Chuyn 1

S CHNH PHNG
I. NH NGHA: S chnh phng l s bng bnh phng ng ca mt s nguyn.
II. TNH CHT:

1. S chnh phng ch c th c ch s tn cng bng 0, 1, 4, 5, 6, 9 ; khng th c

ch s tn cng bng 2, 3, 7, 8.
2. Khi phn tch ra tha s nguyn t, s chnh phng ch cha cc tha s nguyn
t vi s m chn.
3. S chnh phng ch c th c mt trong hai dng 4n hoc 4n + 1. Khng c s
chnh phng no c dng 4n + 2 hoc 4n + 3 (n N).
4. S chnh phng ch c th c mt trong hai dng 3n hoc 3n + 1. Khng c s
chnh phng no c dng 3n + 2 (n N).
5. S chnh phng tn cng bng 1 hoc 9 th ch s hng chc l ch s chn.
S chnh phng tn cng bng 5 th ch s hng chc l 2
S chnh phng tn cng bng 4 th ch s hng chc l ch s chn.
S chnh phng tn cng bng 6 th ch s hng chc l ch s l.
6. S chnh phng chia ht cho 2 th chia ht cho 4.
S chnh phng chia ht cho 3 th chia ht cho 9.
S chnh phng chia ht cho 5 th chia ht cho 25.
S chnh phng chia ht cho 8 th chia ht cho 16.
III. MT S DNG BI TP V S CHNH PHNG

A. DNG1: CHNG MINH MT S L S CHNH PHNG

Bi 1: Chng minh rng vi mi s nguyn x, y th
A = (x + y)(x + 2y)(x + 3y)(x + 4y) + y4 l s chnh phng.
Ta c A = (x + y)(x + 2y)(x + 3y)(x + 4y) + y4
= (x2 + 5xy + 4y2)( x2 + 5xy + 6y2) + y4
t x2 + 5xy + 5y2 = t ( t Z) th
A = (t - y2)( t + y2) + y4 = t2 y4 + y4 = t2 = (x2 + 5xy + 5y2)2
V x, y, z Z nn x2 Z, 5xy Z, 5y2 Z x2 + 5xy + 5y2 Z
Vy A l s chnh phng.
Bi 2: Chng minh tch ca 4 s t nhin lin tip cng 1 lun l s chnh phng.
Gi 4 s t nhin, lin tip l n, n + 1, n+ 2, n + 3 (n N). Ta c
n(n + 1)(n + 2)(n + 3) + 1 = n.(n + 3(n + 1)(n + 2) + 1
= (n2 + 3n)( n2 + 3n + 2) + 1 (*)
t n2 + 3n = t (t N) th (*) = t( t + 2 ) + 1 = t2 + 2t + 1 = ( t + 1 )2
= (n2 + 3n + 1)2

V n N nn n2 + 3n + 1 N Vy n(n + 1)(n + 2)(n + 3) + 1 l s chnh phng.

Bi 3: Cho S = 1.2.3 + 2.3.4 + 3.4.5 + . . . + k(k+1)(k+2)
Chng minh rng 4S + 1 l s chnh phng .
Ta c k(k+1)(k+2) =
=
S =

1
4

1
4
1
4

k(k+1)(k+2).4 =

1
4

k(k+1)(k+2)(k+3) -

.1.2.3.4 - 4 .0.1.2.3 +
1
4

k(k+1)(k+2)(k-1) =

1
4

k(k+1)(k+2).[(k+3) (k-1)]
1
4

k(k+1)(k+2)(k-1)

.2.3.4.5 - 4 .1.2.3.4 ++ 4 k(k+1)(k+2)(k+3) -

k(k+1)(k+2)(k+3)

4S + 1 = k(k+1)(k+2)(k+3) + 1
Theo kt qu bi 2 k(k+1)(k+2)(k+3) + 1 l s chnh ph ng.
Bi 4: Cho dy s 49; 4489; 444889; 44448889;
Dy s trn c xy dng bng cch thm s 48 vo gia s ng trc n.
Chng minh rng tt c cc s ca dy trn u l s chnh phng.
Ta c 4448889 = 44488..8 + 1 = 444 . 10n + 8 . 111 + 1
n ch s 4 n-1 ch s 8 n ch s 4 n ch s 8

n ch s 4

n ch s 1

10 n 1
10 n 1
. 10n + 8.
+1
9
9
4.10 2 n 4.10 n + 8.10 n 8 + 9
4.10 2 n + 4.10 n +1
=
9
9
2.10 n +1 2

= 4.
=
=

Ta thy 2.10n +1=20001 c tng cc ch s chia ht cho 3 nn n chia ht cho 3

2
2.10 n +1

n-1 ch s 0

Z hay cc s c dng 4448889 l s chnh phng.

Bi 5: Chng minh rng cc s sau y l s chnh phng:

A = 111 + 444 + 1
2n ch s 1

n ch s 4

B = 111 + 111 + 666 + 8

2n ch s 1

n+1 ch s 1

n ch s 6

C = 444 + 222 + 888 + 7

2n ch s 4 n+1 ch s 2

Kt qu: A =

2
10 n + 2

n ch s 8

B=

2
10 n + 8

C=

Bi 6: Chng minh rng cc s sau l s chnh phng:

2
2.10 n + 7

1
4

a. A = 22499910009
n-2 ch s 9 n ch s 0

b. B = 1115556
n ch s 1 n-1 ch s 5

a. A = 224.102n + 999.10n+2 + 10n+1 + 9

= 224.102n + ( 10n-2 1 ) . 10n+2 + 10n+1 + 9
= 224.102n + 102n 10n+2 + 10n+1 + 9
= 225.102n 90.10n + 9
= ( 15.10n 3 ) 2
A l s chnh phng
b. B = 11115555 + 1 = 111.10n + 5.111 + 1
n ch s 1 n ch s 5

10 n 1
.
9

10n + 5.

n ch s 1

10 n 1
9

n ch s 1

+1=

10 2 n 10 n + 5.10 n 5 + 9
9

10

2n

+ 4.10 + 4
9
n

10 + 2

l s chnh phng ( iu phi chng minh)

Bi 7: Chng minh rng tng cc bnh phng ca 5 s t nhin lin tip khng th
l mt s chnh phng
Gi 5 s t nhin lin tip l n-2, n-1, n , n+1 , n+2 (n N , n 2 ).
Ta c ( n-2)2 + (n-1)2 + n2 + ( n+1)2 + ( n+2)2 = 5.( n2+2)
V n2 khng th tn cng bi 3 hoc 8 do n2+2 khng th chia ht cho 5
5.( n2+2) khng l s chnh phng hay A khng l s chnh phng
Bi 8: Chng minh rng s c dng n6 n4 + 2n3 + 2n2 trong n N v n>1
khng phi l s chnh phng
n6 n4 + 2n3 +2n2 = n2.( n4 n2 + 2n +2 ) = n2.[ n2(n-1)(n+1) + 2(n+1) ]
= n2[ (n+1)(n3 n2 + 2) ] = n2(n+1).[ (n3+1) (n2-1) ]
= n2( n+1 )2.( n22n+2)
Vi n N, n >1 th n2-2n+2 = (n - 1)2 + 1 > ( n 1 )2
v n2 2n + 2 = n2 2(n - 1) < n2
Vy ( n 1)2 < n2 2n + 2 < n2 n2 2n + 2 khng phi l mt s chnh phng.
Bi 9: Cho 5 s chnh phng bt k c ch s hng chc khc nhau cn ch s
hng n v u l 6. Chng minh rng tng cc ch s hng chc ca 5 s chnh
phng l mt s chnh phng

Cch 1: Ta bit mt s chnh phng c ch s hng n v l 6 th ch s hng

chc ca n l s l. V vy ch s hng chc ca 5 s chnh phng cho l 1,3,5,7,9
khi tng ca chng bng 1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + 9 = 25 = 52 l s chnh phng
Cch 2: Nu mt s chnh phng M = a2 c ch s hng n v l 6 th ch s tn
cng ca a l 4 hoc 6 a 2 a2 4
Theo du hiu chia ht cho 4 th hai ch s tn cng ca M ch c th l 16, 36, 56,
76, 96 Ta c: 1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + 9 = 25 = 52 l s chnh phng.
Bi 10: Chng minh rng tng bnh phng ca hai s l bt k khng phi l mt s
chnh phng.
a v b l nn a = 2k+1, b = 2m+1 (Vi k, m N)
a2 + b2 = (2k+1)2 + (2m+1)2 = 4k2 + 4k + 1 + 4m2 + 4m + 1
= 4(k2 + k + m2 + m) + 2 = 4t + 2 (Vi t N)
Khng c s chnh phng no c dng 4t + 2 (t N) do a2 + b2 khng th l s
chnh phng.
Bi 11: Chng minh rng nu p l tch ca n s nguyn t u tin th p-1 v p+1
khng th l cc s chnh phng.
V p l tch ca n s nguyn t u tin nn p 2 v p khng chia ht cho 4 (1)
a. Gi s p+1 l s chnh phng . t p+1 = m2 (m N)
V p chn nn p+1 l m2 l m l.
t m = 2k+1 (k N). Ta c m2 = 4k2 + 4k + 1 p+1 = 4k2 + 4k + 1
p = 4k2 + 4k = 4k(k+1) 4 mu thun vi (1)
p+1 l s chnh phng
b. p = 2.3.5 l s chia ht cho 3 p-1 c dng 3k+2.
Khng c s chnh phng no c dng 3k+2 p-1 khng l s chnh phng .
Vy nu p l tch n s nguyn t u tin th p-1 v p+1 khng l s chnh phng
Bi 12: Gi s N = 1.3.5.72007.
Chng minh rng trong 3 s nguyn lin tip 2N-1, 2N v 2N+1 khng c s no l
s chnh phng.
a. 2N-1 = 2.1.3.5.72007 1
C 2N 3 2N-1 khng chia ht cho 3 v 2N-1 = 3k+2 (k N)
2N-1 khng l s chnh phng.
b. 2N = 2.1.3.5.72007
V N l N khng chia ht cho 2 v 2N 2 nhng 2N khng chia ht cho 4.
2N chn nn 2N khng chia cho 4 d 1 2N khng l s chnh phng.
c. 2N+1 = 2.1.3.5.72007 + 1
2N+1 l nn 2N+1 khng chia ht cho 4

