GBI Seminar on Building Envelope Energy Usage

GBI CPD SEMINAR
MS1525:2007
Clause 5 : BUILDING ENVELOPE
25 July 2009 Penang
Ar Von Kok Leong

B. Arch (Auckland), P.Arch, APAM, AIPDM
GREENBUILDINGINDEX SDN BHD | www.greenbuildingindex.org
GREEN BUILDING INDEX BUILDING ENVELOPE the external portions of a building through which thermal energy is transferred and this thermal transfer is the major factor affecting interior comfort level and energy usage.
MS1525:2007
GREEN BUILDING INDEX ENERGY USAGE IN BUILDINGS
GREEN BUILDING INDEX

Wasteful use of energy is affecting our planet and our environment. If we design, build and manage our buildings so the need for energy is reduced, only then our effort will make a real difference.
Reuse, Reduce, Recycle

MS1525:2007
1.
KEY ISSUES
MS1525:2007 is a Code of Practice (CP), and is intended to be incorporated into UBBL, hence a CP becomes part of a By-law. a) Applies to non-residential, air-conditioned buildings, > 4,000 sq m. Architects and Engineers must submit OTTV & RTTV calculations. Requirement for Energy Management Control system is under Clause 9.
b) c)
MS1525:2007
2.
KEY ISSUES
MS1525:2007 provides the baseline minimum standard for the GBI rating tools for energy efficient design. a) If design falls below the requirements of MS1525:2007, it is unlikely to be rated. Reward for designs that are better than the baseline minimum requirements of MS1525:2007. GBI (Residential) adopts same methods of measurement found in MS1525:2007.
b)
c)
BUILDING ENVELOPE
MS1525:2007 Clause 5
5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 5.9 General Requirement Concept Of OTTV Shading Coefficient Daylighting Roofs Roofs With Skylights, RTTV Daylight Credit Submission Procedure Air Leakage
BUILDING ENVELOPE
MS1525:2007 Clause 5.1 says

Fundamentally, the building envelope has to block out heat gain into buildings via conduction and radiation. In other words, the building envelope shall provide resistance to heat gain.
THERMAL RESISTANCE
Heat energy flows from a hot object to a cooler object. Whenever there is a temperature gradient, heat transfer will always occur. It can never be stopped, and it can only be slowed.
THERMAL RESISTANCE
Relationships between thermal resistance, thermal conductivity and U-value 1. 2. In heat transfer, the Thermal Conductivity, k of a material is its ability to conduct heat. Generally, thermal conductivity approx tracks electrical conductivity, as moving electrons transfer not only electric current, but also heat energy. Therefore, heat conductivity through layers of materials in a composite wall construction is analogous to adding up the resistance in an electric circuit connected in series.
3.
THERMAL RESISTANCE
Relationships between thermal resistance, thermal conductivity and U-value 4. Thermal Resistance, R of each material is R = (material thickness) (thermal conductivity, k) 5. 6. 7. Increasing the thickness of the material will increase its thermal resistance. In a composite wall construction, the total R is Rtotal = R1 + R2 + R3 +...+ Rn. Therefore, Rtotal is the sum of the thermal resistance of all the respective materials making up the composite wall.
THERMAL RESISTANCE
Relationships between thermal resistance, thermal conductivity and U-value 8. U-value of the wall is the heat transmission value of the composite wall in W/m2K, and is inversely proportional to the total R, ie, U = 1 / Rtotal. 9. The higher the R, the lower the U, the better.
THERMAL RESISTANCE
Examples of thermal conductivity, k Material Mineral wool insulation Mineral fibreboard Plasterboard Common clay brick Glass 3mm thick Concrete k (in W/mK) 0.039 0.053 0.160 0.950 1.050 2.160
THERMAL RESISTANCE
Roof thermal resistance is one of the most important design decisions for energy efficient designs The roof plane receives the most Solar Radiation and for the longest period through the day >75% of the Solar Gain by a typical Intermediate single storey terraced house is through its Roof >50% of the Solar Gain by a typical Intermediate double storey terraced house is through its Roof >40% of the Solar Gain by a typical 5 storey block of flats is through its Roof
THERMAL RESISTANCE
Roof Thermal Resistance and SRI
THERMAL RESISTANCE
Solar Reflectance Index (SRI) 1. SRI is a measure of a roofing materials ability to reflect solar heat, and hence, reduce heat absorption; Standard black is 0, standard white is 1; Materials with the highest SRI values are the best (and coolest!) choices for roofing.
2. 3.
THERMAL RESISTANCE
Albedo and SRI The albedo of an object or a surface is the extent to which it reflects light from the Sun. Generally, a light coloured surface has a higher albedo. It is shown as SRI, and ranges from 0 to 1. Eg Material Black acrylic paint Bare soil New asphalt New concrete Concrete w Portland cement White acrylic paint SRI 0.05 0.17 0.40 0.40 - 0.50 0.70 - 0.80 0.80
BUILDING ENVELOPE
MS1525:2007 Clause 5
5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 5.9 General Requirement Concept Of OTTV Shading Coefficient Daylighting Roofs Roofs With Skylights, RTTV Daylight Credit Submission Procedure Air Leakage
OTTV, Roof U-value and RTTV
MS1525:2007 Clause 5.2

