y l phin bn html ca tp http://www.ntu.edu.vn/canbo/duynx/privateres/canbo/duynx/fileen/tai%20lieu%20huong%20dan%20thuc%20hanh%20mon%20cncbts %20(22%5B1%5D.09.07).doc.aspx. G o o g l e t ng to ra nhng phin bn html ca cc ti liu khi chng ti crawl web.

PHN I: MC CH V YU CU CHUNG 1.1. Mc ch chung: Gip cho Sinh vin sau khi hc mn thc hnh Cng ngh Ch bin Thy sn c th: - Vn dng cc kin thc l thuyt vo thc t sn xut ra mt sn phm c th t cht lng nht nh qui m phng th nghim. - Nm c tnh cht, c im ca cc loi nguyn liu Thy sn thng gp v bit cch s dng c hiu qu cc loi nguyn liu ny sn xut ra cc sn phm khc nhau. - Bit cch t chc, trin khai thc hin v iu hnh sn xut lm ra sn phm c th. - Bit cch t chc nh gi cht lng ca sn phm lm ra - C kh nng pht trin sn phm, xut quy trnh mi trn c s nhng bi thc tp lm. - Thng qua cc bi thc tp ny, gip Sinh vin nng cao kh nng lm vic tp th, pht huy t duy sng to, tnh ch ng trong cng vic, lm vic c k hoch, c k thut v k lut. 1.2. Yu cu chung: Sinh vin phi nm vng v thc hin y cc ni dung v yu cu ca tng bi thc tp c th. Sinh vin phi nm vng v tun th nhng ni qui phng th nghim (PTN), cc qui nh v an ton PTN, qui nh s dng my mc, thit b, ha cht,... trc khi vo PTN. Sinh vin thc tp ti PTN phi eo bng tn, mi Sinh vin phi c nht k thc tp ghi li tt c nhng ni dung thc tp c v a cho GVHD hoc CBPTN xc nhn sau mi bui thc tp. Cc nhm thc tp, t ch ng ln k hoch trin khai thc hin cc ni dung ca cc bi thc tp v phi bo v trc GVHD trc khi thc tp. Nhm no t yu cu mi c ng k lch thc tp, ngc li, nhm no cha t yu cu s phi chun b li cho ti khi no t mi c thc tp. Sinh vin phi vit bo co v bo v cc kt qu thc tp c trc CBHD.

1.3. X l k lut:

Tt c nhng trng hp vi phm ni qui PTN u b nh ch thc tp ngay lp tc v s b im 0 (khng). Sinh vin no khng thc tp thi gian theo qui nh, thc tp h, chp bi ca nhau, gi ch k, khng c s nht k, chay li trong qu trnh thc tp,...ty vo mc s b hnh thc k lut thch ng. PHN II: NI DUNG CC BI THC TP CHI TIT

Bi 1: SN XUT CC SN PHM LN MEN T NGUYN LIU THY SN 1. Yu cu chung: 1.1. V kin thc: Sinh vin cn nm c: - Bn cht ca qu trnh ln men nguyn liu Thy sn - Cc yu t nh hng n qu trnh ln men nguyn liu Thy sn - Cc loi nguyn liu Thy sn thng dng sn xut sn phm ln men - Tiu chun v cht lng nguyn liu v thnh phm - C kh nng xy dng v nh gi cht lng ca sn phm ln men t nguyn liu Thy sn - Nm c mt s qui trnh sn xut sn phm ln men t nguyn liu Thy sn - c nhiu ti liu lin quan n vn ln men Thy sn 1.2. V k nng: Sinh vin phi xy dng c qui trnh sn xut sn phm Thy sn ln men t cc qui trnh mu v t chc thc hin lm ra sn phm c cht lng t yu cu. Nm vng cc thao tc trong qu trnh sn xut lm ra sn phm Bit cch xc nh cc nh mc c bn ca qui trnh Bit cch nh gi cht lng nguyn liu, thnh phm v t chc nh gi c. C kh nng pht trin cc qui trnh mi cho cc i tng nguyn liu Thy sn khc. C kh nng ci tin qui trnh Bc u hnh thnh nhng k nng, k xo nht nh trong thc t sn xut Vit bo co theo form chun ca vn phong khoa hc

