H

PHNG TRNH NNG CAO

Tr n Minh Hi n - GV tr ng THPT chuyn Quang Trung, Bnh Ph c Ngy 15 thng 11 nm 2010

M cl c
M cl c 1 Phng php c ng i s 2 Phng php nh gi b t ng th c 3 Phng php t n ph 4 H phng trnh v i nh ng phng trnh c bi t 5 Phng php th 6 Phng php l ng gic 7 H hon v vng quanh 8 Phng php dng o hm 1 3 9 16 22 29 34 37 45

M CL C

M CL C

Chuyn ny ti trnh by m t s phng php gi i cc bi ton h phng trnh. Lo i ton ny ngy cng xu t hi n nhi u trong cc k thi h c sinh gi i, k thi tuy n sinh l p 10 v c k thi tuy n sinh i h c. gi i t t lo i ton ny yu c u h c sinh ph i thu n th c bi n i i s , phn tch d ki n bi ton nh h ng l i gi i. Trong chuyn ny chng ti khng dnh nhi u th i gian cho phn tch t ng v d , m ch a ra cc bi ton v n d ng cho t ng phng php. Cc em h c sinh nn t p thi quen suy ngh v tr l i cu h i: Bi ton ny c y u t no ta l a ch n con ng gi i? Cc v d tng i a d ng, bao g m m t l ng l n cc bi t p m c trung bnh, v c c nh ng bi ton kh. Sau m i phng php hay c trng c a h u c nh ng bi t p luy n t p c h ng d n v p s . Cc em hy l p gi i v i chi u v i k t qu bi ton. Ph n cu i chuyn l cc bi t p t luy n. Cc em h c sinh hy th v n d ng cc ki n th c thu c cng ph cc bi t p ny. V y l l n u tin ra m t chuyn , b n thn tc gi khng th trnh c cc sai st, mong nh n c s gp c a qu ng nghi p v cc em h c sinh. Chng ti r t mong nh n c nh ng ph bnh, cng nh nh ng l i gi i hay, v nh ng v n m i lin quan n n i dung chuyn ny.

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1 PHNG PHP C NG I S

Phng php c ng i s

Phng php ny v i m c tiu l lm "trn" ha cc bi u th c trong h . Ban u cc h s c a t ng phng trnh trong h cha th hi n c m i quan h logic v i nhau, sau khi thm, b t, c ng, tr , nhn, chia ta lm cho chng "xch l i g n nhau hn". chnh l cha kha c a r t nhi u bi ton. D i y chng ta 8 c p n m t s bi ton nh v y. <xy + y 2 + x 3y = 0 Bi t p 1.1. Gi i h phng trnh : 2 . x + xy 2y = 0 Gi i Tr hai v c a h ta c (x y)(x + y 1) = 0. T y ta c x = y ho c x + y 1 = 0. Thay vo ta tm c nghi m c a h l   2 1 . (x, y) = (0, 0), (2, 2), , 3 3 8 <x2 + y 2 + xy = 3 . Bi t p 1.2. Gi i h phng trnh : 2 x + 2xy = 7x + 5y 9 Gi i C ng hai v c a phng trnh ta c 2x2 + y 2 + 3xy 7x 5y + 6 = 0 (y + 2x 3)(y + x 2) = 0. T y ta c y + 2x 3 = 0 ho c y + x 2 = 0. Thay vo, v gi i h ta c nghi m (x, y) = (1, 1), (2, 1). 8 <(x y) (x2 y 2 ) = 7 Bi t p 1.3. Gi i h phng trnh : (x + y) (x2 + y 2 ) = 175 Gi i R rng bi ton ny ch c n c ng i s l c h ng gi i. Th t v y, c ng hai v c a phng trnh ta c x3 + y 3 = 91 (1) Thay k t qu (1) vo phng trnh th hai c a h ta c xy(x + y) = 84. T hai phng trnh (1) v (2) gi i ra ta c nghi m c a h (x, y) = (4, 3), (3, 4). GV: Tr n Minh Hi n - 0989.541.123 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tr ng THPT chuyn Quang Trung (2)

1 PHNG PHP C NG I S
8 <y 3 x3 = 1 Bi t p 1.4. Gi i h phng trnh : 5 x y 5 + xy = 0

Gi i Hnh th c bi ton ny lm ta ngh n bi n i phng trnh th hai c a h v d ng ng b c. Ta c phng trnh th hai c a h tng ng v i x5 y 5 + xy(y 3 x3 ) = 0 (x y) x4 + y 4 = 0 x = y. Thay d ki n ny vo phng trnh th nh t c a h ta th y h v nghi m. 8 >x2 (y + z)2 = (3x2 + x + 1)y 2 z 2 > < Bi t p 1.5. Gi i h phng trnh >y 2 (z + x)2 = (4y 2 + y + 1)z 2 x2 > 2 :z (x + y)2 = (5z 2 + z + 1)x2 y 2 Gi i Bi ton ny gi i b ng hnh th c chia t ng phng trnh c a h v i bi u th c thch h p. Nh n xt: cc t p sau (x, 0, 0), (0, y, 0), (0, 0, z) l nghi m c a h phng trnh. Xt xyz = 0, ta bi n i h v d ng 8 > 1 1 2 1 1 > > > y + z = 3 + x + x2 > > < 1 1 2 1 1 . > z + x = 4 + y + y2 > 2 > > 1 1 1 1 > > + =5+ + 2 : x y z z C ng ba phng trnh trn ta c 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 + + + + 12 = 0. x y z x y z T y ta tm ra c nghi m c a h l     9 9 9 5 5 5 (x; y; z) = , ; ; . ; ; 13 12 11 6 5 4 Bi ton d i y c h ng gi i gi ng nh bi ton trn 8 >6x(y 2 + z 2 ) = 13yz > < Bi t p 1.6. Gi i h phng trnh >3y(z 2 + x2 ) = 5zx . > :6z(x2 + y 2 ) = 5xy H ny c nghi m
        1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 (x; y; z) = 1; ; , 1; ; , 1; ; , 1; ; . 2 3 2 3 2 3 2 3

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1 PHNG PHP C NG I S
8 <x4 y 4 = 240 Bi t p 1.7. Gi i h phng trnh : 3 x 2y 3 = 3(x2 4y 2 ) 4(x 8y)

Gi i Nhn phng trnh th hai v i 8 r i c ng v i phng trnh th nh t, ta c x4 8x3 + 24x2 32x + 16 = y 4 16y 3 + 96y 2 256y + 256, hay (x 2)4 = (y 4)4 . T y ta c x 2 = y 4 ho c x 2 = 4 y. T y ta tm c nghi m c a h l (x, y) = (4, 2), (4, 2). 8 <x3 + 3xy 2 = 49 Bi t p 1.8. Gi i h phng trnh : 2 x 8xy + y 2 = 8y 17x Gi i Bi ton ny cng gi ng tng t nh bi ton trn. Nhn phng trnh th hai c a h v i 3 r i c ng v i phng trnh th nh t c a h , ta c (x + 1) (x 1)2 + 3(y 4)2 = 0. T y gi i ra ta tm c x = 1. T y tnh c y 2 = 16. V y nghi m c a h l (x, y) = (1, 4), (1, 4). 8 12 > > 1 x=2 < x + 3y . Bi t p 1.9. Gi i h phng trnh > > 1 + 12 y=6 : x + 3y Gi i i u ki n bi ton: x 0, y 0, x + 3y > 0. H cho c vi t l i nh sau 8 8 1 2 > 3 + =1 >1 12 = > > < y < x x + 3y x > 3 . 12 6 1 > >1 + > = 12 = : : x + 3y y y x y + 3x Nhn hai phng trnh c a h , v theo v , ta c 9 1 12 = (3x y)(9x + y) = 0 y = 3x. y x y + 3x T y ta tm c nghi m c a h l (x, y) = 4 + 2 3, 12 + 6 3 . GV: Tr n Minh Hi n - 0989.541.123 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tr ng THPT chuyn Quang Trung

1 PHNG PHP C NG I S
8 <xy + x + 1 = 7y Bi t p 1.10. Gi i h phng trnh : 2 2 x y + xy + 1 = 13y 2

Gi i D th y y = 0 nn h cho tng ng v i 8 8 x 1 > >x + 1 + x = 7 >x + + = 7 > < < y y y y > 2 x 1 > 2 >x + + > x + 1 x = 13 = 13 : : y y2 y y C ng hai v c a h ta c

1 2 1 x+ + x+ 20 = 0. y y 1 1 T y gi i ra x + = 5 ho c x + = 4. Thay vo gi i nghi m c a h l y y   1 , (3, 1). (x, y) = 1; 3 8 1 > < 3x 1 + =2 x+y Bi t p 1.11. Gi i h phng trnh >  .  : 7y 1 1 = 4 2 x+y

Gi i i u ki n x 0, y 0, x2 + y 2 = 0. D th y n u (x, y) l nghi m c a h th x > 0, y > 0. Do ta vi t l i h phng trnh d i d ng 8 >1 + 1 = 2 > < x+y 3x > 4 >1 1 = 2 : x+y 7y Th c hi n php tr r i php c ng hai v c a phng trnh ta c 8 1 2 2 > 1 > = < x+y 7y . 3x > 2 >1 = 1 + 2 : 7y 3x Nhn hai phng trnh c a h ta c 1 1 8 = (y 6x)(7y + 4x) = 0 y = 6x(v x > 0, y > 0). x+y 3x 7y Thay vo ta gi i c nghi m c a h l (x, y) = ! 11 + 4 7 22 + 8 7 , . 21 7

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1 PHNG PHP C NG I S
8 >x2 (y z) = 5 > > < 3 Bi t p 1.12. Gi i h phng trnh >y 2 (z x) = 3 > > 2 :z (x y) = 1 3

Gi i Nhn c ba v c a phng trnh ta c x2 y 2 z 2 (y z)(x y)(z x) = C ng ba v c a phng trnh ta c 5 x2 (y z) + y 2 (z x) + z 2 (x y) = , 3 hay 5 (x y)(y z)(z x) = . 3 T (3) v (4) ta c x2 y 2 z 2 = 1. X y ra hai tr ng h p (4) 5 3 (3)

1. Tr ng h p xyz = 1, nhn phng trnh u v i y, phng trnh th hai v i x, r i c ng l i ta c 5 5 3 xyz(y x) = y + 3x y x = y + 3x y = x. 3 3 2 Tng t ta c z = x. Thay vo ta c nghi m ! 332 32 3 2 (x, y, z) = , , . 3 2 3 3 2. Tr ng h p xyz = 1, tng t ta c y = 3x, z = x . Thay vo h ta c nghi m 2 ! 132 3 2 3 2 (x, y, z) = , 3 , . 3 3 2 3

