REPORT OF INDUSTRIAL SUMMER TRAINING PRODUCTION AND QUALITY CONTROL OF A.C.

MOTORS This consists of the training repo rt, an outcome of summer training done by me at Marathon Electric, Faridabad. As the title suggests this report is about the production A.C. motors and describing all the assembly and passing line processes of motor manufacturing plant. 2009 RAHUL SINGH RANA ECHELON INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, FARIDABAD INDUSTRIAL SUMMER TRAINING REPORT ON PRODUCTION AND QUALITY CONTROL OF A.C. MOTORS 2 DETAILS DOCUMENT:INDUSTRIAL SUMMER TRAINING REPORT for the Partial fulfillment of award of Degree of Bachelors of Technology in Applied Electronics and instrumen tation by M.D.U, Rohtak. COMPANY:Marathon Electric India Private Limited EXPORT DIVISION Sector-11. Model Town, Faridabad- 121006 (Haryana) India TYPE OF WORK: Manufacturers and exporters of AC motors. Training Obtained in Qua lity Control department under the guidance of Ms. Ruchi Gautam (SR. In charge- Quality Control Department) and Mr. Sachin Gupta (Dy. Manager Manufacturing). SUBMITTED BY: RAHUL SINGH RANA, 07-AEI-31, 5th semester SUBMITTED TO: Echelon In stitute of Technology, Training and Placement Cell, Faridabad 3 4 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This project report has been possible through the direct and in direct Cooperation and in-valuable assistance of various officers bears the Impr int of their efforts for my work. I extend my grateful thanks to Mr. Sanjeev Sharma (G.M. Marathon Electric India Pvt. Ltd. EXPORT DIVISION) and Mr. S.K. Yadav (Factory Manager), for letting me work under their extremely talented staff & giving me a chance to bring out best in myself for the benefit of the Industry. I wish to express my sincere thanks and appreciation to all those under whom I t ook my training and interacted especially to Ms. Ruchi Gautam (SR. In charge- Qu ality Control Department) and Mr. Sachin Gupta (Dy. Manager- Manufacturing) thei r thoughts and invaluable guidance helped me in broadening my understanding and knowledge of working in an organization. I also thank to the staff member of, Marathon Electric India Pvt. Ltd., Faridaba d in Production & Quality control department for their help and support & allowi ng me to acquaint myself with the overall congenial atmosphere, which Exists in the organization. Finally, I owe my thanks to all the faculty members of Echelon Institute of Tech nology, Faridabad who helped and guided me in making of my training report. Rahul Singh Rana (07-AEI-31) 5 COMPANY PROFILE Marathon Electric is part of the Regal Beloit family of compani es. Regal Beloit Corporation is a leading manufacturer of electrical and mechani cal motion control and power generation products serving markets throughout the world. Regal Beloit is headquartered in Beloit, Wisconsin, and has manufacturing , sales, and service facilities throughout North America and in Mexico, Europe a nd Asia. A leading international manufacturer of electrical and mechanical motion control components headquartered in Beloit, Wisconsin. Fro

m electric motors and generators to gear reducers, and electronic switchgear, Re gal Beloit's products are often concealed within, but essential to the function of much of the equipment powering the world. You will find Regal Beloit products in home furnaces, pumps, elevators, conveyors, x-ray machines, office equipment , power stations and thousands of other critical uses. Regal Beloit's strength is in its market diversity as it serves an expansive arr ay of markets from heavy industry to high technology. Markets include Heating Ve ntilating and Air Conditioning (HVAC), food processing, medical, material handli ng, petro-chemical, construction, manufacturing, agriculture and mining, to name a few. Few companies can match Regal Beloit's abilities to adapt and modify pro ducts to required specifications and deliver consistent quality, at a fair price and a time dictated by the customer. Regal Beloit's ongoing success can be attributed, in part, to an aggressive acqu isition program, which has become a company hallmark. 