2N khng chia ht cho 4 nn 2N+1 khng chia cho 4 d 1

2N+1 khng l s chnh phng.
Bi 13: Cho a = 111 ; b = 10005
2008 ch s 1

Chng minh

2007 ch s 0

l s t nhin.

ab +1

Cch 1: Ta c a = 111 =

10

2008

; b = 10005 = 1000 + 5 = 102008 + 5

2008 ch s 1

ab+1 =
ab +1

1)(10
9
2008
10
+ 2 2

(10

2008

2007 ch s 0
2008

Ta thy 102008 + 2 = 10002

+ 5)

+1=

(10

2008

2008 ch s 0

) + 4.10 2008 5 + 9
9
2

2
10 2008 + 2

10 2008 + 2
3

nn

10 2008 + 2
3

N hay

ab +1

l s t nhin.

2007 ch s 0

Cch 2: b = 10005 = 1000 1 + 6 = 999 + 6 = 9a +6

2007 ch s 0

2008 ch s 0

2008 ch s 9

ab+1 = a(9a +6) + 1 = 9a2 + 6a + 1 = (3a+1)2

ab +1 = (3a +1) = 3a + 1 N
2

B. DNG 2: TM GI TR CA BIN BIU THC L S CHNH PHNG

Bi1: Tm s t nhin n sao cho cc s sau l s chnh phng:
a. n2 + 2n + 12
b. n ( n+3 )
c. 13n + 3
d. n2 + n + 1589
Gii
2
a. V n + 2n + 12 l s chnh phng nn t n2 + 2n + 12 = k2 (k N)
(n2 + 2n + 1) + 11 = k2 k2 (n+1)2 = 11 (k+n+1)(k-n-1) = 11
Nhn xt thy k+n+1 > k-n-1 v chng l nhng s nguyn dng, nn ta c th vit
(k+n+1)(k-n-1) = 11.1
k+n+1 = 11 k = 6
kn-1=1
n=4
2
2
2
b. t n(n+3) = a (n N) n + 3n = a 4n2 + 12n = 4a2
(4n2 + 12n + 9) 9 = 4a2
(2n + 3) 2 - 4a2 = 9
(2n + 3 + 2a)(2n + 3 2a) = 9
Nhn xt thy 2n + 3 + 2a > 2n + 3 2a v chng l nhng s nguyn dng, nn ta
c th vit (2n + 3 + 2a)(2n + 3 2a) = 9.1 2n + 3 + 2a = 9 n = 1
2n + 3 2a = 1
a=2
2
2
c. t 13n + 3 = y ( y N) 13(n 1) = y 16
13(n 1) = (y + 4)(y 4)
(y + 4)(y 4) 13 m 13 l s nguyn t nn y + 4 13 hoc y 4 13
y = 13k 4 (Vi k N)

 13(n 1) = (13k 4 )2 16 = 13k.(13k 8)

n = 13k2 8k + 1

Vy n = 13k2 8k + 1 (Vi k N) th 13n + 3 l s chnh phng.

d. t n2 + n + 1589 = m2 (m N) (4n2 + 1)2 + 6355 = 4m2
(2m + 2n +1)(2m 2n -1) = 6355
Nhn xt thy 2m + 2n +1> 2m 2n -1 > 0 v chng l nhng s l, nn ta c th vit
(2m + 2n +1)(2m 2n -1) = 6355.1 = 1271.5 = 205.31 = 155.41
Suy ra n c th c cc gi tr sau: 1588; 316; 43; 28.
Bi 2: Tm a cc s sau l nhng s chnh phng:
a.
a2 + a + 43
b.
a2 + 81
c.
a2 + 31a + 1984
Kt qu: a. 2; 42; 13
b. 0; 12; 40
c. 12; 33; 48; 97; 176; 332; 565; 1728
Bi 3: Tm s t nhin n 1 sao cho tng 1! + 2! + 3! + + n! l mt s chnh
phng .
Vi n = 1 th 1! = 1 = 12 l s chnh phng .
Vi n = 2 th 1! + 2! = 3 khng l s chnh phng
Vi n = 3 th 1! + 2! + 3! = 1+1.2+1.2.3 = 9 = 32 l s chnh phng
Vi n 4 ta c 1! + 2! + 3! + 4! = 1+1.2+1.2.3+1.2.3.4 = 33 cn 5!; 6!; ; n! u tn
cng bi 0 do 1! + 2! + 3! + + n! c tn cng bi ch s 3 nn n khng phi l s
chnh phng .
Vy c 2 s t nhin n tha mn bi l n = 1; n = 3.
Bi 4: Tm n N cc s sau l s chnh phng:
a. n2 + 2004
( Kt qu: 500; 164)
b. (23 n)(n 3)
( Kt qu: 3; 5; 7; 13; 19; 21; 23)
c. n2 + 4n + 97
d. 2n + 15
Bi 5: C hay khng s t nhin n 2006 + n2 l s chnh phng.
Gi s 2006 + n2 l s chnh phng th 2006 + n2 = m2 (m N)
T suy ra m2 n2 = 2006 (m + n)(m - n) = 2006
Nh vy trong 2 s m v n phi c t nht 1 s chn (1)
Mt khc m + n + m n = 2m 2 s m + n v m n cng tnh chn l (2)
T (1) v (2) m + n v m n l 2 s chn

 (m + n)(m - n) 4 Nhng 2006 khng chia ht cho 4

iu gi s sai.

Vy khng tn ti s t nhin n 2006 + n2 l s chnh phng.

Bi 6: Bit x N v x>2. Tm x sao cho x(x-1).x(x-1) = (x-2)xx(x-1)
2

ng thc cho c vit li nh sau: x(x-1) = (x-2)xx(x-1)

Do v tri l mt s chnh phng nn v phi cng l mt s chnh phng .
Mt s chnh phng ch c th tn cng bi 1 trong cc ch s 0; 1; 4; 5; 6; 9 nn x
ch c th tn cng bi 1 trong cc ch s 1; 2; 5; 6; 7; 0 (1)
Do x l ch s nn x 9, kt hp vi iu kin bi ta c x N v 2 < x 9 (2)
T (1) v (2) x ch c th nhn 1 trong cc gi tr 5; 6; 7.
Bng php th ta thy ch c x = 7 tha mn bi, khi 762 = 5776
Bi 7: Tm s t nhin n c 2 ch s bit rng 2n+1 v 3n+1 u l cc s chnh
phng.
Ta c 10 n 99 nn 21 2n+1 199. Tm s chnh phng l trong khong trn ta
c 25; 49; 81; 121; 169 tng ng vi s n bng 12; 24; 40; 60; 84.
S 3n+1 bng 37; 73; 121; 181; 253. Ch c 121 l s chnh phng.
Vy n = 40
Bi 8: Chng minh rng nu n l s t nhin sao cho n+1 v 2n+1 u l cc s
chnh phng th n l bi s ca 24.
V n+1 v 2n+1 l cc s chnh phng nn t n+1 = k2 , 2n+1 = m2 (k, m N)
Ta c m l s l m = 2a+1 m2 = 4a (a+1) + 1
2
4a ( a +1)
n = m 1 =
= 2a(a+1)

n chn n+1 l k l t k = 2b+1 (Vi b N) k2 = 4b(b+1) +1

n = 4b(b+1) n 8 (1)

Ta c k2 + m2 = 3n + 2 2 (mod3)
Mt khc k2 chia cho 3 d 0 hoc 1, m2 chia cho 3 d 0 hoc 1.
Nn k2 + m2 2 (mod3) th k2 1 (mod3)
m2 1 (mod3)
m2 k2 3 hay (2n+1) (n+1) 3 n 3 (2)
M (8; 3) = 1 (3)
T (1), (2), (3) n 24.

Bi 9: Tm tt c cc s t nhin n sao cho s 28 + 211 + 2n l s chnh phng .

