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MT S CNG THC KINH NGHIM DNG GII NHANH BI TON HO HC

HOAHOC.ORG NG XUN QUNH 1


HA I CNG

I. TNH pH
1. Dung dch axit yu HA: pH =
1
2
(log K
a
+ logC
a
) hoc pH = log( C
a
) (1)
vi : l in li
K
a
: hng s phn li ca axit
C
a
: nng mol/l ca axit ( C
a
0,01 M )
V d 1: Tnh pH ca dung dch CH
3
COOH 0,1 M 25
0
C . Bit K
CH
3
COOH
= 1,8. 10
-5
Gii
pH = -
2
1
(logK
a
+ logC
a
) = -
2
1
(log1,8. 10
-5
+ log0,1 ) = 2,87
V d 2: Tnh pH ca dung dch HCOOH 0,46 % ( D = 1 g/ml ). Cho in li ca HCOOH trong dung dch l
= 2 %
Gii
Ta c : C
M
=
M
C D % . . 10
=
46
46 , 0 . 1 . 10
= 0,1 M => pH = - log ( . C
a
) = - log (
100
2
.0,1 ) = 2,7
2. Dung dch m (hn hp gm axit yu HA v mui NaA): pH = (log K
a
+ log
a
m
C
C
) (2)
V d : Tnh pH ca dung dch CH
3
COOH 0,1 M v CH
3
COONa 0,1 M 25
0
C.
Bit K
CH
3
COOH
= 1,75. 10
-5
, b qua s in li ca H
2
O.
pH = - (logK
a
+ log
m
a
C
C
) = - (log1,75. 10
-5
+ log
1 , 0
1 , 0
) = 4,74
3. Dung dch baz yu BOH: pH = 14 +
1
2
(log K
b
+ logC
b
) (3)
vi K
b
: hng s phn li ca baz
C
a
: nng mol/l ca baz
V d : Tnh pH ca dung dch NH
3
0,1 M . Cho K
NH
3
= 1,75. 10
-5
pH = 14 +
2
1
(logK
b
+ logC
b
) = 14 +
2
1
(log1,75. 10
-5
+ log0,1 ) = 11,13

II. TNH HIU SUT PHN NG TNG HP NH
3
:
H% = 2 2
X
Y
M
M
(4)
3
X
NH trong Y
Y
M
%V = ( - 1).100
M
(5)
- (X: hh ban u; Y: hh sau) K: t l mol N
2
v H
2
l 1:3
V d : Tin hnh tng hp NH
3
t hn hp X gm N
2
v H
2
c t khi hi so vi H
2
l 4,25 thu c hn hp Y
c t khi hi so vi H
2
l 6,8. Tnh hiu sut tng hp NH
3
.
Ta c : n
N
2
: n
H
2
= 1:3
H% = 2 - 2
Y
X
M
M
= 2 - 2
6 , 13
5 , 8
= 75 %
MT S CNG THC KINH NGHIM DNG GII NHANH BI TON HO HC
HOAHOC.ORG NG XUN QUNH 2
HA V C

I. BI TON V CO
2

1. Tnh lng kt ta khi hp th ht lng CO
2
vo dung dch Ca(OH)
2
hoc Ba(OH)
2
iu kin:


2
CO
n n Cng thc:

-
2
CO
OH
n = n - n (6)
V d : Hp th ht 11,2 lt CO
2
(ktc ) vo 350 ml dung dch Ba(OH)
2
1M. Tnh kt ta thu c.
Ta c : n
CO
2
= 0,5 mol
n
Ba(OH)
2
= 0,35 mol => n
OH