2004 saw two major motor a cquisitions from General Electric (GE), which effectively doubled the size of Re gal Beloit. In 2007, the Company acquired Morrill Motors, a leading manufacturer of fractional horsepower motors for commercial refrigeration and freezer market s. With the acquisition of Fasco and Jakel that same year, Regal Beloit expanded into blower systems for the HVAC market. Alstoms motor and fan business in India was then purchased, another step in the execution of the Companys globalization6 initiative. The Company now has over 17,000 employees and 54 manufacturing and service/distribution facilities throughout the United States and in Canada, Mexi co, Europe, Asia and Australia. Since 1913, Marathon Electrics name has been recognized for engineering excellenc e, custom-designed products and an extensive product line of industrial quality motors. Available in all popular enclosures from 1/12 HP through 800 HP and in a variety of mounting configurations, Marathon Electrics unique designs provide mo re ways in which to add accessories, such as blowers, brakes and encoders, to mo tors than anyone else in the motor business. State-of-the-art lab facilities are equipped and staffed with the finest resources available to ensure successful u tilization of products. Since 1913, Marathon Electric has been dedicated to prov iding customers with quality products for targeted applications. Located in Waus au, Wisconsin, the company is composed of two strategic product lines: motors an d generators. Marathon Electric Motors delivers efficient mechanical power solutions using AC electric motors up to 1250 HP. Marathon Electric Generators offers power generat ion for the 21st century with a wide selection of generators (5 to 3,000 kW) for stand-by and continuous power. Proven top performers in every respect, Marathon Electric Generators offer powerful performance, reliable power generation, and easy installation. 7 TABLE OF CONTENTS S.NO. CONTENT NAME PAGE NO. 01. DOCUMENT DETAILS 03 02. TRAIN ING CERTIFICATE 04 03. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 05 04. COMPANY PROFILE 06-07 05. TABLE OF CONTENTS 08 06. 1- ELECTRIC MOTORS 09 07. 1.1- PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION 09 08. 1. 2- A.C. MOTORS 10 09. 1.2.1- TYPES 10 10. 1.2.2- HISTORY 10 11. 1.3- INDUCTION M OTOR 11 12. PROCESS LAYOUT 13 13. 1.3.2- CONSTRUCTION 14 14. 1.3.2.1- STATOR 1415 15. PASSING LINE 16 16. 1.3.2.2- ROTOR 26 17. ASSEMBLY LINE 29 18. MAIN COMPO NENTS 36 19. MOTOR PARTS 37 20. BIBLIOGRAPHY 38 8 1. ELECTRIC MOTORS An Electric motor is a machine which converts electric energ y into mechanical energy. 1.1 PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION Current carrying conductor placed in a magnetic field, experiences a mechanical force whose direction is gi ven by Flemings Left-hand rule and whose magnitude is given by F = BIl Newton. 9 (Figure 1: ELECTRIC MOTOR FAMILY TREE) 1.2 AC motor INTRODUCTION An AC motor is an electric motor that is driven by an alternating current. It consists of two b asic parts, an outside stationary stator having coils supplied with alternating current to produce a rotating magnetic field, and an inside rotor attached to th e output shaft that is given a torque by the rotating field.

1.2.1 Types of AC motor (depending on the type of rotor used): 1. Synchronous mo tor: This rotates exactly at the supply frequency or a sub multiple of the suppl y frequency. The magnetic field on the rotor is either generated by current deli vered through slip rings or by a permanent magnet. 2. Induction motor: This turn s slightly slower than the supply frequency. The magnetic field on the rotor of this motor is created by an induced current. 1.2.2 HISTORY In 1882, Serbian inve ntor Nicola Tesla identified the rotating magnetic induction field principle and pioneered the use of this rotating and inducting electromagnetic field force to generate torque in rotating machines. He exploited this principle in the design of a poly-phase induction motor in 1883. In 1885, Galileo Ferraris independentl y researched the concept. In 1888, Ferraris published his research in a paper to the Royal Academy of Sciences in Turin. Introduction of Tesla s motor from 1888 onwards initiated what is sometimes refe rred to as the Second Industrial Revolution, making possible both the efficient generation and long distance distribution of electrical energy using the alterna ting current transmission system, also of Tesla s invention (1888). Before wides pread use of Tesla s principle of poly-phase 10 induction for rotating machines, all motors operated by continually passing a co nductor through a stationary magnetic field (as in homo-polar motor). Initially Tesla suggested that the commutators from a machine could be removed and the dev ice could operate on a rotary field of electromagnetic force. Professor Poeschel , his teacher, stated that would be akin to building a Perpetual motion machine. This was because Tesla s teacher had only understood o ne half of Tesla s ideas. Professor Poeschel had realized that the induced rotat ing Magnetic field would start the rotor of the motor spinning, but he did not s ee that the counter electromotive force generated would gradually bring the mach ine to a stop. Tesla later obtained U.S. Patent 0,416,194, Electric Motor (Decem ber 1889), which resembles the motor seen in many of Tesla s photos. This classi c alternating current electromagnetic motor was an induction motor. Michail Osipovich Dolivo-Dobrovolsky late r invented a three-phase "cage- rotor" in 1890. This type of motor is now used f or the vast majority of commercial applications. 