Gi s 28 + 211 + 2n = a2 (a N) th
2n = a2 482 = (a+48)(a-48)

2p.2q = (a+48)(a-48)
Vi p, q N ; p+q = n v p > q

a+48 = 2p 2p 2q = 96 2q (2p-q -1) = 25.3

a- 48 = 2q
q = 5 v p-q = 2 p = 7
n = 5+7 = 12
Th li ta c: 28 + 211 + 2n = 802

C.DNG 3: TM S CHNH PHNG

Bi 1: Cho A l s chnh phng gm 4 ch s. Nu ta thm vo mi ch s ca A

mt n v th ta c s chnh phng B. Hy tm cc s A v B.
Gi A = abcd = k2. Nu thm vo mi ch s ca A mt n v th ta c s
B = (a+1)(b+1)(c+1)(d+1) = m2
vi k, m N v 32 < k < m < 100
a, b, c, d N ; 1 a 9 ; 0 b, c, d 9
Ta c
A = abcd = k2
B = abcd + 1111 = m2
m2 k2 = 1111 (m-k)(m+k) = 1111 (*)
Nhn xt thy tch (m-k)(m+k) > 0 nn m-k v m+k l 2 s nguyn dng.
V m-k < m+k < 200 nn (*) c th vit (m-k)(m+k) = 11.101
Do
m k == 11 m = 56
A = 2025
m + k = 101
n = 45
B = 3136
Bi 2: Tm 1 s chnh phng gm 4 ch s bit rng s gm 2 ch s u ln hn s
gm 2 ch s sau 1 n v.
t abcd = k2 ta c ab cd = 1 v k N, 32 k < 100
Suy ra 101cd = k2 100 = (k-10)(k+10) k +10 101 hoc k-10 101
M (k-10; 101) = 1 k +10 101
V 32 k < 100 nn 42 k+10 < 110 k+10 = 101 k = 91
abcd = 912 = 8281
Bi 3: Tm s chnh phng c 4 ch s bit rng 2 ch s u ging nhau, 2 ch s
cui ging nhau.
Gi s chnh phng phi tm l aabb = n2 vi a, b N, 1 a 9; 0 b 9
Ta c n2 = aabb = 11.a0b = 11.(100a+b) = 11.(99a+a+b) (1)
Nhn xt thy aabb 11 a + b 11
M 1 a 9 ; 0 b 9 nn 1 a+b 18 a+b = 11
Thay a+b = 11 vo (1) c n2 = 112(9a+1) do 9a+1 l s chnh phng .
Bng php th vi a = 1; 2; ; 9 ta thy ch c a = 7 tha mn b = 4
S cn tm l 7744

Bi 4: Tm mt s c 4 ch s va l s chnh phng va l mt lp phng.

Gi s chnh phng l abcd . V abcd va l s chnh phng va l mt lp
phng nn t abcd = x2 = y3 Vi x, y N
V y3 = x2 nn y cng l mt s chnh phng .
Ta c 1000 abcd 9999 10 y 21 v y chnh phng y = 16
abcd = 4096
Bi 5: Tm mt s chnh phng gm 4 ch s sao cho ch s cui l s nguyn t,
cn bc hai ca s c tng cc ch s l mt s chnh phng.
Gi s phi tm l abcd vi a, b, c, d nguyn v 1 a 9 ; 0 b,c,d 9
abcd chnh phng d { 0,1,4,5,6,9}
d nguyn t d = 5
t abcd = k2 < 10000 32 k < 100
k l mt s c hai ch s m k2 c tn cng bng 5 k tn cng bng 5
Tng cc ch s ca k l mt s chnh phng k = 45
abcd = 2025
Vy s phi tm l 2025
Bi 6: Tm s t nhin c hai ch s bit rng hiu cc bnh phng ca s v vit
s bi hai ch s ca s nhng theo th t ngc li l mt s chnh phng
Gi s t nhin c hai ch s phi tm l ab ( a,b N, 1 a,b 9 )
S vit theo th t ngc li ba
2
2
Ta c ab - ba = ( 10a + b ) 2 ( 10b + a )2 = 99 ( a2 b2 ) 11 a2 - b2 11
Hay ( a-b )(a+b ) 11
V 0 < a - b 8 , 2 a+b 18 nn a+b 11 a + b = 11
2
2
Khi ab - ba = 32 . 112 . (a - b)
2
2
ab - ba l s chnh phng th a - b phi l s chnh phng do a-b = 1 hoc
a-b=4
Nu a-b = 1 kt hp vi a+b = 11 a = 6, b = 5, ab = 65
Khi 652 562 = 1089 = 332
Nu a - b = 4 kt hp vi a+b = 11 a = 7,5 ( loi )
Vy s phi tm l 65
Bi 7: Cho mt s chnh phng c 4 ch s. Nu thm 3 vo mi ch s ta cng
c mt s chnh phng. Tm s chnh phng ban u
( Kt qu: 1156 )

Bi 8: Tm s c 2 ch s m bnh phng ca s y bng lp phng ca tng cc

ch s ca n.
Gi s phi tm l ab vi a,b N v 1 a 9 , 0 b 9
2
Theo gi thit ta c : ab = ( a + b )3
(10a+b)2 = ( a + b )3
ab l mt lp phng v a+b l mt s chnh phng
t ab = t3 ( t N ) , a + b = l 2 ( l N )
V 10 ab 99 ab = 27 hoc ab = 64
Nu ab = 27 a + b = 9 l s chnh phng
Nu ab = 64 a + b = 10 khng l s chnh phng loi
Vy s cn tm l ab = 27
Bi 9: Tm 3 s l lin tip m tng bnh phng l mt s c 4 ch s ging nhau.
Gi 3 s l lin tip l 2n-1, 2n+1, 2n+3 ( n N)
Ta c A= ( 2n-1 )2 + ( 2n+1)2 + ( 2n+3 )2 = 12n2 + 12n + 11
Theo bi ta t 12n2 + 12n + 11 = aaaa = 1111.a vi a l v 1 a 9
12n( n + 1 ) = 11(101a 1 )
101a 1 3 2a 1 3
V 1 a 9 nn 1 2a-1 17 v 2a-1 l nn 2a 1 { 3; 9; 15 }
a { 2; 5; 8 }
V a l a = 5 n = 21
3 s cn tm l 41; 43; 45
Bi 10: Tm s c 2 ch s sao cho tch ca s vi tng cc ch s ca n bng
tng lp phng cc ch s ca s .
ab (a + b ) = a3 + b3
10a + b = a2 ab + b2 = ( a + b )2 3ab
3a( 3 + b ) = ( a + b ) ( a + b 1 )
a + b v a + b 1 nguyn t cng nhau do
a + b = 3a
hoc
a + b 1 = 3a
a +b1=3+b
a+b=3+b
a=4,b=8
hoc
a=3,b=7
Vy ab = 48 hoc ab = 37.

Chuyn 2

A_NG D THC
1_nh ngha:
Cho l s nguyn dng. Hai s nguyn v c gi l ng d vi nhau theo module
m nu hiu
K hiu
c gi l mt ng d thc.
Nu
khng chia ht cho , ta vit
2_Cc v d:

iu kin
ngha l a
3_Mt s tnh cht c bn:
Tnh cht 1:
Vi mi s nguyn , ta c:
Tnh cht 2:

Tnh cht 3

Chng minh:
V
Tnh cht 4
Chng minh:

Tnh cht 5
Chng minh:
Theo tnh cht 4 ta c:
Nhn tng v hai T ta c:

Nhn xt
1, Nu

v
th
, v
suy ra:
, cn
iu ny c ngha : Tng ca hai s l l mt s chn; Tch ca hai s l l mt s l
2,Nu
C ngha: Nu mt s chia cho 7 d 3 th bnh phng s chia 7 d 2.
Cc h qu ca tnh cht 4 v 5:
,

, vi

Ch :
1_Chia hai v cho mt ng thc, ni chung l khng c.
nhng
2

nhng ab c th ng d vi 0 theo module m. Chng hn :

nhng

Php chia hai v ng d thc i hi phi km thm mt s iu kin

Tnh cht 6 Ta c th chia hai v ca mt ng d thc cho c chung ca chng, nu
c ny nguyn t vi modun m
Tnh cht 7 Ta c th nhn hai v v modun ca ng d thc vi mt s nguyn dng
, vi c>0
Ta c th chia hai v v modun ca mt ng d thc cho c chung dng ca chng
Nu d l c chung dng ca a,b v m th

vi d>0
Tnh cht 8 (from sch
a thc
th

)
vi cc h s nguyn v nu c

Chuyn 3
Cc phng php phn tch a thc thnh nhn t
I. CC PHNG PHP C BN

1. Phng php t nhn t chung

Tm nhn t chung l nhng n, a thc c mt trong tt c cc hng t.

Phn tch mi hng t thnh tch ca nhn t chung v mt nhn t khc.

Vit nhn t chung ra ngoi du ngoc, vit cc nhn t cn li ca mi hng t vo

trong du ngoc (k c du ca chng).
V d 1. Phn tch cac a thc sau thnh nhn t.
28a2b2 - 21ab2 + 14a2b = 7ab(4ab - 3b + 2a)
2x(y z) + 5y(z y ) = 2(y - z) 5y(y - z) = (y z)(2 - 5y)
xm + xm + 3 = xm (x3 + 1) = xm( x+ 1)(x2 x + 1)
2. Phng php dng hng ng thc
-

Dng cc hng ng thc ng nh phn tch a thc thnh nhn t.