1.3. Mc tiu: Gip sinh vin sau khi thc tp s: - Thy c tnh a dng, s c o ca cc sn phm ln men c truyn cng nh tim nng sn xut ra chng. Thng qua c thc gn gi v pht huy chng. - Thy c ngha ca qu trnh ln men trong vic xy dng v pht trin cc sn phm t nguyn liu Thy sn to ra cc sn phm c trng, hp dn v c gi tr cao mang tnh vn ha m thc su sc. 2. Cc ni dung cn phi thc hin: Xy dng v xut c qui trnh sn xut d kin s thc hin, bao gm: + La chn nguyn liu + Xy dng cng thc phi ch (nguyn liu chnh ph, ph gia, gia v,...) + Xc nh cc thng s k thut Qa trnh sn xut ra sn phm, bao gm: + Xc nh cc nh mc tiu hao nguyn vt liu chnh, ph + Tnh ton cn bng nguyn vt liu chnh, ph Theo di v phn tch cc hin tng xy ra trong qu trnh ch bin, bo qun nh gi cht lng sn phm: + Xc nh cc ch tiu cn nh gi v phng php nh gi + Xy dng thang im cm quan v nh gi cm quan sn phm v cc ch tiu khc nu c th. + Vit bo co kt qu v bo v trc GVHD

3. Hng dn trin khai thc hin: 3.1. V pha Sinh vin: c tht k ti liu hng dn, bng hng dn ca Gio vin v cc ti liu lin quan khc T xy dng qui trnh d kin thc hin da trn cc qui trnh mu hoc c th xut nhng qui trnh mi. Lp bng k hoch chi tit v nguyn vt liu, s b tr th nghim v thi gian thc hin (c mu km theo cui ti liu), np li cho GVHD xem xt t nht 2 ngy trc khi thc tp. T chun b tt c cc nguyn vt liu, ph gia v ha cht (mt s mc c th mua chung cho c lp).

Tham d y bui hng dn chung ca GVHD cho c lp v cc bui thc tp ti PTN. Vit bo co v bo v sn phm theo ng qui nh (c th s c mt bi kim tra trc khi kt thc mn hc). Np li nht k thc tp km vi bo co

3.2. V pha Gio vin hng dn: H tr sinh vin trong vic la chn qui trnh sn xut, lp bng k hoch thc hin chi tit. H tr sinh vin trong vic la chn, mua nguyn vt liu, ph gia v ha cht Chun b cc vt dng cn thit cc nhm thc tp H tr sinh vin nh gi kt qu, vit bo co nh gi kt qu cc nhm Gii quyt cc vn pht sinh trong khi thc tp

4. Mt s qui trnh sn xut sn phm ln men t nguyn liu Thy sn dng tham kho I. Gii thiu v sn phm Tm chua Tm chua l mt sn phm truyn thng, c t lu i, mang m bn sc dn tc, vng min ca Vit Nam. Ngy nay, sn phm Tm chua tr thnh mt trong nhng mn n khi khu ca nhiu ngi, nhiu vng min trong c nc. N khng ch l mn n dn gi nh trc y, m tr thnh mt mn n c sn, sang trng. Chng hng nh Hu, mn Tm chua l mt c sn c nhiu ngi bit n, hu ht cc du khch, khch vng lai,... khi mt ln n Hu th khng th khng thng thc mn c sn ny. Trong cc ba tic sang trng, ba cm thn mt trong gia nh hoc tip i khch thng c mn Tm chua.Thm ch n cn ph bin mt s cng ng ngi Vit Nam sng nc ngoi. Hin nay, c nhiu vng min trong c nc lm c sn phm Tm chua, mi ni c nhng nt c trng ring, khu v ring, s thch ring. V vy, sn phm cng c nhng im khc bit i cht. Nhn chung, Vit Nam c nhiu trng phi Bc - Trung - Nam khc nhau v mn mm tm chua. C th phn bit hai nt chnh l mn mm tm chua ca min Trung, Bc dng c ring v np + ru trng to mi thm, v chua, mn v cay l chnh, c mu t nhin, nc trong mn n hi qunh st. Trong khi mm tm chua lm theo cch min Nam, v ngt l chnh, mn va phi, t cay, nc tm trong ch khng st v khng c np, c mu gch ca phm mu, c kh lu vi nhng cht bo qun cng nghip.