= 0,7 mol
n
kt ta
= n
OH

- n
CO
2
= 0,7 0,5 = 0,2 mol
m
kt ta
= 0,2 . 197 = 39,4 ( g )
2. Tnh lng kt ta khi hp th ht lng CO
2
vo dung dch cha hn hp gm NaOH v Ca(OH)
2
hoc Ba(OH)
2

iu kin:
2-
2
3
CO
CO
n n Cng thc:
2- -
2
3
CO
CO OH
n = n - n (7)
(Cn so snh
2-
3
CO
n vi n
Ca
v n
Ba
tnh lng kt ta)
V d 1 : Hp th ht 6,72 lt CO
2
( ktc) vo 300 ml dung dch hn hp gm NaOH 0,1 M v Ba(OH)
2
0,6 M.
Tnh khi lng kt ta thu c .
n
CO
2
= 0,3 mol
n
NaOH
= 0,03 mol
n
Ba(OH)2
= 0,18 mol
=>

n
OH

= 0,39 mol
n
CO
2
3
= n
OH

- n
CO
2

= 0,39- 0,3 = 0,09 mol
M n
Ba
+ 2

= 0,18 mol nn n
kt ta
= n
CO
2
3
= 0,09 mol
m
kt ta
= 0,09 . 197 = 17,73 gam
V d 2 : Hp th ht 0,448 lt CO
2
( ktc) vo 100 ml dung dch hn hp gm NaOH 0,06 M v Ba(OH)
2
0,12 M
thu c m gam kt ta . Tnh m ? ( TSH 2009 khi A )
A. 3,94 B. 1,182 C. 2,364 D. 1,97
n
CO
2
= 0,02 mol
n
NaOH
= 0,006 mol
n
Ba(OH)2
= 0,012 mol
=>

n
OH

= 0,03 mol
n
CO
2
3
= n
OH

- n
CO
2

= 0,03 - 0,02 = 0,01 mol
M n
Ba
+ 2

= 0,012 mol nn n
kt ta
= n
CO
2
3
= 0,01 mol
m
kt ta
= 0,01 . 197 = 1,97 gam
3. Tnh th tch CO
2
cn hp th ht vo dung dch Ca(OH)
2
hoc Ba(OH)
2
thu c lng kt ta theo yu cu
(Dng ny c 2 kt qu)
Cng thc:
2
CO
n = n (8)
hoc
2 -
OH
CO
n = n - n (9)
V d : Hp th ht V lt CO
2
( ktc) vo 300 ml dung dch v Ba(OH)
2
1 M thu c 19,7 gam kt ta . Tnh V ?
Gii
- n
CO
2
= n
kt ta
= 0,1 mol => V
CO
2
= 2,24 lt
- n
CO
2
= n
OH

- n
kt ta
= 0,6 0,1 = 0,5 => V
CO
2
= 11,2 lt

II. BI TON V NHM KM
1. Tnh lng NaOH cn cho vo dung dch Al
3+
thu c lng kt ta theo yu cu (Dng ny c 2 kt qu)
Cng thc:

OH
n = 3n (10)
hoc
3+
-
OH
Al
n = 4n - n (11)
MT S CNG THC KINH NGHIM DNG GII NHANH BI TON HO HC
HOAHOC.ORG NG XUN QUNH 3
V d : Cn cho bao nhiu lt dung dch NaOH 1M vo dung dch cha 0,5 mol AlCl
3
c 31,2 gam kt ta .
Gii
Ta c hai kt qu :
n
OH


= 3.n
kt ta
= 3. 0,4 = 1,2 mol => V = 1,2 lt
n
OH


= 4. n
Al
+ 3
- n
kt ta
= 4. 0,5 0,4 = 1,6 mol => V = 1,6 lt
2. Tnh lng NaOH cn cho vo hn hp dung dch Al
3+

v H
+
thu c lng kt ta theo yu cu (Dng ny c 2
kt qu)

- +
min
OH H
n = 3n + n (12)
3+

- +
max
OH H Al
n = 4n + n - n (13)
V d : Cn cho bao nhiu lt dung dch NaOH 1M ln nht vo dung dch cha ng thi 0,6 mol AlCl
3
v 0,2
mol HCl c 39 gam kt ta .
Gii
n
OH

