Lienkethoahoc 7985

S GD v T Tha Thin Hu Trng THPT chuyn Quc Hc
Lin kt ha hc
Nguyn Vit K Long Phm Th Ngc Ha Nguyn Th Khnh Vy Nguyn Vn Vit Vn Nguyn Th Thanh Ha Nguyn Th Phng Tho Mai Trn Phc Lc Nguyn nh Thin Ph
Nhm 4
Lp 10 Ha Nin Kha: 2010 2013 Hu, 10-2010
Lin kt ha hc2
Li ni u
Nhm 4 lp 10 Ha trng THPT chuyn Quc Hc, vi ti tiu lun ca mnh l Lin Kt Ha Hc, chng ti hy vng c th chuyn ti nhng ni dung c bn v ph hp vi kin thc ph thng nng cao v cc mu cht, trng tm c bn ca ni dung ny. Xin c chia tiu lun ny lm 2 phn: L thuyt v bi tp Phn l thuyt bng nhng kin thc ca mnh cng vi vic tham kho mt s ti liu, chng ti mun truyn ti phn ni dung ca Lin Kt Ha Hc mt cch ngn gn, y v d hiu. Nhng phn kin thc trong tiu lun cng c gii hn trong chng trnh chuyn lp 10. Phn bi tp L nhng bi, nhng bi tp m mi thnh vin trong nhm thu thp v ng gp, i cng bi l bi gii. Nhng bi tp ny, theo chng ti nhn xt l khng phi d, nhng cng khng qu kh nu tm hiu l thuyt k cng. Nhm chng ti rt hn hnh nhn c s gp ca thy c v bn c b sung nhng im khuyt hay sa cha nhng nhm ln v sai st. Xin cm n qu thy c v cc bn dnh thi gian theo di tiu lun ny.
Nhm 4 lp 10 Ha, THPT chuyn Quc Hc Nin kha 2010 2013
Nhm 4 lp 10 ha
Ti liu ny c upload bi susu610@yahoo.com, xin vui lng dn ngun khi trch
Lin kt ha hc3
A. Khi qut v lin kt ha hc

Khi nim v lin kt ha hc
Lin kt ha hc l s kt hp gia cc nguyn t to thnh phn t hoc tinh th bn hn
V sao cc nguyn t phi lin kt vi nhau?

i vi cc nguyn t kh him, do cc phn lp bo ha nn cu hnh electron vng bn. Do cc nguyn t c th tn ti c lp tng nguyn t ring bit i vi cc nguyn t khc kh him, do cc phn lp cha bo ha nn cu hnh electron cha bn vng, do cc nguyn t khng th tn ti c lp tng nguyn t ring bit m phi lun lin kt vi nhau to thnh nhng phn t hoc tinh th bn hn
Cc kiu lin kt chnh

C 2 kiu lin kt chnh: Hoc c s chuyn e t nguyn t ny sang nguyn t khc, lc lin kt c hnh thnh l lin kt ion Hoc c s gp chung e, lc lin kt c hnh thnh l lin kt cng ha tr
Quy tc bt t (Octet)
Chng ta u bit iu kin thng, cc nguyn t kh tr (hay kh qu) nh Xe, Ar, Ne,... u rt bn v mt ha hc Ngi ta khng nh c rng s bn vng l do s bo ha electron v ha tr - tc l lp ngoi cng ca nguyn t mi nguyn t . S electron v ha tr bo ha ny l 8 Liuyxo a ra quy tc sau y, thng c gi l quy tc bt t hay octet:
Nhm 4 lp 10 ha
Lin kt ha hc4
Khi to ra thm mt phn t (c t hai nguyn t tr ln) nguyn t thu thm Gilbert Newton Lewis hoc mt bt hoc gp chung electron nguyn t (1875-1946) c 8 electron v ha tr (hay lp ngoi cng) C mt s ngoi l i vi quy tc ny. Sau khi lin kt ha hc hnh thnh m v ha tr ca nguyn t ch c 2e nh Li+, Be2+ Cng c trng hp khi lin kt ha hc c hnh thnh, v ha tr ca cc nguyn t ch c s electron khc 8e v khc 2e. Thc t quy tc ny ch p dng ch yu cho nguyn t chu k II By gi ta xt cc trng hp hnh thnh lin kt ha hc, p dng c quy tc bt t.
Electron ha tr
Electron ha tr hay electron ngoi cng l nhng electron cc orbital ngoi cng v c th tham gia vo cc lin kt ca nguyn t. Electron ha tr cc nguyn t nhm chnh nm lp ngoi cng, trong nguyn t nhm ph (kim loi chuyn tip) electron ha tr c ti lp ngoi cng v lp d k cn. Cc electron ha tr c th hay khng tham gia vo lin kt ca nguyn t, ph thuc vo trng thi ha hc ca nguyn t, khi tham gia chng c gi l electron lin kt. V d, clo trong HCl c 1 electron ha tr tham gia lin kt, nhng HClO4 c 7 electron lin kt.
B. Cc dng lin kt ha hc ch yu
Lin kt ion
1. Ion, s to thnh ion Ion: l nhm nguyn t hoc nguyn t mang in tch V d: NH4+, SO32-, Na+, Cl-,... C th phn loi ion da vo in tch (ion dng v ion m hay cation v anion) hoc da vo s nguyn t c trong ion (ion n nguyn t v ion a phn t)
Nhm 4 lp 10 ha
Lin kt ha hc5
Ion dng: V d: Nguyn t Na c cu hnh e 1s22s22p63s1, c nhiu hn nguyn t Ne (1s22s22p6) mt electron, v vy n d dng nhng 1 e lp ngoi cng. Khi nguyn t Na nhng mt electron, v nguyn t ch cn 10 electron trong khi s proton trong ht nhn vn l 11, nh vy l d ra 1 in tch dng v nguyn t Na khng cn trung ha v in na m bin thnh mt ht mang in, l ion dng (Na+) S tng qut: M Mn+ + ne Gi tn: ion + tn kim loi tng ng. Ion m V d: nguyn t clo c 17e v 17p (1s22s22p63s23p5), t hn nguyn t kh him gn n nht l agon 1 electron (Ar: 1s22s22p63s23p6), do n d dng nhn thm 1 e cho 8 electron ngoi cng ng vi cu hnh ns2np6. Khi nhn thm e, s e v tng ln 18 trong khi s p trong nhn vn l 17. Nh vy l d ra 1 in tch m. Nguyn t clo khng cn trung ha v in na m bin thnh mt ht mang in m, l ion m clorua (Cl-) S tng qut: X + me XmGi tn: ion + gc axit tng ng 2. S to thnh lin kt ion c 8e lp v ha tr, nguyn t kim loi mt s e ha tr vn c tr thnh cation, nguyn t phi kim thu hay nhn thm e tr thnh anion. Khi hai ion tch in tri du ht nhau (bng lc ht tnh in) to ra hp cht lin lt ion. V d: xt s to thnh lin kt trong NaCl khi t Na trong Cl2
-
S to thnh ion: Na Na+ + 1e Cl + 1e ClLc ny gia Na+ v Cl- c lc ht to thnh lien kt ion NaCl (ng vi NaCl) Na+ + Cl- NaCl (NaCl) Lc ht Lin kt ion
Nhm 4 lp 10 ha
Lin kt ha hc6
S Li-ut (Lewis)
Na + Cl [Na]+ [ Cl ]Na Cl
PTPU: 2Na + Cl2 2NaCl Ta c kt lun: Electron chuyn t nguyn t kim loi sang nguyn t phi kim to thnh cc ion tch in tri du, cc ion ny ht nhau to thnh hp cht ion nh ngha: Lin kt ion l lin kt ha hc c hnh thnh nh lc ht tnh in gia cc ion tri du Lc hiu m in X 1,7
3. S phn cc ion:
nh ngha: S phn cc ion l s chuyn dch m my e ngoi cng so vi ht nhn ca mt ion di tc dng ca in trng ca ion khc.
Hnh 4.10. S phn cc ion Do s phn cc ion ny m cc m my ca cation v anion khng hon ton tch ri nhau m che ph nhau mt phn Khng c lin kt ion 100%. Trong lin kt ion c mt phn lin kt cng ha tr.
4. Cc yu t nh hng n s to thnh lin kt ion
C 3 yu t: - Nng lng ion ha - i lc electron - Nng lng ca mng li tinh th

a) Nng lng ion ha
Nguyn t c nng lng ion ha cng nh cng d tch electron v tr thnh ion dng (cation) V d: Nng lng ion ha th nht ca nguyn t Na, Li, Be ln lt l 496 kJ/mol, 500 kJ/mol, 900 kJ/mol. Theo th nguyn t Na d bin thnh ion dng hn nguyn t Li v nguyn t Li d bin thnh ion dng hon nguyn t Be
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Lin kt ha hc7
b) i lc electron Trong qu trnh cho nhn electron gia cc nguyn t cn c s ta nhit. Nng lng ta ra gi l i lc electron. nh ngha: i lc electron l nng lng ta ra khi mt nguyn t kt hp vi electron tr thanh ion m. Ai lc electron ca mt nguyn t cng ln th nguyn t cng d nhn electron tr thnh on m. V d: i lc electron ca cc nguyn t Cl, Br, I ln lt l 389 kJ/mol, 342 kJ/mol, 295 kJ/mol. Theo cc s liu trn th clo d bin thnh ion m hn brom v brom d bin thnh ion m hn iot c) Nng lng mng li Khi cc ion c to thnh, chng ht nhau bng lc ht tnh in to thnh hp cht. Qu trnh ny ta ra mt lng nhit ln. Nng lng ta ra khi cc io kt hp vi nhau to thnh mng li tinh th c gi l nng lng mng li. Nng lng mng li cng ln th tinh th to thnh cng bn. 5. bn ca hp cht ion
Mun xt xem cc ion ngc du ht nhau mnh yu ti mc no, ngi ta a ra mt i lng gi l nng lng phn li (k hiu l Epl) ca mt cp ion nh ngha: nng lng phn li l nng lng cn thit ph hy tinh th ion to thnh cc ion t do |Emng li|=|Ephn li|
Nng lng phn li t l thun vi in tch ca cc ion: in tch ca cc ion cng ln, chng ht nhau cng mng nn nng lng cn thit ph hy tinh th ion cng ln. Do nng lng phn li cng ln. Nng lng phn li t l nghch vi kch thc ion: Kch thc ion cng ln th chng ht nhau cng yu. 6. Ha tr ca cc nguyn t Ha tr ca mt nguyn t trong hp cht ion (gi tt l in ha tr) bng in tch ca ion
Nhm 4 lp 10 ha
Lin kt ha hc8
V d 1: NaCl in ha tr ca Na l 1+, ca Cl l 1V d 2: BaO in ha tr ca Ba l 2+, ca O l 2-
Lin kt cng ha tr
I. S to thnh lin kt cng ha tr bng cp electron chung 1. i vi cc n cht V d 1: H2
H + H H H H H
Gp chung e
1 cp e chung
Nh s gp chung 1 electron nn trong phn t H2, mi nguyn t H tr nn c 2 electron, t cu hnh electron ca He V d 2: Cl2
Cl + Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl
Gp chung e V d 3: N2
N + N
1 cp e chung
N N
C 3 cp e chung 2. i vi hp cht V d 1: HCl

H + Cl H Cl H Cl
Mi nguyn t hidro v mi nguyn t clo gp 1e to thnh mt cp electron chung. Trong phn t HCl, mi nguyn t u c cu hnh electron ca kh him V d 2: CH4
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Lin kt ha hc9
H + + C + H H + H
H H C H H
H H C H H
nh ngha: Lin kt cng ha tr l lin kt gia hai nguyn t bng mt hoc nhiu electron chung m cp electron chung ny l do s gp chung ca hai nguyn t tham gia lin kt.
II. Tnh cht ca lin kt cng ha tr

1. Bc ca lin kt
nh ngha: Bc ca lin kt l s cp e gp chung bi hai nguyn t trong mt phn t

a. Bc mt (cn gi l lin kt n)
Lin kt c bc mt khi ch c mt lin kt gia hai nguyn t V d: HH, HCl,

H H C H H
b. Bc hai Lin kt c bc hai khi c hai cp electron chung gia hai nguyn t V d:
C O C C
(CO2) (C2H4)
c. Bc ba (cn gi l lin kt ba) Lin kt c bc ba khi c 3 cp electron chung gia hai nguyn t V d:
N N C C
(N2) (C2H2)
2. di lin kt
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Lin kt ha hc10
di lin kt l khong cch gia cc ht nhn ca hai nguyn t lin kt vi nhau Cc yu t nh hng n di lin kt - Kch thc nguyn t: Kch thc nguyn t cng ln, di lin kt cng ln - Bc ca lin kt: Bc ca lin kt cng thp, di lin kt cng ln
3. Gc lin kt L gc to bi hai na ng thng xut pht t ht nhn ca mt nguyn t v i qua ht nhn ca hai nguyn t khc lin kt trc tip vi hai nguyn t trn. V d: Trong phn t nc, gc lin kt HOH=104o28
4. Nng lng lin kt (K hiu: Elk)
nh ngha: Nng lng lin kt l l nng lng ta ra khi to thnh mt lin kt ha hc t nhng nguyn t c lp, thng c tnh bng kJ/mol lin kt V d: i vi qu trnh to thnh HCl t H2 v Cl2, nng lng ta ra l 431 kJ/mol. l nng lng lin kt HCl Nng lng phn li, k hiu l D, l nng lng cn thit ph v mt lin kt ha hc, tch phn t thnh cc nguyn t. V d: i vi qu trnh HCl H + Cl Nng lng cn cung cp l 431 kJ/mol. l nng lng phn li lin kt HCl Nh vy nng lng lin kt bng nng lng phn li nhng tri du III. Lin kt cng ha tr phn cc v khng phn cc 1. Lin kt cng ha tr khng phn cc Lin kt cng ha tr khng phn cc l lin kt cng ha tr m cp e chung phn b ng u gia hai nguyn t tham gia lin kt Lc hiu m in 0 X 0,4 V d: H2, Cl2, O2, N2 2. Lin kt cng ha tr phn cc
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Lin kt ha hc11
Lin kt cng ha tr phn cc l lin kt cng ha tr m cp e chung b lch v pha nguyn t c m in ln hn Lc hiu m in: 0,4 X 1,7 V d: Trong phn t HCl c X=0,96, v clo c m in ln hn ca hidro nn cp electron chung s b lch v pha clo Lin kt trong clo l lin kt c cc, mt u l cc m, mt u l cc dng. Ngi ta k hiu: (c l en ta) + ch mt phn in tch dng; - ch mt phn in tch m
3. Lin kt cho nhn
V d 1: O3
(1) O O (2) O (3) O O O
Gia (1) v (2) gp chung e hnh thnh cp e chung, ng vi 2 lin kt cng ha tr. Mt trong hai nguyen t oxi ny (1 hoc 2) a mt cp e cho (3) dng chung, ng vi s hnh thnh lin kt cho nhn (hay lin kt phi t), biu din bng mt mi tn. nh ngha: Lin kt cho nhn l lin kt gia hai nguyn t bng mt hoc nhiu cp e chung ny l do mt nguyn t ng gp. Vi d 2: SO2 Hng 1: S trng thi c bn 1s22s22p63s23p43d0
S O O S O O
Hng 2: S trng thi kch thch (S*: 1s22s22p63s23p33d1)