Tm chua l mt mn n ngy cng tr nn ph bin v c nhiu ngi u chung, khng nhng v n ngon, mang m bn sc m thc ca ngi ng, m cn do cch ch bin ra sn phm ny kh n gin. Nguyn liu thng dng lm sn phm ny thng l cc loi tm khc nhau. Tm c em i x l, phun ru, phi trn cc ph liu v cui cng xp vo dng c cha ng thch hp, gi nn, em i bo qun sau mt thi gian thch hp s thu c sn phm. Bn cnh sn phm Tm chua, t cc loi nguyn liu Thy sn khc nhau, c th lm ra nhiu loi sn phm ln men khc nhau cng kh hp dn nh: Mc chua, c cm chua, mm nm,... Trong ti liu ny, chng ti s gii thiu mt s quy trnh lm Tm chua cc vng min khc nhau trong c nc. Hy vng rng ti liu ny s p ng c phn no nhng mong mun ca ngi c lm c mt sn phm Tm chua ph hp hp vi khu v, th hiu v s thch ca mnh. Mc d rt c gng, nhng cng kh trnh khi nhng thiu st, rt mong nhn c nhiu kin ng gp. II. C s khoa hc ca qu trnh ln men Tm chua Qa trnh ln men to thnh sn phm Tm chua l mt qu trnh Oxy ha kh sinh hc di tc dng ca h enzyme ca vi sinh vt v enzyme ni ti trong nguyn liu. Qa trnh ny c th xy ra trong iu kin ym kh hoc hiu kh. Tuy nhin, ch yu din ra trong iu kin k kh, khi hiu sut bin i c cht ln men thnh axit Lactic l nhiu nht, y l iu mong mun xy ra. C hai qu trnh chnh din ra trong qu trnh ln men hnh thnh nn sn phm l: qu trnh ln men to thnh axit lactic t cc ngun c cht khc nhau v qu trnh thy phn protein thnh cc axit amin v cc peptides. Qa trnh ln men to thnh axit Lactic: c ch ca qu trnh ny nh sau: vi sinh vt (ch yu l vi khun Lactic) s dng cc c cht ca qu trnh ln men c b sung vo, c th l: tinh bt, thnh, ng, mt ong,... thc hin qu trnh ln men, gi l qu trnh ln men lactic. Thc cht ca qu trnh ny l vi khun vn chuyn c cht vo bn trong t bo thng qua mng t bo, ti y thc hin cc bin i sinh ha c cht to nng lng thc hin cc qu trnh sinh l ca t bo, ng thi to thnh cc sn phm ph khc nhau trong c axit lactic . C hai loi ln men lactic l: ln men Lactic in hnh v ln men Lactic khng in hnh. Trong ln men lactic in hnh th sn phm to thnh ch c axit lactic. Cn i vi ln men lactic khng in hnh, th ngoi sn phm chnh l

axit lactic, cn c cc sn phm ph l: acetaldehyt, ru etylic, CO2, axit succinic, axit acetic, axit formic,...Chnh cc sn phm ph ny gp phn lm cho sn phm c mi, v thm ngon hn.
Tinh bt, thnh, ng Glucose Thy phn Axit lactic Acetaldehyt Ru etylic Axit succinic Axit acetic Formic CO [Sn phm chnh] [Sn phm ph]
2

Vi khun lactic M hnh biu din qu trnh ln men lactic ca vi khu lactic

C ch ca qu trnh ln men lactic c th nhin nh sau:

Cc phn ng chnh xy ra: C ch ln men lactic in hnh: C H O CH - CO - COOH CH - CHOH - COOH Glucose Axit pyruvic Axit lactic C H O CH - CO - COOH CH - CHOH - COOH Glucose Axit pyruvic Axit lactic
6 12 6 3 3 6 12 6 3 3

CH - CH - OH Ru etylic CH - COOH Axit acetic

3 2 3

HOOC - CH - CH - COOH Axit succinic Sn phm ph

2 2

[Sn phm chnh]