OTTV applies to building envelope
MS1525:2007 Clause 5.5

Roof U-value refers to the thermal transmittance of the roof construction
MS1525:2007 Clause 5.6

RTTV applies to roof with skylights
CONCEPT OF OTTV

A design criterion for building envelope known as the Overall Thermal Transfer Value (OTTV) has been adopted. The OTTV aims at achieving the design of building envelope to cut down external heat gain and hence reduce the cooling load of the airconditioning system. The OTTVshould not exceed 50 W / m2
OTTV FORMULA
MS1525:2007 Clause 5.2.1 says

The OTTV of building envelope is given by the formula:
A OTTV =
o1
x OTTV + A
1
o2
x OTTV ...... + A
2 o2 on
on
x OTTV
o1
+ A ...... + A
where A1 is the gross exterior wall area for orientation 1; OTTV1 is the OTTV value for orientation 1; and OTTV for the whole building < 50 W/m2
OTTV FORMULA

The formula for the OTTV of any given wall orientation is as follows:
OTTVi = 15 (1 WWR) Uw + 6 (WWR) Uf + (194 x CF x WWR x SC)
OTTV FORMULA

OTTV =
OTTV FORMULA


Heat Conduction through Walls
OTTV =
OTTV FORMULA


Heat Conduction through Walls Heat Conduction through Windows
OTTV =
OTTV FORMULA


Heat Conduction through Walls Heat Conduction through Windows Solar Heat Gain through Windows
OTTV =
OTTV FORMULA


Heat Conduction through Walls Heat Conduction through Windows Solar Heat Gain through Windows
OTTV =
0.2% to 5%
10% to 20%
70% to 85%
HEAT CONDUCTION THROUGH WALLS
15(1-WWR)Uw +
6(WWR)Uf + 194xCFxWWRxSC
Heat Conduction through Windows Solar Heat Gain through Windows
< 50W/m2
0.2% to 5%
MS1525:2007 Clause 5.2.2

15 (1-WWR) Uw 15 x x Wall area ratio x U-value of Wall where = Solar Absorption = Colour of walls
Black Paint White Paint Aluminium Oxide Paint Red Roof Tiles 0.90-0.99 0.15-0.30 0.09 0.4-0.8

Plastered Brickwall

Aluminium Composite Cladding without insulation

Aluminium Composite Cladding with insulation
HEAT CONDUCTION THROUGH WINDOWS
Heat Conduction through Windows
Solar Heat + Gain through Windows
< 50W/m2
15(1-WWR)Uw +
6(WWR)Uf 10% to 20%
+ 194xCFxWWRxSC
MS1525:2007 Clause 5.2.2

6 (WWR) Uf 6 x Window to Wall ratio x U-value of Window Glazing type
Single glazed clear Laminated clear / PVB / clear Double glazed clear / air / clear
U-values
5.7 to 6.2 4.5 to 5.5 2.6 to 2.9
SOLAR HEAT GAIN THROUGH WINDOWS
Heat Conduction through Windows
Solar Heat + Gain through Windows
< 50W/m2
15(1-WWR)Uw +
6(WWR)Uf
+ 194xCFxWWRxSC
70% to 85%
MS1525:2007 Clause 5.2.2

194 x CF x WWR x SC 194 x Correction Factor (Table 4) x Window to Wall ratio x Shading Coefficient (Tables 5,6 & 7) Table 4 specifies the CF for the various orientation of the fenestration. It is based on weather data for KL. Data shows East solar radiation is higher than West.
Solar radiation and glazing - key issues

INFRARED : not visible; wavelength greater than 750 nanometers Long Wave Energy ULTRAVIOLET : not visible; wavelength less than 390 nanometers Short Wave Energy
VISIBLE : visible to the human eye; wavelength between 390 and 750 nanometers.