Cn chu y n vic vn dung hng ng thc.

V d 2. Phn tch cac a thc sau thnh nhn t.

9x2 4 = (3x)2 22 = ( 3x 2)(3x + 2)
8 27a3b6 = 23 (3ab2)3 = (2 3ab2)( 4 + 6ab2 + 9a2b4)
25x4 10x2y + y2 = (5x2 y)2
3. Phng php nhm nhiu hng t

Kt hp cc hng t thch hp thnh tng nhm.

p dng lin tip cc phng php t nhn t chung hoc dng hng ng thc.

V d 3. Phn tch cac a thc sau thnh nhn t

2x3 3x2 + 2x 3 = ( 2x3 + 2x) (3x2 + 3) = 2x(x2 + 1) 3( x2 + 1)

= ( x2 + 1)( 2x 3)
x2 2xy + y2 16 = (x y)2 - 42 = ( x y 4)( x y + 4)
4. Phi hp nhiu phng php
-

Chn cc phng php theo th t u tin.

t nhn t chung.

Dng hng ng thc.

Nhm nhiu hng t.

V d 4. Phn tch cac a thc sau thnh nhn t

3xy2 12xy + 12x = 3x(y2 4y + 4) = 3x(y 2)2

3x3y 6x2y 3xy3 6axy2 3a2xy + 3xy =

= 3xy(x2 2y y2 2ay a2 + 1)
= 3xy[( x2 2x + 1) (y2 + 2ay + a2)]
= 3xy[(x 1)2 (y + a)2]
= 3xy[(x 1) (y + a)][(x 1) + (y + a)]
= 3xy( x 1 y a)(x 1 + y + a)
II. PHNG PHAP TCH MT HNG T THNH NHIU HNG T
1. i vi a thc bc hai (f(x) = ax2 + bx + c)
a)

Cch 1 (tch hng t bc nht bx):

Bc 1: Tm tch ac, ri phn tch ac ra tch ca hai tha s nguyn bng mi cch.
a.c = a1.c1 = a2.c2 = a3.c3 = = ai.ci =
Bc 2: Chn hai tha s c tng bng b, chng hn chn tch a.c = ai.ci vi b = ai + ci
Bc 3: Tch bx = aix + cix. T nhm hai s hng thch hp phn tch tip.
V d 5. Phn tch a thc f(x) = 3x2 + 8x + 4 thnh nhn t.
Hng dn
-

Phn tch ac = 12 = 3.4 = (3).(4) = 2.6 = (2).(6) = 1.12 = (1).(12)

Tch ca hai tha s c tng bng b = 8 l tch a.c = 2.6 (a.c = ai.ci).

Tch 8x = 2x + 6x (bx = aix + cix)

Li gii
3x2 + 8x + 4 = 3x2 + 2x + 6x + 4 = (3x2 + 2x) + (6x + 4)= x(3x + 2) + 2(3x + 2)
= (x + 2)(3x +2)
b)

Cch 2 (tch hng t bc hai ax2)

Lm xut hin hiu hai bnh phng :

f(x) = (4x2 + 8x + 4) x2 = (2x + 2)2 x2 = (2x + 2 x)(2x + 2 + x)

= (x + 2)(3x + 2)
-

Tch thnh 4 s hng ri nhm :

f(x) = 4x2 x2 + 8x + 4 = (4x2 + 8x) ( x2 4) = 4x(x + 2) (x 2)(x + 2)

= (x + 2)(3x + 2)
f(x) = (12x2 + 8x) (9x2 4) = = (x + 2)(3x + 2)
c)

Cch 3 (tch hng t t do c)

Tch thnh 4 s hng ri nhm thnh hai nhm:

f(x) = 3x2 + 8x + 16 12 = (3x2 12) + (8x + 16) = = (x + 2)(3x + 2)

d)

Cch 4 (tch 2 s hng, 3 s hng)

f(x) = (3x2 + 12x + 12) (4x + 8) = 3(x + 2)2 4(x + 2) = (x + 2)(3x 2)
f(x) = (x2 + 4x + 4) + (2x2 + 4x) = = (x + 2)(3x + 2)

e)

Cch 5 (nhm nghim): Xem phn III.

Ch : Nu f(x) = ax2 + bx + c c dng A2 2AB + c th ta tch nh sau :

f(x) = A2 2AB + B2 B2 + c = (A B)2 (B2 c)
V d 6. Phn tch a thc f(x) = 4x2 - 4x - 3 thnh nhn t.
Hng dn
Ta thy 4x2 - 4x = (2x)2 - 2.2x. T ta cn thm v bt 12 = 1 xut hin hng ng thc.
Li gii
f(x) = (4x2 4x + 1) 4 = (2x 1)2 22 = (2x 3)(2x + 1)
V d 7. Phn tch a thc f(x) = 9x2 + 12x 5 thnh nhn t.
Li gii
Cch 1 : f(x) = 9x2 3x + 15x 5 = (9x2 3x) + (15x 5) = 3x(3x 1) + 5(3x 1)

= (3x 1)(3x + 5)
Cch 2 : f(x) = (9x2 + 12x + 4) 9 = (3x + 2)2 32 = (3x 1)(3x + 5)
2. i vi a thc bc t 3 tr ln (Xem mc III. Phng php nhm nghim)
3. i vi a thc nhiu bin
V d 11. Phn tch cac a thc sau thnh nhn t
a)

2x2 - 5xy + 2y2 ;

b)

x2(y - z) + y2(z - x) + z2(x - y).

Hng dn
a)

Phn tich a thc nay tng t nh phn tich a thc f(x) = ax2 + bx + c.

Ta tach hang t th 2 :
2x2 - 5xy + 2y2 = (2x2 - 4xy) - (xy - 2y2) = 2x(x - 2y) - y(x - 2y)
= (x - 2y)(2x - y)
a)

Nhn xet z - x = -(y - z) - (x - y). Vi vy ta tach hang t th hai cua a thc :

x2(y - z) + y2(z - x) + z2(x - y) = x2(y - z) - y2(y - z) - y2(x - y) + z2(x - y) =

= (y - z)(x2 - y2) - (x - y)(y2 - z2) = (y - z)(x - y)(x + y) - (x - y)(y - z)(y + z)
= (x - y)(y - z)(x - z)
Chu y :
1) cu b) ta co th tach y - z = - (x - y) - (z - x) (hoc z - x= - (y - z) - (x - y))
2) a thc cu b) la mt trong nhng a thc co dang a thc c bit. Khi ta thay x = y (y
= z hoc z = x) vao a thc thi gia tri cua a thc bng 0. Vi vy, ngoai cach phn tich bng
cach tach nh trn, ta con cach phn tich bng cach xet gia tri ring (Xem phn VII).
III. PHNG PHAP NHM NGHIM
Trc ht, ta ch n mt nh l quan trng sau :
nh l : Nu f(x) c nghim x = a th f(a) = 0. Khi , f(x) c mt nhn t l x a v f(x)
c th vit di dng f(x) = (x a).q(x)
Lc tch cc s hng ca f(x) thnh cc nhm, mi nhm u cha nhn t l
x
a. Cng cn lu rng, nghim nguyn ca a thc, nu c, phi l mt c ca h s t
do.
V d 8. Phn tch a thc f(x) = x3 + x2 + 4 thnh nhn t.
Li gii
Ln lt kim tra vi x = 1, 2, 4, ta thy f(2) = (2)3 + (2)2 + 4 = 0. a thc f(x) c
mt nghim x = 2, do n cha mt nhn t l x + 2. T , ta tch nh sau
Cch 1 : f(x) = x3 + 2x2 x2 + 4 = (x3 + 2x2) (x2 4) = x2(x + 2) (x 2)(x + 2)
= (x + 2)(x2 x + 2).
Cch 2 : f(x) = (x3 + 8) + (x2 4) = (x + 2)(x2 2x + 4) + (x 2)(x + 2)
= (x + 2)(x2 x + 2).
Cch 3 : f(x) = (x3 + 4x2 + 4x) (3x2 + 6x) + (2x + 4)
= x(x + 2)2 3x(x + 2) + 2(x + 2) = (x + 2)(x2 x + 2).
Cch 4 : f(x) = (x3 x2 + 2x) + (2x2 2x + 4) = x(x2 x + 2) + 2(x2 x + 2)
= (x + 2)(x2 x + 2).

T nh l trn, ta c cc h qu sau :
H qu 1. Nu f(x) c tng cc h s bng 0 th f(x) c mt nghim l x = 1. T f(x) c mt
nhn t l x 1.
Chng hn, a thc x3 5x2 + 8x 4 c 1 + (5) + 8 + (4) = 0 nn x = 1 l mt nghim ca
a thc. a thc c mt nhn t l x 1. Ta phn tch nh sau :
f(x) = (x3 x2) (4x2 4x) + (4x 4) = x2(x 1) 4x(x 1) + 4(x 1)
= (x 1)( x 2)2
H qu 2. Nu f(x) c tng cc h s ca cc lu tha bc chn bng tng cc h s ca cc
lu tha bc l th f(x) c mt nghim x = 1. T f(x) c mt nhn t l x + 1.
Chng hn, a thc x3 5x2 + 3x + 9 c 1 + 3 = 5 + 9 nn x = 1 l mt nghim ca a thc.
a thc c mt nhn t l x + 1. Ta phn tch nh sau :
f(x) = (x3 + x2) (6x2 + 6x) + (9x + 9) = x2(x + 1) 6x(x + 1) + 9(x + 1)

= (x + 1)( x 3)2
H qu 3. Nu f(x) c nghim nguyn x = a v f(1) v f(1) khc 0 th
s nguyn.

u l

V d 9. Phn tch a thc f(x) = 4x3 - 13x2 + 9x - 18 thnh nhn t.