1.3 INDUCTION MOTORS Most AC motors are induction motors. Induction motors are f avored due to their ruggedness and simplicity. In fact, 90% of industrial motors are induction motors. Induction motors are the workhorses of industry and motors up to about 500 kW (6 70 hp) in output are produced in highly standardized frame sizes, making them ne arly completely interchangeable between manufacturers (although European and Nor th American standard dimensions are different). Very large induction motors are capable of tens of megawatts of output, for pipeline compressors, wind-tunnel dr ives, and overland conveyor systems. 1.3.1 PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION Based on rotating magnetic induction field principl e, the rotating and inducting electromagnetic field force generates torque in ro tating machines. Conversion of electrical power into mechanical power takes plac e in the rotating part of the motor. In Induction motors rotor receive electric power by induction in exactly the same way as the secondary of a 2-winding 11 transformer receives its power from the primary. That is why such motors are kn own induction motors. One means of creating a rotating magnetic field is to rota te a permanent magnet as shown in (Figure 2 (below-next page)).If the moving mag netic lines of flux cut a conductive disk, it will follow the motion of the magn et. The lines of flux cutting the conductor will induce a voltage, and consequen t current flow, in the conductive disk. This current flow creates an electromagn et whose polarity opposes the motion of the permanent magnet Lenz s Law. The polarity of the electromagnet is such that it pulls against the permanent magnet. The disk follows with a little less speed than the permanent m agnet. (Figure 2: Rotating magnetic field produces torque in conductive disk.) N icola Tesla conceived the basic principles of the poly-phase induction motor in 1883, and had a half horsepower (400 watts) model by 1888. Tesla sold the manufa

cturing rights to George Westinghouse for $65,000. Most large (> 1 hp or 1 kW) industrial motors are poly-phase induction motors. B y poly-phase, we mean that the stator contains multiple distinct windings per mo tor pole, driven by corresponding time shifted sine waves. In practice, this is two or three phases. Large industrial motors are mostly 3- phase motors. 12 13 14 15 1.3.2 CONSTRUCTION An Induction motor consists essentially of two main parts: 1 . A stator and 2. A rotor Both are assembled together as one assembly, rotor kno wn as ana rm at ur e, a stator containing windings connected to a poly-phase ene rgy source as shown in (Figure 3- below): (Figure 3: TESLA POLY-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR) 1.3.2.1 Stator It is made up of a n umber of stampings, which are slotted to receive the windings. It is wound for a definite number of poles, (the no. of poles P, produced in the rotating field i s P = 2n where n is the no. of stator slots/pole/phase) the exact no. of poles b eing determined by the requirements of speed. Greater the no. of poles, lesser t he speed and vice versa. (Figure 4: Addition of field poles decreases speed) 16 A 2-pole (pair of N-S poles) alternator will generate a 60 Hz sine wave when ro tated at 3600 rpm (revolutions per minute). The 3600 rpm corresponds to 60 revol utions per second. A similar 2-pole permanent magnet induction motor will also r otate at 3600 rpm. A lower speed motor may be constructed by adding more pole pa irs. A 4-pole motor would rotate at 1800 rpm, a 12-pole motor at 600 rpm. The st yle of construction shown (Figure 4 (above)) is for illustration. Higher efficie ncy higher torque multi-pole stator induction motors actually have multiple pole s in the rotor. For a 3-phase induction motor, stator windings when supplied wit h 3-phase currents, produce a magnetic flux, which is of constant magnitude but revolves (or rotates) at synchronous speed (given by Ns = 120f/p). This revolvin g magnetic flux induces an e.m.f in the rotor by mutual induction. The stator in (Figure 3) is wound with pairs of coils corresponding to the phase s of electrical energy available. The 2-phase induction motor stator above has 2 - pairs of coils, one pair for each of the two phases of AC. The individual coil s of a pair are connected in series and correspond to the opposite poles of an e lectromagnet. That is, one coil corresponds to a N-pole, the other to a S-pole u ntil the phase of AC changes polarity. The other pair of coils is oriented 90o i n space to the first pair. This pair of coils is connected to AC shifted in time by 90o in the case of a 2-phase motor. In Tesla s time, the source of the two p hases of AC was a 2-phase alternator. The stator in (Figure 3) hassalient, obvio us protruding poles, as used on Tesla s early induction motor. This design is us ed to this day for sub-fractional horsepower motors (<50 watts). However, for la rger motors less torque pulsation and higher efficiency results if the coils are embedded into slots cut into the stator laminations. (Figure 5) (Figure 5: Stator frame showing slots for windings.) 