S O S O O O
Gia S v O hnh thnh 2 cp e chung IV.Lin kt cng ha tr v s xen ph obitan

Nhm 4 lp 10 ha
Lin kt ha hc12
V d 1: H2
Hai nguyn t hidro tham gia lin kt: Gia hai hidro xut hin lc y gia hai ht nhn vi nhau v gia hai e vi nhau, ng thi cn c lc ht gia ht nhn vi electron. Khi lc y v lc ht cn bng, lin kt c hnh thnh, cp e chung tp trung hai vng xen ph v ti electron chu lc ht mnh nht ca c hai ht nhn
Hai electron tham gia gp chung hnh thnh lin kt phi c spin i song V d 2: Cl2
V. Momen lng cc 1. Khng c ranh gii r rng gia lin kt cng ha tr v lin kt ion Cl2
Cl Cl
HCl
H Cl
LiCl LiCl
Lin kt cng ha tr khng phn cc (in Lin kt cng ha tr Lin kt ion cc m v dng phn cc (lng cc) trng nhau) Suy ra lin kt cng ha tr phn cc l s chuyn tip gia lin kt cng ha tr khng phn cc v lin kt ion Tuy nhin
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Lin kt ha hc13
Lin kt cng ha tr thun ty xut hin phn t n cht
Lin kt ion thun ty xut hin mt s tinh th ion Cn thng thng trong lin kt cng ha tr s c mt phn tnh cht ca lin kt ion v ngc li 2. Momem lng cc (k hiu: , n v: D (c l bai/de-bye) biu th cho s phn cc ca lin kt v ca phn t
Gi tr momem cng ln, phn t cng phn cc (=0, phn t khng phn cc) phn t bng tng hnh hc cc ca cc lin kt trong phn t V d 1: CO2
1= 2 (nhng ngc hng) phn t CO2=0 Vy phn t CO2 khng phn cc V d 2: H2O Gc lin kt HOH=104,5o, di lin kt gia O v H l dOH=d Xc nh khong cch gia hai nguyn t H theo d v H2O theo 1 v 2 Gii: Khong cch gia hai nguyn t:
104,5o a / 2 104,5o sin = a = 2 d sin 2 d 2

Xc nh H2O
H2O = 12 + 22 2 1 2 cos104,5o
T suy ra tnh cht ion hay cng ha tr ca lin kt
n' =
thucnghiem 4,8d
Trong d l di lin kt, n l in tch hiu dng, n<1 v n cho bit % tnh cht ion ca lin kt
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Lin kt ha hc14
V d 3: n=0,3=30%, vy lin kt c 30% tnh cht ion v 70% tnh cht cng ha tr Kt lun: Lin kt tri tnh cng ha tr hn
VI.Ha tr ca cc nguyn t Ha tr ca mt nguyn t trong phn t cng ha tr bng s lin kt m nguyn t c th to thnh vi cc nguyn t khc V d: HNO3
H O N O O
Cng ha tr ca O l 1 v 2, N l 4
Lin kt kim loi

1. Cc tnh cht ca kim loi:
Khng trong sut C nh kim Dn nhit, dn in tt Do 2. Cu to kim loi v lin kt kim loi
Hnh 4.11. Mng tinh th kim loi Mng tinh th kim loi c to thnh t:
Nhm 4 lp 10 ha
Lin kt ha hc15
Nhng ion dng nt mng tinh th
o Cc e ha tr t do chuyn ng hn lon trong ton b tinh th kim loi kh e Lin kt c tnh khng nh ch rt cao (lin kt rt nhiu tm):
Hnh 4.11. Kh electron trong kim loi
Cc mi lin kt yu
I. Tng tc yu Vanderwaals (Van ec van) nh ngha: tng tc yu van der waals l lc ht tnh in gia cc phn t do s phn cc tam thi trong phn t Phn loi Lc nh hng: xut hin trong cc phn t c cc nh dn xut halogen Lc khuch tn: cc phn t khng cc Lc ht van der waals cng thuc loi lc tng tc yu, nh hng dn nhit si tng t nh lc H c lin kt van der waals th nhit si cao hn. II. Lin kt Hidro V d: H2O c CTCT
Lin kt OH phn cc, phn t H2O l phn t phn cc Gia cc phn t H2O xut hin tng tc tnh in
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Lin kt ha hc16
O H H O H H
Vy lin kt hidro c hnh thnh bng lc ht tnh in gia H (mang mt phn +) ca phn t ny vi X (mang mt phn -) ca phn t kia, vi X c m in cao nh F, O, Cl, N, ...)
iu kin xut hin lin kt hidro gia cc phn t - Phi c H lin kt vi nguyn t X (O, F, Cl, N) - X phi cn cp e khng lin kt
V d: Biu din lin kt hidro trong ancol etylic

O H O H C 2H 5
C 2H 5
nh hng ca lin kt hidro: - Lm nhit si, nhit nng chy tng cao - Cht c th hnh thnh lin kt hidro vi nc th tan d trong nc
C. Cc l thuyt v lin kt
I.
Thuyt VB (Thuyt lin kt ha tr) phn trn ta xt lin kt cng ha tr theo quan nim ca thuyt lin kt ha tr (thng gi tt l thuyt VB). Mt trong nhng lun im c bn ca thuyt VB l: Mi lin kt ha hc gia hai nguyn t c m bo bi mt i e c spin i song do hai nguyn t gp chung. Da vo quan nim ny, Heiler- London gii thch c mt cch nh lng lin kt ha hc trong phn t hidro. S thnh cng cng l mt thnh tu ln ca ha hc vo nhng nm 20 ca th k ny Tuy nhin khi m rng vic p dng kt qu gii thch lin kt ha hc trong cc h khc th kt qu khng ph hp. Chng hn phn t H2O, thc nghim o c gc lin kt HOH bng 104,5o. Nu gi thit rng trong H2O, nguyn t oxi a ra hai obitan p xen ph vi hai obitan 1s ca
Nhm 4 lp 10 ha
Lin kt ha hc17
hai nguyn t hidro th gc lin kt phi l 90o. R rng s gii thch khng ph hp vi thc nghim. Nguyn nhn c th l ch: Kt qu thu c vi H2 l kt qu ca mt trng hp n gin nht, v H c cu hnh e l 1s1, trong H2 c s xen ph 2AO 1s to lin kt. Trng hp H2O th O c 2AO 2p khc xa v nhiu mt vi AO 1s. p dng c thuyt VB cho cc h khc H2, c cc lun im hay thuyt c b sung vo thuyt VB. Thuyt lai ha l mt trong s cc thuyt b sung Lin kt sigma () v lin kt pi () Lin kt sigma l lin kt ha hc c hnh thnh do s xen ph trc, do hai nguyn t hai u lin kt c th quay quanh trc mt cch t do. Lin kt ny rt bn nn rt kh xy ra cc phn ng phn ct lin kt sigma (tr trng hp nhit rt cao). Gia hai nguyn t ch c ti a mt lin kt sigma. Nu xut hin thm mt lin kt th l lin kt pi (hay lin kt bi). - S phn cc ca lin kt sigma Khi hai nguyn t ng nht lin kt vi nhau bng lin kt sigma th khng xy ra s phn cc. Vd: H-H;Cl-Cl. - Tri li, khi 2 nguyn t khng ng nht vi nhau m lin kt vi nhau bng lin kt sigma th s xy ra s phn cc v pha nguyn t ca nguyn t no c s m in ln hn. Lm xut hin mt u mang in tch m (sigma -), v mt u mang in tch dng( sigma +). Trong ha hc, lin kt pi (hay lin kt ) l lin kt cng ha tr c to nn khi hai thy ca mt electron orbital tham gia xen ph vi hai thy ca electron orbital khc tham gia lin kt (s xen ph nh th ny c gi l s xen ph bn ca cc orbital). Ch mt trong nhng mt phng nt ca orbital i qua c hai ht nhn tham gia lin kt. K t Hy Lp trong tn ca lin kt ny m ch cc orbital p, v s i xng orbital trong cc lin kt pi cng l s i xng ca cc orbital khi xt dc theo trc lin kt. Cc orbital p thng tham gia vo loi lin kt ny. Tuy nhin, cc orbital d cng c th thc hin lin kt p. Cc lin kt pi thng yu hn cc lin kt sigma do s phn b electron (mang in m) tp trung xa ht nhn nguyn t (tch in dng), vic ny i hi nhiu nng lng hn. T gc nhn ca c hc lng t, tnh
Nhm 4 lp 10 ha
Lin kt ha hc18
cht yu ca lin kt ny c th c gii thch bng s xen ph vi mt mc t hn gia cc orbital-p bi nh hng song song ca chng. Mc d bn thn lin kt pi yu hn mt lin kt sigma, song lin kt pi l thnh phn cu to nn cc lin kt bi, cng vi lin kt sigma. S kt hp gia lin kt pi v sigma mnh hn bt k bn thn mt lin kt no trong hai lin kt y. Sc mnh c gia tng ca mt lin kt bi khi em so vi mt lin kt n (lin kt sigma) c th c biu th bng nhiu cch, nhng r rt nht l bi s co di ca cc lin kt. V d: trong ha hc hu c, di ca lin kt carbon-carbon ca ethane l 154 pm, ethylene l 133 pm v acetylene l 120 pm. Ngoi mt lin kt sigma, mt i nguyn t lin kt qua lin kt i v lin kt ba ln lt c mt hoc hai lin kt pi. Cc lin kt pi l kt qu ca s xen ph cc orbital nguyn t vi hai vng xen ph. Cc lin kt pi thng l nhng lin kt tri di trong khng gian hn cc lin kt sigma. Cc electron trong cc lin kt pi thng c gi l cc electron pi. Cc mng phn t lin kt bi mt lin kt pi khng th xoay quanh lin kt ca chng m khng lm gy lin kt pi y, do vic lm ny ph hy nh hng song song ca cc orbital p cu thnh. II. S lai ha S lai ha cc obitan nguyn t l s t hp mt s cc obitan trong nguyn t c chng y obitan lai ha ging nhau nhng nh hng khc nhau trong khng gian. V d: Trong phn t CH4, khi nguyn t cacbon (C) tham gia lin kt vi bn nguyn t H to thnh phn t CH4 th obitan 2s trn ln vi ba obitan 2p to thnh bn obitan mi ging ht nhau gi l bn obitan lai ha sp3. Bn obitan lai ha sp3 xen ph vi bn obitan 1s ca bn nguyn t H to thnh bn lin kt C - H ging nhau. Nguyn nhn ca s lai ho l cc obitan ha tr cc phn lp khc nhau c nng lng v hnh dng khc nhau cn phi ng nht to c lin kt bn vi cc nguyn t khc. Lai ha gia obitan 2s v obitan 2p Khi obitan 2s ca nguyn t cacbon t hp vi 1 hoc nhiu obitan 2p th s xy ra ba trng hp sau: Obitan 2s + 1 Obitan 2p 2 Obitan lai ha sp + 2 Obitan 2p cn li
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Lin kt ha hc19
Obitan 2s + 2 Qbitan 2p 3 Obitan lai ha sp2 + 1 Obitan 2p cn li Obitan 2s + 3 Obitan 2p 4 Obitan lai ha sp3 Obitan lai ha s c dng trong lin kt sigma vi nguyn t khc, cc obitan cn li c dng cho lin kt pi. Obitan lai ha sp thng c dng lin kt vi 2 nguyn t hoc nhm nguyn t, obitan lai ha sp2 thng lin kt vi 3 v obitan lai ha sp3 thng lin kt vi 4 nguyn t hoc nhm nguyn t. Lai ha sp3
4 obitan lai ha sp3 Lai ha sp3 l s t hp 1 obitan s vi 3 obitan p ca mt nguyn t tham gia lin kt to thnh 4 obitan lai ha sp3 nh hng t tm n 4 nh ca hnh t gic u, cc trc i xng ca chng to vi nhau mt gc 109.5 Lai ha sp3 c gp cc nguyn t O, N, C trong cc phn t H2O, NH3, CH4 v cc ankan. V d: phn t metan CH4 Cu hnh electron ca nguyn t C trng thi kch thch:
Obitan 2s lai ha vi 3 obitan 2p to thnh 4 obitan lai ha sp3
4 obitan lai ha sp3 xen ph vi obitan 1s ca nguyn t hyro to thnh 4 lin kt sigma.
Nhm 4 lp 10 ha
Lin kt ha hc20
chuyn thnh Gc lin kt trong phn t CH4 l 10928" Lai ha sp2
3 obitan lai ha sp2
M hnh phn t C2H4 Lai ha sp2 l s t hp 1 obitan s vi 2 obitan p ca mt nguyn t tham gia lin kt to thnh 3 obitan lai ha sp2 nm trong mt mt phng, nh hng t tm n nh ca tam gic u. Gc lin kt l 120. Lai ha sp2 c gp trong cc phn t BF3, C2H4... V d: phn t etilen C2H4: Cu hnh electron ca nguyn t C trng thi kch thch:
Nhm 4 lp 10 ha
Lin kt ha hc21
Obitan 2s lai ha vi 2 obitan 2p to thnh 3 obitan lai ha sp2
Ba obitan lai ha sp2 to 1 lin kt sigma gia hai nguyn t cacbon v 2 lin kt sigma vi hai nguyn t hyro. Mi nguyn t cacbon cn 1 obitan p khng tham gia lai ha s xen ph bn vi nhau to lin kt pi. Lai ha sp
M hnh phn t C2H2 Lai ha sp l s t hp 1 obitan s vi 1 obitan p ca mt nguyn t tham gia lin kt to thnh 2 obitan lai ha sp nm thng hng vi nhau hng v 2 pha, i xng nhau. Gc lin kt l 180. Lai ha sp c gp trong cc phn t BeH2, C2H2, BeCl2... V d: phn t C2H2 Cu hnh electron ca nguyn t C trng thi kch thch:
Obitan 2s lai ha vi 1 obitan 2p to thnh 2 obitan lai ha sp
Hai obitan lai ha sp to 1 lin kt sigma gia hai nguyn t cacbon v 1 lin kt sigma vi 2 nguyn t hyro. Hai obitan p cn li xen ph bn vi nhau tng i mt to ra 2 lin kt pi. Ngoi 3 kiu lai ha thng gp trn, cn c mt s dng lai ha thng gp nh sp3d, sp3d2 Lai ha sp3d (lai ha lng thp tam gic) 1 obtian s + 3 obitan p + 1 obitan d 5 obitan lai ha hng v 5 nh ca mt t din u, gc lai ha: 120o (to bi trc ca cc obitan lai ha nm ngang), 90o (to bi obitan lai ha trc) V d: PCl5: P: 1s22s22p63s23p33d0 C*: 1s22s22p63s13p33d1
Nhm 4 lp 10 ha
Lin kt ha hc22
Lai ha sp3d2 1 obitan s + 3 obitan p + 2 obitan d 6 obitan lai ha hng v 6 nh ca hnh bt din u, gc lai ha: 90o V d: SF6 S: 1s22s22p63s23p4 S*: 1s22s22p63s13p33d2
Nhm 4 lp 10 ha
Lin kt ha hc23
Cc kiu lai ha v cu hnh khng gian phn t cng gc lin kt Xen ph trc, xen ph bn - Xen ph trc xy ra gia hai obitan c trc trng nhau to thnh lin kt bn (lien kt sigma) - Xen ph bn xy ra gia hai obitan c trc song song vi nau to thnh lin kt pi km bn hn (d b ph v trong cc phn ng ha hc)
Nhm 4 lp 10 ha
Lin kt ha hc24
a), b) Xen ph trc c) Xen ph bn
III. M Hnh s y gia cc i electron v ha tr hay m hnh VSEPR
- Cng thc phn t ca mt cht ch cho ta bit s nguyn t trong phn t m khng cho bit c hnh dng ho hc ca phn t, ngha l cha bit c mt s tnh cht suy ra trc tip t cc c trng hnh hc ca phn t. V d cc phn t H20 v H2S c dng gc nn trng thi lng, chng l nhng dung mi tuyt vi i vi cc cht ion trong khi cc cht tng t chng nh C02 hay CS2 c dng thng v ch dng lm dung mi cho cc phn t cng ho tr. Trong thc t bit s m nguyn t X kt hp vi nguyn t trung tm A cha xc nh cu trc phn t AXm v chnh s electron ho tr tng cng N.e mi ng vai tr quyt nh. - Xut pht t tng cc cp electron ho tr ca mt nguyn t lun y ln nhau, R.J.Gillespie a ra quy tc tin on s nh hng cc lin kt xung quanh mt nguyn t trung tm ca phn t hoc ion gi l "thuyt s y cc cp electron ca nhng lp ho tr", vit tt l VSEPR (t Ting Anh: Valence Shell Electronic Pair Repusions). - Ni dung: Mi cp electron lin kt v khng lin k t (cp electron t do) ca lp ngoi u c tr thng k cng mt khong cch n ht nhn, trn b mt qu cu m ht nhn nm tm. Cc electron tng ng s v tr xa nhau nht lc y ca chng gim n cc tiu. - M hnh VSEPR: Xt phn t AXmEn trong nguyn t X lin k t v i nguyn t trung tm A b ng nh ng lin k t v n cp electron khng lin kt hay cp electron t do E. Khi tng m + n xc nh dng hnh hc
Nhm 4 lp 10 ha
Lin kt ha hc25
ca phn t : m + n = 2 phn t thng m + n = 3 phn t phng tam gic m + n = 4 phn t t din m + n = 5 phn t thp i y tam gic (lng thp tam gic) m + n = 6 phn t thp i y vung (bt din) m + n = 7 phn t thp i y ng gic
Nhm 4 lp 10 ha
Lin kt ha hc26
IV. M hnh lin kt b un cong
C s xy dng m hnh ny l cng nhn C c ha tr 4; s nh hng cc ha tr ny to ra t din u m tm l nguyn t C c xt; (tc C c lai ha sp3) p dng c s ny i vi cc lin kt trong cc phn t ankan thu c kt qu hin nhin ph hp thc nghim. i vi cc phn t c lin kt bi (kp), cn a vo khi nim lin kt b un cong. Cn lu l mi ha tr nh hng ni trn ca C tng ng nh mt AO. to ra lin kt gia hai nguyn t C trong C2H4, mi nguyn t C dng 2 trong 4 ha tr nh hng t din to 2 lin kt vi 2H. Mi C cn li 2 ha
Nhm 4 lp 10 ha
Lin kt ha hc27
tr (tc 2AO); cc AO ny b bin i to ra 2 lin kt b un cong gia 2 nguyn t C (xem hnh A di y).
A M hnh lin kt b un cong A Trong phn t C2H4 B Trong phn t C2H2
C s tng ng gia cc m hnh cp trn. Hnh sau y minh ha kt lun .
Minh ha s tng ng gia hai m hnh a) M hnh lai ha m t lin kt trong C2H4 b) M hnh lin kt b un cong cng xt vi C2H4 V. Thuyt Obitan phn t (Thuyt MO) a. Ni dung c bn ca phng php MO: Theo thuyt MO th phn t phi c xem l mt ht thng nht bao gm cc ht nhn v cc e ca cc nguyn t tng tc. Trong mi electron s chuyn ng trong in trng do cc ht nhn v cc electron cn li gy ra. Tng t nh trong nguyn t, trng thi ca electron trong phn t c xc nh bng cc MO. Mi mt MO cng c xc nh bng t hp cc s lng t c trng cho nng lng, hnh dngca orbital.
Nhm 4 lp 10 ha
Lin kt ha hc28
l AO trong nguyn t MO trong phn t
0 s
1 p
2 d
3 f
Cc MO khc nhau bi s phn b mt electron tng i so vi trc lin nhn:

o o
- dc theo trc lin nhn - nm hai bn trc lin nhn
Cc MO c hnh thnh do s t hp tuyn tnh (cng hay tr) cc AO (tc l s xen ph) S t hp cng cc AO s to thnh cc MO lin kt ( , ) c nng lng nh hn nng lng ca cc AO tham gia t hp ban u.
o
S t hp tr cc AO s to thnh cc MO phn lin kt ( * , * ) c nng lng ln hn nng lng ca cc AO tham gia t hp ban u.
o
MO khng lin kt ( 0, 0 ) do cc AO chuyn nguyn vn m thnh. Cc MO ny khng nh hng ti lin kt. Nng lng ca cc MO khng lin kt bng nng lng ca cc AO to thnh n.
o
Nhm 4 lp 10 ha
Lin kt ha hc29
Hnh 4.6. T hp cc AO to MO o S MO to thnh bng tng s AO tham gia t hp S to thnh cc MO t cc AO c th biu din bng gin nng lng iu kin ca cc AO tham gia t hp c hiu qu: o o
o
Cc AO tham gia t hp phi c mc nng lng bng hoc gn bng nhau . Cc AO phi c mt electron ln. Cc AO phi c cng tnh i xng i vi trc ni ht nhn .
S phn b e trn cc MO cng tng t nh trong nguyn t a e, tun theo cc nguyn l vng bn, ngoi tr Pauli v quy tc Hund. b. Cc c trng lin kt: Lin kt c quyt nh bi cc e lin kt (e nm trn cc MO lin kt) m khng b trit tiu. C mt cp e lin kt b trit tiu bi mt cp e phn lin kt tng ng Mt bc lin kt ng vi mt cp e lin kt khng b trit tiu Bc lin kt (tnh cho lin kt 2 tm):
BLK =
lk
Bc lin kt tng th nng lng lin kt tng v di lin kt gim. Sau khi phn b e vo cc MO m vn cn cc e c thn th phn t c tnh thun t (paramagnetic, c t tnh), ngc li tt c e u ghp i th nghch t (diamagnetic, khng c t tnh). => Tm li, vic m t cu trc phn t gm cc bc: o o o o Bc 1: Xt s to thnh MO t cc AO Bc 2: Sp xp cc MO to thnh theo th t nng lng tng dn Bc 3: Xp cc e vo cc MO Bc 4: Xt cc c trng lin kt: bc lin kt, t tnh.
Nhm 4 lp 10 ha
Lin kt ha hc30
b.p dng phng php MO Cc phn t hai nguyn t ca nhng nguyn t chu k I
Hnh 4.7. MO cc phn t ca nguyn t chu k I
Cc phn t hai nguyn t ca nhng nguyn t chu k II:C 2 trng hp:

o
Cc phn t ca nguyn t u chu k (t Li2 N2): Do c bn knh nguyn t ln nn c xo trn nng lng do tng tc y gia cc cp MO: (2s 2s*) <=> (x x*).
Nhm 4 lp 10 ha
Lin kt ha hc31
Hnh 4.8. Mc nng lng cc MO phn t 2 nguyn t chu k II
Nhm 4 lp 10 ha
Lin kt ha hc32
Phn t, ion Tng s e ha tr