Hng dn
Cc c ca 18 l 1, 2, 3, 6, 9, 18.
f(1) = 18, f(1) = 44, nn 1 khng phi l nghim ca f(x).
D thy khng l s nguyn nn 3, 6, 9, 18 khng l nghim ca f(x). Ch cn 2 v 3.
Kim tra ta thy 3 l nghim ca f(x). Do , ta tch cc hng t nh sau :

= (x 3)(4x2 x + 6)
H qu 4. Nu (
l cc s nguyn) c nghim hu t
Z v (p , q)=1, th p l c a0, q l c dng ca an .
V d 10. Phn tch a thc f(x) = 3x3 - 7x2 + 17x - 5 thnh nhn t.
Hng dn

, trong p, q

Cc c ca 5 l 1, 5. Th trc tip ta thy cc s ny khng l nghim ca f(x).

Nh vy f(x) khng c nghim nghuyn. Xt cc s
, ta thy
do a thc c mt nhn t l 3x 1. Ta phn tch nh sau :

l nghim ca a thc,

f(x) = (3x3 x2) (6x2 2x) + (15x 5) = (3x 1)(x2 2x + 5).

IV. PHNG PHAP THM V BT CNG MT HNG T
1. Thm v bt cng mt hng t lm xut hin hiu hai bnh ph ng
V d 12. Phn tch a thc x4 + x2 + 1 thnh nhn t
Li gii
Cch 1 : x4 + x2 + 1 = (x4 + 2x2 + 1) x2 = (x2 + 1)2 x2 = (x2 x + 1)(x2 + x + 1).
Cch 2 : x4 + x2 + 1 = (x4 x3 + x2) + (x3 + 1) = x2(x2 x + 1) + (x + 1)(x2 x + 1)
= (x2 x + 1)(x2 + x + 1).
Cch 3 : x4 + x2 + 1 = (x4 + x3 + x2) (x3 1) = x2(x2 + x + 1) + (x 1)(x2 + x + 1)
= (x2 x + 1)(x2 + x + 1).
V d 13. Phn tch a thc x4 + 16 thnh nhn t
Li gii
Cch 1 : x4 + 4 = (x4 + 4x2 + 4) 4x2 = (x2 + 2)2 (2x)2 = (x2 2x + 2)(x2 + 2x + 2)
Cch 2 : x4 + 4 = (x4 + 2x3 + 2x2) (2x3 + 4x2 + 4x) + (2x2 + 4x + 4)
= (x2 2x + 2)(x2 + 2x + 2)
2. Thm v bt cng mt hng t lm xut hin nhn t chung
V d 14. Phn tich a thc x5 + x - 1 thanh nhn t
Li giai
Cach 1.
x5 + x - 1 = x5 - x4 + x3 + x4 - x3 + x2 - x2 + x - 1
= x3(x2 - x + 1) - x2(x2 - x + 1) - (x2 - x + 1)
= (x2 - x + 1)(x3 - x2 - 1).
Cach 2. Thm va bt x2 :
x5 + x - 1 = x5 + x2 - x2 + x - 1 = x2(x3 + 1) - (x2 - x + 1)
= (x2 - x + 1)[x2(x + 1) - 1] = (x2 - x + 1)(x3 - x2 - 1).
V d 15. Phn tich a thc x7 + x + 1 thanh nhn t

Li giai
x7 + x2 + 1 = x7 x + x2 + x + 1 = x(x6 1) + (x2 + x + 1)

= x(x3 1)(x3 + 1) + (x2+ x + 1)

= x(x3 + 1)(x - 1)(x2 + x + 1) + ( x2 + x + 1)

= (x2 + x + 1)(x5 - x4 x2 - x + 1)
Lu y : Cac a thc dang x3m + 1 + x3n + 2 + 1 nh x7 + x2 + 1, x4 + x5 + 1 u cha nhn t la
x2 + x + 1.
V. PHNG PHAP I BIN
t n ph a v dng tam thc bc hai ri s dng cac phng php c bn.
V d 16. Phn tich a thc sau thanh nhn t :
x(x + 4)(x + 6)(x + 10) + 128
Li giai
x(x + 4)(x + 6)(x + 10) + 128 = (x2 + 10x)(x2 + 10x + 24) + 128
t x2 + 10x + 12 = y, a thc a cho co dang :
(y - 12)(y + 12) + 128 = y2 - 16 = (y + 4)(y - 4) = (x2 + 10x + 16)(x2 + 10x + 8)
= (x + 2)(x + 8)(x2 + 10x + 8)
Nhn xt: Nh phng php i bin ta a a thc bc 4 i vi x thnh a thc
bc 2 i vi y.
V d 17. Phn tich a thc sau thanh nhn t :
A = x4 + 6x3 + 7x2 - 6x + 1.
Li giai
Cach 1. Gia s x 0. Ta vit a thc di dang :
.
t

thi

. Do o :

A = x2(y2 + 2 + 6y + 7) = x2(y + 3)2 = (xy + 3x)2

= (x2 + 3x - 1)2.

Dang phn tich nay cung ung vi x = 0.

Cach 2. A = x4 + 6x3 - 2x2 + 9x2 - 6x + 1 = x4 + (6x3 -2x2) + (9x2 - 6x + 1)

= x4 + 2x2(3x - 1) + (3x - 1)2 = (x2 + 3x - 1)2.

VI. PHNG PHAP H S BT INH
V d 18. Phn tich a thc sau thanh nhn t :
x4 - 6x3 + 12x2 - 14x - 3
Li giai
Th vi x= 1; 3 khng l nghim ca a thc, a thc khng co nghim nguyn cng
khng co nghim hu t. Nh vy a thc trn phn tich c thnh nhn t thi phi c dng
(x2 + ax + b)(x2 + cx + d) = x4 +(a + c)x3 + (ac+b+d)x2 + (ad+bc)x + bd
= x4 - 6x3 + 12x2 - 14x + 3.
ng nht cac h s ta c :

Xet bd= 3 vi b, d Z, b { 1, 3}. Vi b = 3 thi d = 1, h iu kin trn tr thanh

2c = -14 - (-6) = -8. Do o c = -4, a = -2.

Vy x4 - 6x3 + 12x2 - 14x + 3

= (x2 - 2x + 3)(x2 - 4x + 1).

VII. PHNG PHAP XET GIA TRI RING

Trong phng phap nay, trc ht ta xac inh dang cac nhn t cha bin cua a thc,
ri gan cho cac bin cac gia tri cu th xac inh cac nhn t con lai.
V d 19. Phn tich a thc sau thanh nhn t :
P = x2(y z) + y2(z x) + z(x y).
Li giai

Thay x bi y th P = y2(y z) + y2( z y) = 0. Nh vy P cha tha s (x y).

Ta thy nu thay x bi y, thay y bi z, thay z bi x th p khng i (a thc P c th hon v
vng quanh). Do nu P cha tha s (x y) th cng cha tha s (y z), (z x). Vy
P c dng k(x y)(y z)(z x).

Ta thy k phi l hng s v P c bc 3 i vi tp hp cc bin x, y, z, cn tch

y)(y z)(z x) cng c bc 3 i vi tp hp cc bin x, y, z.

(x

V ng thc x2(y z) + y2(z x) + z2(x y) = k(x y)(y z)(z x) ng vi mi x, y,

z nn ta gn cho cc bin x ,y, z cc gi tr ring, chng hn x = 2, y = 1, z = 0 ta c:
4.1 + 1.(2) + 0 = k.1.1.(2) suy ra k =1

Vy P = (x y)(y z)(z x) = (x y)(y z)(x z)

VIII. PHNG PHAP A V MT S A THC C BIT
1. a v a thc : a3 + b3 + c3 - 3abc
Vi du 20. Phn tich a thc sau thanh nhn t :
a)

a3 + b3 + c3 - 3abc.

b)

(x - y)3 + (y - z)3 + (z - x)3.

Li giai
a)

a3 + b3 + c3 - 3abc = (a + b)3 - 3a2b - 3ab2 + c3 - 3abc

= [(a + b)3 + c3] - 3ab(a + b + c)

= (a + b + c)[(a + b)2 - (a + b)c + c2] - 3ab(a + b + c)
= (a + b + c)(a2 + b2 + c2 - ab - bc -ca)
b)

t x - y = a, y - z = b, z - x = c thi a + b + c. Theo cu a) ta co :

a3 + b3 + c3 - 3abc = 0 a3 + b3 + c3 = 3abc.
Vy (x - y)3 + (y - z)3 + (z - x)3 = 3(x - y)(y - z)(z - x)
2. a v a thc : (a + b + c)3 - a3 - b3 - c3
Vi du 21. Phn tich a thc sau thanh nhn t :
a)

(a + b + c)3 - a3 - b3 - c3.

b)

8(x + y + z)3 - (x + y)3 - (y + z)3 - (z + x)3.