SOLAR RADIATION : 1. Reflected 2. Transmitted 3. Absorbed
absorbed OUTSIDE reflected INSIDE
transmitted

1. Glass Shading Coefficient (SC)
is the amount of solar energy that passes through the glass, relative to a 3mm clear glass tested under similar conditions. A low value means less heat passes through the glass. Eg, a glazing with a SC of 0.45 would allow only 45% as much solar energy to pass through as would a 3mm clear glass.

2. Visible Light Transmittance (VLT)
is the fraction of visible light at a specified wavelength that passes through the glass. Usually quoted between 0 and 1, a high value means more light passes through the glass. Eg, a glazing with a VLT of 0.70 would allow 70% of visible light to pass through.

3. Insulated Glazing Units (IGU)
are multiple glass panes assembled into units to insulate against heat and sound. Most IGUs are double glazed (DGUs), but some IGUs have three sheets or more. IGUs are becoming more common due to higher energy costs.

Heat insulation of the IGUs can be further improved through the use of: 1. Tinted glass 2. Coated glass 3. Low-Emissivity glass (Low-E) - reflects away long-wave infrared radiation - hard coat or soft coat

Low-Emissivity glass (Low-E) Hard Coat - liquid tin applied on-line at high temp (pyrolytic) - coating fuses to the glass Soft coat - silver vapour deposited/applied off-line, in vacuum - does not fuse to the glass, very thin and delicate - fragile, requires protection, surface 2 - better performance than hard coat

air gap
1 2 3 4
OUTSIDE Low-E coating reflects long-wave infrared radiation
Low-E coating
INSIDE

Glazing type
Single glazed clear Single glazed clear with Low-E Laminated clear / PVB / clear Laminated clear w Low-E / PVB / clear Double glazed clear / air / clear Double glazed clear w Low-E / air / clear
U-values
5.7 to 6.2 4.0 to 4.4 4.5 to 5.5 4.2 to 5.3 2.6 to 2.9 1.2 to 1.8
SHADING COEFFICIENT
MS1525:2007 Clause 5.3.1

SC - major contributor to reduce OTTV . SC can be in the form of horizontal and/or vertical shading devices that helps to reduce solar heat gain through the windows. SC = SC1 x SC2 SC1 is shading coeff of glazing SC2 is shading coeff of external shading device
SHADING COEFFICIENT
Sunshades
SHADING COEFFICIENT
Sunshades
SHADING COEFFICIENT
Sunshades
SHADING COEFFICIENT
External Shading Devices are more effective than Internal Blinds. External Shading Devices block out Direct Sunlight.
SHADING COEFFICIENT
Sunshades
X=
y=
SHADING COEFFICIENT - R1
MS1525:2007 Table 5
If R1 falls between increments, adopt the next larger ratio.

MS1525:2007 Table 6
If R2 falls between increments, adopt the next larger ratio.

SHADING COEFFICIENT
MS1525:2007 Table 7
SHADING COEFFICIENT
OTTV CALCULATIONS
SAMPLE BUILDING
MENARA UAC
OTTV CALCULATIONS
MENARA UAC
OTTV CALCULATIONS
MENARA UAC
MENARA UAC
OTTV CALCULATIONS
MENARA UAC HEAT CONDUCTION THROUGH WALLS 15(1-WWR)Uw +
< 50W/m2
0.2% to 5%
OTTV CALCULATIONS
MENARA UAC Heat Conduction through Walls
OTTV CALCULATIONS
MENARA UAC HEAT CONDUCTION THROUGH WINDOWS 15(1-WWR)Uw +
< 50W/m2
10% to 20%
OTTV CALCULATIONS
MENARA UAC Heat Conduction through Windows
OTTV CALCULATIONS
MENARA UAC HEAT CONDUCTION THROUGH WALLS 15(1-WWR)Uw +
< 50W/m2
70% to 85%
OTTV CALCULATIONS
MENARA UAC Solar Heat Gain through Windows
OTTV CALCULATIONS
MENARA UAC 15(1-WWR)Uw +
< 50W/m2
0.2% to 5%
10% to 20%
70% to 85%
OTTV CALCULATIONS
OTTV
For circular or symmetrical floor plates, divide into 8 zones N NW W SW S
NE
E SE
OTTV
OTTV
OTTV
OTTV
North
38m glazing, 10m solid wall Total perimeter = 48+48+34+34 = 164m aircond
West
16m/18m
34m
East
14m/20m
48m overall South 48m/0m