X
Y , Z
Li2 2 1 2,67 105 nghch t
Be2 4 0
B2 6
C2 8 2 1,24 599
N2 10 3 1,10 940
+ N2
11
Y , Z
S
1 1,59 289
Bc lin kt di lin kt () Nng lng lk (kJ/mol) T tnh
2,5 1,12 828
thun t nghch t nghch t thun t
Nhm 4 lp 10 ha
Lin kt ha hc33
Cc phn t ca nguyn t cui chu k (O2 Ne2): Do bn knh nguyn t nh nn khng c xo trn nng lng.
TD: *O2( e = 16 , khng xo trn nng lng)(chn trc x l trc lin nhn) : 1s2 1s*2 2s2 2s*2 x2 (y2z2)(y*1 z*1) . BLK = (10-6) = 2; c 2e c thn: thun t. *N2( e = 14 , xo trn nng lng)(chn trc x l trc lin nhn) : 1s2 1s*2 2s2 2s*2 (y2z2) x2. BLK = (10-4) = 3. Tt c e ghp i: nghch t. Phn t, ion Tng s e
x
+ O2
O2
O2
F2
F2
N 2 e
15
16
17
18
19
20
, z y
y , z
x
s
Nhm 4 lp 10 ha
Lin kt ha hc34
2,5 1,12 629
2 1,21 494
1,5 1,26 328
1 1,41 154
0,5
thun t thun t thun t nghch t thun t
Cc phn t hai nguyn t khc loi ca nhng nguyn t chu k II: Cc MO to thnh tng t trng hp phn t 2 nguyn t cng loi chu k II. Ch cn c mt nguyn t c bn knh ln (Li N) th phn t c xo trn nng lng. *Ch : N2 ; CO ; CN- ; NO+ c cng thc e phn t ging ht nhau. Phn t, ion Tng s e
x
N2 14 3 1,10
CO 14 3 1,13
CN 14 3 1,14
NO+ 14 3 1,06
,z y
x
y ,z
s
s
940 nghch t
1073 nghch t
1004 nghch t
1051 nghch t
Nhm 4 lp 10 ha
Lin kt ha hc35
Hnh 4.9. MO mt s hp cht khc
D. Tinh th
V mt cu to c th chia cc cht rn thnh hai nhm ln: cc cht tinh th v cc cht v nh hnh Hn 95% ton b cht rn u l tinh th. Thch anh trong sut v graphit mu en, hot thch mm v kim cng siu cng, nhng ht ng, ht mui v nhng nh thch, nham thch, kim loi v qu, ... u l nhng tinh th c im ni bt ca cc vt rn tinh th l cc ht (ion, nguyn t, phn t) to nn tinh th c sp xp u n, tun hon theo mt trt t xc nh trong khng gian gi l mng tinh th
Nhm 4 lp 10 ha
Lin kt ha hc36
Hn na, cc vt rn tinh th c nhit nng chy hon ton xc nh. Cc vt rng v nh hnh ta thng gp l thy tinh, cao su, nha, ... Trong cht v nh hnh, cc ion, nguyn t, phn t to nn cht c sp xp mt cch hn n. Cc cht v nh hnh khng c nhit nng chy xc nh. Khi un nng n mm ra, nho dn ri ha lng Tht ra, khng c ranh gii r rt gia cht rn tinh th v cht rn v nh hnh: trong nhng iu kin thch hp, mt cht c th tn ti trng thi tinh th hay trng thi v nh hnh. C th quy cc tinh th thnh 4 loi ty theo kiu lin kt gia cc ht trong tinh th.
I. Tinh th nguyn t Tinh th c to nn bi cc nguyn t nm cc nt ca mng tinh th, lin kt vi nhau bng lin kt cng ha tr Ta ly tinh th kim cng lm v d. Tinh th kim cng to nn t cc nguyn t cacbon. Nguyn t cacbon c 4 electron ngoi cng.Trong tinh th kim cng, mi nguyn t cacbon lin kt vi bn nguyn t cacbon ln cn gn nht bng bn cp electron chung. Cc nguyn t cacbon ny nm trn bn nh ca mt t din u (lai ha sp3). Mi nguyn t cacbon nh li lien kt vi 4 nguyn t cacbon khc,... Lc lin kt cng ha tr rt ln, v vy cc tinh th nguyn t u bn vng, kh cng, kh nng chy, kh bay hi. Kim cng, silic, gemani, silic cacbua (SiC),... l nhng tinh th nguyn t, kim cng c cng ln nht so vi cc cht khc. Than ch (graphit) Kim cng v than ch u c cu to nn t nhng nguyn t cacbon. Tinh th kim cng c cu trc nh xt trn, tinh th than ch c cu trc lp.
Nhm 4 lp 10 ha
Lin kt ha hc37
Cu trc tinh th than ch Trong mi lp, cc nguyn t cacbon lin kt vi nhau bng lin kt cng ha tr theo kiu sp2 (gc lin kt CCC bng 120o). Lin kt trong mi lp rt bn vng. Tuy nhin lin kt gia cc lp li rt yu lm cho cc lp c th trt ln nhau, do m than ch mm v d tch ra thnh vy nh. Tuy cng c to nn t nhng nguyn t cacbon nhng do cch sp xp khc nhau trong mng li tinh th m kim cng v than ch c tnh cht khc hn nhau: kim cng th trong sut, than ch th en; kim cng th cng, than ch th mm II. Tinh th phn t Tinh th phn t c to nn t cc phn t, lin kt vi nhau bng tng tc van ec van. Ta ly tinh th nc lm v d. Trong tinh th nc , mi phn t nc lin kt vi bn phn t nc ln cn nm trn bn nh ca mt t din u. Mi phn t nc nh li lin kt vi bn phn t ln cn nm bn nh ca mt t din u khc v c tip tc nh vy. V lc ht gia cc phn t yu hn nhiu so vi lien kt cng ha tr v lc ht tnh in gia cc ion (yu hn hng chc ln) cho nn nc d nng chy, d bay hi. 0oC, nc b phn hy mt phn. Cc phn t nc dch chuyn li gn nhau lm cho t khi ca nc (lng) ln hn t khi ca nc , v vy nc ni ln mt nc lng. Do lin kt hidro nn tinh th nc c cu trc t din, m cu trc t din l cu trc rng: l c im ca nc (thng thng khi cc
Nhm 4 lp 10 ha
Lin kt ha hc38
cht ng c, cht trng thi rn c t khi ln hn cht trng thi lng). Cc tinh th naphtalen (bng phin), iot, tuyt cacbonic (CO2),... l nhng tinh th phn t, chng cng d b nng chy, bay hi. Ngay nhit thng, mt phn tinh th naphtalen v iot b ph hy. Cc phn t tch ri ra khi tinh th khuch tn vo khng kh lm cho ta d nhn ra mi ca chng. Cn lu rng, trong tinh th phn t, cc phn t vn tn ti nh nhng n v c lp (mi phn t vn chim mt nt ca mng tinh th)
III.
Tinh th ion Tinh th ion c to nn bi cc ion, lin kt vi nhau bng lc ht tnh in. Ta ly tinh th NaCl lm v d. Trong tinh th NaCl, cc ion Na+ v Cl- c phn b lun phien u n trn cc nh ca mt hnh lp phng. Xung quanh mi ion u c 6 ion ngc du gn nht V lc ht tnh in gia cc ion ngc du ln nn tinh th ion rt bn vng. Cc hp cht ion u kh rn, kh bay hi, kh nng chy, v d nhit nng chy ca NaCl l 800oC Dung dch ca cc hp cht ion ha tan trong nc v cc hp cht ion nng chy u dn in v ion l nhng phn t mang in, khi c th chuyn ng t do
Nhm 4 lp 10 ha
Lin kt ha hc39
IV.Tinh th kim loi Trong s 109 nguyn t bit th c hn 80 nguyn t l kim loi. Tr thy ngn, tt c cc kim loi u l cht rn nhit thng v u c cu to tinh th. Trong tinh th kim loi, cc ion dng chim nhng nt ca mng tinh th. V cc nguyn t kim loi c nng lng ion ha thp, cc electron ngoi cng lin kt yu vi ht nhn nn d tch ra khi nguyn t v chuyn ng tng i t do trong ton mng li tinh th to thnh mt bin electron. Cc electron mang in th m ht tt c cc ion mang in th dng v lin kt ht nhn vi nhau, l lin kt kim loi. Tt c cc tnh cht c trng ca kim loi nh dn in, dn nhit, d dt mng, d ko di,... l do lin kt kim loi quyt nh. Lin kt kim loi kh vng chc nn cc kim loi u kh nng chy, kh bay hi. trn, ta nu bn kiu mng tinh th in hnh: mng tinh th nguyn t, phn t, ion, kim loi Trn thc t, c nhiu cht c mng tinh th hn tp, chng hn nhiu mui silicat va c mng tinh th ion va c mng tinh th cng ha tr...
Nhm 4 lp 10 ha
Lin kt ha hc40
Tinh th kim loi
E. Bi tp vn dng
Bi 1:
1. C 5 l cha ring l tng dung dch ca cc cht H2SO4, HCl, NaCl, NaBr,
NaClO. Nu phng php hoa hc phn bit cc dung dch ni trn. 2. Hy sp xp (c gii thch) cc axit ca clo theo th t: a) Tnh axit gim dn b) Tnh oxy ha tng dn c) bn gim dn
3. Nu cu trc hnh hc ca cc gc axit ng vi cc axit ni trn
(Trng THPT chuyn Lm ng-Olympic 30-4 ln th VI) Gii:

1. Thc hin trn tng lng nh mu cht dng lm mu th
- u tin dng BaCO3 nhn ra hai axit: BaCO3 + H2SO4 BaSO4 + H2O + CO2 BaCO3 + 2HCl BaCl2 + H2O +CO2 Cc cht cn li khng phn ng c vi mui rn. - Dng dung dch KI nhn ra c NaClO v NaClO l mui c tnh oxy ha mnh).
Nhm 4 lp 10 ha
Lin kt ha hc41
NaClO + H2O + 2KI I2 + NaCl + 2KOH I2 sinh ra lm xanh giy tm h tinh bt - Sau dng dung dch AgNO3 s phn bit c cc mui Cl- v Br-: NaCl + AgNO3 AgCl + NaNO3 NaBr + AgNO3 AgBr + NaNO3
2. Cc axit c oxy ca clo c dng chung l HClOn (n: Nguyn dng 1, 2, 3, 4).
Cc axit ln lt l HClO, HClO2, HClO3, HClO4 a) Tnh axit gim dn nh sau: HClO4, HClO3, HClO2, HClO Gii thch: Do s oxy ha ca nguyn t trung tm clo gim dn t +7 xung +1. ng thi s nguyn t oxy lin kt gim dn lm cho lin kt HO cng t phn cc. b) Tnh oxy ha tng dn nh sau: HClO4, HClO3, HClO2, HClO
3.
Gii thch: Cng c t cng thc cng hng Tnh oxy ha tng dn. c) bn tng dn nh sau: HClO4, HClO3, HClO2, HClO Gii thch: Do khong cch ClO tng dn.
4. Axit Anion Trng thi lai HClO ClOO lai ha sp3 HClO2
ClO
2
HClO3
ClO
3
HClO4
ClO-4
Cl lai ha sp3
Cl lai ha sp3
Cl lai ha sp3
Nhm 4 lp 10 ha
Lin kt ha hc42
ha Cu trc ng thng hnh hc (gp khc) gic Hnh gc Hnh thp tam Hnh t din
Bi 2:
a) Th no l lin kt sigma, lin kt pi theo quan im thuyt c hc lng t?
Bng hnh v, m t s xen ph gia cc obitan nguyn t hnh thnh lin kt trong phn t: CO2, C2H4, N2, C2H2, (CN)2. Bng cch dng s xp cc e vo lng t ca lp ngoi cng, hy gii thch s to thnh phn t CO theo thuyt c hc lng t.
b) Th no l s lai ha cc obitan nguyn t? Dng thuyt obitan lai ha, hy cho
bit kiu lai ha ca cc nguyn t trung tm trong: PCl5, BeH2, SF6, SO2Cl2.
(Trng THPT Nguyn Th Minh Khai, tp H Ch Minh-Olympic 30-4 ln th VI)
Gii:
a)
Lin kt sigma: lin kt hnh thnh do s xen ph dc theo trc ca 2 obitan, mi obitan cha 1e vi spin tri chiu. Lin kt pi: lin kt hnh thnh do s xen ph bn ca 2 obitan p c trc song song nhau, mi obitan cha 1e vi spin tri chiu. S to lin kt trong phn t CO theo thuyt c hc lng t:
Nhm 4 lp 10 ha
Lin kt ha hc43
C O
b) S lai hoa cc obitan nguyn t: s t hp ca cc obitan ca cng 1
nguyn t to ra cc obitan nguyn t ng nht c nng lng bng nhau. S lai ha obitan nguyn t ch xy ra khi c s tham gia to thnh lin kt. PCl5 BeH2 SF6 SO2Cl2 P: lai ha sp3d Be: lai ha sp S: lai ha sp3d2 S: lai ha sp3
Bi 3:
1. Cc lin kt no sau y c
C O
lin kt ion - cng ha tr; lin kt ion - cng ha tr phi tr: Fe(HCO3)2, CaOCl2, Mg(NO3)2, K2SO4, NaIO4
2. a) M t s hnh thnh lin kt phn t metan. Cho bit cu trc ca nguyn
t v gc lin kt. b) Hy gii thch l do v sao trong phn t H2O, NH3 cc gc lin kt HOH
Nhm 4 lp 10 ha
Lin kt ha hc44
(104o,29) v HNH (107o) li nh hn gc t din. (THPT G Vp - TP H Ch Minh Olympic 30-4 ln th VI) Gii:
1. Lin kt ion cng ha tr: Fe(HCO3)2, CaOCl2
O C
O O
Fe
O C O
H O
Ca
Cl O Cl
[ Cl ]- Ca2+ [ O Cl ]-
Lin kt ion - cng ha tr - phi tr: Mg(NO3)2, K2SO4, NaIO4
O O N
Mg
2+
2 O N O O
Mg O N O
O O
2K+
O S O
O O
2-
K O S K O
O O
Na
O I O
O O
Nhm 4 lp 10 ha
Lin kt ha hc45
2. a) hnh thnh 4 lin kt (CH) trc ht nguyn t C phi chuyn t
trng thi c bn 1s22s22p2 sang trng thi kch thch 1s22s12p3 C*
Sau 4 obitan 2s, 2px, 2py, 2pz c t hp li to ra 4 obitan lai ha sp3, mi obitan c 1 e, s ph 4 obitan 1 e ny vi 4 obitan ca 1 e 1s ca nguyn h H dn n s hnh thnh 4 lin kt (CH). Trc ca lin kt hng tm n 4 nh t din u vi gc l 109o28. b) Trong phn t H2O v NH3, nguyn t trung tm l O v N tng ng u trng thi lai ha sp3. phn t NH3 c 3 obitan lai ha sp3 c dng to ra 2 kin kt (NH) tng ng cn 1 obitan lai ha c 2 e. - phn t H2O c 2 obitan lai ha sp3 c dng to ra 2 lin kt (OH) tng ng, 2 obitan lai ha cn li u c 2e. - Phn t NH3 c hnh chp tam gic vi gc lin kt HNH = 107o. Phn t H2O dng ch V c gc HOH = 104o29. S sai lch vi gc t din 109o28 c gii thch: + Do 2 i e khng lin kt chim vng khng gian ln s chn p 2 i in t lin kt gn nhau nn gc lin kt cn 104o29. + NH3 ch c 1 i in t nn s chn p t, nn gc l 107o25. Hnh v:
XX H
Bi 4:
N H
XX XX O H H
1. Cho bit s lai ha no xy ra khi hnh thnh phn t NH3, H2O. So snh ln
cc gc ha tr: HNH vi HOH

2. a) Lin kt H c hnh thnh trn c s no.
b) Trong cc cht sau, d on: - Cht no d ha lng nht: F2, NH3, CO2, CH4 - Cht no d tan trong nc nht: H2, CH4, NH3 - Cht no c nhit si cao nht: CO2, SO2, HF
Nhm 4 lp 10 ha
Lin kt ha hc46
Gii thch cc trng hp trn (THPT Hng Vng Olympic 30-4 ln th VI) Gii:
1. H2O, NH3: sp3; HNH: 107,1o, HOH: 104,5o 2. a) Lin kt hidro l lin kt yu hnh thnh c cc phn t ht nhau, Trong
H linh ng ca nguyn t ny lin kt vi nguyn t c m in ln (F, O, N, Cl,...) v cn c cp e cha dng n ca phn t kia Lin kt hidro lin phn t k hiu ... b) Cht d ha lng l cc phn t kh d to lin kt HNH3 d ha lng nht Cht d tan nht trong nc l cht ni lin kt H vi H2O bn cht nhtNH3 d tan trong nc. Cht c nhit si cao nht: HF Bi 5: Trnh by s hnh thnh lin kt ha hc trong cc phn t: NO2, N2O4, H2S, SO3 bng thuyt lai ha obitan. (TH chuyn Nguyn Bnh Khim, Vnh Long Olympic 30-4 ln th VI) Bi 6: Da vo l thuyt lai ha cc obitan, em hy gii thch s to thnh cc ion phn t: [Co(NH3)6]+3, [MnCl4]2-, [Pt(NH3)2Cl2]. (THPT Thoi Ngc Hu, An Giang Olympic 30-4 ln th VI) Bi 7:
1. Vit cc cng thc cu to c th ng vi cng thc phn t C2H6O, cho bit:
+ Cht no th lng, th kh + Cht no c nhit si cao hn + Cht no d tan trong nc hn? C gii thch
2. Cho bit trng thi lai ha ca cc nguyn t trung tm trong cc phn t (v
ion) sau: NH4+, CS2, NH3, BF3, SO2. Cho bit phn t no l phn t phn cc? Khng phn cc? (THPT chuyn Lng Vn Chnh, Ph Yn Olympic 30-4 ln th VI) Bi 8:
Nhm 4 lp 10 ha
Lin kt ha hc47
1. Dng thuyt obitan lai ha, hy gii thch lin kt ha hc trong O3, NH4+ 2. Cho bit trng thi lai ha ca cc nguyn t trung tm trong cc phn t sau:
AsCl5, BeF42-, BF4-, BCl3, PCl3, IF7 Nu cu trc khng gian ca cc phn t .
3. a) Ti sao canxi ch c mt trng thi ha tr l 2, cn Fe li c nhiu trng thi
ha tr? b) Hy so snh tnh kh ca Ca vi Fe, tnh bazo ca Fe(OH)2 v Fe(OH)3. Nu th d minh ha. (THPT Hong L Kha, Ty Ninh Olympic 30-4 ln th VI) Bi 9: Nguyn t A c electron sau cht ca cu hnh biu din bng cc s lng t sau: n=2, l=1, ml=+1, ms=+1/2 1. Vit cu hnh electron ca A, xc nh v tr ca nguyn t A trong bng h thng tun hon.
2. Vit cng thc cu to ca cc cht AH3, AO2. Nu trng thi lai ha ca A
trong cc cht trn.