C ch ln men lactic khng in hnh

Qa trnh ln men lactic to thnh axit lactic v cc axit hu c khc lm cho sn phm c v chua c trng. Ngoi ra, iu ny cn gip cho vi khun lactic tip tc hot ng. ng thi to mi trng c pH axit cng c tc dng c ch hot ng ca h vi sinh vt gy thi ra, gip bo v sn phm khng b hng. Hn th na, mi trng axit ny cn gip cho mt s enzyme protease trong ni ti nguyn liu hot ng tt, lm tng nhanh qu trnh t chn ca Tm chua. Qa trnh thy phn protein: di tc dng ca h enzyme protease ni ti trong nguyn liu v h enzyme protease ca vi sinh vt, s tin hnh thy phn c tht Tm thnh cc peptides, axit amin theo c ch nh sau: Protein Polypeptides Peptides Axit amin Enzyme Enzyme Enzyme

Qa trnh thy phn protein cng l mt qu trnh quan trng chuyn protein thnh cc axit amin v peptides lm cho c tht tm tr nn mm mi, d tiu ha. ng thi, cng nh qu trnh ny m sn phm c v ngt ca m, mi thm, mu sc cng dn c hnh thnh gp phn lm cho sn phm c mi, v, mu sc c trng. Ngoi hai qu trnh ln men lactic v thy phn protein, cn c cc qu trnh ln men ph khc hnh thnh nn mi thm c trng cho sn phm nh: sinh tng hp cc hp cht bay hi, cc axit amin,... Cc yu t nh hng n qu trnh ln men bao gm: nguyn liu, nhit , pH, lng c cht, hm lng oxi, h vi sinh vt Nguyn liu: y l yu t nh hng rt ln n cht lng sn phm, khi chn mua nguyn liu nn chn mua nguyn liu cn sng, chn nhng loi tm c v mng nh: tm t, tm th chn trng, tm go,... Nhit : nh hng n hot tnh ca emzyme v s trao i cht ca vi sinh vt. Do vy, n cng nh hng n qu trnh ln men. Nhit cao qu hoc thp qu u nh hng n qu trnh ln men. V vy, trong qu trnh ln men cn chm sc sn phm c th iu chnh kp thi. Ln man lactic c th din ra nhit thng, tuy nhin nhit ti thch l 30 - 50 C. cng l mt trong nhng l do ca vic em sn phm i phi nng.
o

pH mi trng: c nh hng trc tip n qu trnh trao i cht ca vi sinh vt. Qa trnh ln men lactic din ra thun li trong mi trng axit. Tuy nhin, nu mi trng c tnh axit mnh qu s nh hng n c tnh sinh l ca vi khun lactic, do vy nh hng n qu trnh ln men. pH thch hp cho qu trnh ln men thng 6 - 6,5. Nng c cht: tinh bt, ng,... l c cht cho qu trnh ln men. Nng c cht cao hay thp u nh hng n qu trnh ln men. Nu nng ng qu cao s gy ra p sut thm thu ln, nh hng n trng thi sinh l bnh thng ca vi khun lactic dn n thowif gian lm men ko di. ng thi lng c cht d s lm cho sn phm vn c v c th tc ng c ch ngc tr li qu trnh ln men. Ngc li, nu lng c cht it, s khng c cht cho qu trnh ln men, dn n lng axit lactic to thnh t, sn phm t c v chua c trng. Nng oxy: qu trnh ln men lactic ch yu thc hin trong mi trng ym kh to ra axit lactic, c ngha l oxy tham gia rt t vo qu trnh ny. Ch cn mt lng nh oxy ban u vi khun lactic sinh trng pht trin, to sinh khi. V vy, trong qu trnh ln men cn m bo iu kin ym kh.