OTTV
WAYS TO IMPROVE OTTV

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Identify which component contributes the most to OTTV. Review Solar Correction Factor (CF) in Table 4. Review glass selection and its Shading Coefficient (SC). Review sunshades and its Shading Coefficient (SC) in Tables 5, 6 and 7. Review WWR.
ROOF U-value

The calculation of OTTV does not include the roof plane, but the thermal transmittance (Roof U-value) of the roof construction is important.
ROOF U-value
U-value OF ROOFS U-values are worked out from the Thermal Resistance of the respective materials making up the Roof. U-value is the heat transmission value of the composite roof in W/m2K, and is inversely proportional to R, ie, U = 1 / Rtotal The higher the R, the lower the U, the better.
ROOF U-value
MS1525:2007 Clause 5.5.1

Table 9. Maximum U-value for roof (W/mK) Roof Weight Group Light (Under 50 kg/m) Maximum U-Value (W/mK)
0.4
0.6 Heavy (Above 50 kg/m) GREENBUILDINGINDEX SDN BHD | www.greenbuildingindex.org
ROOF U-value
ROOF WITH INSULATION 1. 2. 3. 4. Concrete tiled roofs (light weight) with NO INSULATION will have a U-value of 0.7 W/m2K With 50mm fiberglass, the U-value will be about 0.35 W/m2K 100mm Concrete roof slab (heavy weight) will have a U-value of 2.762 W/m2K With 60mm polystyrene foam, the U-value can be brought down to 0.537 W/m2K
ROOF U-value
MULTIPLE ROOFS 1. 2. If more than one type of roof is used, refer to Clause 5.5.2 for equations for U-value. If roof area is shaded from direct sun by a ventilated external shading device, such as a double roof, the permissible U-value (Table 9) may be increased by 50%. If roof surface treatment is used where SRI > 0.7, the permissible U-value (Table 9) may be increased by 50%.
3.
HEAT CONDUCTION THROUGH ROOF

R.C. Roof without insulation

R.C. Roof with insulation

Metal Deck Roof without insulation

Metal Deck Roof with insulation
RTTV - ROOF WITH SKYLIGHTS

Clause 5.6.1 The concept of RTTV applies if the roof is provided with skylight, and the entire enclosure below is fully air-conditioned. Clause 5.6.2 The maximum recommended RTTV is 25 W/m2.
MS1525:2007 Clause 5.6.3 equation

(A x U x TD ) + ( A x U x T ) + (A x SC x SF) r r eq s s s RTTV = (A +A ) r s
TDeq is equivalent temp difference (Table 10); and T is the designed temp difference between inside and outside (5K). SF is the Solar Factor, where SF = 323 x CF; where CF is the correction factor for the orientation of the roof and the pitch angle of the skylight (Table 11).
OTTV, Roof U-value and RTTV
SUMMARY
MS1525:2007 Clause 5.2
OTTV applies to building envelope, where OTTV < 50 W/m2
MS1525:2007 Clause 5.5

Roof U-value refers to the thermal transmittance of the roof construction, where Roof U-value < 0.4 - 0.6 W/m2K
MS1525:2007 Clause 5.6

RTTV applies to roof with skylights, where RTTV < 25 W/m2
SUBMISSION PROCEDURE
Information to be submitted by a Professional Engineer or Professional Architect: a drawing showing the cross-sections of typical parts of the roof construction, giving details of the type and thickness of basic construction materials, insulation and air space; the U-value of the roof assembly; the OTTV calculation; and the RTTV of the roof assembly, if provided with skylights.
DAYLIGHTING
MS1525:2007 Clause 4.5

The exterior wall and cladding systems should be designed to provide an integrated solution for the provision of view, daylight control, passive and active solar energy collection and moisture management systems while minimizing heat gain.
DAYLIGHTING MS1525:2007 Clause 5.4.1

Suggested Daylight Factor 1.5%
MS1525:2007 Clause 5.4.2

VLT should not be less than 50%
MS1525:2007 Clause 5.4.3

Daylighting controls within 5m of external walls
DAYLIGHTING DAYLIGHT FACTOR MS1525:2007 Clause 4.4