D i y l m t s bi t p luy n t p. 8 <x2 + y 2 3x + 4y = 1 a) : 2 (H ng d n: nhn phng trnh th nh t v i 3, r i tr cho phng 3x 2y 2 9x 8y = 3 trnh th hai) Nghi m l ! 3 13 (x; y) = ;0 = 2
8 < x2 + y 2 + 2xy = 8 2 b) : x+ y =4

! 13 ; 4 = 2

3+

13

! ;0 =

3+

! 13 ; 4 . 2

(H ng d n: nhn cn hai vo phng trnh th nh t, r i tr cho

phng trnh th hai c x = y). Nghi m c a h l (x, y) = (4, 4). GV: Tr n Minh Hi n - 0989.541.123 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tr ng THPT chuyn Quang Trung

1 PHNG PHP C NG I S
8 <x + y + xy(2x + y) = 5xy c) : x + y + xy(3x y) = 4xy

(H ng d n: nh n xt x = y = 0 l nghi m, xt xy = 0. Chia

m i phng trnh cho xy r i tr hai phng trnh ta c x = 2y 1). Nghi m c a h l ! ! 1 51 9 51 1 + 51 9 + 51 (x, y) = (1, 1), , , , . 10 20 10 20

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2 PHNG PHP NH GI B T NG TH C

Phng php nh gi b t ng th c

Trong ph n ny chng ta v n d ng nh ng b t ng th c c i n, i u ki n c nghi m c a phng trnh b c hai so snh hai v c a m t phng trnh c a h , t tm c i u ki n c n h c nghi m. 8 > >x + 2xy = x2 + y < 3 x2 2x + 9 Bi t p 2.1. Gi i h phng trnh > . >y + 2xy = y2 + x : 3 y 2 2y + 9 Gi i C ng hai v c a phng trnh l i ta c 3 Ta c nn 3 Tng t 3 y2 2xy e|xy|, 2y + 9 x2 2xy 2xy + 2 = x2 + y 2 . 3 y 2y + 9 2x + 9 x2 2x + 9 =
3 (x 1)2 + 8 2,

(5)

2|xy| 2|xy| 2xy 2 = |xy|. 3 2 x2 2x + 9 x 2x + 9

m theo b t ng th c Cauchy th x2 + y 2 2|xy| nn v tri c a (5) v ph i c a (5). V y d u b ng x y ra khi x = y = 1 ho c x = y = 0. Th l i th y hai gi tr ny l nghi m c a h . 8 <y = x3 + 3x + 4 Bi t p 2.2. Gi i h phng trnh : . x = 2y 3 6y 2 Gi i Ta vi t l i h phng trnh d i d ng 8 <y 2 = (x3 3x 2) :x 2 = 2(y 3 3y 2)
8 <y 2 = (x + 1)2 (x 2) : x 2 = 2(y + 1)2 (y 2)

N u x > 2 th t phng trnh u tin suy ra y < 2, mu thu n v i phng trnh th hai. Tng t cho x < 2. V y x = 2, suy ra y = 2. Th l i th y gi tr ny l nghi m. 8 <x4 + y 2 = 698 Bi t p 2.3. Gi i h phng trnh : . 81 x2 + y 2 + xy 3x 4y + 4 = 0 Gi i

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2 PHNG PHP NH GI B T NG TH C

Gi i s h phng trnh cho c nghi m (x, y). Ta vi t l i phng trnh th 2 theo x x2 + (y 3)x + (y 2)2 = 0. phng trnh ny c nghi m x th 7 = (y 3)2 4(y 2)2 0 1 y . 3 Tng t ta vi t l i phng trnh th 2 theo y y 2 + (x 4)y + x2 3x + 4 = 0. phng trnh ny c nghi m v i y th 4 = (x 4)2 4(x2 3x + 4) 0 0 x . 3 T hai k t qu ny p d ng vo phng trnh th nh t c a h ta c x4 + y 2 256 49 687 698 + = < . 81 9 81 81

i u ny ch ng t h phng trnh cho v nghi m. 8 x >1 > = +1 > > xy z > <1 y Bi t p 2.4. Gi i h phng trnh > = + 1 . x > yz >1 z > > = +1 : zx y Gi i i u ki n xyz = 0. Nh n th y n u m t trong ba s x, y, z c m t s m, ch ng h n x < 0 th phng trnh th 3 v nghi m. N u hai trong s ba s x, y, z l s m, ch ng h n x < 0, y < 0 th phng trnh th 2 v nghi m. V y ba s x, y, z cng d u. 1. Xt tr ng h p x, y, z > 0 th ta vi t l i h nh sau 8 >z = x2 y + xy > < 2 >x = y z + yz > :y = z 2 x + zx C ng ba phng trnh ta c x + y + z = (x2 y + y 2 z + z 2 x) + (xy + yz + zx) 6xyz. M t khc, ta bi n i h v d ng 8 > z =x+z > > xy > <x =z+x > yz >y > > : =z+y zx (6)

z x y + + = 2(x + y + z), xy yz zx

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2 PHNG PHP NH GI B T NG TH C

Th ta c 2(x + y + z) = x2 + y 2 + z 2 (x + y + z)2 6xyz x + y + z. xyz 3xyz (7)

T (6) v (7) ta c x = y = z, t ta c nghi m c a h trong tr ng h p ny l ! 2 2 2 (x, y, z) = , , . 2 2 2 2. Tr ng h p x, y, z < 0 th b ng cch chuy n v tr ng h p s dng ta tm thm c m t nghi m n a l ! 2 2 2 , , . (x, y, z) = 2 2 2 Cch 2. Xt tr ng h p x, y, z > 0. N u x y, chia hai v c a phng trnh th hai v th ba c a h ta c x2 x+y = . 2 y y+z T y suy ra x z. L i chia phng trnh th nh t cho phng trnh th hai ta c z2 x+z = , 2 x y+x suy ra y z. T th x y z. L i chia phng trnh th nh t cho phng trnh th ba ta c z2 x+z = , 2 x y+z suy ra x y. V y ta ph i c x = y = z. T 8 y >30 > x2 > < z Bi t p 2.5. Gi i h phng trnh >30 2 > y > x :30 z2 Gi i T c i m c a h suy ra x, y, z > 0. Gi s x = max{x, y, z} th l y phng trnh th ba tr cho phng trnh th nh t, ta c 8 x <x3 = yz 2 y 30 2 2 + 4(x y) = 0 30(x3 yz 2 ) + 4x2 z 2 (x y) = 0 : x = y = z. z x x=y T ta c nghi m c a h l 1002 2 250971 x=y=z= . 4 GV: Tr n Minh Hi n - 0989.541.123 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tr ng THPT chuyn Quang Trung l i tm c nghi m c a h nh cch 1. + 4y = 2007 + 4z = 2007 + 4x = 2007 .

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8 <3(x2 + y 2 + z 2 ) = 1 Bi t p 2.6. Gi i h phng trnh : 2 2 x y + y 2 z 2 + z 2 x2 = xyz(x + y + z)3

Gi i Ta c 1 = 3(x2 + y 2 + z 2 ) (x + y + z)2 . Ngoi ra, t phng trnh th hai c a h ta suy ra c xyz(x + y + z) 0. Do ta c xyz(x + y + z) xyz(x + y + z)3 . K t h p v i phng trnh th hai, ta c xyz(x + y + z) x2 y 2 + y 2 z 2 + z 2 x2 . Nhng ta l i c x2 y 2 + y 2 z 2 + z 2 x2 xyz(x + y + z). T ph i c x = y = z. Do h c nghi m     1 1 1 1 1 1 , , , , , . (x, y, z) = 3 3 3 3 3 3 8 <x2 + y 2 = 1 Bi t p 2.7. Gi i h phng trnh : . 125y 5 125y 3 + 6 15 = 0 Gi i Ta bi n i phng trnh th 2 v d ng
8 >y > 0 < 6 15 3 2 > 6 4 4.32 y (1 y ) = 125 :y x = 5 5

p d ng b t ng th c Cauchy th
3 2 3 2 9 4.32 5 3 = 3(x + y ) = y + y + y + x + x 5 y 6 x4 y 6 x4 5 . 2 2 4 5
2 2 2 2 3

3 T ta y 2 = x2 . Do ta tm c nghi m c a h l: 2 ! ! 10 10 10 10 (x; y) = ; , ; . 5 5 5 5 15 Cch 2. T 125y 3 x2 = 6 15, suy ra y > 0. t t = y 5 th t > 0. Phng trnh th 2 c vi t l i 3t5 5t3 + 2 = 0 (t 1)2 (3t3 + 6t2 + 4t + 2 = 0) t = 1. T ta cng tm c nghi m c a h . GV: Tr n Minh Hi n - 0989.541.123 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tr ng THPT chuyn Quang Trung

2 PHNG PHP NH GI B T NG TH C
8 <x5 + y 5 + z5 = 3 Bi t p 2.8. Gi i h phng trnh : 6 x + y6 + z6 = 3

Gi i p d ng b t ng th c Cauchy - Schwart ta c (x5 + y 5 + z 5 )2 (x4 + y 4 + z 4 )(x6 + y 6 + z 6 ) x4 + y 4 + z 4 3. L i p d ng b t ng th c trn ta c

(x4 + y 4 + z 4 )2 (x2 + y 2 + z 2 )(x6 + y 6 + z 6 ) = 3(x2 + y 2 + z 2 ) 3 3(x4 + y 4 + z 4 ),

(8)

hay x4 + y 4 + z 4 3. K t h p (8) v (9) ta c x4 + y 4 + z 4 = 3 v nghi m l (x, y, z) = (1, 1, 1).