Yu t vi sinh vt: nu trong mi trng ln men c nhiu vi khun lactic vi hot lc cao, s thc y qu trnh ln men din ra nhanh hn. C th b sung lng vi khun lactic bn ngoi vo rt ngn thi gian chn ca sn phm. III. Gii thiu mt s quy trnh sn xut Tm chua C nhiu quy trnh lm sn phm Tm chua khc nhau, ty thuc vo tng vng min khc nhau. y, chng ti gii thiu mt s quy trnh lm Tm chua ph bin Vit Nam hin nay. Tuy c nhiu quy trnh lm khc nhau, nhng nguyn l chung l gn ging nhau. 3.1. Quy trnh lm Tm chua Hu: A. Chun b nguyn vt liu: Chun b nguyn vt liu lm 1 kg Tm nguyn liu Tm ti nguyn con : 1kg Xi trng hay cn gi l cm np : 1 chn nh (khong 100 g np t) Ring non : 150 200 g t : 50 100 g Ti : 50 100 g Ru ngon 40 : 0,8 1,0 lt Mui ht : 100 g ng : 50 g H thy tinh : 3 h, dung tch khong 500 ml L i hoc l chm rut: ph ln trn mt cc h Tm sau xp hp Nan tre : khong 12 15 nan
0

Nguyn liu X l Ngm ru Phi trn ph liu Xp hp - gi nn Chm sc Sn phm S biu din cc bc thc hin lm Tm chua B. Cch tin hnh: 1. S cc bc thc hin:

2. Hng dn thc hin: - Tm phi cn sng, la c tm va phi, khong bng ngn tay t ca ngi ln, tng ng 100 120 con/kg .Nn chn loi Tm c v mng, chn Tm t lm s tt hn. nguyn con hoc lt u, khi lt u nn cc chn bi di ngc Tm cho p. Nu mun sn phm lu di th nn lt u. Tm sau khi x l lt u em i ra vi nc mui pha long khong 3 5%, thi gian ra khong 30 pht, 1 - 2 ln cho tht sch, vy ro nc mui. - Ring gt v, ra sch, ct lt tht mng ri xt si, cng nh cng tt. Ngm ring ct vo thau nc pha cht mui cho ring trng p, khi lm vt ra, vy ro. - Ti lt v ct lt tht mng. - t ch dc, moi b ht, ct si. - Ra sch cc h thy tinh v nan tre ro - Chun b mt thau nh, ht ru vo, cho Tm vo, xc u tm trong thau, khong 25 - 30 pht, tm ngm ru s cht v ng dn. Vo np nu xi trong thi gian ngm tm; bi ra mt chn xi ngui bt. - Sau khi ngm tm xong, vt tm cho vo r r, vy cho ro ru. Ri cho tm vo mt thau sch khc, trn u vi xi, mui, ng, ti, t, v ring chun b trc. Trn tht u cho xi ti ra, bm u vo tm. Cho tm vo h, mt tm cch ming h t nht 5 cm, dng l i hoc chm ruc y kn mt tm ri ly

nan tre mng gi ngang mt khi trong l dy nc, tm s khng ni ln khi mt l i hoc l chm rut. y kn np h thy tinh li. - khong 3- 5 ngy ty thi tit, trong h tm s dy nc t t v c mi thm c trng l lm ng. Nu khng trn mu thc phm s thy tm ng mu t nhin. Nu tri nng nng, s n c sau khong 10 ngy k t ngy cho tm vo h. Nu mun n sm hn, th nn thng xuyn phi h tm ra nng vi gi trong ngy, khong 2 gi/ngy. Phi lun thm chng thng xuyn. Nu mun n chua t nhiu ty khu v. Mi ln ly tm ra phi nhn tm cn trong h chm di mt nc v gi y k. - Ty khu v, sau ngy th nm, nu mun gi chua va phi th c th cho vo t lnh. Tm cng lu, cng chua. Nu tm qu chua, khi gp ra nn xc u vi t ng. L i c tc dng lm ln men thm cho tm + ru v np s gi tm trong mt dung mi c cht chua ca ru np. Nu khng c l i, mn tm chua s t thm hn. - Ty khu v mi ngi, nu thch n cay hn, gi nhuyn t t, ti ri trn ring vi tm chua, sau khi ly trong h ra. Hoc mun n c v ngt hn th pha thm nc ng lm nc gia v khi n. C. Hng dn ch bin mn n t Tm chua: Tm chua thng c n km tht heo ba ch luc chn, ct ming nh mng, rau thm cc loi, chui sng, kh xanh ct lt mngTy thch n km cm hay bn. Hoc lm cun tm chua: Ty chn bnh t hay bnh trng mm. Cun thnh cun c ng knh chng 3 cm vi rau mung cng nh (khng l), rau thm, khoai lang luc lt v ct ming nh di; ct khc ngn chng 3cm, sp ng vo da, trn mi khc mt lt tht ba ch mng v mt con tm chua. Ty thch pha li nc trong h tm chua vi t ng, ti t lm nc chm.