3. Vit cng thc cu to ca cc cht AH4NO3 v AH3AlCl3. Xc nh loi lin
kt trong mi phn t trn. (THPT Chuyn L Qu n, Nng Olympic 30-4 ln th VI) Bi 10: a) Trong dung dch ru etylic v phetol c th tn ti nhng lin kt hiro khc nhau gia cc phn t. Hy biu din cc lin kt hiro v cho bit dng lin kt hiro no bn vng hn c? b) So snh nhit si (tos) ca cc cp cht sau: 1. H2O v HCl 2. SO2 v O2 3. C2H5OH v CH3OCH3 4. CH3COOH v HCOOCH3
c) Gii thch ti sao khi mch cacbon tng, ha tan trong nc ca ru v ca axit gim.
Gii:
Nhm 4 lp 10 ha
Lin kt ha hc48
a) Cc dng lin kt horo gia cc phn t trong dung dch ru etylic v phenol. Ru - ru: ...H - O ... H - O ... H - O ...
C 2 H5
C2H5
C2H5
Phenol - phenol:
...H - O ... H - O .. H - O ...
C 6 H5
C 6 H5
C 6 H5
Ru - phenol: ...H - O ... H - O
v ... H - O ... H - O
C 6 H5
C2H5
C2H5
C 6 H5
Dng:
H - O ... H - O
C2H5
C6H5
bn vng nht v nguyn t H trong nhm (OH) ca phenol c tnh cht axit ln hn ru C2H5OH, cn nguyn t O trong (OH) ca ru li c tnh baz ln hn phenol.
b) 1. H2O v HCl c CTPT:
H H
O v H - Cl
Nhm 4 lp 10 ha
Lin kt ha hc49
Do
>
Cl
lin kt - O - H b phn cc nhiu hn lin kt H - Cl,
nguyn t H ca H2O linh ng hn, bi vy mi lin kt hiro lin phn t H2O bn cht hn H2O si nhit cao hn. 2. SO2 v O2 c CTPT: O = S O (M = 64) v O = O (M = 32) Do MCO2 > MO2 lc Vanderwaals gia cc phn t SO2 mnh hn gia cc phn t O2 v SO2 c tnh phn cc hn tos ca SO2 > tos ca O2. 3. C2H5OH v CH3 -O-CH3 c H trong nhm OH ca ru linh ng hn cc nguyn t H trong CH3OCH C2H2OH c th to c lin kt hidro lin phn t vi chnh n, cn CH2OCH th khng tos (C2H2OH) > tos (CH3OH3) 4. Tng t cu 3 tos (CH3COOH) > tos (HCOOCH) c) Khi mch cacbon tng trong ru v trong axit th tnh k nc ca gc hirocacbon tng gim s ha tan trong nc. Bi 11: Vit CTCT ca cc hp cht sau: Na2O2, Pb3O4, FeCr2O4, BaO2, Ca(NO3)2, Ba(HCO3)2, Na2SO4, Na2S2O3, NH4NO3, K2Cr2O7, Al2(SO4)3.
Gii:
Nhm 4 lp 10 ha
Lin kt ha hc50
Bi 12: a) Lin kt hidro l g? b) Hp cht no sau y to ra c li kt hidro gia cc phn t. Gii thch. C2H6, C2H5Cl, C2H5NH2, CH3COOC2H5, CH3COOH, CH3CHO c) Da vo s to thnh lin kt hidro gia cc phn t, hy cho bit trong cc cht sau y: * Cht no c nhit si cao nht? C2H5 - OH, CH3COOH, CH3-CHO * Cht no d tan trong nc nht? (C2H5)2O, C2H2-OH, CH3CO-C2H5. Gii: a) Lin kt hidro l lin kt to bi lc ht tnh in gia:
Nhm 4 lp 10 ha
Lin kt ha hc51
- Phn dng l nguyn t H mang in dng (do H ni vi mt nguyn t c m in ln nh Cl, N, O, F) - Phn m l nguyn t c m in ln (cn i e t do) ca mt phn t khc. b) Trong cc hp cht cho, ch c C 2H5-NH2 v CH3-COOH to c lin kt H gia cc phn t. Cn cc phn t C 2H6, C2H5Cl, CH3COO-C2H5, CH3CHO mc d cha cc nguyn t m in ln (Cl, O) nhng khng to c lin kt hidro v nguyn t H khng ni trc tip vi Cl, O m lin kt vi C: N C2H5 - N - H N - C2H5 H H CH3 - C O - H O O H - O C - CH3
c) * Ch c C2H5-OH v CH3-COOH cha H linh ng (ni vi O) to c lin kt hidro gia cc phn t, nhng M = 60 ca CH3-COOH, ln hn M = 46 ca C2H5-OH nn CH3-COOH c nhit si cao nht (ngoi ra lin kt H gia cc phn t CH3-COOH bn hn) * Ch c C2H5-OH tan nhiu trong nc v c th lin kt H vi nc
O - H O - H O - H O - H O - H C2H5 Bi 13: Nhit si ca C2H5-Cl, C2H5-OH, CH3COOH v CH3-COOC2H5 tng ng bng: 12,5oC; 78,3oC; 118oC; 77,1oC. Hy gii thch v sao PTL ca C2H5-OH (M=46); CH3COOH (M=6) nh hn ca C2H5Cl (M=64,5); CH3COOC2H5 (M=88) nhng nhit si li cao hn v v sao nhit si ca axit axtic CH3COOH cao hn ca ru tylic C2H5-OH? Gii:
Nhm 4 lp 10 ha
C2H5
C2H5
Lin kt ha hc52
Do C2H5-OH v CH3COOH c th to thnh lin kt hidro gia cc phn t cn C2H5-Cl v CH3-COO-C2H5 (khng c H linh ng) khng to c lin kt hidro nn CH3-COOH v C2H5OH c nhit si cao hn C2H5-Cl v CH3COO-C2H5. Ngoi ra s to lin kt hidro gia cc phn t CH 3-COOH bn hn gia cc phn t ru C2H5-OH nn nhit si ca CH3-COOH cao hn ca ru C2H5-OH: O - H O - H O - H C2H5 C 2 H5 C 2 H5
(Lin kt H gia cc phn t axit xem cu 12) Bi 14: Cho ba nguyn t X, Y, Z thuc cng mt chu k nh trong h thng tun hon (Zx < Zy < Zz). S hiu nguyn t ca Y bng trung bnh cng s hiu nguyn t ca X v Z. Electron cui cng ca nguyn t Y c gi tr cc s lng t l: l = 1; m = 1; s = +. (Quy c: s lng t t nhn gi tr t -l qua 0 n +l) 1. Xc nh s hiu nguyn t v gi tn ba nguyn t trn, bit rng ch c hai trong ba nguyn t ny c kh nng to hp cht kh vi hodro. 2. Vit cng thc phn t, cng thc Lewis, cho bit bn cht lin kt v c im cu to (hnh hc phn t v kh nng ime ha) ca cc phn t hnh thnh gia tng cp nguyn t Al v Cl, P v Cl. T c im cu to phn t cho bit hai cht no c th to cp axit - baz lewis. Gii: * AlCl3: - Hp cht gia X v Z c cng thc phn t l AlCl3
- Cng thc cu to: - Bn cht lin kt l lin kt cng ha tr.
Nhm 4 lp 10 ha
Lin kt ha hc53
- c im cu to phn t: C kh nng nh hp to Al 2Cl6 v xung quanh Al mi c 6e cha t c cu bn ging kh him nn 2 phn t AlCl 3 c khuynh hng lin kt vi nhau bng 2 lin kt phi tr:
- Hp cht gia Y v X c cng thc phn t l: * PCl3: - Bn cht lin kt l lin kt cng ha tr.
c im cu to phn t: C cu trc hnh thp y tam gic vi nguyn t P trng thi lai ha sp3.
* PCl5:
Bn cht lin kt l lin kt cng ha tr. c im cu to phn t: C cu trc hnh lng thp y tam gic vi nguyn t P trng thi lai ha sp3d.
* Cp axit - baz Lewis
Nhm 4 lp 10 ha
Lin kt ha hc54
- AlCl3 l phn t cng ha tr, vi Al cn thiu 2e t c cu bn (8e) trong khi PCl3 cn 1 i electron cha lin kt c th cho to lin kt cho nhn vi AlCl3 nn AlCl3 l axit Lewis cn PCl3 l baz Lewis.
Bi 15: a) Pht biu n gin v cht thun t? b) O2 v NO c tnh thun t khng? Thuyt lin kt ha tr gii thch s c mt ca tnh cht ny cc phn t trn nh th no? 2. So snh momem lng cc ca cc phn t sau: NF3; NH3 Gii: 1. a) Mt cht thun t l cht m cc phn t ca n (hay cc nguyn t, ion hp phn) c cha mt hay vo electron c thn. Cht s b ht vo trong t trng. b) N2; NO l cc cht thun t. Theo thuyt lin kt ha tr, ni chung ngi ta dng lin kt 3 electron biu din cc phn t c electron c thn. Lin kt 3 electron ny ch bn bng bng 2 electron. Cu trc electron ca 2 phn t trn l: O O ; N = O
2. Phn t NH3 v NF3 u c cu trc thp, nguyn t nit lai ha sp3 v cn mt cp electron cha lin kt. Momem lng cc tng hp ca ba lin kt N - H nh hng cng chiu vi momem lng cc gy ra bi cp electron cha lin kt, trong khi vi phn t
Nhm 4 lp 10 ha
Lin kt ha hc55
NF3; momem lng cc tng ca ba lin kt N - F nh hng ngc chiu, do : NH3 > NH3
Bi 16: 1. Hy v vect momen lng cc ca cc lin kt trong cc phn t sau: HF, H2O, NH3, SO2, CH4, B2 2. M t dng hnh hc, trng thi lai ha ca nguyn t trung tm trong cc phn t v ion sau: BeF2, BCl3, H2O, H3O+, NH3+ , NO33. Trong cc phn t sau, hy sp xp theo chiu tng dn gc lin kt. NH3, CO2, H2S, H2O, SO2, SO3, CH4. 4. So snh nhit nng chy v tan trong nc ca cc cht sau. Gii thch. Gii: 1. V vect moment lng cc KCl , KBr, KI
Nhm 4 lp 10 ha
Lin kt ha hc56
2. Cng thc F Be Cl B Cl Cl Gp khc (ch V) Thp tam gic T din u sp3 sp3 sp3 F Dng hnh hc ng thng Tam gic phng Trng thi lai ha sp sp2
Nhm 4 lp 10 ha
Lin kt ha hc57
Tam gic phng
sp2
3. Gc lin kt tng dn: H2S < H2O < NH3 < CH4 < SO2 < SO3 < CO2 92o 105o 107o 109,28o 119o 120o 180o
4. Nhit nng chy v tan ca nc. Ta c: Epl = M kch thc Cl - < Br - < I Nn Epl KCl > Epl KBr > Epl KI
Do : KCl KBr KI Nhit nng chy gim tan trong nc tng. Bi 17: Cho bit trng thi lai ca nguyn t trung tm v cu to hnh hc ca cc phn t v ion sau: CO, ClF3, I-3 , PF3Cl2 V hnh cc dng v cho bit dng bn nht, v sao ClF3 b bin dng, I-3 c b bin dng nh vy khng? Gii: CO: Nguyn t C trng thi lai ha sp, O khng lai ha:
Nhm 4 lp 10 ha
Lin kt ha hc58
ClF3: Cl trng thi lai ha sp3d
4: TD - N 2: N - N
6: TD - N
1: TD - TD 3: TD - N 2: N - N
C cu (I) bn nht. Do lc y ca 2 cp e t do lm bin dng: FClF < 90o
I-3: nguyn t I trung tm trng thi lai ha sp3d v cc dng:
I-3: khng b bin dng nh ClF3, 3 nguyn t I thng hng. PF3Cl2: nguyn t P trung tm trng thi lai ha sp3d.
Nhm 4 lp 10 ha
Lin kt ha hc59
Dng (III) bn nht do cc nhm th ln c khuynh hng chim v tr xch o gc ca chng ln hn 90o. Bi 18: 1. So snh v gii thch tr s khc nhau ca mi i lng di y: Cht: Gc lin kt: phn cc phn t: Sl2O 110o 0,78 D F2o 103o 0,30 D
2. Cho bit trng thi lai ha ca nguyn t trung tm v cu to hnh hc ca mi phn t v ion sau y: ClF3, BeF5, XeF5, NO2, NO2+ , NO2-
Gii: 1. Trong c hai phn t Cl2O v F2O nguyn t O u trng thi lai ha sp3 vi cu to nh sau:
Lin kt O - Cl phn cc v pha O, cn lin kt O = F th phn cc v pha F. Do vy khong cch gia 2 cp electron lin kt trong phn t Cl2O nh hn, lc y tnh in mnh hn nn gc lin kt ln hn. Trong phn t Cl2P lng cc lin kt v lng cc electron t do cng chiu, cn trong phn t F2O lng cc electron t do ngc chiu. Do vy trong phn
Nhm 4 lp 10 ha
Lin kt ha hc60
t Cl2O in tch m trn O nhiu hn phn t phn cc hn nn tr s lng cc ca Cl2O ln hn F2O. 2. Trng thi lai ha v cu to hnh hc:
Cl lai ha sp3d ClF3: dng ch T
Br lai ha sp3d2 ClF3: dng thp vung
Cl lai ha sp3d2 BrF5: dng vung phng
N lai ha sp2 NO2: dng ch V
N lai ha sp2 NO2- dng ch V
N lai ha sp NO+2: dng ng thng
Bi 19: Vit cng thc cu to ca Cu2(OH)2CO3, Mg2C3, CaC2, Al4C3. Ti sao s thy phn cc cacbua trn sn phm to thnh li khng ging nhau? Gii:
Khi thy phn cc cacbua trn: Do CaCl2 c nhm - C C- nn to C2H2. Mg2C3 c nhm - C - C C - nn to C3H4. Cn Al4C3 ch to CH4. Bi 20: Clotriflorua (ClF3) l tc nhn flo ha rt mnh c dng tch urani ra khi cc sn phm khc c trong thanh nhin liu ht nhn qua s dng.
Nhm 4 lp 10 ha
Lin kt ha hc61
a) Vit cu trc chm Lewis ca ClF3. b) Da trn thuyt lin kt ha tr hy v cc dng hnh hc phn t c th c ca ClF3. c) M t r dng hnh hc phn t tn ti trong thc t ca ClF3, gii thch v sao n tn ti dng ny. d) Tnh dn in ca ClF3 lng ch hi thp hn nc. Tnh cht ny c gii thch l do s t ion ha ca ClF3 to ion ClF+2 v Cl-4. V v m t cu trc ph hp tng ng ca hai ion ny. Gii: a) Cng thc Lewis ca ClF3:
b) Trong phn t ClF3, nguyn t clo trng thi lai ha sp3d, cc dng hnh hc phn t c th c:
c) Dng ch T, do tng tc y gia cc i electron t do v i electron lin kt l t nht, nn bn nht
Bi 21:
Nhm 4 lp 10 ha
Lin kt ha hc62
Dng thuyt ni ha tr, hy cho bit c cu lp th (biu din bng hnh v) v trng thi lai ha ca nguyn t trung tm cc phn t v ion sau: SF6 , NH3 , Icl3 , H2SO4 , SO2 , CO2-3 , SO2- 3 Gii: SF6: S trng thi lai ha sp3d2, c cu bt din.
NH3: N trng thi lai ha sp3 c cu t din
Icl3: I trng thi lai ha sp3d, c cu lng thp tam gic.
H2SO4: S trng thi lai ha sp3, c cu t din
Nhm 4 lp 10 ha
Lin kt ha hc63
SO2: S trng thi lai ha sp2, c cu phng
CO2-3: C trng thi lai ha sp2, c cu phng
SO2-3: S trng thi lai ho sp3 c cu t din
Bi 22: Cho 3 nguyn t Am R, X (ZA < ZR < ZX) u phn nhm chnh v khng cng chu k trong bng HTTH (h thng tun hon). Tng s lng t chnh ca electron cui cng ca 3 nguyn t A, R, X (k hiu ln lt l: e A, eR, eX) bng 6; tng s lng t ph ca chng bng 22; tng s lng t bng -2 v tng s lng t spin bng -1/2; trong s lng t spin ca eA l +1/2. a) Gi tn 3 nguyn t cho. b) Cho bit dng hnh hc ca phn t A2R v A2X. So snh gc ha tr trong 2 phn t v gii thch. c) i vi phn t A2XR3 v ion XR2-4, hy vit cng thc kiu Lewis, cho bit dng hnh hc v trng thi lai ha ca nguyn t trung tm.
Nhm 4 lp 10 ha
Lin kt ha hc64
Gii: a) V A, R, X khng cng chu k, ZA < ZR < ZX v tng s lng t chnh bng 6 eA c n = 1, eR c n = 2, eX c n = 3. Tng s lng t ph bng 2, trong l ca eA phi l 0 (v n = 1) l ca eR v eX u bng 1 (v R v X chu k nh, khng th c l = 2). Tng s lng t t bng -2, trong m ca eA = 0 (v l =0), m ca eR v eX u bng - 1 (v ng vi l = 1 th m c gi tr - 1, 0, +1). Tng s lng t spin bng -1/2, trong s ca eA bng +1/2 (gii thit) => s ca eR v eX u bng -1/2. Vy cu hnh electron ca 3 nguyn t nh sau: A: 1s1 R: 1s2 2s2 2p4 X: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p4 A l hiro (H) R l Oxi (O) X l Lu hunh (S)
b) Phn t A2R (hay H2O) v phn t A2X (hay H2S) u l phn t c gc: Trong HOH = 104o ln hn HSH = 92o v O c m in ln hn, my electron lin kt trong phn t H2O y nhau nhiu hn. c) Cng thc Lewis, dng hnh hc, trng thi lai ha ca nguyn t trung tm ca H2SO3 v ion SO2-4 nh sau: * H2SO3:
dng thp tam gic:
S lai ha sp3
* SO2-4: dng t din u: Bi 23:
S lai ha sp3
X c tng s proton v ntron b hn 35, c tng s i s oxi ha dng cc i v 2 ln oxi ha m l - 1. Tm X.