Li giai
a)

(a + b + c)3 - a3 - b3 - c3 = [(a + b) + c]3 - a3 - b3 - c3

= (a + b)3 + c3 + 3c(a + b)(a + b + c) - a3 - b3 - c3

= (a + b)3 + 3c(a + b)(a + b + c) - (a + b)(a2 - ab + b2)
= (a + b)[(a + b)2 + 3c(a + b + c) - (a2 - ab + b2)]
= 3(a + b)(ab + bc + ca + c2) = 3(a + b)[b(a + c) + c(a + c)]
= 3(a + b)(b + c)(c + a).
b)

t x + y = a, y + z = b, z + x = c thi a + b + c = 2(a + b + c).

a thc a cho co dang : (a + b + c)3 - a3 - b3 - c3

Theo kt qua cu a) ta co :
(a + b + c)3 - a3 - b3 - c3 = 3(a + b)(b + c)(c + a)
Hay 8(x + y + z)3 - (x + y)3 - (y + z)3 - (z + x)3
= 3(x + 2y + z)(y + 2z + x)(z + 2x + y)

II. Bi tp:
Bi tp 1: Phn tch a thc thnh nhn t.
1.

16x3y + 0,25yz3

21.

(a + b + c)2 + (a + b c)2 4c2

2.

x 4 4x3 + 4x2

22.

4a2b2 (a2 + b2 c2)2

3.

2ab2 a2b b3

23.

a 4 + b4 + c4 2a2b2 2b2c2 2a2c2

4.

a 3 + a2b ab2 b3

24.

a(b3 c3) + b(c3 a3) + c(a3 b3)

5.

x 3 + x2 4x - 4

25.

a 6 a4 + 2a3 + 2a2

6.

x 3 x2 x + 1

26.

(a + b)3 (a b)3

7.

x 4 + x3 + x2 - 1

27.

X 3 3x2 + 3x 1 y3

8.

x 2y2 + 1 x2 y2

28.

X m + 4 + xm + 3 x - 1

10.

x 4 x2 + 2x - 1

29.

(x + y)3 x3 y3

11.

3a 3b + a2 2ab + b2

30.

(x + y + z)3 x3 y3 z3

12.

a 2 + 2ab + b2 2a 2b + 1

31.

(b c)3 + (c a)3 + (a b)3

13.

a 2 b2 4a + 4b

32.

x3 + y3+ z3 3xyz

14.

a 3 b3 3a + 3b

33.

(x + y)5 x5 y5

15.

x 3 + 3x2 3x - 1

34.

(x2 + y2)3 + (z2 x2)3 (y2 + z2)3

16.

x 3 3x2 3x + 1

17.

x 3 4x2 + 4x - 1

18.

4a2b2 (a2 + b2 1)2

19.

(xy + 4)2 (2x + 2y)2

20.

(a2 + b2 + ab)2 a2b2 b2c2 c2a2

Bi tp 2: Phn tch a thc thnh nhn t.

1.

x2 6x + 8

23.

x3 5x2y 14xy2

2.

x2 7xy + 10y2

24.

x4 7x2 + 1

3.

a2 5a - 14

25.

4x4 12x2 + 1

4.

2m2 + 10m + 8

26.

x2 + 8x + 7

5.

4p2 36p + 56

27.

x2 13x + 36

6.

x3 5x2 14x

28.

x2 + 3x 18

7.

a4 + a2 + 1

29.

x2 5x 24

8.

a4 + a2 2

30.

3x2 16x + 5

9.

x4 + 4x2 + 5

31.

8x2 + 30x + 7

10. x3 10x - 12

32.

2x2 5x 12

11. x3 7x - 6

33.

6x2 7x 20

12. x2 7x + 12

34.

x2 7x + 10

13. x2 5x 14

35.

x2 10x + 16

14. 4 x2 3x 1

36.

3x2 14x + 11

15. 3 x2 7x + 4

37.

5x2 + 8x 13

16. 2 x2 7x + 3

38.

x2 + 19x + 60

17. 6x3 17x2 + 14x 3

39.

x4 + 4x2 - 5

18. 4x3 25x2 53x 24

40.

x3 19x + 30

19. x4 34x2 + 225

41.

x3 + 9x2 + 26x + 24

20. 4x4 37x2 + 9

42.

4x2 17xy + 13y2

21. x4 + 3x3 + x2 12x - 20

43.

- 7x2 + 5xy + 12y2

22. 2x4 + 5x3 + 13x2 + 25x + 15

44.

x3 + 4x2 31x - 70

Bi tp 3: Phn tch a thc thnh nhn t.

1.

x4 + x2 + 1

17.

x5 - x4 - 1

2.

x4 3x2 + 9

18.

x12 3x6 + 1

3.

x4 + 3x2 + 4

19.

x8 - 3x4 + 1

4.

2x4 x2 1

20.

a5 + a4 + a3 + a2 + a + 1

5.

x4y4 + 4

21.

m3 6m2 + 11m - 6

6.

x4y4 + 64

22.

x4 + 6x3 + 7x2 6x + 1

7.

4 x4y4 + 1

23.

x3 + 4x2 29x + 24

8.

32x4 + 1

24.

x10 + x8 + x6 + x4 + x2 + 1

9.

x4 + 4y4

25.

x7 + x5 + x4 + x3 + x2 + 1

10.

x7 + x2 + 1

26.

x5 x4 x3 x2 x - 2

11.

x8 + x + 1

27.

x8 + x6 + x4 + x2 + 1

12.

x8 + x7 + 1

28.

x9 x7 x6 x5 + x4 + x3 + x2 + 1

+ 3x4 + 1

29.

a(b3 c3) + b(c3 a3) + c(a3 b3)

13.

14.

x10 + x5 + 1

15.

x5 + x + 1

16.

x5 + x4 + 1

Bi tp 4: Phn tch a thc thnh nhn t.

1.

x2 + 2xy 8y2 + 2xz + 14yz 3z2

2.

3x2 22xy 4x + 8y + 7y2 + 1

3.

12x2 + 5x 12y2 + 12y 10xy 3

4.

2x2 7xy + 3y2 + 5xz 5yz + 2z2

5.

x2 + 3xy + 2y2 + 3xz + 5yz + 2z2

6.

x2 8xy + 15y2 + 2x 4y 3

7.

x4 13x2 + 36

8.

x4 + 3x2 2x + 3

9.

x4 + 2x3 + 3x2 + 2x + 1

Bi tp 5: Phn tch a thc thnh nhn t:

1. (a b)3 + (b c)3 + (c a)3
2. (a x)y3 (a y)x3 (x y)a3
3. x(y2 z2) + y(z2 x2) + z(x2 y2)
4. (x + y + z)3 x3 y3 z3
5. 3x5 10x4 8x3 3x2 + 10x + 8
6. 5x4 + 24x3 15x2 118x + 24
7. 15x3 + 29x2 8x 12
8. x4 6x3 + 7x2 + 6x 8
9. x3 + 9x2 + 26x + 24
Bi tp 6: Phn tch a thc thnh nhn t.
1. a(b + c)(b2 c2) + b(a + c)(a2 c2) + c(a + b)(a2 b2)
2. ab(a b) + bc(b c) + ca(c a)
3. a(b2 c2) b(a2 c2) + c(a2 b2)
4. (x y)5 + (y z)5 + (z x)5
5. (x + y)7 x7 y7
6. ab(a + b) + bc(b + c) + ca(c + a) + abc
7. (x + y + z)5 x5 y5 z5
8. a(b2 + c2) + b(c2 + a2) + c(a2 + b2) + 2abc
9. a3(b c) + b3(c a) + c3(a b)
10. abc (ab + bc + ac) + (a + b + c) 1
Bi tp 7: Phn tch a thc thnh nhn t.
1. (x2 + x)2 + 4x2 + 4x 12
2. (x2 + 4x + 8)2 + 3x(x2 + 4x + 8) + 2x2

3. (x2 + x + 1)(x2 + x + 2) 12
4. (x + 1)(x + 2)(x + 3)(x + 4) 24
5. (x2 + 2x)2 + 9x2 + 18x + 20
6. x2 4xy + 4y2 2x + 4y 35
7. (x + 2)(x + 4)(x + 6)(x + 8) + 16
8. (x2 + x)2 + 4(x2 + x) 12
9. 4(x2 + 15x + 50)(x2 + 18x + 72) 3x2