Conventional and innovative daylighting systems that collect, transport and distribute light deep into buildings and systems that reduce the need for artificial lighting are recommended.
The simplest form of description of daylight distribution is Daylight Factor, DF where DF = (Internal Illuminance External Illuminance) x 100%
DAYLIGHTING Diffused Daylight levels in Malaysia

10 am 4 pm
50,000 lux 30,000 lux
DAYLIGHTING MS1525:2007 Table 1

Zone
Very bright Bright Average Dark
DF (%)
>6 3-6 1-3 0-1
Distribution
Thermal and glare problems Good Fair Poor
Based on Malaysian data, the average Daylight level between 10am and 4pm is 32,000 lux. Thus, a suggested DF of 1.5 = 480 lux (Fair); a DF of 4.5 = 1,440 lux (Good)!
DAYLIGHTING DAYLIGHT GLARE CONTROL

Reduce discomfort of glare from natural light. Blinds or screens fitted on all glazing and atrium as a base building must meet the following provisions: 1) Eliminate glare from all direct sunlight; 2) Eliminate glare from diffused sky radiation; 3) Control with automatic monitoring system with manual override accessible to occupants.
DAYLIGHTING DAYLIGHTING ESSENTIALS

1. Bring the light in from high, above the view plane 2. Diffuse sunlight inside the space. Do not allow beam sunlight to strike work surfaces. 3. Use only North and South vertical windows 4. Choose the glazing carefully.
DAYLIGHTING STRATEGIES
1 2
1. 2.
3 4
3. 4.
Locate a continuous strip of narrow windows up high. Add a few view windows for visual connection to the outside. These have a low visible transmittance (VLT 0.2 to 0.3), to balance the luminance of the walls with the luminance of the outside. Every work place in the building should have view windows. Introduce light eggshell white color in the upper part of the room to bounce the light across the room. Add mid-to-light colors in the lower part of the room.
DAYLIGHTING
Spectrally Selective Glazing lets in daylight, but blocks out the heat Tinted Glazing
Heat Light
Spectrally Selective Glazing

Heat Light
Typical Values, Double Glazing : Light 60% Transmission Heat 30 % Transmission

DAYLIGHTING
CHOOSE SPECTRALLY SELECTIVE GLAZING
ideal window transmittance
solar spectrum
500
1000
1500 Wavelength,
2000 nm
2500
3000
390nm
visible
750nm
DAYLIGHTING
North 34% of NLA with DF = 1.0% to 3.0% Assuming average 32,000 lux, 1.0% DF = 320 lux 3.0% DF = 960 lux
5m
South
DAYLIGHTING
OUTSIDE
INSIDE
OUTSIDE
INSIDE
A. No lightshelf
and no louvres
B. External lightshelf
and no louvres
DAYLIGHTING
OUTSIDE
INSIDE
OUTSIDE
INSIDE
C. With lightshelf
and louvres
D. Lightshelf tilted at 30o

and without louvres
DAYLIGHTING
OUTSIDE
INSIDE
OUTSIDE
INSIDE
E. Lightshelf tiled at 30o

and with louvres
F. With outer and
internal lightshelves
Lightshelf and Daylight Factor Performance

6
5.7 4.8 3.7 4.9 5.0 3.9 Based on DF of 1.5%, ie approx 150 lux
0 A B C D E F
Glare risk
Glare risk
Glare Preferred risk
DAYLIGHTING
DAYLIGHT FACTOR STUDY
DAYLIGHTING
External Views (Open Plan Office)
BUILDING ENVELOPE
MS1525:2007 Clause 5.9 Air Leakage

The building envelope should provide adequate barrier to prevent uncontrolled mixing of outside air with air-conditioned space.
BUILDING ENVELOPE
MS1525:2007 Clause 5.9.5 Vestibules

It is recommended that a door that separates conditioned space from the exterior is protected by an enclosed vestibule, with all doors opening into and out of the vestibule equipped with selfclosing devices.
BUILDING ENVELOPE
Building Envelope Testing

For Curtain Walls, Windows and Doors, Skylight Systems: 1) 2) 3) Air Permeability Test Water Penetration Test Noise Penetration Test
BUILDING ENVELOPE
Curtain Wall Tests
THANK YOU
Ar Von Kok Leong