( max )
= 4. n
Al
+ 3
- n
kt ta
+ n
H
+

= 4. 0,6 - 0,5 + 0,2 =2,1 mol => V = 2,1 lt
3. Tnh lng HCl cn cho vo dung dch Na[Al(OH)
4
] (hoc NaAlO
2
) thu c lng kt ta theo yu cu
(Dng ny c 2 kt qu)
Cng thc:
+
H
n = n (14)
hoc
2

+
H
AlO
n = 4n - 3n (15)
V d : Cn cho bao nhiu lt dung dch HCl 1M vo dung dch cha 0,7 mol NaAlO
2
hoc Na| |
4
) (OH Al thu
c 39 gam kt ta .
Gii
Ta c hai kt qu :
n
H
+

= n
kt ta
= 0,5 mol => V = 0,5 lt

n
H
+

= 4. n
AlO

2
- 3. n
kt ta
= 4.0,7 3.0,5 = 1,3 mol => V = 1,3 lt
4. Tnh lng HCl cn cho vo hn hp dung dch NaOH v Na[Al(OH)
4
] (hoc NaAlO
2
) thu c lng kt ta theo
yu cu (Dng ny c 2 kt qu)
Cng thc:
+

+
-
H OH
n = n n (16)
hoc
2

+
+
H
AlO OH
n = 4n - 3n n (17)
V d : Cn cho bao nhiu lt dung dch HCl 1M cc i vo dung dch cha ng thi 0,1 mol NaOH v 0,3 mol
NaAlO
2
hoc Na| |
4
) (OH Al thu c 15,6 gam kt ta .
Gii
Ta c hai kt qu :
n
H
+
(max)
= 4. n
AlO

2
- 3. n
kt ta
+ n
OH

= 4.0,3 3.0,2 + 01 = 0,7 mol => V = 0,7 lt
5. Tnh lng NaOH cn cho vo dung dch Zn
2+
thu c lng kt ta theo yu cu (Dng ny c 2 kt qu):

-
OH
n = 2n (18)
hoc

- 2+
OH Zn
n = 4n - 2n (19)
V d : Tnh th tch dung dch NaOH 1M cn cho vo 200 ml dung dch ZnCl
2
2M c 29,7 gam kt ta .
Gii
Ta c n
Zn
+ 2

= 0,4 mol n
kt ta
= 0,3 mol
p dng CT 41 .
n
OH

( min )
= 2.n
kt ta
= 2.0,3= 0,6 =>V
ddNaOH
= 0,6 lt
n
OH

( max )
= 4. n
Zn
+ 2
- 2.n
kt ta
= 4.0,4 2.0,3 = 1 mol =>V
ddNaOH
= 1lt

III. BI TON V HNO
3

1. Kim loi tc dng vi HNO
3
d
a. Tnh lng kim loi tc dng vi HNO
3
d: . . =
KL KL spk spk
n i n i (20)
- i
KL
=ha tr kim loi trong mui nitrat - i
sp kh
: s e m N
+5
nhn vo (Vd: i
NO
=5-2=3)
MT S CNG THC KINH NGHIM DNG GII NHANH BI TON HO HC
HOAHOC.ORG NG XUN QUNH 4
- Nu c Fe d tc dng vi HNO
3
th s to mui Fe
2+
, khng to mui Fe
3+

b. Tnh khi lng mui nitrat thu c khi cho hn hp kim loi tc dng vi HNO
3
d (Sn phm khng c
NH
4
NO
3
)
Cng thc: m
Mui
= m
Kim loi
+ 62 n
sp kh
. i
sp kh
= m
Kim loi
+ 62
( )
2 2 2
NO NO N O N
3n +n +8n +10n (21)
c. Tnh lng mui nitrat thu c khi cho hn hp st v oxit st tc dng vi HNO
3
d (Sn phm khng c
NH
4
NO
3
)
m
Mui
=
( )
hh spk spk
242
m + 8 n .i
80
=
2 2 2
) + +