Chuyn
Tnh chia ht vi s nguyn
I. Mc tiu
Sau khi hc xong chuyn hc sinh c kh nng:
1.Bit vn dng tnh cht chia ht ca s nguyn d chng minh quan h
chia ht, tm s d v tm iu kin chia ht.
2. Hiu cc bc phn tch bi ton, tm hng chng minh
3. C k nng vn dng cc kin thc c trang b gii ton.
II. Cc ti liu h tr:
- Bi tp nng cao v mt s chuyn ton 8
- Ton nng cao v cc chuyn i s 8
- Bi dng ton 8
- Nng cao v pht trin ton 8
-
III. Ni dung
1. Kin thc cn nh
1. Chng minh quan h chia ht
Gi A(n) l mt biu thc ph thuc vo n (n N hoc n Z)
a/ chng minh A(n) chia ht cho m ta phn tch A(n) thnh
tch trong c mt tha s l m
+ Nu m l hp s ta phn tch m thnh tch cc tha s I
mt nguyn t cng nhau ri chng minh A(n) chia ht cho tt c cc
s
+ Trong k s lin tip bao gi cng tn ti mt s l bi ca k
b/. Khi chng minh A(n) chia ht cho n ta c th xt mi trng
hp v s d khi chia m cho n
* V d1:
C/minh rng A=n3(n2- 7)2 36n chia ht cho 5040 vi mi s t
nhin n
Gii:
Ta c 5040 = 24. 32.5.7
A= n3(n2- 7)2 36n = n.[ n2(n2-7)2 36 ] = n. [n.(n2-7 ) -6].[n.(n27 ) +6]
= n.(n3-7n 6).(n3-7n +6)
Ta li c n3-7n 6 = n3 + n2 n2 n 6n -6 = n2.(n+1)- n (n+1)
-6(n+1)
=(n+1)(n2-n-6)= (n+1 )(n+2) (n-3)
Tng t : n3-7n+6 = (n-1) (n-2)(n+3) d
Do A= (n-3)(n-2) (n-1) n (n+1) (n+2) (n+3)

Ta thy : A l tch ca 7 s nguyn lin tip m trong 7 s

nguyn lin tip:
- Tn ti mt bi s ca 5 (nn A M5 )
- Tn ti mt bi ca 7 (nn A M7 )
- Tn ti hai bi ca 3 (nn A M9 )
- Tn ti 3 bi ca 2 trong c bi ca 4 (nn A M16)
Vy A chia ht cho 5, 7,9,16 i mt nguyn t cng nhau A
5.7.9.16= 5040
M
V d 2: Chng minh rng vi mi s nguyn a th :
a/ a3 a chia ht cho 3
b/ a5-a chia ht cho 5
Gii:
a/ a3-a = (a-1)a (a+1) l tch ca cc s nguyn lin tip nn
tch chia ht cho 3
b/ A= a5-a = a(a2-1) (a2+1)
Cch 1:
Ta xt mi trng hp v s d khi chia a cho 5
- Nu a= 5 k (k Z) th A M
5 (1)
2
- Nu a= 5k 1 th a -1 = (5k2 1) 2 -1 = 25k2 10k M
5 A M
5
(2)
- Nu a= 5k 2 th a2+1 = (5k 2)2 + 1 = 25 k2 20k +5 A
5 (3)
M
T (1),(2),(3) A M
5, n Z
Cch 2:
Phn tch A thnh mt tng ca hai s hng chia ht cho 5 :
+ Mt s hng l tch ca 5 s nguyn lin tip
+ Mt s hng cha tha s 5
Ta c : a5-a = a( a2-1) (a2+1) = a(a2-1)(a2-4 +5) = a(a2-1) (a2-4)
+ 5a(a2-1)
= a(a-1)(a+1) (a+2)(a-2)- 5a (a2-1)
M = a(a-1)(a+1) (a+2)(a-2) M
5 (tch ca 5 s nguyn lin
tip )
5a (a2-1) M
5
5
Do a -a M
5
* Cch 3: Da vo cch 2: Chng minh hiu a5-a v tch ca 5
s nguyn lin tip chia ht cho 5.
Ta c:
a5-a (a-2)(a-1)a(a+1)(a+2) = a5-a (a2- 4)a(a2-1) = a5-a - (a34a)(a2-1)
= a5-a - a5 + a3 +4a3 - 4a = 5a3 5a M
5
a5-a (a-2)(a-1)a(a+1)(a+2) M
5
a5-a M
M (a-2)(a-1)a(a+1)(a+2) M
5
5(Tnh cht
chia ht ca mt hiu)
c/ Khi chng minh tnh chia ht ca cc lu tha ta cn s dng
cc hng ng thc:
an bn = (a b)( an-1 + an-2b+ an-3b2+ +abn-2+ bn-1)
(HT 8)
n
n
n-1
n-2
n-3 2
n-2
n-1
a + b = (a + b)( a - a b+ a b - - ab + b )
(HT
9)
- S dng tam gic Paxcan:
1

1
1
1
2
1
1
3
3
1
1
4
6
4 1
..
Mi dng u bt u bng 1 v kt thc bng 1
Mi s trn mt dng (k t dng th 2) u bng s lin trn
cng vi s bn tri ca s lin trn.
Do : Vi a, b Z, n N:
an bn chia ht cho a b( a b)
a2n+1 + b2n+1 chia ht cho a + b( a -b)
(a+b)n = Bsa +bn ( BSa:Bi s ca a)
(a+1)n = Bsa +1
(a-1)2n = Bsa +1
(a-1)2n+1 = Bsa -1
* VD3: CMR vi mi s t nhin n, biu thc 16n 1 chia ht cho
17 khi v ch khi n l s chn.
Gii:
+ Cch 1: - Nu n chn: n = 2k, k N th:
A = 162k 1 = (162)k 1 chia ht cho 162 1( theo nh thc Niu
Tn)
M 162 1 = 255 M
17. Vy A M
17
n
- Nu n l th : A = 16 1 = 16n + 1 2 m n l th 16n + 1 M
16+1=17 (HT 9)
A khng chia ht cho 17
+Cch 2: A = 16n 1 = ( 17 1)n 1 = BS17 +(-1)n 1 (theo
cng thc Niu Tn)
- Nu n chn th A = BS17 + 1 1 = BS17 chia ht cho 17
- Nu n l th A = BS17 1 1 = BS17 2 Khng chia ht cho
17
Vy biu thc 16n 1 chia ht cho 17 khi v ch khi n l s
chn, n N
d/ Ngoi ra cn dng phng php phn chng, nguyn l Dirichl
chng minh quan h chia ht.
VD 4: CMR tn ti mt bi ca 2003 c dng: 2004
2004.2004
Gii: Xt 2004 s: a1 = 2004
a2 = 2004 2004
a3 = 2004 2004 2004
.
a2004 = 2004 20042004
2004 nhm 2004
Theo nguyn l Dirichle, tn ti hai s c cng s d khi chia cho
2003.
Gi hai s l am v an ( 1 n <m 2004) th am - an M
2003
Ta c: am - an = 2004 20042004 00000
m-n nhm 2004
hay am - an = 2004 20042004 . 104n
m-n nhm 2004

4n

m am - an M
2003 v (104n , 2003) =1
nn
2004 20042004 M
2003
m-n nhm 2004
2. Tm s d
* VD1:Tm s d khi chia 2100
a/ cho 9
b/ cho 25
Gii:
a/ Lu tha ca 2 st vi bi ca 9 l 23 = 8 = 9 1
Ta c : 2100 = 2. 299= 2. (23)33 = 2(9 1 )33 = 2(BS9 -1) ( theo
nh thc Niu Tn)
= BS9 2 = BS9 + 7
Vy 2100 chia cho 9 d 7
b/ Lu tha ca 2 gn vi bi ca 25 l 2 10 = 1024 =1025 1
Ta c:
2100 =( 210)10 = ( 1025 1 )10 = BS 1025 + 1 = BS 25 +1 (theo
nh thc Niu Tn)
Vy 2100 chia cho 25 d 1
* VD2: Tm 4 ch s tn cng ca 51994 khi vit trong h thp
phn
Gii:
- Cch 1: Ta c: 1994 = 4k + 2 v 54 = 625
Ta thy s tn cng bng 0625 khi nng ln lu tha nguyn dng bt k vn tn cng bng 0625
Do : 51994 = 54k+2=(54)k. 52 = 25. (0625)k = 25. (0625)=
5625
- Cch 2: Tm s d khi chia 51994 ch 10000 = 24.54
Ta thy 54k 1 = (54)k 1k chia ht cho 54 1 = (52 + 1) (52 - 1)
M
16
Ta c 51994 = 56(51988 1) + 56 m 56 M
54 v 51988 1 = (54)497 1
chia ht cho 16
( 51994)3. 56(51988 1)chia ht cho 10000 cn 56= 15625
51994 = BS10000 + 15625 51994 chia cho 10000 d 15625
Vy 4 ch s tn cng ca 51994 l 5625
3. Tm iu kin chia ht
* VD1: Tm s nguyn n gi tr ca biu thc A chia ht
cho gi tr ca biu thc B:
A = n3 + 2n2- 3n + 2; B = n2 n
Gii:
n3 + 2n2- 3n + 2 n2 n
n3 n2
n+3
2
3n - 3n + 2
3n2 3n
2
Ta c: n3 + 2n2- 3n + 2 = (n2 n)(n + 3) +