8 >x3 + y = 3x + 4 > < Bi t p 2.9. Gi i h phng trnh >2y 3 + z = 6y + 6 > 3 :3x + x = 9z + 8

(9)

Gi i Ta bi n i h phng trnh v d ng 8 >(x 2)(x + 1)2 = 2 y > < 2 >2(y 2)(z + 1) = 2 z > :3(z 2)(z + 1)2 = 2 x

N u x > 2 th t phng trnh th nh t suy ra y < 2, l i theo phng trnh th 2 suy ra z > 2, l i theo phng trnh th ba th x < 2(v l). Tng t cho tr ng h p x < 2. V y x = 2, suy ra y = z = 2. V y nghi m c a h l (x, y, z) = (2, 2, 2).
8 <(x + 1)(x2 + 1)(x4 + 1) = y 7 + 1 Bi t p 2.10. Gi i h phng trnh : (y + 1)(y 2 + 1)(y 4 + 1) = x7 + 1

Gi i Ta vi t l i cc phng trnh trn d i d ng x7 + | 6 + x5 + x4 {z x3 + x2 + x = y 7 y 7 = x7 + g(x) v x7 = y 7 + g(y). x + }

g(x)

Ta xt cc tr ng h p sau GV: Tr n Minh Hi n - 0989.541.123 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tr ng THPT chuyn Quang Trung

2 PHNG PHP NH GI B T NG TH C 1. N u x > 0 th g(x) > 0, do y 7 = x7 + g(x) > x7 . V y y > x. L i t y > x > 0 th x7 = y 7 + g(y) > y 7 > x7 , h v nghi m. 2. N u x = 0 th y = 0. V y (0, 0) l m t nghi m c a h . 3. N u x < 1 th g(x) = x(x + 1)(x4 + x2 + 1) < 0 nn y 7 = x7 + g(x) < x7 . Do y < x < 1. L i t y < 1 th g(y) < 0, nn x7 = y 7 + g(y) < y 7 hay x < y. V y h phng trnh v nghi m trong tr ng h p ny. 4. N u x = 1 th ta tm c y = 1. 5. N u 1 < x < 0 th g(x) < 0 v ta cng d n n v l nh cc tr ng h p trn. Tm l i, h phng trnh c hai nghi m (x, y) = (0, 0), (1, 1). D i y l m t s bi t p luy n t p. Gi i cc h phng trnh 8 > 2x2 > > 2 >x + 1 = y > < 3y 3 (H ng d n: p d ng b t ng th c Cauchy cho cc bi u th c d i > y4 + y2 + 1 = z > > > 4z 4 > : =x z6 + z4 + z2 + 1 m u, suy ra x = y = z). Nghi m c a h (x, y, z) = (0, 0, 0), (1, 1, 1). 8 1 1 1 > < + + =3 3 1 1 1 9 x y z (H ng d n: s d ng b t ng th c + + ). Nghi m > a b c a+b+c :x + y + z = 1   1 1 1 c a h l (x, y, z) = , , . 3 3 3 8 < x + y + z = 3 (H ng d n: Th c ch t l i ch ng minh b t ng 3 :(1 + x)(1 + y)(1 + z) = (1 + xyz)3 3 th c (1 + x)(1 + y)(1 + z) 1 + 3 xyz ). Nghi m c a h l (x, y, z) = (1, 1, 1). 8 <x2 y 2 2x + y 2 = 0 2 :2x2 4x + 3 + y 3 = 0 (H ng d n: rt y t phng trnh th nh t, nh gi thu c

a)

b)

c)

d)

1 y 1. R i bi n i phng trnh th hai v 7(x 1)2 + 1 + y 3 = 0). Nghi m c a h phng trnh l (x, y) = (1, 1). 8 <xy 3 = 9 e) : (H ng d n: nh n xt x, y u dng, v n d ng b t ng th c Cauchy d i x + 3y = 6 d ng x + 3y = x + y + y + y). H phng trnh v nghi m.

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2 PHNG PHP NH GI B T NG TH C
8 > x + y + z = 2000 < f) > 1 (H ng d n, dng 1 1 1 1 1 + + = + + : 3x + 2y 3y + 2z 2z + 3x x + 2y + 2z 2x + y + 2z 2x + 2y + z 4 1 1 , ch ng minh v tri phng trnh th hai l n hn v ph i c a b t ng th c + a b a+b   2006 2006 2006 phng trnh th 2). Nghi m c a h l (x, y, z) = , , . 9 9 9

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3 PHNG PHP T

N PH

Phng php t n ph

i m quan tr ng nh t trong h d ng ny l pht hi n n ph a = f (x, y), b = g(x, y) c ngay trong t ng phng trnh ho c xu t hi n sau m t php bi n i h ng ng th c c b n ho c php chia cho m t bi u th c khc 0 v i m8c ch a h cho v d ng quen thu c, gi i c. <x2 + 1 + y(x + y) = 4y Bi t p 3.1. Gi i h phng trnh : 2 . (x + 1)(y + x 2) = y Gi i D th y y = 0 khng th a mn h phng trnh, ta vi t l i h d i d ng 8 2 >x + 1 > +y+x=4 < y . 2 > x +1 > : (y + x 2) = 1 y 8 2 <a + b = 2 x +1 . Gi i h ny ta c a = b = 1. T ta ta= , b = x + y 2 ta c h : y ab = 1 tm c nghi m c a h l (x, y) = (1, 2), (2, 5). 8 3 > >4xy + 4(x2 + y 2 ) + =7 < (x + y)2 Bi t p 3.2. Gi i h phng trnh > >2x + 1 = 3 : x+y Gi i i u ki n x + y = 0. Ta vi t l i h phng trnh d i d ng 8 3 > >3(x + y)2 + (x y)2 + =7 < (x + y)2 > >x + y + 1 + x y = 3 : x+y t a=x+y+ 1 x+y (|a| 2), b = x y ta c h
8 <3a2 + b2 = 12 :a + b = 3

Gi i h ny ta c a = 2, b = 1. T tm c nghi m c a h l (x, y) = (1, 0).

8 <x2 2xy + x + y = 0 Bi t p 3.3. Gi i h phng trnh : 4 x 4x2 y + 3x2 + y 2 = 0

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3 PHNG PHP T

N PH

Gi i Ta bi n i h phng trnh v d ng 8 <(x2 + y) + x(1 2y) = 0 :(x2 + y)2 + 3x2 (1 2y) = 0 t a = x2 + y, b = x(1 2y) th ta c h 8 <a + b = 0 :a2 + 3bx = 0

T phng trnh th nh t ta c a = b. Thay vo phng trnh th hai ta c a2 3ax = 0 a = 0 ho c a = 3x. 1. Tr ng h p a = 0 th x2 + y = 0 hay y = x2 . Thay vo phng trnh u tin c a h ta c x(2x2 + 1) = 0 x = 0(suy ra y = 0). 2. Tr ng h p a = 3x ta c x2 + y = 3x hay y = 3x x2 . Thay vo phng trnh ban u c a h ta c x3 3x2 + 2x = 0 x = 0, x = 1, x = 2. T ta tm c cc nghi m c a h l (x, y) = (0, 0), (1, 2), (2, 2). Cch 2. Rt y t phng trnh th nh t c a h ta c x2 + x . y= 2x 1 Thay vo phng trnh th hai ta c 4x6 12x5 + 10x4 6x3 + 4x2 = 0. Phn tch phng trnh ny ta c
2x2 (x 1) (x 2) 2x2 + 1 = 0 x = 0,

x = 1,

x = 2.

T ta cng tm c nghi m c a h . Cch 3. Nh n th y h c nghi m (x, y) = (0, 0). V i x = 0, chia phng trnh th nh t c a h cho x, chia phng trnh th hai c a h cho x2 ta c 8 2 2 8 y > x +y >x + = 2y 1 > = (2y 1)2 < < x x > 2 . 2 > 2 y2 :x + > x +y = 4y 3 : = 6y 3 x2 x T y ta c (2y 1)2 = 6y 3, v ti p t c ta tm c nghi m c a h . GV: Tr n Minh Hi n - 0989.541.123 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tr ng THPT chuyn Quang Trung

3 PHNG PHP T
8 >1 + 1 = 9 > <x y ! ! Bi t p 3.4. Gi i h phng trnh > 1 1 1 1 > + 1+ 1+ = 18 : 3 3 3 y 3 y x x

N PH

Gi i 1 1 t a = , b = , h phng trnh tr thnh 3 3 y x 8 8 <a3 + b3 = 9 <(a + b)3 3ab(a + b) = 9 :(a + b)(1 + a)(1 + b) = 18 :(a + b)(1 + a + b + ab) = 18

Gi i h ny ta tm c (a, b) = (1, 2), (2, 1). T ta tm c nghi m c a h l     1 1 , 1 , 1, . (x, y) = 8 8 8 > >x + y + 1 + 1 = 5 < x y Bi t p 3.5. Gi i h phng trnh > . >x2 + y 2 + 1 + 1 = 9 : x2 y 2 Gi i i u ki n xy = 0. t u = x + 1 x (|u| 2), v = y + 1 y (|v| 2), th ta c

8 <u + v = 5 :u2 + v 2 = 13

Gi i h ny ta tm c (u, v) = (2, 3), (3, 2). T ta c nghi m c a h l ! ! ! ! 3+ 5 3 5 3+ 5 3 5 (x; y) = 1; , 1; , ;1 , ;1 . 2 2 2 2 8 <16x3 y 3 9y 3 = (2xy y)(4xy 2 + 3) Bi t p 3.6. Gi i h phng trnh : 2 2 . 4x y 2xy 3 + y 2 = 3 Gi i t a = 2xy, b = y th ta c h phng trnh 8 <2a3 9b3 = (a b)(2ab + 3) :a2 ab + b2 = 3 Th phng trnh th hai vo phng trnh th nh t ta c a = 2b. T ta c nghi m c a h (x, y) = (1, 1), (1, 1). GV: Tr n Minh Hi n - 0989.541.123 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tr ng THPT chuyn Quang Trung

3 PHNG PHP T
8 < 7x + y + 2x + y = 5 Bi t p 3.7. Gi i h phng trnh : 2x + y + x y = 2

N PH

Gi i i u ki n min{7x, 2x} y. t a = 7x + y, b = 2x + y th h phng trnh c vi t l i d i d ng 8 <a + b = 5 (1) :b + x y = 2 (2) . Nh n th y a2 b2 = 5x, k t h p v i (1) suy ra b = 5x , th vo (2) ta c 2

5x + x y = 2 x = 2y 1. 2 L i th ng c gi tr ny vo (2) ta c 11 77 . 5y 2 + y 1 = 2 y = 2 T , nghi m c a h l (x, y) =

8 > x >4 <

Bi t p 3.8. Gi i h phng trnh > > y :4 Gi i

! 11 77 10 77, . 2 ! 1 2 x+ y + =2 4 x +y ! . 1 2 x+ y =1 4 x+y

N 0 u x = ho c y = 0 ho c x = y = 0 th h v nghi m. Do i u ki n c a h l x, y > 0. t x = u, y = v(u, v > 0), h cho tr thnh 8  8  1 1 > 2 1 2u + v > u > + = + 2 =2 < < 2 v 2 4 u + v  > 2u . 2u + v 1 > 1 : v > = 4u + 2v 2 =1 : 4 u + v2 u v u2 + v 2 Nhn hai v c a phng trnh ta c 2v(u2 + 2v 2 ) u(u2 + 2v 2 ) = 0 (2v u)(u2 + 2v 2 ) = 0 u = 2v. T ta tm c nghi m c a h l (x, y) = 64 17 + 12 2 , 16 17 + 12 2 .