17 The stator laminations are thin insulated rings with slots punched from sheets of electrical grade steel. A stack of these is secured by end screws, which may also hold the end housings. Generally a wound stator is called as a field (or stator field) in terms of prod uction, the plant or place where whole process of insulation and insertion of wi nding and other processes takes place is called as passing line i.e. where field s are produced. Following processes are carried out at passing line : 1. INSULATION Insulation paper which is a good quality mica sheet is inserted into the slots of the stator at slot insulator machines. Stator core is built from high-quality low-loss silicon steel laminations and flash-enamele d on both sides. Insulation paper is inserted into the slots accordingly as the stack height, slot width, shape and dimensions, generally stack heights varies f rom 18mm to 500mm. A wide range of insulating machines is available in the marke t. (Figure 6: INSULATING MACHINE) 18 (Courtesy: Statomat Machines) General check points for insulation are proper che

cking for stack height, diameter and other mechanical dimensions of stator core, besides insertion of slot paper should be uniform and of equal height with no s hifting down from its original position. 2. WINDING The coils are wound on an external fixture, and then worked into the slots. Insulation wedged between the coil periphery and the slot protects agains t abrasion. ndings.) (Figure 7: Stator with (a) 2- and (b) 3- windings.) In (Figure 7 (above)) , the windings or both a two-phase motor and a three- phase motor have been ins talled in the stator slots. The coils are wound on an external ixture, and then worked into the slots. Insulation wedged between the coil periphery and the slo t protects against abrasion. Actual stator windings are more complex than the si ngle windings per pole in (Figure 7 (above)). Comparing the 2- motor to Tesla's 2 - motor with salient poles, the number o coils is the same. In actual large moto rs, a pole winding, is divided into identical coils inserted into many smaller s lots than 19 above. This group is called a phase belt. See (Figure 8 (below- next page)). Th e distributed coils o the phase belt cancel some o the odd harmonics, producin g a more sinusoidal magnetic ield distribution across the pole. The slots at th e edge o the pole may have ewer turns than the other slots. Edge slots may con tain windings rom two phases. That is, the phase belts overlap. (Figure 8: Winding structure.) A brie description o various types o windings along with the machines used is given below: Concentric Winding There are many eatures like the automatic stack height adjustment and the graphical user inter ace based on MS Windows. The A-Winder (model o winding machine) is available in a single spindle and a dual spindle version: 20 (Figure 9: A2 Single Spindle Winder) Wave Winding Its a distributed or non-distr ibuted coil (also known as split phase and non- split phase winding). The waves are formed directly during the winding process which saves space and guarantees an optimal winding result. 21 (Figure 10: Types of Wave Windings) Loose-Tooth / Bobbin Winding As the demand for higher slot-fill-factors reaches the limits of conventional winding/insertin g technologies, more and more motor makers start wind directly on the single sta tor teeth that are assembled afterwards or bobbins that are assembled into segme nted stators. To ensure a maximum fill-factor, the wires are exactly positioned to prevent the problem of twisted wires. 22 (Figure 11: Winding machine-SWK 1/2) (Courtesy: Statomat Machines) 3. INSERTION Wound coils are inserted into the stator slots at insertion machines along with the wedge paper for insulation of coil periphery from stator laminations and ad joining coils. A great care is taken for proper insertion of wedge paper into th e slots. 