hh NO NO N O N
242
m + 8(3n +n 8n 10n
80
(22)
+) Cng thc tnh khi lng mui thu c khi cho hn hp st v cc oxt st tc dng vi HNO
3
long d gii
phng kh NO.
m
Mui
=
80
242
( m
hn hp
+ 24 n
NO
)
V d : Ha tan ht 11,36 gam cht rn X gm Fe, FeO, Fe
2
O
3
, Fe
3
O
4
trong dung dch HNO
3
long d thu c m
gam mui v 1,344 lt kh NO ( ktc ) l sn phm kh duy nht . Tm m ?.
Gii
m
Mui
=
80
242
( m
hn hp
+ 24 n
NO
) =
80
242
( 11,36 + 24 .0,06 ) = 38,72 gam
+) Cng thc tnh khi lng mui thu c khi ha tan ht hn hp st v cc oxt st bng HNO
3
c nng, d
gii phng kh NO
2
.
m
Mui
=
80
242
( m
hn hp
+ 8 n
NO
2
)
V d : Ha tan ht 6 gam cht rn X gm Fe, FeO, Fe
2
O
3
, Fe
3
O
4
trong HNO
3
c nng, d thu c 3,36 lt kh
NO
2
(ktc ). C cn dung dch sau phn ng thu c bao nhiu gam mui khan.
m
Mui
=
80
242
( m
hn hp
+ 8 n
NO
2
) =
80
242
( 6 + 8 .0,15 ) = 21,78 gam
d. Tnh s mol HNO
3
tham gia:

3 2 2 2 4 3
HNO NO NO N N O NH NO
= n .(i +s N ) =
spk sp kh trong sp kh
n 4n + 2n +12n +10n +10n (23)

2. Tnh khi lng kim loi ban u trong bi ton oxh 2 ln
R + O
2
hn hp A (R d v oxit ca R)
+

3
HNO
R(NO
3
)
n
+ SP Kh + H
2
O
m
R
=
( )
.
hh spk spk
M
m + 8. n i
80
R
= ) + +
2 2 4 3 2
hh NO NO N O NH NO N
M
m + 8(n 3n 8n + 8n +10n
80
R
(24)
+) Cng thc tnh khi lng st dng ban u, bit oxi ha lng st ny bng oxi c hn hp rn X . Ha
tan ht X vi HNO
3
c , nng ,d gii phng kh NO
2
.
m
Fe
=
80
56
( m
hn hp
+ 8 n
NO
2
)
V d : t m gam st trong oxi thu c 10 gam hn hp cht rn X . Ha tan ht X vi HNO
3
c nng, d gii
phng 10,08 lt kh NO
2
( ktc) . Tm m ?
Gii
m
Fe
=
80
56
( m
hn hp
+ 24 n
NO
2
) =
80
56
( 10 + 8. 0,45 ) = 9,52 gam
+) Cng thc tnh khi lng st dng ban u, bit oxi ha lng st ny bng oxi c hn hp rn X . Ha
tan ht X vi HNO
3
long d gii phng kh NO.
m
Fe
=
80
56
( m
hn hp
+ 24 n
NO
)
V d : t m gam st trong oxi thu c 3 gam cht rn X . Ha tan ht X vi HNO
3
long d gii phng 0,56 lt
kh NO ( ktc). Tm m ?
Gii
m
Fe
=
80
56
( m
hn hp
+ 24 n
NO
) =
80
56
( 3 + 0,025 ) = 2,52 gam
MT S CNG THC KINH NGHIM DNG GII NHANH BI TON HO HC
HOAHOC.ORG NG XUN QUNH 5
+) Cng thc tnh khi lng mui thu c khi ha tan ht hn hp st v cc oxt st bng HNO
3
d gii phng
kh NO v NO
2
.
m
Mui
=
80
242
( m
hn hp
+ 24. n
NO
+ 8. n
NO
2
)
V d : Ha tan ht 7 gam cht rn X gm Fe, FeO, Fe
2
O
3
, Fe
3
O
4
trong HNO
3
d thu c 1,792 lt (ktc ) kh X
gm NO v NO
2
v m gam mui . Bit d
X/H
2
= 19. Tnh m ?
Ta c : n
NO
= n
NO
2
= 0,04 mol
m
Mui
=
80
242
( m
hn hp
+ 24 n
NO
+ 8 n
NO
2
) =
80
242
( 7+ 24.0,04 + 8.0,04 )= 25,047 gam