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3 PHNG PHP T
8 >x(y + z) = x2 + 2 > < Bi t p 3.9. Gi i h phng trnh >y(z + x) = y 2 + 3 > :z(x + y) = z 2 + 4

N PH

Gi i t a = x + y + z; b = x y + z; c = x + y z z = Thay vo ta c h phng trnh

8 >a(b + c) = 4 > < >b(c + a) = 6 > :c(a + b) = 8

a+c b+c a+b ,y = ,x = . 2 2 2

C ng ba phng trnh l i ta c ab + bc + ca = 9. T ta nh n c 8 8 8 >a = 15 >ab = 1 >a = 15 > > > < < < 5 5 15 15 ho c >b = 3 . ac = 3 >b = 3 > > > > :c = 15 :bc = 5 :c = 15 V y h phng trnh c nghi m ! ! 2 15 3 15 4 15 2 15 3 15 4 15 (x, y, z) = , , = , , . 3 5 15 3 5 15 8 <x3 + 8y 3 4xy 2 = 1 . Bi t p 3.10. Gi i h phng trnh : 4 2x + 8y 4 2x y = 0 Gi i Xt y = 0 ta c x = 1. Xt y = 0, t x = ty ta c 8 <y 3 (t3 4t + 8) = 1 :y 3 (2t4 + 8) = 2t + 1 Chia hai v c a phng trnh ta c t3 8t2 + 12t = 0 t = 0 ho c t = 6 ho c t = 2. Thay vo ta tm c nghi m c a h l
   1 1 3 1 (x, y) = (1, 0), 0, , 1, , , . 3 2 2 25 2 3 25 

D i y l m t s bi t p luy n t p. Gi i cc h phng trnh sau GV: Tr n Minh Hi n - 0989.541.123 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tr ng THPT chuyn Quang Trung

3 PHNG PHP T
8 < x + y = 9 1. : 3 x+ 3y =5

N PH

(H ng d n: t u =

6 x, v = 6 y, ta c m t h i x ng c a u, v).

Nghi m c a h l (x, y) = (64, 1), (1, 64). 8 < 2x + y x + 4y = 1 2. : (H ng d n: t y = 2x + y, v = x + 4y). Nghi m c a h 2x + y + x = 3 l (x, y) = (1, 2).

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4 H PHNG TRNH V I NH NG PHNG TRNH C BI T

H phng trnh v i nh ng phng trnh c bi t

Trong m t s lo i h phng trnh, th cha kha gi i n m trong c i m c a m i phng trnh trong h . Cng c khi c n ph i khai thc m t cch c l p t ng phng trnh m t. D i y l m t s lo i h nh v y. 8 <2xy + 3x + 4y = 6 Bi t p 4.1. Gi i h phng trnh : 2 . x + 4y 2 + 4x + 12y = 3 Gi i Phng trnh th nh t c a h vi t c d i d ng (x + 2)(2y + 3) = 0. T suy ra c x = 2 ho c 2y + 3 = 0. Thay vo ta tm c nghi m c a h l         1 3 7 3 (x, y) = 2, , 2, , 2, , 6; . 2 2 2 2 8 < x+y+ x+3= y3 . Bi t p 4.2. Gi i h phng trnh : x x+y+ x=x+3 Gi i i u ki n x > 0, y 3. Ta bi n i ph ng trnh th nh t c a h x + y (x + 3) x x + y (x + 3) x + y (x + 3) = x x+y x+3 ! 1 1 (y 3) =0 x+y x+3 x x+y+ x+3=

Xt hai tr ng h p a) Tr ng h p 1: y = 3 thay vo phng trnh hai c a h ta c x + 3 + x = x + 3. Bnh phng hai v , ta nh n th y phng trnh ny v nghi m. b) Tr ng h p 2: 1 1 = 0 hay x + y x + 3 = x. T y ta c h x+y x+3 x 8 < x + y x + 3 = x :x + y + x = x + 3 .

Tr hai v c a h , r i gi i, ta tm ra c nghi m c a h l (x, y) = (1, 8). GV: Tr n Minh Hi n - 0989.541.123 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tr ng THPT chuyn Quang Trung

4 H PHNG TRNH V I NH NG PHNG TRNH C BI T

8 <x2 + y 2 + z 2 + 2xy zx xy = 3 Bi t p 4.3. Gi i h phng trnh : 2 x + y 2 + yz zx 2xy = 1

Gi i M t phng trnh trong h c vi t l i nh sau 8 <(x + y)2 z(x + y) + z 2 3 = 0 :(x y)2 z(x y) + 1 = 0

Xem phng trnh th nh t nh l phng trnh b c hai c a x + y, th c nghi m, ph i c = z 2 4 0 z 2 4. Tng t cho phng trnh th hai ta c z 2 4. V y ph i c z 2 = 4. T y ta tm c nghi m c a h l (x, y, z) = (1, 0, 2), (1, 0, 2). 8 > <x 1 = y 1 x y . Bi t p 4.4. Gi i h phng trnh > :2y = x3 + 1 Gi i i u ki n xy = 0. T phng trnh th nh t c a h ta c x2 y y = xy 2 x (x y)(xy + 1) = 0. 1. Tr ng h p 1: x = y, thay vo phng trnh th hai ta c x3 2x + 1 = 0 (x 1)(x2 + x + 1) = 0 x = 1. 1 2. Tr ng h p 2: xy + 1 = 0 y = , thay vo phng trnh th hai c a h ta c x x4 + x + 2 = 0. Phng trnh ny v nghi m v 1 x 2x + 1 + x + x + 1 + x = (x 1) + x + 2
4 2 2 2 2 2

2

+ x2 +

3 > 0. 4

V y h c m t nghi m l (x, y) = (1, 1). 8 <x4 x3 y + x2 y 2 = 1 Bi t p 4.5. Gi i h phng trnh : 3 . x y x2 + xy = 1 Gi i GV: Tr n Minh Hi n - 0989.541.123 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tr ng THPT chuyn Quang Trung

4 H PHNG TRNH V I NH NG PHNG TRNH C BI T

Phng trnh th hai c phn tch thnh (x2 + 1)(xy 1) = 0 xy = 1. Thay vo phng trnh th nh t ta c x4 x2 = 0. T y tm c nghi m c a h l (x, y) = (1, 1), (1, 1). 8 > <x 1 = y 1 x y Bi t p 4.6. Gi i h phng trnh > :(x 4y)(2x y + 4) = 36 Gi i i u ki n xy = 0. Phng trnh th nh t c a h c vi t l i d i d ng xy = (y x)(y 2 + xy + x2 ) y 2 + xy + x2 x = y ho c = 1. x3 y 3 x3 y 3

1. Tr ng h p x = y, th vo phng trnh th hai c a h ta c x2 + 4x 16 = 0. T tm c nghi m trong tr ng h p ny l (x, y) = (6, 6), (2, 2). 2. Tr ng h p y 2 + xy + x2 = 1 th do y 2 + xy + x2 > 0 v i m i xy = 0 nn n u (x, y) l x3 y 3 nghi m c a h th xy < 0. M t khc phng trnh th hai c a h tng ng v i 2x2 + 4y 2 9xy + 4x 16y = 36 2(x + 1)2 + 4(y 2)2 9xy = 18. Do xy < 0 nn phng trnh ny v nghi m. V y nghi m c a h l (x, y) = (6, 6), (2, 2).
8   < x + 1 + x2 y + 1 + y 2 = 1 Bi t p 4.7. Gi i h phng trnh : x 3x 2xy + 1 = 4xy + 3x + 1

Gi i

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4 H PHNG TRNH V I NH NG PHNG TRNH C BI T

Ta c Tng t

1 + y 2 > y 2 = |y| y 1 + y 2 y > 0.

1 + x2 x > 0.

Khi phng trnh th nh t c a h c vi t l i x + 1 + x2 = 1 + y 2 y x + y + 1 + x2 1 + y 2 = 0 x2 y 2 x+y+ =0 1 + x2 + 1 + y 2   (x + y) 1 + x2 + 1 + y 2 + x y = 0 x + y = 0. Thay y = x vo phng trnh th hai ta c x 3x + 2x2

  3 1 1 3 2 + 1 = 4x + 3x + 1 x|x| + + 2 = x 4 + + 2 . x x2 x x
2

1. Xt x > 0, th ta c

3 1 3 1 + 2 + 2 = 4 + + 2 . x x x x 3 + 37 . Gi i phng trnh ny ta c x = 14 3 37 2. Xt x < 0m tng t ta tm c x = . 14 V y nghi m c a h phng trnh l ! ! 3 + 37 3 + 37 3 37 3 + 37 (x, y) = , , , . 14 14 14 14

8 <(2x2 1)(2y 2 1) = 7 xy Bi t p 4.8. Gi i h phng trnh : 2 x2 + y 2 + xy 7x 6y + 14 = 0

Gi i Phng trnh th hai c a h c vi t l i d i d ng x2 + (y 7)x + y 2 6y + 14 = 0. phng trnh ny c nghi m th 7 = (y 7)2 4y 2 + 24y 56 0 1 y . 3

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4 H PHNG TRNH V I NH NG PHNG TRNH C BI T

Ngoi ra, phng trnh th hai c a h cn c vi t d i d ng y 2 + (x 6)y + x2 7x + 14 = 0. phng trnh ny c nghi m th = (x 6)2 4x2 + 28x 50 0 2 x Phng trnh th nh t c vi t l i  10 . 3

1 2x x

 1 7 2y = . y 2

1 v i t 1. D dng ch ng minh c hm ny l hm tng. Do , v i Xt hm s z = 2t t 1 7 1 x 2 th 2x , v y 1 th 2y 1. T suy ra x 2 y   1 1 7 2x 2y . x y 2 V y h phng trnh c nghi m (x, y) = (2, 1).
8 1 2 > 1 + = < 2 2 1 + 2xy 1 + 2y Bi t p 4.9. Gi i h phng trnh > 1 + 2x : x(1 2x) + y(1 2y) = 2 9

Gi i Phng trnh ny gi i c quy t nh nh phng trnh th nh t c a h . Th c t l ta c n ch ng minh 2 1 1 + . 2 1 + 2xy 1 + 2y 1 + 2x2 Ta c b t ng th c sau 1 1 2 + 2 v i 0 a, b 1. 2 a b 1 + ab 1 Do phng trnh th hai ta suy ra 0 x, y . T suy ra 2 1 1 2 + . 1 + 2x2 1 + 2y 2 1 + 2xy Theo b t ng th c Cauchy th
 2

(10)

1 1 . 2 1 + 2y 2 1 + 2x

1 1+2x2

+ 2

1 1+2y 2

2 1+2xy

2

2 . 1 + 2xy

(11)

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4 H PHNG TRNH V I NH NG PHNG TRNH C BI T