2
n n
2

Do Gi tr ca A chia ht cho gi tr ca B
n(n 1)
cho n

Ta c bng:
n
n1
n(n 1)

n2 n (2)
2 chia ht cho
2 chia ht

1
-1
2
-2
0
-2
1
-3
0
2
2
6
Loi
T/m
T/m
Loi
Vy vi n = -1, n = 2 th gi tr ca biu thc A chia ht cho
gi tr ca biu thc B
VD 2: Tm s nguyn n d n5 + 1 chia ht cho n3 + 1
Gii:
n5 + 1 Mn3 + 1 n5 + n2 n2 + 1 Mn3 + 1
n2(n3 + 1)- ( n2 1) Mn3 + 1
(n 1)(n + 1) M
(n+1)(n2 n + 1)
n 1 M
n2 n + 1
n(n 1) M
n2 n + 1
Hay n2 n M
n2 n + 1
(n2 n + 1) 1 M
n2 n + 1
1M
n2 n + 1
Xt hai trng hp:
+ n2 n + 1 = 1 n2 n = 0 n(n 1) = 0 n = 0, n = 1 th
li thy t/m bi
+ n2 n + 1 = - 1 n2 n + 2 = 0 , khng c gi tr ca n tho
mn
VD 3: Tm s t nhin n sao cho 2n - 1 chia ht cho 7
Gii:
Ta c lu tha ca 2 gn vi bi ca 7 l 23 = 8 = 7 + 1
- Nu n = 3k (k N) th 2n - 1= 23k 1 = (23)k 1 = 8 k - 1k M
8
1=7
Nu n = 3k + 1(k N) th 2n - 1 = 23k+1 1 = 8k . 2 1= 2(8k
1) + 1
= 2. BS7 + 1
2n - 1 khng chia ht cho 7
- Nu n = 3k +2(k N) th 2n - 1 = 23k+2 1= 4.23k 1
= 4( 8k 1) + 3 = 4.BS7 + 3
2n - 1 khng chia ht cho 7
Vy 2n - 1 M
7 n = 3k (k N)
2. Bi tp
Bi 1: Chng minh rng:
a/ n3 + 6n2 + 8n chia ht ch 48 vi mi s n chn
b/ n4 10n2 + 9 chia ht cho 384 vi mi s n l
Gii
a/ n3 + 6n2 + 8n = n(n2 + 6n + 8) = n( n2 + 4n + 2n + 8) =
n[n(n + 4) + 2(n + 4)]
= n(n+2)(n + 4)
Vi n chn, n = 2k ta c:
n3 + 6n2 + 8n = 2k(2k + 2)(2k + 4) = 8.k. (k + 1)k + 2) M
8

b/ n4 10n2 + 9 = n4 n2 9n2 + 9 = n2(n2 1)- 9(n2 1) = (n2

1)(n2 - 9)
= (n 1)(n+1)(n-3)(n+3)
Vi n l, n = 2k +1, ta c:
n4 10n2 + 9 = (2k +1 1)(2k + 1+1)(2k + 1 3)( 2k + 1 +3)
= 2k(2k+2)(2k-2)(2k+4)= 16k(k+1)(k-1)(k+2) M
16
Bi 2: Chng minh rng
a/ n6 + n4 -2n2 chia ht cho 72 vi mi s nguyn n
b/ 32n 9 chia ht cho 72 vi mi s nguyn dng n
Gii:
Ta c: A= n6 + n4 -2n2 = n2(n4+n2 -2)= n2(n4 + 2n2 n2 2)=
n2[(n2 +2)- (n2 +2)]
= n2(n2 + 2)(n2 1).
Ta li c: 72 = 8.9 vi (8,9) = 1
Xt cc trng hp:
+ Vi n = 2k A = (2k)2(2k + 1) (2k -1)(4k2 +2) = 8k2(2k + 1)
(2k -1)(2k2 +1) M
8
+ Vi n = 2k +1 A = (2k + 1)2(2k +1 1)2= (4k2 + 4k +1)4k2 M
8
Tng t xt cc trng hp n = 3a, n= 3a 1 chng minh A M
9
Vy A M
8.9 hay A M
72
Bi 3: Cho a l s nguyn t ln hn 3. Chng minh rng a 2 1
chia ht cho 24
Gii:
V a2 l s nguyn t ln hn 3 nn a l a2 l s chnh phng
l
a2 chia cho 8 d 1
a2 1 chia ht cho 8 (1)
Mt khc a l s nguyn t ln hn 3 a khng chia ht cho 3
a2 l s chnh phng khng chia ht cho 3 a2 chia cho 3 d 1
a2 1 chia ht cho 3
(2)
M (3,8) = 1 (3)
T (1), (2), (3) a2 1 chia ht cho 24
Bi 4: Chng minh rng:
Nu s t nhin a khng chia ht cho 7 th a6 -1 chia ht cho 7
Gii:
Bi ton l trng hp c bit ca nh l nh Phc ma:
- Dng 1: Nu p l s nguyn t v a l mt s nguyn th a p
a chia ht cho p
- Dng 2: Nu a l mt s nguyn khng chia ht cho s nguyn
t p th ap-1-1 chia ht cho p
Tht vy, ta c a6 -1 = (a3 + 1) (a3 - 1)
- Nu a = 7k 1 (k N) th a3 = ( 7k 1)3 = BS7 1 a3 - 1
7
M
- Nu a = 7k 2 (k N) th a3 = ( 7k 2)3 = BS7 23 = BS7
8 a3 - 1 M
7
- Nu a = 7k 3 (k N) th a3 = ( 7k 3)3 = BS7 33 = BS7
27 a3 + 1 M
7

Ta lun c a3 + 1 hoc a3 1 chia ht cho 7. Vy a6 1 chia

ht cho 7
Bi 5: Chng minh rng:
Nu n l lp phng ca mt s t nhin th (n-1)n(n + 1) chia
ht cho 504
Gii:
Ta c 504 = 32 . 7.8 v 7,8,9 nguyn t cng nhau tng i mt
V n l lp phng ca mt s t nhin nn t n = a3
Cn chng minh A=(a3-1)a3(a3 + 1) chia ht cho 504
Ta c: + Nu a chn a3 chia ht cho 8
Nu a l a3-1v a3 + 1 l hai s chn lin tip (a3-1) (a3 +
1) chi ht cho 8
Vy A M
8 , 19a9 n N (1)
+ Nu a M
7 a3 M
7 AM
7
Nu a khng chia ht cho 7 th a6 1 M
7 (a3-1) (a3 + 1) M
7(nh l Phc ma)
Vy A M
7 , n N (2)
+ Nu a M
3 a3 M
9 AM
9
Nu a khng chia he cho 3 a = 3k 1 a3 = ( 3k 3)3=
BS9 1
a3 1 = BS9+1 1 M
9
3
a + 1 = BS9- 1 + 1 M
9

Vy A M
9 , n N (3)
T (1), (2), (3) A M
9 , n N
Bi 6: Tm s t nhin n gi tr ca biu thc sau l s
nguyn t:
a/ 12n2 5n 25
b/ 8n2 + 10n +3
c/

25

n3 + 3n
4

Gii:
a/ Phn tch thnh nhn t: 12n2 5n 25 = 12n2 +15n 20n

= 3n(4n + 5) 5(4n +5) = (4n +5)(3n 5)

Do 12n2 5n 25 l s nguyn t v 4n +5 > 0 nn 3n 5 > 0.
Ta li c: 3n 5 < 4n +5(v n 0) nn 12n2 5n 25 l s
ngyn t th tha s nh phi bng 1 hay 3n 5 = 1 n = 2
Khi , 12n2 5n 25 = 13.1 = 13 l s nguyn t.
Vy vi n = 2 th gi tr ca biu thc 12n 2 5n 25 l s
nguyn t 13
b/ 8n2 + 10n +3 = (2n 1)(4n + 3)
Bin i tng t ta c n = 0. Khi , 8n2 + 10n +3 l s
nguyn t 3
n3 + 3n
c/ A =
. Do A l s t nhin nn n(n + 3) M
4.
4

Hai s n v n + 3 khng th cng chn. Vy hoc n , hoc n +

3 chia ht cho 4
- Nu n = 0 th A = 0, khng l s nguyn t
- Nu n = 4 th A = 7, l s nguyn t

-Nu n = 4k vi k Z, k > 1 th A = k(4k + 3) l tch ca hai

tha s ln hn 1 nn A l hp s
- Nu n + 3 = 4 th A = 1, khng l s nguyn t
- Nu n + 3 = 4k vi k Z, k > 1 th A = k(4k - 3) l tch ca
hai tha s ln hn 1 nn A l hp s.
Vy vi n = 4 th

n3 + 3n
l s nguyn t 7
4

Bi 7: vui: Nm sinh ca hai bn

Mt ngy ca thp k cui cng ca th k XX, mt nh khch
n thm trng gp hai hc sinh. Ngi khch hi:
- C l hai em bng tui nhau?
Bn Mai tr li:
- Khng, em hn bn em mt tui. Nhng tng cc ch s ca
nm sinh mi chng em u l s chn.
- Vy th cc em sinh nm 1979 v 1980, ng khng?
Ngi khch suy lun th no?
Gii:
Ch s tn cng ca nm sinh hai bn phI l 9 v 0 v trong trng hp ngoc li th tng cc ch s ca nm sinh hai bn ch hn
km nhau l 1, khng th cng l s chn.
Gi nm sinh ca Mai l 19a9 th 1 +9+a+9 = 19 + a. Mun
tng ny l s chn th a {1; 3; 5; 7; 9}. Hin nhin Mai khng
th sinh nm 1959 hoc 1999. Vy Mai sinh nm 1979, bn ca Mai
sinh nm 1980.

Chc cc bn hc tt!!!