Nhm 4 lp 10 ha
Lin kt ha hc65
a) Cho bit 4 s lng t ca electron cui cng X. b) Vit cng thc cu to Lewis ca hp cht X, vi hiro. c) Cho bit dng hnh hc phn t trng thi lai ha ca nguyn t nguyn t trung tm ca hp cht X vi hiro, phn t F2O, NO2 v ion SiF2-6. Gii: X c p + n < 35 X phi thuc chu k 2 hoc 3. Gi x l s oxi ha dng cc i ca X. Gi y l s oxi ha m ca X. x+y=8 x + 2(-y) = -1 (1) (2)
T (1) v (2) x = 5 v y = 3 Vy X l phi kim ca phn nhm chnh nhm V Do X ch c th l nit hoc photpho. a) * N (Z = 7) cu hnh electron 1s 22s22p3 c 4 s lng t ca electron cui cng l n = 2, l = 1, m = + 1, ms = +1/2. * P (Z = 15) cu hnh electron 1s22s22p63s33p3 c 4 s lng t ca electron cui cng l n = 3, l = 1, m = +1, ms = +1/2. b) NH3 v PH3 c cng thc cu to theo Lewis
H N H H H P H H
c) NH3 dng hnh chp tam gic, N lai ha sp3 gc 170o3 PH3 dng hnh chp tam gic, P lai ha sp3 gc 94o F2O dng hnh gc, F lai ha sp3 NO2 dng ng gy, N lai ha sp2
Nhm 4 lp 10 ha
Lin kt ha hc66
SiF2-6 dng bt din 90o, S lai ha sp3d2. Bi 24: Mt nguyn t R v mt nguyn t X c cu hnh electron lp ngoi cng ln lt l 3s1 v 3s23p5. a. Xc nh cc nguyn t R, X, cng thc hp cht gia chng v loi lin kt hnh thnh trong hp cht thu c. b. Xc nh nguyn t A c cu hnh electron ngoi cng l .4s1. Xc nh cng thc hp cht c th c gia AX. Gii: a. R, X c cu hnh electron lp ngoi cng ln lt l .3s1 v .3s23p5 nn R, X ln lt l Na v Cl. Cng thc hp cht gia chng: NaCl Loi lin kt hnh thnh trong hp cht thu c: lin kt ion. b. A c cu hnh electron lp ngoi cng l 4s1 => A c th l: 1s22s22p63s23p64s1 => A l K 1s22s22p63s23p63d54s1 => A l Cr 1s22s22p63s23p63d104s 1=> A l Cu Cng thc hp cht gia A v X l : KCl, CrCl5, CuCl, CuCl2
Bi 25: Electron cui cng phn b vo cc nguyn t ca cc nguyn t A, B ln lt c c trng bi: A: n=3, l=1, m= -1, s=1/2 B: n=3, l=1, m=0, s=-1/2 a. Da trn cu hnh electron xc nh v tr ca A, B trong bng tun hon. b. Cho bit loi lin kt v vit cng thc cu to ca phn t AB3. c. Trong t nhin tn ti hp cht A2B6. Gii thch s hnh thnh lin kt trong phn t ca hp cht ny
Nhm 4 lp 10 ha
Lin kt ha hc67
Gii: a. A: n=3, l=1, m= -1, s=1/2 => phn lp ng vi mc nng lng cao nht l 3p1. => Cu hnh electron ca A l 1s22p22p63s1 => Nguyn t A th 14, chu k 3, nhm IIIA. => Nguyn t A l Al B: n=3, l=1, m=0, s=-1/2 => Phn lp ng vi mc nng lng cao nht l 3p5 => cu hnh electron ca B l 1s22p22p63s23p5 => nguyn t B th 17, thuc chu k 3, nhm VIIA => nguyn t B l Cl b. Loi lin kt gia cc nguyn t trong phn t AlCl3 l lin kt cng ho tr. Cu to :
Cl Cl Al Cl
c. Phn t Al2Cl6 c hnh thnh do s nh hp AlCl3, lin kt gia 2 phn t AlCl3 hnh thnh do vic to lin kt phi tr gia nguyn t Cl vi Al. Cu to :
Cl Al Cl Cl Cl Al Cl Cl
Bi 26: Cho bit m in ca cc nguyn t sau
Nguyn
Nhm 4 lp 10 ha
Be
Al
Cl
Lin kt ha hc68
t m in 1,5 1,6 2,2 2,6 3,1 4
Hy cho bit trong cc hp cht BeCl2, AlCl3, PCl5, SF6 l lin kt cng ho tr hay lin kt ion? Gii: BeCl2 c X = 3,1 1,5 = 1,6 V X>0,4 nn lin kt trong hp cht l lin kt cng ho tr. Al Cl3 c X = 3,1 1,6 = 1,5 V X>0,4 nn lin kt trong hp cht l lin kt cng ho tr PCl5 c X = 3,1 - 2,2 = 0,9 V X>0,4 nn lin kt trong hp cht l lin kt cng ho tr SF6 c X = 4 2,6 = 1,4 V X>0,4 nn lin kt trong hp cht l lin kt cng ho tr
Bi 27: M t s dch chuyn electron t nguyn t Liti sang nguyn t Flo to thnh hp cht Liti Florua theo 2 cch a. Theo cu hnh electron b. Theo s k hiu Liuyt
Gii: a. Li[He]2s1 + F[He]2s22p5 b. Li1+ 1s1 + F-[He]2s22p6
Li
Li
Nhm 4 lp 10 ha
Lin kt ha hc69
Bi 28: M t kiu lin kt trong cc hp cht: CaO, CaCl2, Ca(OH)2, NaClO3, Na2SO3
Gii:
Ca 2+ O 2-
Lin kt trong Cao l lin kt ion
Tng t gii cc hp cht cn li
Bi 29: Xt lin kt cacbon-oxi trong Fomaldenhit H2CO v trong Cacbon oxit CO trong phn t no lin kt cacbon-oxi ngn hn? bn hn? V sao?
Gii: Ta c: lin kt trong CO: H2CO:

H C O H
CO
Lin kt cacbon-oxi trong CO l lien kt ba, lin kt cacbon-oxi trong H2CO l lin kt i. Nn phn t CO lin kt cacbon-oxi ngn hn v bn hn v hai ht nhn gn nhau hn, lc ht gia electron v ht nhn mnh hn, cc nguyn t ko li gn nhau v kh tch ra hn.
Bi 30: So snh lin kt nit-nit trong hidrazin H2NNH2 v trong kh ci N2O Trong phn t no lin kt nit-nit ngn hn? bn hn? V sao?
Nhm 4 lp 10 ha
Lin kt ha hc70
Bi 31: Trong phn t H2O, di lin kt O-H bng 0,96.10-10m v gc HOH bng 104,50. Tnh khong cch gia hai nguyn t H (theo nm) Gii:
0,96.10-10 m
dO-H = 0,96.1010-m = 0.096nm Ta c: Khong cch gia 2 nguyn t:
Nhm 4 lp 10 ha
Lin kt ha hc71
d sin104,5 104, 5 = 2 a = 2 d sin 2 d 2

a=2.0,096.sin52,250 a=0,152(nm)
Bi 32: TRong mi cp lin kt sau y hy nu s lin kt no phn cc hn avf dung mi tn ch chiu ca s phn cc (t dng sang m) mi lin kt a. C-O v C-N b. P-O v P-S c. P-H v P-N d. B-H v B-I Gii: a. C-O + b. P-O + c. P-N + d. B-I + > > > > + P-S + P-H + B-H + C-N -
Bi 33: Cho cc phn t sau: a. CO2 b. H2O c. NH3