IV. BI TON V H
2
SO
4

1. Kim loi tc dng vi H
2
SO
4
c, nng d
a. Tnh khi lng mui sunfat m
Mui
=
96
m + n .i
KL spk spk
2
= m + 96(3.n +n +4n )
KL S SO H S
2 2
(25)
a. Tnh lng kim loi tc dng vi H
2
SO
4
c, nng d: . . =
KL KL spk spk
n i n i (26)
b. Tnh s mol axit tham gia phn ng:
2

2 4 2 2
H SO S SO H S
i
sp kh
= n .( +s S ) =
spk trong sp kh
n 4n +2n +5n (27)
2. Hn hp st v oxit st tc dng vi H
2
SO
4
c, nng d
m
Mui
=
400
160
| |
|
\
2
2
H S
m + 8.6n +8.2n +8.8n
hh S SO
(28)
+ Cng thc tnh khi lng mui thu c khi ha tan ht hn hp Fe, FeO, Fe
2
O
3
, Fe
3
O
4
bng H
2
SO
4
c, nng,
d gii phng kh SO
2
.
m
Mui
=
160
400
( m
hn hp
+ 16.n
SO
2
)
V d : Ha tan ht 30 gam cht rn X gm Fe, FeO, Fe
2
O
3
, Fe
3
O
4
bng H
2
SO
4
c nng, d thu c 11,2 lt kh
SO
2
(ktc ). C cn dung dch sau phn ng thu c bao nhiu gam mui khan.
Gii
m
Mui
=
160
400
( m
hn hp
+ 16.n
SO
2
) =
160
400
( 30 + 16.0,5 ) = 95 gam

3. Tnh khi lng kim loi ban u trong bi ton oxh 2 ln
R + O
2
hn hp A (R d v oxit ca R)
2 4
+

dac
H SO
R(SO
4
)
n
+ SP Kh + H
2
O
m
R
=
( )
.
hh spk spk
M
m + 8. n i
80
R
= 6 10 ) + +
2 2
hh SO S H S
M
m + 8(2n n n
80
R
(29)
- n gin: nu l Fe: m
Fe
= 0,7m
hh
+ 5,6n
e trao i
; nu l Cu: m
Cu
= 0,8.m
hh
+ 6,4.n
e trao i
(30)

V. KIM LOI (R) TC DNG VI HCl, H
2
SO
4
TO MUI V GII PHNG H
2

tng (gim) khi lng dung dch phn ng ( m) s l:
2
KL H
m= m - m

(31)
Kim loi R (Ha tr x) tc dng vi axit thng: n
R
.x=2
2
H
n (32)
1. Kim loi + HCl Mui clorua + H
2

2
clorua KLp H muoi
m = m + 71.n (33)
2. Kim loi + H
2
SO
4
long Mui sunfat + H
2

2
sunfat KLp H muoi
m = m + 96.n (34)