4. FORMING The best winding and insertion still doesn t make the perfect stator, Forming process is another focal point in the production process. Processes car ried at this stage are such as expanding lamellas, to final forming of I.D., O.D . and heights of the winding head, scratch wire detection. After this lead or ca bles connection are made to the field 23 Winding and insulation tapes are applied according to the specifications as per E.I. chart. (Figure 12: Forming press-ZFM-K) (Courtesy: Statomat Special Machin es India pvt. ltd.) The ZFM-K is a very economical press for smaller stator. The stator is loaded manually directly into the tooling. The ZFM-K opens the stator bore and as an option pushes back the wedges and performs the winding head. 5. LACING Lacing or knotting is done at the machine for finally tightening the a ll the loose wires of coil winding. The end turns are laced with a "diamond" sti tch pattern. Both sides are laced at the same time and a real knot is being tied at the end. After this process the wound stator looks like in 24

figure and then the final process is carried out on field where final inspectio n is done for visually detecting and removing the defects on account of followin g: Loose wires/wiring, Lacing or knotting problem. Wedge paper problem, shifted down wedge paper. Slot paper. Cables or connecting lead length and proper application of

insulation tape. Without marking. This is the most critical and important stage o f passing line from point of view of quality control. At this stage the responsi bility lies wholly on operator as there is no intervention of machinery and the defects have to be detected visually and removed manually. 6. COMPUTERIZED WINDING TEST DESCRIPTION Computerized winding tester is the most comprehensive quality control method for in-plant testing process industries. I t is extremely effective as a diagnostic tool to evaluate and detect any winding s fault that may exist. It can be used to detect the following in the windings: turn to turn short circuits coil to coil short circuits phase to phase shor cuits reverse coil connections open coils grounded coils defective insulation Th e following tests are performed by the computerized winding tester: Resistance t est: The Resistance test is performed on the Main and Auxiliary windings. All th e resistance measurements are corrected to the ambient temperature (25 C) using t he temperature sensors. It checks wrong turn count, poor connections, mislabelle d leads, and incorrect wire size. 25 Insulation resistance test: The IR or megohm test checks the strength of the in sulation. AC Hi-Pot test: The AC hi-pot test detects if there is a breakdown to ground or between windings which would otherwise go undetected using average cur rent measurement techniques. This measures the resistive portion of the leakage current, rather than the total current. Surge test: The high voltage surge test checks for insulation problems between t urns, coils, and phases of the winding. Surge tests can also detect other faults which change the inductance of a winding such as reversed coils. The surge test also has the ability to detect corona caused by weak insulation in addition to actual insulation breakdown. Rotation test: The rotation direction test determines the rotation of the stator whether it is clockwise or anti-clockwise. This test uses the Hall-effect type sensors. To manufacturers this means that the faulty windings can be isolated an d repaired at every stage of manufacturing thus, ensuring quality and saving in material and labour costs. (Figure 13: Manual Surge Comparison tester) (Courtesy: Ample Machines) 26 (Figure 14: Computerized Winding test machine) (Courtesy:The Automation Engg. I nc. , Fort Wayne, Indiana) 27 7. VARNISHING Finally the Wound stator i.e. the field after being properly chec ked goes for varnish plant where penetrating coat of good insulating varnishes a re applied on windings to protect them from action of vibration, heat, water, oi l, dirt and acid fume would soon cause a complete failure of field or rotor circ uits. Without a coating of insulating varnish, slot papers would soon become bri ttle and crack or soggy from moisture and the enamel covering of wires would chi p and flake. When properly applied and treated, insulating varnish provides a so lid film protective covering. At varnish plant there are two stations Loading (h ere fields are loaded for varnish process on to the hangers) and Unloading stati on (fields are unloaded from the hangers), the whole process takes almost about 4 to 5 hours. At both loading and unloading stations thorough inspection of fiel ds is done to detect visually for: Loose wires or wiring in green fields (at loading station) Wedge paper problem. Loose wires or wiring in varnished fields (at unloading station) Without marking. Knotting/lacing problem. Lead cut/unequal length/terminal damage.

