) 4. Mt hn hp X gm 2 mui cacbonat kim loi kim A, B thuc 2 chu k lin tip ca bng h thng tun hon c tng khi lng l 41,9 gam. a, Xc nh A, B v s mol mi cacbonat trong hn hp X bit rng khi cho X tc dng vi H2SO4 d v cho kh CO2 to ra phn ng ht vi nc vi d ta c 35 gam kt ta. b, Dng 83,8 gam hn hp X cho tc dng vi 1 dung dch Y cha HCl 0,3M v H2SO4 0,2M. Phi dng bao nhiu lt dung dch Y phn ng va vi lng X trn, bit phn ng to ra CO2? 5. Mt hn hp X gm 2 kim loi A, B (u ha tr 2) vi MA MB, mX = 9,7 gam. Hn hp X tan ht trong 200 ml dung dch Y cha H2SO4 12M v HNO3 2M to ra hn hp Z gm 2 kh SO2 v NO c t khi ca Z i vi H2 bng 23,5 v V = 2,588 lt (ktc) v dung dch T a, Tnh s mol SO2 v NO trong hn hp Z b, Xc nh A, B v khi lng mi kim loi trong hn hp X

Tng kt v k thut ng cho Hy vng l qua mt lot cc VD v bi tp trn cc bn c th hiu thm c phn no bn cht v nhng nt u vit ca phng php ng cho p dng trong gii Ton ha hc. Vic phn chia cc dng ton nh trn l hon ton ch quan v tng i, t vic nm c bn cht ca phng php m cc bn c th c rt v m rng thm cc dng ton khc mt cch linh hot. VD: t chy hon ton 28 gam mt dy st ta thu c 39,2 gam hn hp Fe 2O3 v Fe3O4. Tnh thnh phn phn trm ca Fe chuyn thnh Fe2O3 v Fe3O4. Cch 1: t x v y ln lt l s mol Fe chuyn thnh Fe2O3 v Fe3O4. T gi thit, ta c h phng trnh:

28 = 0,5mol 56 nFe 1 mhh = 160.0,5x + 232. y = 39,2 g 3 = x+ y =

Gii h 2 phng trnh trn ta thu c kt qu: x = 0,2 v y = 0,3. T rt ra t l l 40% v 60%. Cch 2: Gi oxit thu c c cng thc: Fex Oy , ta c: nFe = 0,5 mol, nO=
x 5 39, 2 28 = 0, 7 mol . Nh vy, t l = . 16 y 7 x 2 = ) y 3 Fex Oy ( x 5 = ) y 7 1 21 1 28

T p dng cng thc ng cho, ta c: Fe2O3 (

Fe3O4 (

x 3 = ) y 4

t cng tm ra c kt qu nh trn. Chc cc bn tm c nhiu iu th v khi p dng linh hot phng php gii ton ha hc ny!