VI. MUI TC DNG VI AXIT: (C th chng minh cc CT bng phng php tng gim khi lng)
1. Mui cacbonat + ddHCl Mui clorua + CO
2
+ H
2
O
2
CO muoi clorua muoi cacbonat
m = m + (71- 60).n (35)
2. Mui cacbonat + H
2
SO
4
long Mui sunfat + CO
2
+ H
2
O
2
CO muoi sunfat muoi cacbonat
m = m + (96 - 60)n (36)
3. Mui sunfit + ddHCl Mui clorua + SO
2
+ H
2
O
2
SO muoi clorua muoi sunfit
m = m - (80 - 71)n (37)
4. Mui sunfit + ddH
2
SO
4
long Mui sunfat + SO
2
+ H
2
O
2
SO muoi sunfat muoi sunfit
m = m + (96 - 80)n (38)
MT S CNG THC KINH NGHIM DNG GII NHANH BI TON HO HC
HOAHOC.ORG NG XUN QUNH 6
VII. OXIT TC DNG VI AXIT TO MUI + H
2
O:
c th xem phn ng l: [O]+ 2[H] H
2
O
2
O/ oxit O/ H O H
1
n = n = n
2
(39)
1. Oxit + ddH
2
SO
4
long Mui sunfat + H
2
O
2 4
oxit H SO muoi sunfat
m = m + 80n (40)
2. Oxit + ddHCl Mui clorua + H
2
O
2
oxit H O oxit HCl muoi clorua
m = m + 55n = m + 27, 5n (41)
3.
VIII. CC PHN NG NHIT LUYN
1. Oxit tc dng vi cht kh
TH 1. Oxit + CO : R
x
O
y
+ yCO xR + yCO
2
(1) R l nhng kim loi sau Al.
Phn ng (1) c th vit gn nh sau: [O]
oxit
+ CO CO
2

TH 2. Oxit + H
2
: R
x
O
y
+ yH
2
xR + yH
2
O

(2) R l nhng kim loi sau Al.
Phn ng (2) c th vit gn nh sau: [O]
oxit
+ H
2
H
2
O
TH 3. Oxit + Al (phn ng nhit nhm) : 3R
x
O
y
+ 2yAl 3xR + yAl
2
O
3
(3)
Phn ng (3) c th vit gn nh sau: 3[O]
oxit
+ 2Al Al
2
O
3

C 3 trng hp c CT chung:
n = n = n = n =n
[O]/oxit CO H CO H O
2 2 2
m = m - m
R oxit [O]/oxit
(42)
2. Th tch kh thu c khi cho hn hp sn phm sau phn ng nhit nhm (Al + Fe
x
O
y
) tc dng vi HNO
3
:
( )
x y
spk
kh Al Fe O
i
n = [3n + 3x - 2y n ]
3
(43)
3. Tnh lng Ag sinh ra khi cho a(mol) Fe vo b(mol) AgNO
3
; ta so snh:
3a>b n
Ag
=b 3a<b n
Ag
=3a (44)

MT S CNG THC KINH NGHIM DNG GII NHANH BI TON HO HC
HOAHOC.ORG NG XUN QUNH 7
HA HU C

1. Tnh s lin kt ca C
x
H
y
O
z
N
t
Cl
m
:
i i
2 + n .(x - 2) 2 + 2x + t - y - m
k = =
2 2
(n: s nguyn t; x: ha tr) (45)
k=0: ch c lk n k=1: 1 lk i = 1 vng k=2: 1 lk ba=2 lk i = 2 vng
2. Da vo phn ng chy:
S C =
2
CO
A
n
n
S H=
2
H O
A
2n
n

2 2
Ankan(Ancol) H O CO
n = n - n
2 2
Ankin CO H O
n = n - n (46)

* Lu : A l C
x
H
y
hoc C
x
H
y
O
z
mch h, khi chy cho:
2 2
CO H O A
n - n = k.n th A c s = (k+1)

3. Tnh s ng phn ca:
- Ancol no, n chc (C
n
H
2n+1
OH): 2
n-2
(1<n<6) (47)
V d : S ng phn ca ancol c cng thc phn t l :
a. C
3
H
8
O = 2
3-2
= 2
b. C
4
H
10
O = 2
4-2
= 4
c. C
5
H
12
O = 2
5-2
= 8
- Anehit n chc, no (C
n
H
2n
O) : 2
n-3
(2<n<7) (48)
V d : S ng phn ca anehit n chc no, mch h c cng thc phn t l :
a. C
4
H
8
O = 2
4-3
= 2
b. C
5
H
10
O = 2
5-3
= 4
c. C
6
H
12
O = 2
6-3
= 8
- Axit no n chc, mch h C
n
H
2n
O
2
2
n 3