Nguyn liu Tm t Nguyn liu Tm th chn trng

Mn n c sn tm chua tht luc Sn phm tm chua

3.2. Quy trnh lm Tm chua ng Hi: A. Chun b nguyn vt liu: Chun b nguyn vt liu lm 1 kg Tm nguyn liu Tm ti nguyn con Np t 100 g np t) Ring non t Ti Ru ngon 40 Mui ht ng
0

: 1kg : 1 chn nh (khong : 150 200 g : 50 100 g : 50 100 g : 0,8 1,0 lt : 100 g : 50 g

H thy tinh : 3 h, dung tch khong 500 ml L i hoc l chm rut: ph ln trn mt cc h Tm sau xp hp Nan tre : khong 12 15 nan

B. Cch tin hnh: Nguyn liu X l Ngm ru Phi trn ph liu Xp hp - gi nn Chm sc Sn phm S biu din cc bc thc hin lm Tm chua 1. S cc bc thc hin:

2. Hng dn thc hin: - Tm phi cn sng, la c tm va phi, khong bng ngn tay t ca ngi ln, tng ng 100 120 con/kg .Nn chn loi Tm c v mng, chn Tm t lm s tt hn. nguyn con hoc lt u, khi lt u nn cc chn bi

di ngc Tm cho p. Nu mun sn phm lu di th nn lt u. Tm sau khi x l lt u em i ra vi nc mui pha long khong 3 5%, thi gian ra khong 30 pht, 1 - 2 ln cho tht sch, vy ro nc mui. - Ring gt v, ra sch, ct lt tht mng ri xt si, cng nh cng tt. Ngm ring ct vo thau nc pha cht mui cho ring trng p, khi lm vt ra, vy ro. - Ti lt v ct lt tht mng. - t ch dc, moi b ht, ct si. - Np em i rang, sau gi tht nh, mn, dng li ry ry. - Ra sch cc h thy tinh v nan tre ro - Chun b mt thau nh, ht ru vo, cho Tm vo, xc u tm trong thau, khong 25 - 30 pht, tm ngm ru s cht v ng dn. - Sau khi ngm tm xong, vt tm cho vo r r, vy cho ro ru. Ri cho tm vo mt thau sch khc, trn u vi thnh, mui, ng, ti, t, v ring chun b trc. Trn tht u cho xi ti ra, bm u vo tm. Cho tm vo h, mt tm cch ming h t nht 5 cm, dng l i hoc chm rut y kn mt tm ri ly nan tre mng gi ngang mt khi trong l dy nc, tm s khng ni ln khi mt l i hoc l chm rut. y kn np h thy tinh li. - khong 3- 5 ngy ty thi tit, trong h tm s dy nc t t v c mi thm c trng l lm ng. Nu khng trn mu thc phm s thy tm ng mu t nhin. Nu tri nng nng, s n c sau khong 10 ngy k t ngy cho tm vo h. Nu mun n sm hn, th nn thng xuyn phi h tm ra nng vi gi trong ngy, khong 2 gi/ngy. Phi lun thm chng c th khc phc nhng s c bt thng. Nu mun n chua t hay nhiu nhiu ty khu v. Mi ln ly tm ra phi nhn tm cn trong h chm di mt nc v gi y k. - Ty khu v, sau ngy th nm, nu mun gi chua va phi th c th cho vo t lnh. Tm cng lu, cng chua. Nu tm qu chua, khi gp ra nn xc u vi t ng. L i c tc dng lm ln men thm cho tm + ru v np s gi tm trong mt dung mi c cht chua ca ru np. Nu khng c l i, mn tm chua s t thm hn. - Ty khu v mi ngi, nu thch n cay hn, gi nhuyn t t, ti ri trn ring vi tm chua, sau khi ly trong h ra. Hoc mun n c v ngt hn th pha thm nc ng lm nc gia v khi n.