B. Arch (Auckland), P.Arch, APAM, AIPDM

GBI Seminar on Building Envelope Energy Usage

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GBI CPD SEMINAR

Ar Von Kok Leong

GREENBUILDINGINDEX SDN BHD | www.greenbuildingindex.org

GREEN BUILDING INDEX ENERGY USAGE IN BUILDINGS

GREENBUILDINGINDEX SDN BHD | www.greenbuildingindex.org

GREEN BUILDING INDEX ENERGY USAGE IN BUILDINGS

GREENBUILDINGINDEX SDN BHD | www.greenbuildingindex.org

GREEN BUILDING INDEX ENERGY USAGE IN BUILDINGS

GREENBUILDINGINDEX SDN BHD | www.greenbuildingindex.org

GREEN BUILDING INDEX ENERGY USAGE IN BUILDINGS

GREENBUILDINGINDEX SDN BHD | www.greenbuildingindex.org

GREEN BUILDING INDEX

GREENBUILDINGINDEX SDN BHD | www.greenbuildingindex.org

GREEN BUILDING INDEX ENERGY USAGE IN BUILDINGS

Reuse, Reduce, Recycle

GREEN BUILDING INDEX

GREENBUILDINGINDEX SDN BHD | www.greenbuildingindex.org

MS1525:2007 Clause 5.1 says

GREENBUILDINGINDEX SDN BHD | www.greenbuildingindex.org

GREENBUILDINGINDEX SDN BHD | www.greenbuildingindex.org

GREENBUILDINGINDEX SDN BHD | www.greenbuildingindex.org

GREENBUILDINGINDEX SDN BHD | www.greenbuildingindex.org

GREENBUILDINGINDEX SDN BHD | www.greenbuildingindex.org

GREENBUILDINGINDEX SDN BHD | www.greenbuildingindex.org

OTTV, Roof U-value and RTTV

MS1525:2007 Clause 5.2

MS1525:2007 Clause 5.5

MS1525:2007 Clause 5.6

GREENBUILDINGINDEX SDN BHD | www.greenbuildingindex.org

MS1525:2007 Clause 5.2 says

MS1525:2007 Clause 5.2.1 says

MS1525:2007 Clause 5.2.2 says

OTTVi = 15 (1 WWR) Uw + 6 (WWR) Uf + (194 x CF x WWR x SC)

GREENBUILDINGINDEX SDN BHD | www.greenbuildingindex.org

MS1525:2007 Clause 5.2.2 says

OTTVi = 15 (1 WWR) Uw + 6 (WWR) Uf + (194 x CF x WWR x SC)

GREENBUILDINGINDEX SDN BHD | www.greenbuildingindex.org

MS1525:2007 Clause 5.2.2 says

OTTVi = 15 (1 WWR) Uw + 6 (WWR) Uf + (194 x CF x WWR x SC)

GREENBUILDINGINDEX SDN BHD | www.greenbuildingindex.org

MS1525:2007 Clause 5.2.2 says

OTTVi = 15 (1 WWR) Uw + 6 (WWR) Uf + (194 x CF x WWR x SC)

GREENBUILDINGINDEX SDN BHD | www.greenbuildingindex.org

MS1525:2007 Clause 5.2.2 says

OTTVi = 15 (1 WWR) Uw + 6 (WWR) Uf + (194 x CF x WWR x SC)

GREENBUILDINGINDEX SDN BHD | www.greenbuildingindex.org

MS1525:2007 Clause 5.2.2 says

OTTVi = 15 (1 WWR) Uw + 6 (WWR) Uf + (194 x CF x WWR x SC)

GREENBUILDINGINDEX SDN BHD | www.greenbuildingindex.org

HEAT CONDUCTION THROUGH WALLS

GREENBUILDINGINDEX SDN BHD | www.greenbuildingindex.org

HEAT CONDUCTION THROUGH WALLS

MS1525:2007 Clause 5.2.2

GREENBUILDINGINDEX SDN BHD | www.greenbuildingindex.org

HEAT CONDUCTION THROUGH WALLS

GREENBUILDINGINDEX SDN BHD | www.greenbuildingindex.org

HEAT CONDUCTION THROUGH WALLS

GREENBUILDINGINDEX SDN BHD | www.greenbuildingindex.org

HEAT CONDUCTION THROUGH WALLS

GREENBUILDINGINDEX SDN BHD | www.greenbuildingindex.org

HEAT CONDUCTION THROUGH WINDOWS

Heat Conduction through Walls