C ng (10) v (11) ta c

1 1 + 2 1 + 2y 2 1 + 2x

4 1 1 2 + . 2 2 1 + 2xy 1 + 2xy 1 + 2y 1 + 2x

Do d u b ng x y ra khi x = y. T thay vo ta tm c nghi m c a h l ! ! 9 + 73 9 + 73 9 73 9 73 , , , . (x, y) = 36 36 36 36 8 >x + y + z = 6 > > < Bi t p 4.10. Gi i h phng trnh >xy + yz + zx = 12 . >2 2 2 > + + =3 : x y z Gi i i u ki n xyz = 0. K t h p phng trnh th hai v phng trnh th ba c a h ta c xyz = 8. V y b s (x, y, z) th a mn x + y + z = 6, xy + yz + zx = 12, xyz = 8 nn n l nghi m c a phng trnh b c ba t3 6t2 + 12t 8 = 0 (t 2)3 = 0 t = 2. V y h phng trnh c m t nghi m l (x, y, z) = (2, 2, 2). D i y l m t s bi t p d ng ny. Gi i cc h phng trnh sau 8 <x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 1 (H ng d n: nh n xt |z| 1 t phng trnh th 1. : 2 x + y 2 2xy + 2yz 2xz + 1 = 0 nh t, t phng trnh th hai suy ra |z| 1, suy ra |z| = 1). H phng trnh v nghi m. 8 >1 1 1 > + + =2 < 1 1 (H ng d n: T c i m c a h suy ra , l nghi m c a phng trnh 2. > x y 1 z 2 x y > =4 : xy z 2   1 1 1 1 4 + 2 = 0, r i suy ra z = ). H phng trnh c nghi m b c hai t2 (2 )t + z  2 z 2  1 1 1 (x, y, z) = , , . 2 2 2 8 <xy + x + y = x2 2y 2 3. : (H ng d n: phn tch phng trnh th nh t d i d ng x 2y y x 1 = 2x 2y (x + y)(x 2y 1) = 0, suy ra x = 2y + 1). Nghi m c a h l (x, y) = (5, 2).

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4 H PHNG TRNH V I NH NG PHNG TRNH C BI T

8 <y 2 = (5x + 4)(4 x) 4. : 2 y 5x2 4xy + 16x 8y + 16 = 0

(H ng d n: phng trnh th hai c phn tch



 4 thnh (y 5x 4)(y 4 + x) = 0). H c nghi m (x, y) = (0, 4), (4, 0), , 0 5 8 >x2 + y 2 + z 3 = 3 < 1 3 2 5. > 3 1 (H ng d n: x, y, z l nghi m c a phng trnh 4t 3t = 2 , :xy + yz + zx = xyz = 4 8 ta tm nghi m thu c o n [-1,1], th t = cos , ch ng t c ba nghi m). H c nghi m v  5 7 (x, y, z) = cos , cos , cos v cc hon v c a n. 9 9 9 8 > 2 <x + y 2 + 8xy = 16 x+y 6. > (H ng d n: phn tch phng trnh th nh t v d ng: (x + y : x + y = x2 y

4)(x2 + y 2 + 4(x + y)) = 0). H c nghi m (x, y) = (3, 7), (2, 2)

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5 PHNG PHP TH

Phng php th

Phng php ny dnh cho cc h phng trnh m c m t phng trnh cho php ta c th bi u di n c bi n ny thng qua bi n kia, ho c m t bi u th c thng qua cc bi u th c khc. R i th vo phng trnh cn l i tm nghi m. 8 <x2 + 3x2 y + y 2 = 5 Bi t p 5.1. Gi i h phng trnh : 2 . 2x + y = 3 Gi i Th y = 3 2x2 t phng trnh th hai vo phng trnh th nh t ta c x2 + 3x2 (3 2x2 ) + (3 2x2 )2 = 5 x4 x2 2 = 0 x2 = 2. T y ta tm c nghi m c a h l
2; 1 = 2; 1 . (x; y) = 8 <x2 (y + 1)(x + y + 1) = 3x2 4x + 1 Bi t p 5.2. Gi i h phng trnh : xy + x + 1 = x2

Gi i D th y x = 0 khng th a mn phng trnh th 2. Do x = 0, t phng trnh th hai ta c x2 1 y+1= . Thay vo phng trnh th nh t ta c x 2 x2 1 2x 1 x x+ = 3x2 4x 1 x x (x2 1)(2x2 1) = (x 1)(3x 1) (x 1)(2x3 + 2x2 4x) = 0 Gi i ra ta c x = 1, x = 0(lo i), x = 2. T tm c nghi m c a h l   5 (x, y) = (1, 1), 2, . 2 8 >xy + x 3y = 4 > < . Bi t p 5.3. Gi i h phng trnh >yz + z 5y = 9 > :zx 5x 3z = 6 Gi i Nh n xt y = 1. T phng trnh th nh t c a h ta c x= 4 + 3y . y+1

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5 PHNG PHP TH

T phng trnh th hai c a h ta c z= 9 + 5y . y+1

Thay hai k t qu ny vo phng trnh th ba ta c (4 + 3y)(9 + 5y) 5(4 + 3y) 3(9 + 5y) = 6. (y + 1)2 y+1 y+1 1 5 Gi i phng trnh ny ta c y = , y = . T y ta tm c nghi m c a h l 3 3     9 1 3 5 (x, y, z) = , , 11 , , , 1 . 2 3 2 3 Cch 2. Ta c th phn tch h v d ng 8 <(xy x2 )2 + x3 y = 1 :(xy x2 ) + x3 y = 1

n y t u = x2 + xy, v = x3 y r i gi i ti p ta cng tm ra nghi m. 8 <x4 + 2x3 y + x2 y 2 = 2x + 9 . Bi t p 5.4. Gi i h phng trnh : 2 x + 2xy = 6x + 6 Gi i Rt xy = 6x + 6 x2 t phng trnh th hai, th vo phng trnh th nh t ta c 2 2 2 6x + 6 x2 4 2 6x + 6 x x + 2x . + = 2x + 9 2 2 x(x + 4)3 = 0.

Gi i phng trnh trn ta tm ra nghi m x = 0 ho c x = 4. T y ta c nghi m c a h l   17 . (x, y) = 4, 4 8 < 2(x2 + y 2 ) + 2xy = 16 Bi t p 5.5. Gi i h phng trnh : . x+ y =4 Gi i Bi ton ny chng ta gi i thi u m t l i gi i trong ph n phng php c ng i s . D i y ta trnh by thm m t l i gi i d a vo php th . Tr c tin bnh phng c hai phng trnh ta c 8 8 <x2 + y 2 + 2xy + 2 (x2 + y 2 ).2xy = 128 <(x + y)2 + 2 [(x + y)2 2xy] .2xy = 128 : . :x + y + 2xy = 16 x + y = 16 2 xy GV: Tr n Minh Hi n - 0989.541.123 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tr ng THPT chuyn Quang Trung

5 PHNG PHP TH

Th x + y t phng trnh th hai vo phng trnh th nh t ta c (16 2 xy)2 + 2 [(16 2 xy)2 2xy] .2xy = 128 128 32 xy + 2xy + [256 64 xy + 2xy] .2xy = 64 64 16t + t2 + (128 32t + t2 ).t2 = 32(t = xy 0) t4 32t3 + 128t2 = (t2 16t + 32) 8 <t2 16t + 32 0 :2 t 32t3 + 128t2 = (t2 16t + 32)2 82 >t 16t + 32 0 >2 < >6 t = 4 >4 : t= 4 3 t = 4. T ta tm c nghi m c a h l (x, y) = (4, 4).
8 <x3 8x = y 3 + 2y Bi t p 5.6. Gi i h phng trnh : 2 x 3 = 3(y 2 + 1)

Gi i H cho c vi t l i d i d ng 8 <x3 y 3 = 2(4x + y) :x2 3y 2 = 6

8 <3(x3 y 3 ) = 6(4x + y) : 2 x 3y 2 = 6

Th 6 = x2 3y 2 t phng trnh th hai vo phng trnh th nh t ta c 3(x3 y 3 ) = (x2 3y 2 )(4x + y) x3 + x2 y 12xy 2 = 0 x(x 3y)(x + 4y) = 0. T ta tm c cc nghi m c a h l
! ! 6 6 6 6 (x, y) = (3, 1), (3, 1), 4 , , 4 , . 13 13 13 13 8 >x + y + z = 0 > < Bi t p 5.7. Gi i h phng trnh >x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 50 . > 7 :x + y 7 + z 7 = 350

Gi i

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5 PHNG PHP TH

Bnh phng phng trnh th nh t, k t h p v i phng trnh th hai ta c xy + yz + zx = 25. T phng trnh th nh t c z = (x + y) thay vo phng trnh th ba ta c x7 + y 7 (x + y)7 = 350 xy(x + y)(x2 + xy + y 2 ) = 50. L i thay z = (x + y) vo phng trnh (12) ta c x2 + xy + y 2 = 25. K t h p hai phng trnh (13) v (14) ta c xyz = 2. V y ch ng t x, y, z th a mn
8 >x + y + z = 0 > < >xy + yz + zx = 5 > :xyz = 2

(12)

(13)

(14)

V y x, y, z l ba nghi m c a phng trnh t3 5t 2 = 0. T ta tm c nghi m c a h l (x; y; z) = 2; 1 2; 1 + 2 v cc hon v c a n. 8 <x2 + xy + x = 1 Bi t p 5.8. Tm t t c cc c p s th c dng th a mn h phng trnh : 2 y + xy + x + y = 1 Gi i T phng trnh u tin suy ra 0 < x < 1, th y = phng trnh th hai ta c  1 x x


1 x x2 t phng trnh th nh t vo x

 1 1 = 1 x3 2x2 x + 1 = 0. x

t f (x) = x3 2x2 x + 1 lin t c trn o n [0, 1] v f (x) = 3(x2 x) x 1 < 0, x   1 (0, 1), f f (1) < 0. Ch ng t trn kho ng (0, 1) phng trnh x3 2x2 x + 1 c m t nghi m 2   1 duy nh t x0 , 1 . t x = 2 cos 0 < < th phng trnh c vi t l i 3 2 8 cos3 4 cos2 4 cos + 1 = 0 2(4 cos3 3 cos ) 2(2 cos2 1) + 2 cos 1 = 0 2 cos 3 2 cos 2 + 2 cos 1 = 0 2 sin . cos 3 2 sin . cos 2 + 2 sin cos sin = 0 sin 4 = sin 3 = . 7 GV: Tr n Minh Hi n - 0989.541.123 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tr ng THPT chuyn Quang Trung