(2<n<7) (49)
V d : S ng phn ca axit cacboxylic n chc no, mch h c cng thc phn t l :
a. C
4
H
8
O
2
= 2
4-3
= 2
b. C
5
H
10
O
2
= 2
5-3
= 4
c. C
6
H
12
O
2
= 2
6-3
= 8
- Este no, n chc (C
n
H
2n
O
2
): 2
n-2
(1<n<5) (50)
V d : S ng phn ca este n chc no, mch h c cng thc phn t l :
a. C
2
H
4
O
2
= 2
2-2
= 1 b. C
3
H
6
O
2
= 2
3-2
= 2 c. C
4
H
8
O
2
= 2
4-2
= 4
- Amin n chc, no (C
n
H
2n+3
N): 2
n-1
(1<n<5) (51)
V d : S ng phn ca anin n chc no, mch h c cng thc phn t l :
a. C
2
H
7
N = 2
2-1

= 1 b. C
3
H
9
N = 2
3-1

= 3 c. C
4
H
12
N = 2
4-1

= 6
- Ete n chc, no (C
n
H
2n+2
O):
2
) 2 ).( 1 ( n n
(2<n<5) (52)
V d : S ng phn ca ete n chc no, mch h c cng thc phn t l :
a. C
3
H
8
O =
2
) 2 3 ).( 1 3 (
= 1 b. C
4
H
10
O =
2
) 2 4 ).( 1 4 (
= 3 c. C
5
H
12
O =
2
) 2 5 ).( 1 5 (
= 6
- Xeton n chc, no (C
n
H
2n
O):
2
) 3 ).( 2 ( n n
(3<n<7) (53)
V d : S ng phn ca xeton n chc no, mch h c cng thc phn t l :
a. C
4
H
8
O =
2
) 3 4 ).( 2 4 (
= 1 b. C
5
H
10
O =
2
) 3 5 ).( 2 5 (
= 3 c. C
6
H
12
O =
2
) 3 6 ).( 2 6 (
= 6
4. S Trieste to bi glixerol v n axit bo n
2
(n+1) (54)
V d : un nng hn hp gm glixerol vi 2 axit bo l axit panmitic v axit stearic ( xc tc H
2
SO
4 c
) th thu
c bao nhiu trieste ?
S trieste =
2
) 1 2 ( 2
2
+
= 6
5. Tnh s n peptit ti a to bi x amino axit khc nhau x
n
(55)
V d : C ti a bao nhiu ipeptit, tripeptit thu c t hn hp gm 2 amino axit l glyxin v alanin ?
S ipeptit = 2
2
= 4 S tripeptit = 2
3
= 8
MT S CNG THC KINH NGHIM DNG GII NHANH BI TON HO HC
HOAHOC.ORG NG XUN QUNH 8
6. Tnh s ete to bi n ancol n chc:
2
) 1 ( + n n
(56)
V d : un nng hn hp gm 2 ancol n chc no vi H
2
SO
4 c
140
0
c c hn hp bao nhiu ete ?
S ete =
2
) 1 2 ( 2 +
= 3
7. S nhm este =
NaOH
este
n
n
(57)
8. Amino axit A c CTPT (NH
2
)
x
-R-(COOH)
y

HCl
A
n
x =
n

NaOH
A
n
y =
n
(58)

9. Cng thc tnh s C ca ancol no, ete no hoc ca ankan da vo phn ng chy :
S C ca ancol no hoc ankan =
2 2
2
CO O H
CO
n n
n


( Vi n
H
2
O
> n
CO
2
) (59)
V d 1 : t chy mt lng ancol no n chc A c 15,4 gam CO
2
v 9,45 gam H
2
O . Tm cng thc phn
t ca A ?
S C ca ancol no =
2 2
2
CO O H
CO
n n
n


=
35 , 0 525 , 0
35 , 0

= 2
Vy A c cng thc phn t l C
2
H
6
O
V d 2: t chy hon ton mt lng hirocacbon A thu c 26,4 gam CO
2
v 16,2 gam H
2
O . Tm cng
thc phn t ca A ?
( Vi n
H
2
O
= 0,7 mol > n
CO
2
= 0,6 mol ) => A l ankan
S C ca ankan =
2 2
2
CO O H
CO
n n
n