From the point of view of quality control the inspection made at varnish station s for defect is most crucial, since the varnished fields are passed on for assem bly line and if rejection is made on basis of above problems during any stage of assembly line results in wastage of resources, manpower and time. 1.3.2.2 Rotor The rotor consists of a shaft, a steel laminated rotor, and an emb edded Copper or aluminium squirrel cage, As compared to a DC motor armature, the re is no commutator. This eliminates the brushes, arcing, sparking, graphite dus t, brush adjustment and replacement, and re-machining of the commutator. They ar e of two types as follows: 1. Squirrel-cage Rotor: Almost 90% of induction motors employ this type of rotor s because of simple and rugged construction and almost indestructible. The rotor consists of a cylindrical laminated core with parallel slots for carrying the r otor conductors, which are not wires but consists of heavy copper bars. 28 One bar is placed in each slot; rather the bars are inserted from the end where semi-closed slots are used. The rotor bars are brazed or electrically welded or bolted to two heavy and stout short-circuiting end-rings. (Figure 15: Laminated rotor with (a) embedded squirrel cage, (b) conductive cage removed from rotor) The squirrel cage conductors may be skewed, twisted, with r espect to the shaft. The misalignment with the stator slots reduces torque pulsa tions. 2. Phase-wound Rotor: Motors employing this type of rotors are called woun d motors or as Slip-ring motors. This type of rotor is provided with 3-phase, doubl e layer, distributed winding consisting of coil as used in alternators. The rotor is wound for as many poles as the no. of stator poles and is always wound 3-pha se even when the stator is wound two-phase. Rotor Stack laminations are die casted to form a rotor stack in which shaft alon g with end rings is inserted in to this by process of Drop-on, and then this sha ft- rotor assembly is allowed to cool. After this process this shaft-rotor assem bly is passed on for Rotor test: 1. ROTOR TEST DESCRIPTION Rotor Test System is designed to evaluate the Electrom agnetic properties of squirrel cage rotors. The test system consists of Mechanic al and Display unit, interconnected by cable. The test set operates on the basis of inductive measurement, it accept a wide range of rotors, from small type to pump rotors which have long shaft. It can be operated with minimum efforts. 29 HOW THE EQUIPMENT WORKS? The test set operates on the basis of electrical & magn etic effects caused by the circulation of induced currents into the winding of a rotor, which is made to turn at a constant speed, with in a magnetic field prod uced by a permanent magnet. The induced magnetic field produced by permanent magnet, acts on one slot at a t ime. However, the direction of magnetic fields is such that the turns of a movin g coil cut the lines of force normally. The induced currents, which are proporti onal to the field intensity distance of magnet from the rotor, on the speed of r otation (constant) & on the rotor characteristics, produce magnetic fields, the symmetry of which enable a clear observation of the turns in the short-circuited condition. A fixed probe subjected to the magnetic fields produced by the rotor under test, provides the signals, which after being amplified, are applied to picture tube. The induced e.m.f cause voltages to appear between the commutator laminations & the amplitude, shape & recurrence of these voltages permits the location of fau lts in the rotor winding. APPLICATIONS Broken or interrupted rotor bars. Poor or missing connections to th e rotor end rings. Rotor bar resistance measurement. A short circuit between two or more bars. Error in the relative position between commutator & slots. Non-un iformity between lamination of the commutator. Deviation of the skew angle. Afte r this, shaft-rotor assembly is passed on to for I.D. (Internal Diameter) Reamin g and O.D. (Outer diameter) Reaming, which is done with help of Micrometer. This is again a very important stage from point of view of Quality Control, since th e responsibility lies wholly on operator. The next step is that of lacquering and painting the shaft-rotor assembly, this is done manually by applying a good quality resin based lacquer which is done wi