5 PHNG PHP TH

V y h phng trnh c nghi m (x, y) =

! 2 cos 1 1 7 ; . 2 cos 4 cos2 7 7

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6 PHNG PHP L NG GIC

Phng php l ng gic

M t s lo i h phng trnh "n y sinh" t m t s h th c l ng gic, cho nn i v i l p h ny th thu t ton ng c l i l "l ng gic ha" c xem l con ng duy nh t cng ph. D i y l m t s v d . 8 >2x + x2 y = y > < Bi t p 6.1. Gi i h phng trnh >2y + y 2 z = z . > :2z + z 2 x = x Gi i Nh n xt (x, y, z) = (0, 0, 0) l nghi m c a h . Xt xyz = 0, vi t l i h phng trnh d i d ng 8 2x > > > 1 x2 = y > < 2y =z . > 1 y2 > > 2z > : =x 1 z2 t x = tan , thay vo ta c h
8 >y = tan 2 > < >z = tan 4 > :x = tan 9

T ta c c tan = tan 8. Gi i ra ta c = k (k Z). Cho k = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 ta c 7 cc nghi m c a h l     2 3 6 2 (x; y; z) = (0; 0; 0), tan ; tan ; tan , tan ; tan ; tan , 7 7 7 7 7 7     6 5 4 2 3 , tan ; tan ; tan , tan ; tan ; tan 7 7 7 7 7 7     5 3 6 6 5 3 tan ; tan ; tan , tan ; tan ; tan 7 7 7 7 7 7 8 >x3 3x = y(3x2 1) > < Bi t p 6.2. Gi i h phng trnh >y 3 3y = z(3y 2 1) . > 3 :z 3z = x(3z 2 1) Gi i
1 Nh n xt x = khng th a mn h . t x = tan v i , , = . Thay vo ta 2 2 6 3 c h 8 >y = tan 3 > < . >z = tan 9 > :x = tan 27

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6 PHNG PHP L NG GIC . V y nghi m c a h phng trnh l 26

T y suy ra tan = tan 27, gi i c = k

(x, y, z) = (0, 0, 0),  3 9 , , (x, y, z) = v cc hon v c a n, 26 26 26   3 9 v cc hon v c a n. (x, y, z) = , , 26 26 26 8     > <3 x + 1 = 4 y + 1 = 5 z + 1 x y z Bi t p 6.3. Gi i h phng trnh > :xy + yz + zx = 1


Gi i T phng trnh th nh t suy ra x, y, z cng d u. Nh n xt l n u (x, y, z) l nghi m th (x, y, z) cng l nghi m c a h , nn ta c th gi s x, y, z u dng. t x = tan A B C , y = tan , z = tan , 2 2 2 A, B, C (0, ).

Th t phng trnh th hai suy ra A + B + C = A, B, C l 3 gc c a m t tam gic. G i R l bn knh ng trn ngo i ti p tam gic ABC. Phng trnh th nh t c vi t l i 8 10 6 = = a = 12R, b = 16R, c = 20R. sin A sin B sin C
1 V y tam gic ABC vung t i C nn z = 1, t tm c x = 3 , y = 1 . V y nghi m c a h l 2     1 1 1 1 (x, y, z) = , , 1 , , , 1 . 3 2 3 2 8 < 2(x y) (1 + 4xy) = 3 Bi t p 6.4. Gi i h phng trnh : 2 . x + y2 = 1

Gi i Do x2 + y 2 = 1 nn x, y [1, 1]. t x = sin , y = cos v i [0, 2]. Khi phng trnh u tin c bi n i thnh 2 (sin cos ) (1 + 2 sin 2) = 3. Gi i phng trnh ny ta tm c 6 nghi m thu c mi n [0, 2]. T nghi m c a h l       13 13 37 37 61 61 (x, y) = sin , cos , sin , cos , sin , cos 36 36 36 36 36 36       17 17 41 41 65 65 sin , cos , sin , cos , sin , cos . 36 36 36 36 36 36 8 <x 1 y 2 + y 1 x2 = 1 Bi t p 6.5. Gi i h phng trnh : . (1 x)(1 + y) = 2 GV: Tr n Minh Hi n - 0989.541.123 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tr ng THPT chuyn Quang Trung

6 PHNG PHP L NG GIC

Gi i i u ki n |x| 1, |y| 1. t x = cos , y = cos v i , [0, ]. Khi h phng trnh tr thnh 8 8 <cos sin + cos sin = 1 < + = 2 . : :(1 cos )(1 + cos ) = 2 sin cos sin cos 1 = 0 Gi i h ny ta c = , = 0. Do h phng trnh c nghi m duy nh t 2 (x, y) = (0, 1).

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7 H HON V VNG QUANH

8 >f (x) = g(y) > < y l nh ng h c d ng >f (y) = g(z) > :f (z) = g(x)

H hon v vng quanh

. i v i nh ng h ny ta lun t p trung vo ch ng minh

h ch c nghi m khi cc bi n b ng nhau. D i y l m t s h phng trnh cng v i cch ch ng minh . 8 >x3 + 3x2 + 2x 5 = y > < Bi t p 7.1. Gi i h phng trnh >y 3 + 3y 2 + 2y 5 = z . > 3 :z + 3z 2 + 2z 5 = x Gi i t x = max{x, y, z}. Xt hai tr ng h p sau 1. x y z, th t h trn ta c 8 <x3 + 3x2 + 2x 5 x :z 3 + 3z 2 + 2z 5 z 2. x z y, th t h trn ta c 8 <x3 + 3x2 + 2x 5 x :y 3 + 3y 2 + 2y 5 y
8 <(x 1) ((x + 2)2 + 1) 0 : (z 1) ((z + 2)2 + 1) 0 8 <x 1 : 1z

8 <(x 1) ((x + 2)2 + 1) 0 : (y 1) ((y + 2)2 + 1) 0

8 <x 1 : 1y

C hai tr ng h p u cho x = y = z = 1. Th l i th y (x, y, z) = (1, 1, 1) l nghi m c a h phng trnh. 8 >x2 = y + 1 > < Bi t p 7.2. Gi i h phng trnh >y 2 = z + 1 . > 2 :z = x + 1 Gi i Ta c x + 1 = z 2 0 x 1. Tng t cho y 1, z 1. Do vai tr hon v vng quanh nn khng m t tnh t ng qut ta gi s x = max{x, y, z}. 1. N u x > 0 th t phng trnh th ba suy ra z 2 > 1, nhng do z 1 nn suy ra z > 1, t z > 0. Tng t ta cng c y > 0. V x z > 0 nn t phng trnh th nh t v phng trnh th ba ta c y x. Do ph i c x = y, t suy ra c x = y = z. 2. Xt x 0 th ta c y, z 0, ta c 0 x y x2 y 2 y + 1 z + 1 y z 0 z y z2 y2 x + 1 z + 1 x z

x = y = z.

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7 H HON V VNG QUANH

Tm l i ta lun c x = y = z. V y h c nghi m l ! ! 1+ 5 1+ 5 1+ 5 1 5 1 5 1 5 (x, y, z) = , , , , , . 2 2 2 2 2 2 8 >y 3 6x2 + 12x 8 = 0 > < Bi t p 7.3. Gi i h phng trnh >z 3 6y 2 + 12y 8 = 0 . > 3 :x 6z 2 + 12z 8 = 0 Gi i C ng t ng v ba phng trnh ta c (x 2)3 + (y 2)3 + (z 2)3 = 0. 1. N u x > 2 th t phng trnh th nh t, y 3 = 6x(x 2) + 8 > 8 y > 2. L i t phng trnh th hai ta c z 3 = 6y(y 2) + 8 > 2 z > 2. Vy (x 2)3 + (y 2)3 + (z 2)3 > 0(v l). 2. N u x < 2 th t phng trnh th ba ta c 6z(z 2) = x3 8 < 0 0 < z < 2. V i 0 < z < 2, k t h p v i phng trnh th hai ta c 9y(y 2) = z 3 8 < 0 0 < y < 2. Vy (x 2)3 + (y 2)3 + (z 2)3 < 0(v l). V y x = 2, thay vo phng trnh th nh t c y = 2, thay vo phng trnh th hai c z = 2. V y nghi m c a h l (x, y, z) = (2, 2, 2). 8 >2x(y 2 + 1) = y(y 2 + 9) > < Bi t p 7.4. Gi i h phng trnh >2y(z 2 + 1) = z(z 2 + 9) . > :2z(x2 + 1) = x(x2 + 9) Gi i

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7 H HON V VNG QUANH

H phng trnh c vi t l i d i d ng 8 > >x = > > > > < >y = > > > >z = > : t f (t) = t(t2 + 9) , 2(t2 + 1)

y(y 2 + 9) 2(y 2 + 1) z(z 2 + 9) 2(z 2 + 1) x(x2 + 9) 2(x2 + 1)

t R. Gi s x = max{x, y, z} th x y nn

f (y) f (z) z(z 2 + 9) y(y 2 + 9) 2(y 2 + 1) 2(z 2 + 1) y(y 2 + 9)(z 2 + 1) z(z 2 + 9)(y 2 + 1) 0 (y 3 z 2 + y 3 + 9z 2 y + 9y) (z 3 y 2 + z 3 + 9y 2 z + 9z) 0 (y z) (yz 3)2 + (y z)2 0 yz L p lu n tng t ta cng c c z x. V y x y z x. Suy ra ph i c x = y = z. T y ta gi i c nghi m c a h l (x, y, z) = (0, 0, 0), 7, 7, 7 , 7, 7, 7 . 8 >36x2 y 60x2 + 25y = 0 > < Bi t p 7.5. Gi i h phng trnh >36y 2 z 60y 2 + 25z = 0 . > 2 :36z x 60z 2 + 25x = 0 Gi i H cho tng ng v i
8 2 > >y = 60x > > 36x2 + 25 > < 60y 2 z= > 36y 2 + 25 > > 2 > >x = 60z : 36z 2 + 25

Hi n nhin h ny c nghi m (x, y, z) = (0, 0, 0). D i y ta xt x, y, z = 0. T c i m c a h suy ra x, y, z > 0. S d ng b t ng th c Cauchy ta c y= 60x2 60x2 60x2 = = x. 36x2 + 25 60x 2 36x2 .25

Tng t ta thu c y x z y. Suy ra x = y = z. T suy ra h c m t nghi m n a l 5 x=y=z= . 6 GV: Tr n Minh Hi n - 0989.541.123 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tr ng THPT chuyn Quang Trung

7 H HON V VNG QUANH

8 >tan2 x + 2 cot2 2y = 1 > < Bi t p 7.6. Gi i h phng trnh >tan2 y + 2 cot2 2z = 1 > 2 :tan z + 2 cot2 2x = 1