Nhm 4 lp 10 ha
Lin kt ha hc72
d. NF3 Phn t no phn cc phn t no khng phn cc? V sao?
Bi 34: 1. Tnh s electron trong ion: SO42-, PO43-, CO32-, NO3-, NH4-. 2. D on loi lin kt trong cc phn t sau, v sp xp theo th t tng dn phn cc ca lin kt HCL, CaH2, AlBr3, CaCl2, N2. 3. Trnh by lin kt cho nhn trong cc phn t v ion sau CO, H3O+, HNO3. 4. Th no l nng lng ion ha ca mt nguyn t? Nguyn t A c nng lng ion ha ln hn nng lng ion ha ca nguyn t B. Hi nguyn t no d mt electron hn. 5. Th no l bc lin kt? Th no l s lin kt? Cho v d MgCl2, AlCl3. Hy cho bit lin kt trong phn t no mang nhiu tnh cht cng ha tr, trong phn t no mang nhiu tnh cht ion. 7. Hy cho bit dng ca anion ph thuc vo in tch v bn knh ca cation nh th no t cho bit anion nh th no th d b bin dnagj. 8. S chuyn tip t lin kt cng ha tr sang lin kt ion v ngc lu c gii thch nh th no? Gii: 1. SO42-: S c Z=16; O c z=8 => S electron trong SO42-: 16+4.8+2=50 NH-4: N c Z=7; H c Z=1 => S electron trong Nh4-: 7+4-1=10 Tng t tim cc ion cn li 2. Da trn s sai lch v m in gia hai nguyn t suy ra th t tng dn phn cc ca lin kt: N N < H Cl < Ca H < Al Br < Ca Cl 3. S hnh thnh lin kt cho nhn (phi tr) trong CO.
C
+
Nhm 4 lp 10 ha
Lin kt ha hc73
Sau khi mi nguyn t gp chung hai electron, O t cu hnh bn ca kh him m C ch mi c su electron lp ngoi cng nn O s cho C mt cp electron ( Trong hai cp electron cha s dng) v hnh thnh lin kt cho nhn C Tng t cho cc phn t v ion cn li 4. Nng lng ion ha ca mt nguyn t l nng lng ti thiu tch mt electron trng thi c bn ra khi nguyn t. Nguyn t c nng lng ion ha cng nh cng d nhng electron. 5. Bc lin kt l s lin kt cng ha tr gia hai nguyn t. V d: S=C=S: Bc lin kt gia hai nguyn t C v S l 2. H-CN: Bc lin kt gia hai nguyn t C v N l 3 S lin kt ca mt nguyn t l s lin kt cng ha tr c nguyn t vi cc nguyn t khc trong phn t V d:
H N H H
S lin k ca N l 3 v H l 1
6. S bin dng ion l do lc ht ca cation ln lp v electron ca anion ngoi lp v b ko lch v pha cation. Cc ion Na+, Mg2+, Al3+ u c mi electron phn b trn hai lp v nh sau: 1s22s22p9. V c cng s lp electron nhng s in tch cation tng t Na+ n Al3+ nn tc dng bin dng anion tng. Lin kt trong AlCl3 mang nhiu tnh cht cng ha tr nht; lin kt trong NaCl mang nhiu tnh cht ion nht. 7. S bin dng cu anion cng ln khi: bn kch ca cation cng nh v in tch ca cation cng lp. Anion cng d bin dng khi: bn kch ca anion cng ln v in tch anion cng ln 8. S chuyn tip t lin kt cng ha tr sang lin kt cn c gii thch da vo s chnh lch m in ca hai nguyn t: d chnh lch cng ln th phn cc cng tng: lin kt cng ha tr chuyn dn sang lin kt ion.
Nhm 4 lp 10 ha
Lin kt ha hc74
S chuyn tip t lin kt ion sng lin kt cng ha tr c gii thch da vo bin dng ion. Khi cation c bn kch cng nh v in tch cng ln th lin kt mang nhiu tnh cht ca lin kt cng ha tr. Bi 35: Khi kho st halogen ngi ta th c cc d liu sau: Halogen X 2 Chiu di lin kt ( ) F2 1,42 Cl2 1,99 Br2 2,28 I2 2,67
a.Gii thch s to thnh lin kt trong phn t Halogen. b. Gii thch s bin thin di lin kt c. D on nhit nng chy, nhit si ca cc halogen thay i nh th no? Ti sao? Gii: a. Cc nguyn t halogen c cu hnh electron ns2np5 (lp electron ngoi cng c 7 electron) v cu hnh electron trn cc orbitan l:
ns2
np5
Cu hnh ny cho thy orbitn p c cha mt electron c thn nn hai orbitan p ca nguyn t halogen cha ph nhau theo trc to lin kt cng ha tr. b. Cc nguyn t halogen c kch thc tng dn t F dn t F F n I - I I nn di lin kt tng
c. Nhit nng chy v nhit si ca halogen tng dn t F2 n I2 v lc lin kt gia cc phn t halogen l lc ht VanderWaals lc ny tng theo khi lng v kch thc phn t cc halogen.
Bi 36: C ba nguyn t X, Y, Z c tng in tchht nhn l 26, tng s electron trong [YZ4]l 82. Cho bit in tch ht nhn ca X l 1. a. Tm tn ba nguyn t X, Y, Z.
Nhm 4 lp 10 ha
Lin kt ha hc75
b. Vit cng thc cu to cc hp cht m trong phn t c cha c ba nguyn t X, Y, Z. Cho bit loi lin kt trong cc hp cht ny. c. So snh tnh bn, tnh oxi-ha, tnh axit ca cc hp cht ny. Gii: a. X : H; Y : Cl; Z : O b.
H H H O O O Cl Cl Cl O O H O Cl O O O O
: HClO : HClO2
: HClO3
: HClO4
c. Tnh axit v tnh bn : HClO4 > HClO3 > HClO2 > HClO Tnh oxi ha : HClO > HClO2 > HClO3 > HClO4
Bi 37: a. So snh si ca H2 b. Vit cng thc cu to ca H3PO3, H3BNF3, SO2Cl2 Gii: a. H2O c si cao hn HF. m in ca F ln hn ca O nn gia cc phn t HF c mi lin kt hidro bn vng hn. Tuy nhin, mt phn t HF ch lin kt hai lin kt hidro vi hai phn t HF khc cn mt phn t H2O lin kt c ba lin kt vi ba phn t H2O khc do nc si cao hn.
H F H F H F
Nhm 4 lp 10 ha
Lin kt ha hc76
H H O H H O H O H H H O
b.
H H O P O H H B H Cl S Cl O F N F O F H O
Bi 38: Lc ht Van der Waals l g? So snh cng lc Van der Waals trong mi hp cht sau y: a. H2 v HCl b. HBr v HF c. Br2 v ICl Gii: Lc ht Van der Waals l lin kt gia phn t ny vi phn t kia, c ngun gc t lc ht tnh in c gii thch bi s phn cc ca cc phn t: Lc Van der Waals trong: a. H2 v HCl
Nhm 4 lp 10 ha
Lin kt ha hc77
Lin kt H Cl phn cc thng trc trong kh H2 (H H) khng b phn cc thng trc. HCl c khi lng phn t ln hn H2. Vy lc Van der Waals trong HCl c cng ln hn trong H2. b. HBr v HF HF b phn cc nhiu hn HBr, tuy nhin khi lng phn t ca HF nh hon so vi HCl nn ta cha th kt lun c. c. Br Br khng phn cc trong khi Icl b phn cc v pha Cl. Vy Icl c cng mnh hon Br2.
Bi 39: . Th no l lin kt hidro phn t? Trong cc cht sau y cht no c mi lin kt hidro phn t vi chinh n. Biu th cc mi lin kt ra: NH3, H2S, C2H5OH, HBr Gii: Lin kt Hidro phn t l mi lin kt xy ra gia cc phn t vi nhau khi H linh ng ca phn t ny b ht bi nguyn t c m in mnh (F, O, N, Cl) ca phn t kia. Mi lin kt hidro phn t thng c biu th bng ba chm. Mi lin kt hidro phn t yu hn mi lin kt to phn t ( cng ha tr, ion). V d: Xt CTCT cc cht NH3, H2S, C2H5OH, HBr:
H N H H H H S H H C H H C O H H H Br
Ta thy do N v O c m in ln hn S v Br nn cc nguyn t H trong NH3 v nguyn t H trong OH ca C2H5OH l linh ng v vy: NH3 v C2H5OH c mi lin kt hidro phn t vi chnh n:
Bi 40: Cho bit dng hnh hc v gii thch s lai ha ca nguyn t trung tm trong [Ni(CN)4]2Gii:
Nhm 4 lp 10 ha
Lin kt ha hc78
Ion trung tm Ni2+ (ZNi = 28) c cu hnh electron (xp theo phn mc nng lng) l: 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d84p0 Cc ion phi t CN- tc ng mnh ln ion trung tm nn tt c cc electron d8 ghp i li vi nhau (s dn electron). [Xem hnh v 1]
Do cc ion phi t s dng cp cc orbital vi cp electron ca mnh xen ph vi cc orbital trng 3d, 4s v 4p ca Ni2+ => Trng thi lai ha ca Ni2+ l dsp2 [Xem hnh v 2].
Lai ha dsp2 ny l s t hp tuyn tnh ca 1 orbital (n-1)d + 1 orbital ns + 2 orbital (n-1)p to thnh 4 HO (hybridisation orbital) dsp2, mi HO ny mang 1/4 tnh cht d + 1/4 tnh cht s + 1/2 tnh cht p. Trc ca 4 HO ny hng v 4 gc ca mt hnh vung phng c tm l nguyn t trung tm. [Xem hnh v 3]
Bi 41: Gii thch v cho bit trng thi lai ha v dng hnh hc ca cc phn t Fe(CO)5 v I 3 Gii:
Nhm 4 lp 10 ha
Lin kt ha hc79
- Fe(CO)5 xy ra s lai ha tng t nh [Ni(CN)4]2- ni trn

CO CO CO CO CO
To lk FeCO
sp3d
- I 3 , I xy ra lai ha sp3d to ra 5 orbital lai ha v 2 orbital lai ha lin kt vi 2 orbital ca 2 nguyn t I khc
Dng hnh hc: Fe(CO)5: Lng thp tam gic
I 3 : ng thng
Bi 42: So snh v gii thch gc lin kt phn t OF2 v OCl2 ; OCl2 v SCl2. Gii: - Gc lin kt trong phn t OF2 v OCl2 : Nguyn t trung tm l O trng thi lai ho sp3 , phn t dng ch V. Do lin kt O-F phn cc v pha F nn 2 i electron
Nhm 4 lp 10 ha
Lin kt ha hc80
lin kt cch xa nhau cn lin kt O-Cl phn cc v pha O nn 2 i electron lin kt gn nhau do lc y cc i e ny mnh hn lm gc lin kt trong phn t OCl2 ln hn gc lin kt trong phn t OF2.
- Gc lin kt trong phn t OCl2 v SCl2 : Nguyn t trung tm l O v S u trng thi lai ho sp3, phn t c dng ch V. Do lin kt O-Cl phn cc v pha O nn 2 i electron lin kt gn nhau cn lin kt S-Cl phn cc v pha Cl nn 2 i electron lin kt xa nhau do lc y gia cc i e ny yu hn lm cho gc lin kt trong phn t SCl2 b hn gc lin kt trong phn t OCl2. (gc lin kt trong cc phn t OF2, OCl2 v SCl2 ln lt l 1050, 1110,1030).
Bi 43: Cho nguyn t X c b s lng t l: n = 3, l = 1,m = 0, s = -1/2 c s oxi ho dng cao nht l a. Nguyn t Y c dng cao nht l b v s oxi ho m thp nht l c. Hp cht Z c to bi 2 nguyn t X,Y vi Y c s oxi ho cao nht. Xc nh cng thc phn t Z, trng thi lai ho ca nguyn t trung tm v cu to hnh hc phn t Z. Cho bit : + = 8 b c =1.4 c b X,Y cng 1 chu k. Gii: Vi 4 s lng t ca X, X l Cl. Cl thuc 17, chu k 3, nhm VIIA. Nn s oxi ho dng cao nht l ca Cl l +7: a = +7 M: = 1,4 a b = /1,4 = 7 / 1,4 = 5 b a S oxi ho cao nht ca Y l : +5 Theo + = 8 =3 c = -3 b c c
Nhm 4 lp 10 ha
Lin kt ha hc81
S oxi ho m thp nht ca Y l: -3 M X,Y cng chu k, X l Cl Y l P Hp cht Z ca P, Cl vi P c s oxi ho dng cao nht +5 nn Cl c s oxi ho l -1, cng thc phn t Z l PCl5.
15
P: / 3s2 3p3 P* : / 3s1 3p3 3d1 Cl : / 3s2 3p5
15
17
S hnh thnh lin kt : Nguyn t P dng 5e c thn ghp i vi 5e c thn ca 5 nguyn t Cl to thnh 5 lin kt cng ho tr gia P v Cl.
Lai ho ca nguyn t trung tm :sp3d Cu to hnh hc : Lng thp tam gic
Mt s cu hi trc nghim n tp
Nhm 4 lp 10 ha
Lin kt ha hc82
Cu 1. Chn pht biu ng nht: Lin kt cng ho tr l lin kt A. gia cc nguyn t phi kim vi nhau. B. c hnh thnh do s dng chung electron gia hai nguyn t khc nhau. C. c to nn gia hai nguyn t bng mt hay nhiu cp electron dng chung. D. trong cp electron dng chung b lch v pha mt nguyn t. Cu 2. Chn pht biu ng nht: Lin kt ion l lin kt A. c hnh thnh bi lc ht tnh in gia cation kim loi v anion gc axit. B. gia nguyn t kim loi vi nguyn t phi kim. C. c hnh thnh do nguyn t phi kim nhn electron t nguyn t kim loi. D. c hnh thnh bi lc ht tnh in gia cc ion mang in tch tri du. Cu 3. Trong cc hp cht sau y: A. H2O C. KBr B. NH3 D. H2S Hp cht no l hp cht ion?
Cu 4. Cho bit nguyn t Clo c Z=17, cu hnh electron ca ion Cl- l: A. 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p5 C. 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p4 2 2 6 2 6 B. 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p D. 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s1 Cu 5. Cho bit nguyn t Na, Mg, F ln lt c s hiu nguyn t l 11, 12, 9. Cc ion
Na+, Mg2+, F- c c im chung l: A. C cng s proton. B. C cng notron. C. C cng s electron. D. Khng c c im g chung. Cu 6. Cc phn t sau y u c lin kt cng ho tr khng phn cc: A. N2, Cl2, HCl, H2, F2. B. N2, Cl2, I2, H2, F2. C. N2, Cl2, CO2, H2, HF. D. NO2, Cl2, HI, H2, F2. Cu 7. Mt nguyn t X c tng s electron lp ngoi cng l 7. Cng thc phn t ca hp cht gia nguyn t ny vi hiro l: A. H2X C. XH4 B. XH3 D. HX Cu 8. Chn cu ng nht: m in ca mt nguyn t c trng cho A. kh nng nhng electron ca nguyn t khi hnh thnh lin kt ho hc. B. kh nng ht electron ca nguyn t khi hnh thnh lin kt ho hc. C. kh nng tham gia phn ng mnh hay yu ca nguyn t . D. kh nng to thnh lin kt ho hc. Cu 9. Chn cu sai trong cc cu sau: A. Tinh th it l tinh th phn t. B. Trong tinh th phn t, cc phn t lin kt vi nhau bng lc tng tc yu gia cc phn t. C. Lc lin kt gia cc phn t trong tinh th phn t rt ln. D. Nc thuc loi tinh th phn t. Cu 10. Chn cu ng nht trong cc cu sau:
Nhm 4 lp 10 ha
Lin kt ha hc83
A. Lin kt cng ho tr khng phn cc ch c to thnh t cc nguyn t ging nhau. B. Trong lin kt cng ho tr, cp electron dng chung b lch v pha nguyn t c m in nh hn. C. Lin kt cng ho tr c cc c to thnh gia hai nguyn t c hiu m in ln hn 0,4. D. Lin kt cng ho tr trong cp electron chung b lch v pha nguyn t c m in ln hn c gi l lin kt cng ho tr phn cc. Cu 11. Anion X2- c cu hnh electron ging R+ (c cu hnh electron lp v ngoi cng l 2p6) th cu hnh electron ca nguyn t X l: A. 1s2 2s2 2p2 B. 1s2 2s2 2p63s2 C. 1s2 2s2 2p4 D. 1s2 2s2 2p5
Cu 12. Kt lun no sau y sai: A. Lin kt trong phn t NH3 , H2O , H2S l lin kt cng ha tr c cc. B. Lin kt trong phn t BaF2 v CsCl l lin kt ion. C. Lin kt trong phn t CaS v AlCl3 l lin kt ion v c hnh thnh gia kim loi v phi kim. D. Lin kt trong phn t Cl2 , H2 , O2 , N2 l lin kt cng ha tr khng cc. Cu 13. Cho cc phn t sau: LiCl, NaCl, KCl, RbCl, CsCl. Trong cc phn t trn, lin kt trong phn t no mang nhiu tnh cht ion nht. A. CsCl B. LiCl v NaCl C. KCl D. RbCl
Cu 14. Nguyn t X c cu hnh electron: 1s 2 2s2 2p5 th ion to ra t nguyn t X s c cu
hnh electron no sau y? A. 1s2 2s2 2p4 C. 1s2 2s2 2p63s23p64s24p6 ng vi ion to ra t nguyn t X: A. 1s2 2s2 2p63s23p64s2 C. 1s2 2s2 2p63s23p64s24p6
B. 1s2 2s2 2p6 D. 1s2 2s2 2p63s2
Cu 15. Nguyn t X c cu hnh electron: 1s2 2s2 2p63s23p64s2 Chn cc cu hnh electron
B. 1s2 2s2 2p63s23p6 D. 1s2 2s2 2p63s2
Cu 16. Ch ra cc gi tr ln nht ca s lin kt cng ha tr c th c to thnh bi mt
nguyn t c cu hnh electron lp ngoi cng l 3s23p4? A. 2 B. 3 C. 4 D. 6