th help of brush, the lacquer used for the purpose is generally oil mixed shella c based compound, which forms a thin and a highly elastic insulation layer on th e rotor surface. 30 (Figure 16: Rotor Tester machine) After all above mentioned processes shaft-ro tor assembly, stator (Field winding) from passing line along with miscellaneous parts such as follows: Nuts Clamp Bolts Gourmet(Conduit Adapter) Shell Is brought to the assembly line which is the final stage of production, the majo r processes carried here are as follows: 1. Shell Field Pressing: Here the shell is pressed on to the field, i.e. the stator is inserted into the shell. After t his the Conduit Adapter (Gourmet) is inserted into the punched hole made in the shell along with insertion ofelf y which is a special adhesive used to hold gour met in the place tightly. 2. Assembly of Motor: Here the Rotor-shaft Assembly is inserted into the Statorshell assembly, along with the end shield casing; the bolts are inserted always in diagonally opposite manner, the connecting leads are taken out from Conduit a dapter. 31 3. Running of Motor: Here the Motor is tested by running it on the input supply voltage and current which is a little higher than that specified by customer re quirements. 4. Noise Testing: This is a most important stage of assembly line fr om point of view of Quality control, basically it is a Inspection Stage where al l assembled motors are tested for Noise limit, the whole arrangement is enclosed inside the sound proof glass walls, with two operators employed on the noise te sting Machine. The Noise, Resonance & Vibration Test System runs on the Windows operating system as well as user-friendly software package. It has built-in signal conditioning, an A/D converter for sensor measurements, relays for digital I/O control and po werful application software for noise, resonance and vibration testing. It is in tended for use on AC and DC motors directly on the production floor. Tests Performed: Noise: Noise testing analyzes audible noise, generated by a moto r, by doing a frequency analysis and comparing it to an envelope based on a medi an of setup motors. The analysis must have a certain percentage of data points f all within this envelope or the part will fail. There are six different ranges a vailable for noise - 1000 Hz, 2000 Hz, 3000Hz, 5000 Hz, 7000 Hz and 10,000. Vibration & Resonance: Resonance testing analyzes a combination of audible noise and vibration, generated by a motor, by doing a frequency analysis and comparing it to an envelope based on a median of setup motors. This method tests for reso nance by making contact with the motor body and determines at which frequency an d amplitude the motor is resonant. The resonant frequency is much larger than ot her frequencies generated within the motor. Resonance is processed the same as n oise and uses the same ambient noise cancellation feature as for noise. Resonanc e is measured in Rones. There are four ranges available for Resonance - 500 Hz, 1000 Hz, 2000 Hz and 3000 Hz. Ambient Cancellation Technique: 32 Cancellation testing technique identifies the ambient noise, resonance and vibr ation levels on the factory floor and then separates them from the noises, reson ance s and vibrations created by the motor-under-test. This is done each time a motor is tested, allowing for ambient sampling on every motor. Collection Methods: Resonance Acoustic Probe: The vibration data is collected us ing an Exclusive Resonance Acoustic Probe. This unique probe breaks up air movemen ts and ambient noises into white noise. The sound channels used are specifically designed for the motor- under-test. A combination of highly repeatable transduc ers and Noise Cancellation Software eliminates 90% - 95% of ambient factory nois e and vibrations. The Resonance Acoustic Probe converts mechanical movement from the motor and mot

or casing into sounds. The diaphragm controls the movement of air (the vibration ) down the chamber into the collection device. The tester is then able to look a t the frequencies generated by the movement of the motor before these noises and vibrations are dispersed into the air. This probe eliminates the contamination of other frequencies that could have been picked up along the way. Only the true readings are displayed. The Resonance Acoustic Probe is equipped with spring-loaded constant pressure tr ansducer. This transducer was developed exclusively for noise & vibration analys is and is highly repeatable. Special emphasis is placed on the location of these transducers. The transducers position is isolated from the holder (transducer) a nd the motor test fixture to ensure that the vibration picked up is from the mot or. Microphone: The use of microphones (even high-end products costing thousands of dollars) will not guarantee getting good broadband frequency data. In fact, higher -end microphones also pick up movements and ambient conditions, resulting in poo rer data. 33 (Figure 17: Noise Testing System) Some of common problems/faults encountered fr om quality point of view if a digital noise testing system is not used: Opinions vary shift to shift as well as person to person. All Operators have their own opinions of a good versus bad parts. Factory noise levels from 60-85dB. No data is available on defects and or returns. Process and Statistical control is not available. Many operators have several tasks in addition to listening to the parts. 5. NLT (No Load Test): This is an Inspection stage of Production Control, at thi s stage various tests are performed on assembled motor out of which No Load is m ost important one both from production and quality point of view, a short descri ption of all the tests are given as below: No-Load Test (AC or DC): Performed for Voltage, Current, Power, Power Factor, Spe ed (RPM) & Direction. 