Gi i S d ng cng th c cot 2x =
2

1 tan2 x 2 tan x

(1 tan2 x)2 . 4 tan2 x

t a = tan2 x, b = tan2 y, c = tan2 z th ta c h sau 8 >2a + b + 1 = 4 > > > b < 1 >2b + c + c = 4 > > 1 > :2c + a + = 4 a Do a, b, c l cc s dng, ta c 2a = 4 b

1 4 2 = 2 a 1. b

Tng t cho cc bi n cn l i b 1, c 1. N u ba s a, b, c khc nhau i m t, gi s b = min{a, b, c} th l y phng trnh th nh t tr phng trnh th hai ta c   1 2(a b) + (c b) 1 = 0. bc Do b = c v b = min{a, b, c}, cng v i b, c 1 nn v tri c a phng trnh nh n gi tr dng. Do khng th x y ra tr ng h p ny. Gi s hai trong ba s b ng nhau, khng m t tnh t ng qut ta gi s a = b th: 2c = 4 a 1 1 = 4 b = 2a a = b = c. a b

Tm l i, ba s a, b, c ph i x y ra a = b = c, thay vo gi i ta c   1 1 1 (a, b, c) = (1, 1, 1), , , . 3 3 3 Do ta tm c x= + k x = + k(k R). 4 6

V y, nghi m c a h phng trnh l (x, y, z) = + k, + l, + m , 4 4 4 + k, + l, + m , k, m, l l cc s nguyn. 6 6 6 GV: Tr n Minh Hi n - 0989.541.123 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tr ng THPT chuyn Quang Trung

7 H HON V VNG QUANH

8 >x5 x4 + 2x2 y = 2 > < Bi t p 7.7. Gi i h phng trnh >y 5 y 4 + 2y 2 z = 2 > 5 :z z 4 + 2z 2 x = 2

Gi i D dng on c nghi m c a h l x = y = z = 1. N u x > 1 th 2 = z 5 z 4 + 2z 2 x > z 5 z 4 + 2z 2 , hay (z 1)(z 4 + 2z + 2) < 0.

  3 1 2 2 + (z + 1)2 + > 0 nn z < 1. L p lu n tng t th v i z < 1 th V z + 2z + 2 = z 2 4 y > 1. L i ti p t c ta c n u y > 1 th x < 1(v l). N u x < 1 th l p lu n tng t ta cng d n n i u v l. V y x = 1 nn d dng tm ra nghi m c a h l
4

(x, y, z) = (1, 1, 1).

8 >x3 + 3x2 + 2x 5 = y > < Bi t p 7.8. Gi i h phng trnh >y 3 + 3y 2 + 2y 5 = z > 3 :z + 3z 2 + 2z 5 = x

Gi i C ng ba phng trnh c a h ta c (x3 + 3x2 + x 5) + (y 3 + 3y 2 + y 5) + (z 3 + 3z 2 + z 5) = 0, hay (x 1)(x2 + 4x + 5) + (y 1)(y 2 + 4y + 5) + (z 1)(z 2 + 4z + 5) = 0. (15) 1. N u x > 1 th z 3 + 3z 2 + 2z 5 > 1 hay (z 1)(z 2 + 4z + 6) > 0. Suy ra z > 1. L i t z > 1, l p lu n tng t ta c y > 1. V y x, y, z > 1, i u ny mu thu n v i 15. 2. Tng t n u x < 1 th y < 1, z < 1 cng mu thu n v i (15). V y x = y = z = 1 chnh l nghi m duy nh t c a h . 8 >x2 (x + 1) = 2(y 3 x) + 1 > < Bi t p 7.9. Gi i h phng trnh >y 2 (y + 1) = 2(z 3 y) + 1 > 2 :z (z + 1) = 2(x3 z) + 1 Gi i

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7 H HON V VNG QUANH

Ta chuy n h phng trnh trn v d ng nh sau 8 >2y 3 = 2x3 + x2 + 2x 1 > < 3 3 2 >2z = 2y + y + 2y 1 > 3 :2x = 2z 3 + z 2 + 2z 1

y l h hon v vng quanh. Nn khng m t tnh t ng qut ta c th gi s x = max{x, y, z}. Ta c xy 2z 3 + z 2 + 2z 1 2x3 + x2 + 2x 1 2z 3 + z 2 + 2z 2x3 + x2 + 2x (z x)(2z 2 + 2zx + 2x2 + z + x + 2) 0     1 2 1 2 2 (z x) (z + x) + z + + x+ 0 2 2 z x. V y z = x, suy ra x = y = z. T h c nghi m l ! ! 1 + 2 1 + 2 1 + 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 (x, y, z) = , , , , , . 2 2 2 2 2 2 8 >x = (y 1)2 > > > <y = (z 1)2 . Bi t p 7.10. Gi i h phng trnh > >z = (t 1)2 > > :t = (x 1)2 Gi i Do h phng trnh hon v nn khng m t tnh t ng qut ta c th gi s x = min{x, y, z, t}. T i u ki n c a h suy ra x, y, z, t 0. Ta xt hai tr ng h p 1. N u x > 1 th x, y, z, t > 1, khi yx (z 1)2 (y 1)2 zy (t 1)2 (z 1)2 tz (x 1)2 (t 1)2 x t. Do x = y = z = 1, ta tm c nghi m l ! 3+ 5 3+ 5 3+ 5 3+ 5 (x, y, z, t) = , , , . 2 2 2 2 GV: Tr n Minh Hi n - 0989.541.123 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tr ng THPT chuyn Quang Trung

7 H HON V VNG QUANH

2. N u 1 x 0 th 0 x 1 1 1 (x 1)2 1t0 0 t 1 1 1 (t 1)2 1z0 0 z 1 1 1 (z 1)2 1 y 0. T c l lc ta c 1 x, y, z, t 0. Khi , t z x, suy ra (t 1)2 (y 1)2 yt (z 1)2 (x 1)2 xz (y 1)2 (t 1)2 t y. (16) T c l x = z v y = t, suy ra
8 <x = (y 1)2 :y = (x 1)2

Gi i ra ta nh n cc nghi m sau (x, y) = ! 3 5 3 5 , , (0, 1), (1, 0). 2 2

Tm l i, h cho c b n nghi m ! ! 3+ 5 3+ 5 3+ 5 3+ 5 3 5 3 5 3 5 3 5 (x, y, z, t) = , , , , , , , 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 , (0, 1, 0, 1), (1, 0, 1, 0). D i y l m t s bi t p luy n t p. Gi i cc h phng trnh 8 >x3 9(y 2 3y + 3) = 0 > < a) >y 3 9(z 2 3z + 3) = 0 (H ng d n: c ng ba phng trnh l i c (x 3)3 + (y 3)3 + > 3 :z 9(x2 3x + 3) = 0 (z 3)3 = 0, l p lu n suy ra x = y = z). Nghi m c a h l (x, y, z) = (3, 3, 3).

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7 H HON V VNG QUANH

8 >4x = y 2 + 1 > < b) >4y = z 2 + 1 > :4z = x2 + 1

(H ng d n: nh n xt x, y, z > 0, gi s x = max{x, y, z}. T x z > 0, suy

ra y x. Do x = y = z). Nghi m c a h l (x, y, z) = 2 + 3, 2 + 3, 2 + 3 , 2 3, 2 3, 2 3 .

8   > >x1 = 1 x2 + 1 > > 2 x2  > > > <x2 = 1 x3 + 1 2 x3 c) > (H ng d n: Nh n xt cc nghi m x1 , . . . , xn cng d u, n u (x1 , . . . , xn ) > > >   > > >xn = 1 x1 + 1 : 2 x1 l nghi m th (x1 , . . . , xn ) cng l nghi m. Xt cc nghi m dng, dng b t ng th c Cauchy suy ra xi 1, i = 1, n cng v i c ng t t c cc phng trnh l i ta suy ra nghi m). Nghi m c a h l

(x1 , x2 , . . . , xn ) = (1, 1, . . . , 1), (1, 1, . . . , 1).

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8 PHNG PHP DNG O HM

Phng php dng o hm

Trong nhi u lo i h phng trnh c ch a cc phng trnh, m tm ra nghi m ho c cc m i quan h n i t i c n ph i s d ng tnh n i u c a hm s . V cng c o hm l m t cng c m nh cho vi c kh ng nh tnh n i u c a hm s . Nh ng bi t p thu c d ng ny nhn chung l cc bi t p kh. Kh khng ph i ch cng th c tnh o hm m l v n d ng cng c o hm ra sao trong phng trnh. Cng nn nh c l i, trong k thi i h c kh i A, 2010 v a qua, cu kh nh t l h phng trnh, m gi i 8 i dng o hm, c n c ch c m t th sinh c 30/30. ph < x 1 y = 8 x2 Bi t p 8.1. Gi i h phng trnh : . (x 1)4 = y Gi i i u ki n x 1, y 0. Th y t phng trnh th hai vo phng trnh th nh t ta c x 1 (x 1)2 = 8 x2 , hay
3 2

x 1 = x3 + x2 2x + 9.
2

(17)

Xt hm s f (x) = x + x 2x + 9 (x 1) c f (x) = 3x + 2x 2 < 0, x 1. Suy ra hm f (x) lun ngh ch bi n khi x 1. M t khc hm s g(x) = x 1 lun ng bi n khi x 1. Do phng trnh (17) n u c nghi m th nghi m l duy nh t. Nh n th y x = 2 l nghi m c a phng trnh (17). V y h phng trnh c m t nghi m duy nh t (x, y) = (2, 1). 8 >2x3 + 2y 2 + 3y + 3 = 0 > < Bi t p 8.2. Gi i h phng trnh >2y 3 + 2z 2 + 3z + 3 = 0 > 3 :2z + 2x2 + 3x + 3 = 0 Gi i T phng trnh th nh t c a h ta suy ra   3 2 15 15 3 3 15 3 x = y x < . 4 16 16 16 4 3 Tng t cho y, z. V y ta gi i h n c mi n x, y, z < . 4 H cho c th vi t l i d i d ng 8 >x = f (y) > < 1 2 3 2t + 3t + 3. y = f (z) , v i f (t) = > 2 > :z = f (x) Ta c 2t2 + 3t + 3 > 0, t R. Tnh
2 1 f (t) = (4t + 3)(2t2 + 3t + 3) 3 . 6