=
6 , 0 7 , 0
6 , 0

= 6
Vy A c cng thc phn t l C
6
H
14
10. Cng thc tnh khi lng ancol n chc no hoc hn hp ankan n chc notheo khi lng CO
2
v khi
lng H
2
O :

m
ancol
=
2
H O
m
-
11
2
CO
m

(60)
V d : Khi t chy hon ton m gam hn hp hai ancol n chc no, mch h thu c 2,24 lt CO
2
( ktc ) v
7,2 gam H
2
O. Tnh khi lng ca ancol ?
m
ancol
=
2
H O
m
-
11
2
CO
m

= 7,2

-
11
4 , 4

= 6,8
11. Cng thc tnh khi lng amino axit A( cha n nhm -NH
2
v m nhm COOH ) khi cho amino axit ny vo
dung dch cha a mol HCl, sau cho dung dch sau phn ng tc dng va vi b mol NaOH.
m
A
= M
A

m
a b
(61)
V d : Cho m gam glyxin vo dung dch cha 0,3 mol HCl . Dung dch sau phn ng tc dng va vi 0,5
mol NaOH. Tm m ? ( M
glyxin
= 75 )
m = 75
1
3 , 0 5 , 0
= 15 gam
12. Cng thc tnh khi lng amino axit A( cha n nhm -NH
2
v m nhm COOH ) khi cho amino axit ny vo
dung dch cha a mol NaOH, sau cho dung dch sau phn ng tc dng va vi b mol HCl.
m
A
= M
A

n
a b
(62)
V d : Cho m gam alanin vo dung dch cha 0,375 mol NaOH . Dung dch sau phn ng tc dng va vi
0,575 mol HCl . Tm m ? ( M
alanin
= 89 )
m
A
= 89
1
375 , 0 575 , 0
= 17,8 gam
MT S CNG THC KINH NGHIM DNG GII NHANH BI TON HO HC
HOAHOC.ORG NG XUN QUNH 9
13. Cng thc xc nh cng thc phn t ca mt anken da vo phn t khi ca hn hp anken v H
2
trc v
sau khi dn qua bt Ni nung nng.
Anken ( M
1
) + H
2

c t Ni
o
,
A (M
2
) ( phn ng hiro ha anken hon ton )
S n ca anken (C
n
H
2n
) =
) ( 14
) 2 (
1 2
1 2
M M
M M

(63)
V d : Cho X l hn hp gm olefin M v H
2
, c t khi hi so vi H
2
l 5 . Dn X qua bt Ni nung nng
phn ng xy ra hon ton c hn hp hi Y c t khi so vi H
2
l 6,25 .
Xc nh cng thc phn t ca M.
M
1
= 10 v M
2
= 12,5
Ta c : n =
) 10 5 , 12 ( 14
10 ) 2 5 , 12 (

= 3
M c cng thc phn t l C
3
H
6
14. Cng thc xc nh cng thc phn t ca mt ankin da vo phn t khi ca hn hp ankin v H
2
trc v
sau khi dn qua bt Ni nung nng.
Ankin ( M
1
) + H
2

c t Ni
o
,
A (M
2
) ( phn ng hiro ha ankin hon ton )
S n ca ankin (C
n
H
2n-2
) =
) ( 14
) 2 ( 2
1 2
1 2
M M
M M

(64)
15.Cng thc tnh hiu sut phn ng hiro ha anken: H% = 2- 2
My
Mx
(65)
16.Cng thc tnh hiu sut phn ng hiro ha anehit no n chc: H% = 2- 2
My
Mx
(66)
17.Cng thc tnh % ankan A tham gia phn ng tch: %A =
X
A
M
M
- 1 (67)
18.Cng thc xc nh phn t ankan A da vo phn ng tch: M
A
=
X
A
hhX
M
V
V
(68)

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