34 The No Load test is performed by unloading the shaft of the motor as much as po ssible or applying it as close to zero torque as possible. A regulated AC voltag e is applied to the motor leads and motor voltage, current, wattage and directio n are monitored. A low voltage start test will also be done prior to these no-lo ad tests. Three types of no load tests can be provided: disconnected, inferred no- load an d measured no-load. Load Point Test (AC or DC): Performed for Voltage, Current, E lectrical Power, Power Factor Speed (RPM), Direction, Torque, Mechanical Power a nd Efficiency. As many different load steps as needed can be programmed for a gi ven motor-under-test, or a continuous speed vs. torque curve can be generated. T o measure a specific Load Point, the dynamometer is set to control in either spe ed mode or torque mode, depending on customer preference. If the dynamometer is controlling speed (speed mode testing), then a speed is established by the dynam ometer and torque is produced based on the capabilities of the motor. If the dyn amometer is controlling torque (torque mode testing), then a load is established by the dynamometer and speed is produced based on the capabilities of the motor . In either case, once the desired point is established, the tester can measure speed, torque, voltage and current (amps) depending on how the individual tester is configured. The most commonly used single load point is the full load point. This means that the speed selected is the motors rated speed (if speed mode testing is used) or the load selected is the motors rated torque (if torque mode testing is used). Th en any data gathered is full load data. As many load points as desired can be ga thered. Locked Rotor (AC): Performed for Voltage, Current, Electrical Power, Power Factor , Torque, Direction. Another common load point is known as Locked Rotor or Stalled Torque. A full current is applied to a Hysteresis Brake, Dynamometer, or by simpl y clamping or locking the motor shaft and energizing the motor. More torque is pro

duced by the Dynamometer/Brake than the motor can produce. In this state the sha ft cannot turn, simulating the rotor being locked or blocked. This test is very hard on a motor. There is a large amount of current that flows into the rotor, causing it to heat up rapidly. As a result, this test must 35 be performed very quickly. A motor, with a locked rotor, draws up to six or sev en times its rated current (sometimes more). The power supply used must be capab le of regulating the motor voltage adequately during rapid changes in current to ensure the proper voltage is maintained when the data is being taken. Locked rotor torque testing is important. If the motor cannot produce enough tor que to overcome the friction in the load, as it sits without rotating, the motor can be energized but it will not start the load. If the motor remains in this s tate for very long it will overheat and fail. This criteria indicates whether or not a motor may be more likely to suffer from nuisance tripping during motor starts and determines whether the motor exceed t he National Electrical Manufactures Associate (NEMA) locked-rotor current limit. This performance measurement can help indicate the reliability of the motor. Standard Features: Fast Model Changeover Shaft Rotation Detection DC Resistance Testing at 100mA to 1 Am 50 / 60 Hz Temperature Compensated DC Resistances to 25C AC Hipot Testing Industrial Computer With Backup Hard Drive CDR/W Intel Process or Windows 2000 or XP Nine-Lead Connections for 5-Speed Motors with Start Windin g or Three Phase Dual Voltage Motors High Current DC Resistance Testing 10 Amps to 50 Amps for 0.1 micro OHM Resolutions DC Hipot High Current Hipot 100mA, 1 Am p High Voltage Hipot up to 10KV 12-Lead Connections Thermal Overload Continuity Testing 36 (Figure 18: NLT Testing Station) (Courtesy:The Automation Engg. Inc. , Fort Way ne, Indiana) After this stage the assembled motor is passed through firewall tes t, from where it is passed on to for final packaging, where name plated is place d on the motor casing, and it is packed after oiling the shaft, so as to prevent it from rusting in a palette of 175 motors each. 6. SCAT: This is an inspection stage of quality control; here six motors are ran domly selected from a palette of 175 motors and selected tests are performed on motor which are same as that done at NLT and Noise testing. Motors which do not pass this test are sent back to concern point of production line where the failu re took place. 37 Main Components End Shield Shell Rotor Shaft Assembly Field 38 MOTOR PARTS BIB LIOGRAPHY 1. Textbook of Electrical technology- Volume 2 B.L. THAREJA, A.K. THAREJ A 2. Electric Machines J.B. Gupta 39 3. www.marathonelectric.com 4. www.autoeng.co m 5.Wikipedia, Google 40