Cu 17. Cation R+ c cu hnh electron phn lp ngoi cng l 2p6. Lin kt ca nguyn t
R vi nguyn t hir thuc loi lin kt no sau y: A. Lin kt cng ha tr nhn C. Lin kt ion. D. Lin kt hidro.
B. Lin kt cho
Cu 18. Dy no trong dy hp cht di y cha cc hp cht c phn cc ca lin kt tng dn.

Nhm 4 lp 10 ha
Lin kt ha hc84
A. CO2 , SiO2 , ZnO , CaO C. FeCl2 , CrCl2 , NiCl , MnCl2 cng ha tr A. MgCl v Na2O C. NCl3 v HCl c lin kt phn cc mnh nht l: A. H2S B. NO, NH3 C. NH3 HY CHN PHNG N NG Cu 21. Phn t ca mt cht c c trng bi : A- Khong cch trung bnh gia cc phn t B- Gi tr trung bnh ca gc to bi cc lin kt C- bn ca lin kt v bn ca phn t D- Tt c cc yu t trn
B. BaCl2 , ZnSO4 , CuCl2 , Na2O D. NaBr , NaCl , KBr , LiF
Cu 19. Cho cc cht sau: MgCl2 , Na2O , NCl3 , HCl, KCl. Hp cht no sau c lin kt
B. Na2O v NCl3 D. HCl v KCl
Cu 20. Cho cc phn t sau: Cl2O, NCl3 , NO , H2S, NH3. Trong cc phn t trn, phn t
D. NH3, Cl2O
Cu 22. Cc lin kt trong phn t Nit c to thnh l do s xen ph ca : A- Cc obitan S vi nhau v cc obitan P vi nhau B- 3 obitan P vi nhau C- 1 obitan S v 2 obitan P vi nhau D- 3 obitan P ging nhau v hnh dng kch thc nhng khc nhau v nh hng khng gian vi nhau
Cu 23. Hnh dng phn t CH4 , BF3 , H2O , BeH2 tng ng l :
A- T din ,tam gic , gp khc, thng B- Tam gic , t din , gp khc, thng C- Gp khc , tam gic, t din , thng D- Thng , tam gic, t din , gp khc
Cu 24. Phn t H2O c gc lin kt bng 104,50 do nguyn t Oxi trng thi lai ho :
A- SP ; tr a/ NaCl ;
B- SP2 ;
C- SP3 ;
D- khng xc nh
Cu 25. Trong cc hp cht sau : NaCl , KF , CH4 , LiF . Hp cht no c lin kt cng ho
b/ KF
c/ CH4 ;
d/ LiF
Cu 26. Trong mng tinh th kim cng , gc lin kt to bi cc nguyn t C bng

Nhm 4 lp 10 ha
Lin kt ha hc85
A/ 1200 a/ SP c ,
B/ 900
; b/ SP2 ,
C/ 104,50 c/ SP3 ,
D/ 109028/ d/ khng xc nh
Cu 27. Nguyn t Pht pho trong PH3 trng thi lai ho
Cu 28. Cho tinh th cc cht sau : Iot , than ch , nc v mui n Tinh th nguyn t l tinh th a/Iot b/ than ch c/ nc d/ mui n
Cu 29. Cho tinh th cc cht sau : Lu hunh ,than ch , nc , mui n Tinh th Ion l tinh th a/ Lu hunh b/ than ch c/ nc d/ mui n
Cu 30. Yu t quyt nh tnh cht c bn ca tinh th kim loi l : a/ S tn ti mng tinh th kim loi b/ Tnh nh kim c/ Tnh dn in v dn in tt d/ S chuyn ng t do ca cc e chung trong ton mng tinh th Cu 31. Lin kt ion l lin kt ha hc c to thnh: a. gia cc nguyn t. b. do s gp chung electron. c. do lc ht tnh in gia cc phn t mang in tri du. d. do lc ht tnh in gia cc ion mang in tch tri du.
Cu 32. Cho cc hp cht: HCl, NaCl, CaO, H2O, NH3. Cc hp cht c lin kt ion l:
a. HCl, NaCl.
b. NaCl, CaO.
c. CaO, H2O.
d. H2O, NH3.
Cu 33. C cc tinh th: it, nc , than ch, mui n. Tinh th nguyn thy l tinh th: a. it. b. nc . c. than ch. d. mui n.
Cu 34. Cho F(Z=9), Ne(Z=10), Mg(Z=12). Cc ion v nguyn t F-, Mg2+, Ne c cng:
a. s proton.
b. s khi.
c. s electron.
d. s ntron.
Cu 35. Ion X2+ c cu hnh e: 1s22s22p6, v tr ca X trong bng tun hon l:
a. chu k 2, nhm VIIIA.

Nhm 4 lp 10 ha
b. chu k 2, nhm IIA.
Lin kt ha hc86
c. chu k 3, nhm VIIIA.
d. chu k 3, nhm IIA.
Cu 36. Cho A(Z=11), B(Z=17). Cng thc hp cht v lin kt ha hc c hnh thnh trong hp cht gia A v B l: a. A2B vi lin kt ion. c. AB vi lin kt ion. b. A2B vi lin kt cng ha tr. d. AB vi lin kt cng ha tr.
Cu 37. Cho N(Z=7), O(Z=8). S electron c trong ion NO 3 l:
a. 29.
b. 30.
c. 31.
d. 32.
Cu 38. S oxy ha ca Clo trong hp cht KClO3 l:
a. +1. ca X- l:
b. +3.
c. -1.
d. +5.
Cu 39. Anion X- c tng s cc ht bng 53, s ht mang in chim 66,04%. Cu hnh e
a. 1s22s22p63s23p5. c. 1s22s22p63s23p4.
b. 1s22s22p63s23p6. d. 1s22s22p6.
2 Cu 40. Tng s e trong ion AB 3 l 32. Tng s proton trong phn t AB 2 l 22. phn t
AB2 c lin kt: a. ion. b. cng ha tr. c. phi tr. d. cng ha tr, phi tr.
Cc ti liu tham kho:
Nhm 4 lp 10 ha
Lin kt ha hc87
- Sch gio khoa ha hc 10 nng cao

-
Ti liu gio khoa chuyn ha hc (Tp 1) o Hu Vinh, nguyn Duy i Mt s vn chn lc ca ha hc (Tp 1) Nguyn Duy i, Nguyn Tinh Dung, Trn Thnh Hu, Trn Quc Sn, Nguyn Vn Tng
- Bi tp ha hc i cng - Ha hc c bn v nng cao 10

-
Tuyn tp 10 nm olympic 30 thng 4 Ha hc 10
- Gii ton ha hc 10 Ng Ngc An, Phm Th Minh Nguyt

-
Tuyn tp thi olympic 30-4 mn Ha hc lp 10 ln th VI
- Ha hc v c (Tp 1) Hong Nhm - Ha hc cc nguyn t (Tp 2) Hong Nhm - Cu hi l thuyt v bi tp ha hc 10

-
Mng internet (www.tailieu.vn, www.wikipedia.org, www.dethi.violet.vn, ...)
- Cng mt s t liu v hnh nh khc
Nhm 4 lp 10 ha
Lin kt ha hc88
Nhm 4 lp 10 ha
Lin kt ha hc89
Mc lc
Li ni u............................................................................................................................2 A. Khi qut v lin kt ha hc..........................................................................................3 B. Cc dng lien kt ha hc ch yu................................................................................4 I. Lin kt ion.................................................................................................................4 II. Lin kt cng ha tr..................................................................................................7 III. Lin kt kim loi......................................................................................................13 IV. Cc mi lin kt yu...............................................................................................14 C. Cc l thuyt v lin kt.................................................................................................15 I. Thuyt VB................................................................................................................15 II. S lai ha................................................................................................................17 III. M hnh VSEPR.....................................................................................................23 IV. M hnh lin kt b un cong..................................................................................25 V. Thuyt MO..............................................................................................................26 D. Cc tinh th....................................................................................................................35 I. Tinh th nguyn t...................................................................................................35 II. Tinh th phn t......................................................................................................36 III. Tinh th ion.............................................................................................................37 IV. Tinh th kim loi.....................................................................................................38 E. Bi tp vn dng............................................................................................................39 Cc t liu tham kho........................................................................................................84 Mc lc................................................................................................................................85
Nhm 4 lp 10 ha

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S GD v T Tha Thin Hu Trng THPT chuyn Quc Hc

Nhm 4 lp 10 Ha, THPT chuyn Quc Hc Nin kha 2010 2013

Ti liu ny c upload bi susu610@yahoo.com, xin vui lng dn ngun khi trch

A. Khi qut v lin kt ha hc

V sao cc nguyn t phi lin kt vi nhau?

Cc kiu lin kt chnh

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4. Cc yu t nh hng n s to thnh lin kt ion

C 3 yu t: - Nng lng ion ha - i lc electron - Nng lng ca mng li tinh th

V d 1: NaCl in ha tr ca Na l 1+, ca Cl l 1V d 2: BaO in ha tr ca Ba l 2+, ca O l 2-

C 3 cp e chung 2. i vi hp cht V d 1: HCl

II. Tnh cht ca lin kt cng ha tr

nh ngha: Bc ca lin kt l s cp e gp chung bi hai nguyn t trong mt phn t

Lin kt c bc mt khi ch c mt lin kt gia hai nguyn t V d: HH, HCl,

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Hng 2: S trng thi kch thch (S*: 1s22s22p63s23p33d1)

Gia S v O hnh thnh 2 cp e chung IV.Lin kt cng ha tr v s xen ph obitan

Lin kt cng ha tr thun ty xut hin phn t n cht

104,5o a / 2 104,5o sin = a = 2 d sin 2 d 2

Lin kt kim loi

Nhng ion dng nt mng tinh th

Hnh 4.11. Kh electron trong kim loi

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V d: Biu din lin kt hidro trong ancol etylic

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Obitan 2s lai ha vi 3 obitan 2p to thnh 4 obitan lai ha sp3

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chuyn thnh Gc lin kt trong phn t CH4 l 10928" Lai ha sp2

3 obitan lai ha sp2

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Obitan 2s lai ha vi 2 obitan 2p to thnh 3 obitan lai ha sp2

Obitan 2s lai ha vi 1 obitan 2p to thnh 2 obitan lai ha sp

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a), b) Xen ph trc c) Xen ph bn

III. M Hnh s y gia cc i electron v ha tr hay m hnh VSEPR

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IV. M hnh lin kt b un cong

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A M hnh lin kt b un cong A Trong phn t C2H4 B Trong phn t C2H2

C s tng ng gia cc m hnh cp trn. Hnh sau y minh ha kt lun .

l AO trong nguyn t MO trong phn t

Cc MO khc nhau bi s phn b mt electron tng i so vi trc lin nhn:

- dc theo trc lin nhn - nm hai bn trc lin nhn

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Hnh 4.7. MO cc phn t ca nguyn t chu k I

Cc phn t hai nguyn t ca nhng nguyn t chu k II:C 2 trng hp:

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Hnh 4.8. Mc nng lng cc MO phn t 2 nguyn t chu k II

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Phn t, ion Tng s e ha tr

Li2 2 1 2,67 105 nghch t

Bc lin kt di lin kt () Nng lng lk (kJ/mol) T tnh

2,5 1,12 828

thun t nghch t nghch t thun t

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Bc lin kt di lin kt () Nng lng lk (kJ/mol) T tnh

2,5 1,12 629

1,5 1,26 328

thun t thun t thun t nghch t thun t

Bc lin kt di lin kt () Nng lng lk (kJ/mol) T tnh