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8 PHNG PHP DNG O HM 3 Gi i phng trnh f (t) = 0 t = . L p b ng bi n thin c a hm f (t) ta c: 4 3 3 f (t) tng v i t v f (t) gi m v i t . 4 4 Gi s (x, y, z) l m t nghi m c a phng trnh, khng m t tnh t ng qut ta c th gi s 3 3 x = max{x, y, z}. V x, y, z < v f (t) l hm tng trn mi n t < nn khi 4 4 xy f (y) f (z) yz f (z) f (x) z x. V y ph i c x = y = z. T ta tm c nghi m c a h l (x, y, z) = (1, 1, 1). 8 >x3 + 3x 3 + ln(x2 x + 1) = y > < Bi t p 8.3. Gi i h phng trnh >y 3 + 3y 3 + ln(y 2 y + 1) = z > 3 :z + 3z 3 + ln(z 2 z + 1) = x Gi i Khng m t tnh t ng qut ta c th gi s x = max{x, y, z}. Xt hm s f (x) = x3 + 3x 3 + ln(x2 x + 1) c mi n xc nh trn ton b R, th h c vi t l i d i d ng 8 >y = f (x) > < >z = f (y) . > :x = f (z) 2x 2 3x2 x + 2 = 3x2 + 2 > 0, x R. x2 x + 1 x x+1 T suy ra hm f (x) ng bi n trn ton b R. N u (x, y, z) l m t nghi m c a h th f (x) = 3x2 + 3 + xy f (x) f (y) yz f (y) f (z) z x. V y ta ph i c x = y = z. Thay vo ta c x3 + 2x 3 ln(x2 x + 1) = 0. V hm s h(x) = x3 + 2x 3 ln(x2 x + 1) = 0 ng bi n trn R nn c nghi m duy nh t x = 1. V y h c nghi m duy nh t (x, y, z) = (1, 1, 1). GV: Tr n Minh Hi n - 0989.541.123 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tr ng THPT chuyn Quang Trung Tnh

8 PHNG PHP DNG O HM

8 <(4x2 + 1)x + (y 3) 5 2y = 0 Bi t p 8.4. Gi i h phng trnh : 2 4x + y 2 + 2 3 4x = 7

Gi i 3 5 i u ki n x , y . Phng trnh th nh t c a h c th vi t l i d i d ng 4 2 (4x2 + 1)2x = (5 2y + 1) 5 2y. t u = 2x, v = 5 2y th ta c (u2 + 1)u = (v 2 + 1)v (18)

Hm f (t) = t(t2 + 1) c f (t) = 3t2 + 1 > 0, t R nn f (t) lun ng bi n trn R, suy ra phng trnh (18) c nghi m u = v hay 8 >x 0 < 2x = 5 2y > 5 4x2 . :y = 2 Th y vo phng trnh th hai c a h ta c 5 4x + 2x2 2
2

2

+ 2 3 4x 7 = 0.

(19)

Nh n th y x = 0 hay x =

3 khng l nghi m c a phng trnh. Xt hm s 4  2 5 2 2 g(x) = 4x + 2x + 2 3 4x 7, 2



c
 5 4 2 2x g (x) = 8x 8x 2 3 4x   4 3 = 4x(4x2 3) < 0 trn 0, . 4 3 4x     3 1 Suy ra hm s g(x) ngh ch bi n trn 0, . Ta c g = 0, nn phng trnh (19) c nghi m 4 2 1 duy nh t x = . T h phng trnh c nghi m duy nh t 2   1 (x, y) = ,2 . 2 8 > x2 2x + 6 log (6 y) = x > 3 < 2 2y + 6 log (6 z) = y Bi t p 8.5. Gi i h phng trnh > y . 3 > 2 : z 2z + 6 log (6 x) = z 3

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8 PHNG PHP DNG O HM

Gi i i u ki n x, y, z < 6. Ta vi t l i phng trnh d i d ng 8 x 8 >log3 (6 y) = > > >f (y) = g(x) 2 2x + 6 x > > < < y log3 (6 z) = 2 >f (z) = g(y) > y 2y + 6 > > z > :f (x) = g(z) >log (6 x) = : 3 z 2 2z + 6 trong f (t) = log3 (6 t), g(t) = t v i t (, 6). t2 2t + 6

D th y hm f (t) l hm ngh ch bi n, cn hm s g(t) l hm ng bi n trn (, 6). N u (x, y, z) l nghi m c a h , khng m t tnh t ng qut ta c th gi s x = max{x, y, z}. Khi xy f (x) f (y) g(z) g(x) zx f (z) f (x) g(y) g(z) yz f (y) f (x) g(x) g(y) x y. V y ph i c x = y, t suy ra x = y = z. H c nghi m l (x, y, z) = (3, 3, 3).
8 <x + x2 2x + 2 = 3y1 + 1 Bi t p 8.6. Gi i h phng trnh : y + y 2 2y + 2 = 3x1 + 1

Gi i Tr hai phng trnh ta c

x + 3x1 + x2 2x + 2 = y + 3y1 + y 2 2y + 2. t f (x) = x + 3x1 + x2 2x + 2, th

(20)

f (x) = 1 + 3x1 . ln 3 + v 1+

x1 > 0, x2 2x + 2

x1 x1 1+ 0. |x 1| x2 2x + 2

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8 PHNG PHP DNG O HM

Ch ng t f (x) l hm ng bi n trn R. Do phng trnh (20) suy ra x = y. Thay vo phng trnh th nh t c a h c x 1 + (x 1)2 + 1 = 3x1 t + t2 + 1 = 3t v i t = x 1. L y logarit hai v ta c ln(t + t g(t) = ln(t + t2 + 1) = t. ln 3 ln(t + t2 + 1) t. ln 3 = 0. t2 + 1) t. ln 3 th g (t) = t2 1 ln 3. +1

1 Do 2 1 v ln 3 > 1 nn g (t) < 0, hay g(t) l hm ngh ch bi n. V y phng trnh t + 1 ln(t + t2 + 1) t. ln 3 = 0 c nghi m duy nh t t = 0. T y suy ra h phng trnh c duy nh t nghi m (x, y) = (1, 1). 8 <x3 (2 + 3y) = 1 Bi t p 8.7. Gi i h phng trnh : 3 . x(y 2) = 3 Gi i R rng n u y = 3 2 khng th a mn h , v y y = x= thay vo phng trnh th nh t ta c 27 (2 + 3y) = 1. (y 3 2)3 t hm s f (y) = th 27 (2 + 3y) 1 (y 3 2)3 y3 3 2. T phng trnh th hai ta c

3 , 2

81 (8y 3 + 6y 2 + 2) . (y 3 2)3 Kh o st s bi n thin c a hm f (t) ta th y trong mi n (, 3 2) phng trnh ch c m t nghi m duy nh t l 1, cn trong mi n ( 3 2, +) th phng trnh cng c m t nghi m duy nh t, nh n th y nghi m duy nh t ny l 2. V y h cho c hai nghi m   1 (x, y) = (1, 1), , 2 . 2 8 1x2 <2 x2 2y = xy 3 Bi t p 8.8. Gi i h phng trnh : . 2 (x2 y + 2x)2 2x2 y + 1 4x = 0 f (y) = GV: Tr n Minh Hi n - 0989.541.123 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tr ng THPT chuyn Quang Trung

8 PHNG PHP DNG O HM

Gi i i u ki n x = 0. Ta vi t l i phng trnh th hai [x(xy + 2)]2 2[x(xy + 2)] + 1 = 0 x(xy + 2) = 1 y = Thay vo phng trnh th nh t ta c 2 Nh n xt 1 x2 1 2x 1 1 1 2x 1 x2 2 = 1 = . x2 x2 x 2 x 2x2 x2 Do ta c
12x 1 x2 1 2x = 2 x2 + . (21) 2 x x2 t 1 Xt hm s f (t) = 2t + c f (t) = 2t ln 2 + > 0, t nn f (t) l hm ng bi n nn phng 2 2 trnh (21) suy ra 1 x2 1 2x = . 2 x x2 T y d dng tm ra nghi m c a h l   3 (x, y) = 2, . 4 8 <x5 + xy 4 = y 10 + y 6 . Bi t p 8.9. Gi i h phng trnh : 4x + 5 + y 2 + 8 = 6 1x2 x2

1 2x . x2

12x x2

1 1 . 2 x

1x2 x2

Gi i Hi n nhin y = 0. Chia c hai v c a phng trnh th nh t cho y 5 = 0 ta c 5 x x + ( ) = y 5 + y. y y

(22)

Hm s f (t) = t5 + t c f (t) = 5t4 + 1 > 0, t nn hm f (t) lun ng bi n. Do phng trnh x (??) ph i x y ra = y x = y 2 . Th x = y 2 vo phng trnh th hai ta c y 4x + 5 + x + 8 = 6. Gi i phng trnh ny ta tm c x = 1. H phng trnh c nghi m (x, y) = (1, 1), (1, 1). 8 < 1 + 42xy 512x+y = 1 + 22xy+1 Bi t p 8.10. Gi i h phng trnh : 3 y + 4x + 1 + ln(y 2 + 2x) = 0

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8 PHNG PHP DNG O HM

Gi i i u ki n y 2 + 2x > 0. t t = 2x y th phng trnh th nh t c a h tr thnh

1 + 4t 1 + 2t+1 1 + 4t .51t = 1 + 2t+1 . = 5t 5

Dng cng c hm s d dng ch ng minh v tri c a phng trnh l hm ngh ch bi n, v ph i l hm ng bi n nn phng trnh trn c nghi m duy nh t t = 1. T ta c 2x y = 1 y+1 , thay vo phng trnh th hai ta c x= 2 y 3 + 2y + 3 + ln(y 2 + y + 1) = 0. V tri c a phng trnh l hm ng bi n nn phng trnh c nghi m duy nh t y = 1. V y nghi m c a h l (x, y) = (0, 1). D i y l m t s bi t p luy n t p. Gi i cc h phng trnh 8 8 >f (x) = g(y) >x3 + x2 + 2x = 2y 3 + 1 > > < < 3 2 3 1. >y + y + 2y = 2z + 1 (H ng d n: Vi t phng trnh v d i d ng >f (y) = g(z) > > 3 :f (z) = g(x) :z + z 2 + 2z = 2x3 + 1

v i

f (t) = t3 + t2 + 2t, g(t) = 2t3 + 1. Hai hm s trn u l hm ng bi n, l p lu n suy ra x = y = z. C n gi i phng trnh t3 t2 2t + 1 = 0, ch ng t phng trnh c ba nghi m thu c kho ng (2, 2), r i th bi n t = 2 cos u, u (0, )). H phng trnh c nghi m  3 3 3   5 5 5  (x, y, z) = 2 , 2 , 2 , 2 ,2 ,2 , 2 ,2 ,2 . 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
8 <x3 5x = y 3 5y 2. : 8 x + y4 = 1

(H ng d n: nh n xt |x| 1, |y| 1. Ta c hm s f (t) = t3 5t

ngh ch bi n trn |t| 1, nn phng trnh th nh t ph i c x = y.) H phng trnh c nghi m s s s s 5 4 1 + 5 5 5 4 1 + 4 1 + 4 1 + , , , . (x, y) = 2 2 2 2

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