* Ghi ch: Quy trnh lm Tm chua ng Hi v c bn ging vi quy trnh Hu, ch khc quy trnh lm Tm chua Hu ch: c cht ln men chnh y l thnh, trong khi Tm chua Hu l cm np gi nhuyn. Quy trnh ng Hi khng cho mu sc Tm p bng quy trnh Hu, l do nh hng ca thnh, nn mu Tm chua t p hn. Tuy nhin, sn phm c mi thm m hn. C. Hng dn ch bin mn n t Tm chua: Tm chua thng c n km tht heo ba ch luc chn, ct ming nh mng, rau thm cc loi, chui sng, kh xanh ct lt mngTy thch n km cm hay bn. Hoc lm cun tm chua: Ty chn bnh t hay bnh trng mm. Cun thnh cun c ng knh chng 3 cm vi rau mung cng nh (khng l), rau thm, khoai lang luc lt v ct ming nh di; ct khc ngn chng 3cm, sp ng vo da, trn mi khc mt lt tht ba ch mng v mt con tm chua. Ty thch pha li nc trong h tm chua vi t ng, ti, t lm nc chm. 3.3. Quy trnh lm Tm chua Nha Trang: A. Chun b nguyn vt liu: Chun b nguyn vt liu lm 1 kg Tm nguyn liu Tm ti nguyn con : 1kg Ring non : 150 200 g t : 50 100 g Ti : 50 100 g Ru ngon 40 : 0,8 1,0 lt Mui ht : 100 g ng : 50 100 g H thy tinh : 3 h, dung tch khong 500 ml L i hoc l chm rut: ph ln trn mt cc h Tm sau xp hp Nan tre : khong 12 15 nan
0

B. Cch tin hnh: 1. S cc bc thc hin: Nguyn liu X l Ngm ru Phi trn ph liu Xp hp - gi nn Chm sc

Sn phm S biu din cc bc thc hin lm Tm chua

2. Hng dn thc hin: - Tm phi cn sng, la c tm va phi, khong bng ngn tay t ca ngi ln, tng ng 100 120 con/kg .Nn chn loi Tm c v mng, chn Tm t lm s tt hn. nguyn con hoc lt u, khi lt u nn cc chn bi di ngc Tm cho p. Nu mun sn phm lu di th nn lt u. Tm sau khi x l lt u em i ra vi nc mui pha long khong 3 5%, thi gian khong 30 pht, 1 - 2 ln cho tht sch, vy ro nc mui. - Ring gt v, ra sch, ct lt tht mng ri xt si, cng nh cng tt. Ngm ring ct vo thau nc pha cht mui cho ring trng p, khi lm vt ra, vy ro. - Ti lt v ct lt tht mng. - t ch dc, moi b ht, ct si. - Ra sch cc h thy tinh v nan tre ro

- Chun b mt thau nh, ht ru vo, cho Tm vo, xc u tm trong thau, khong 25 - 30 pht, tm ngm ru s cht v ng dn. - Sau khi ngm tm xong, vt tm cho vo r r, vy cho ro ru. Ri cho tm vo mt thau sch khc, trn u vi mui, ng, ti, t, v ring chun b trc. Trn tht u cho ng, mui ti ra, phn b u vo tm. Cho tm vo h, mt tm cch ming h t nht 5 cm, dng l i hoc chm rut y kn mt tm ri ly nan tre mng gi ngang mt khi trong l dy nc, tm s khng ni ln khi mt l i hoc l chm rut. y kn np h thy tinh li. - khong 3- 5 ngy ty thi tit, trong h tm s dy nc t t v c mi thm c trng l lm ng. Nu khng trn mu thc phm s thy tm ng mu t nhin. Nu tri nng nng, s n c sau khong 10 ngy k t ngy cho tm vo h. Nu mun n sm hn, th nn thng xuyn phi h tm ra nng vi gi trong ngy, khong 2 gi/ngy. Phi lun thm chng khc phc s c bt thng. Nu mun n chua t nhiu ty khu v. Mi ln ly tm ra phi nhn tm cn trong h chm di mt nc v gi y k. - Ty khu v, sau ngy th nm, nu mun gi chua va phi th c th cho vo t lnh. Tm cng lu, cng chua. Nu tm qu chua, khi gp ra nn xc u vi t ng. L i c tc dng lm ln men thm cho tm + ru v np s gi tm trong mt dung mi c cht chua ca ru np. Nu khng c l i, mn tm chua s t thm hn. - Ty khu v mi ngi, nu thch n cay hn, gi nhuyn t t, ti ri trn ring vi tm chua, sau khi ly trong h ra. Hoc mun n c v ngt hn th pha thm nc ng lm nc gia v khi n. * Ghi ch: Quy trnh lm Tm chua Nha Trang v c bn ging vi quy trnh Hu, ch khc quy trnh lm Tm chua Hu ch: c cht ln men chnh y l ng, trong khi Tm chua Hu l cm np gi nhuyn.. Quy trnh Nha Trang khng cho mu sc Tm p bng quy trnh Hu. C. Hng dn ch bin mn n t Tm chua: Tm chua thng c n km tht heo ba ch luc chn, ct ming nh mng, rau thm cc loi, chui sng, kh xanh ct lt mngTy thch n km cm hay bn. Hoc lm cun tm chua: Ty chn bnh t hay bnh trng mm. Cun thnh cun c ng knh chng 3 cm vi rau mung cng nh (khng l), rau thm, khoai lang luc lt v ct ming nh di; ct khc ngn chng 3cm, sp ng vo da, trn mi khc mt lt tht ba ch mng v mt con tm chua. Ty thch pha li nc trong h tm chua vi t ng, ti t lm nc chm. 3.4. Quy trnh lm Tm chua Phan Thit: A. Chun b nguyn vt liu:

Chun b nguyn vt liu lm 1 kg Tm nguyn liu Tm ti nguyn con : 1kg Thnh bp : 100 150 g Ring non : 150 200 g t : 50 100 g Ti : 50 100 g Ru ngon 40 : 0,8 1,0 lt Mui ht : 100 g ng : 50 100 g H thy tinh : 3 h, dung tch khong 500 ml L i hoc l chm rut: ph ln trn mt cc h Tm sau xp hp Nan tre : khong 12 15 nan
0

B. Cch tin hnh: Nguyn liu X l Ngm ru Phi trn ph liu Xp hp - gi nn Chm sc Sn phm S biu din cc bc thc hin lm Tm chua 1. S cc bc thc hin:

2. Hng dn thc hin: - Tm phi cn sng, la c tm va phi, khong bng ngn tay t ca ngi ln, tng ng 100 120 con/kg .Nn chn loi Tm c v mng, chn Tm t lm s tt hn. nguyn con hoc lt u, khi lt u nn cc chn bi di ngc Tm cho p. Nu mun sn phm lu di th nn lt u. Tm sau khi x l lt u em i ra vi nc mui pha long khong 3 5%, thi gian khong 30 pht, 1 - 2 ln cho tht sch, vy ro nc mui. - Ring gt v, ra sch, ct lt tht mng ri xt si, cng nh cng tt. Ngm ring ct vo thau nc pha cht mui cho ring trng p, khi lm vt ra, vy ro. - Ti lt v ct lt tht mng. - t ch dc, moi b ht, ct si. - Bp em i rang, sau gi tht nh, mn, dng li ry ry hoc dng bt bp. - Ra sch cc h thy tinh v nan tre ro - Chun b mt thau nh, ht ru vo, cho Tm vo, xc u tm trong thau, khong 25 - 30 pht, tm ngm ru s cht v ng dn. - Sau khi ngm tm xong, vt tm cho vo r r, vy cho ro ru. Ri cho tm vo mt thau sch khc, trn u vi mui chun b trc. Trn tht u cho mui ti ra, phn b u vo tm. Cho tm vo h hoc dng c cha ng thch hp, mt tm cch ming h t nht 5 cm, ly nan tre mng gi ngang mt khi trong l dy nc, tm s khng ni ln b mt. y kn np h thy tinh hoc dng c cha ng li. Sau khong 3- 5 ngy, ly phn ci (Tm) v phn nc ring. Phn ci em trn u vi thnh bp chun b trc, c th trn thm cht t bt, ty theo s thch. Sau , hn hp sau khi phi trn c em i cho vo h hoc dng c cha ng, dng nan tre gi nn cht. Tip n phn nc tm ln b mt, y kn np h hoc dng c cha ng li cn thn. - khong 3- 5 ngy ty thi tit, trong h tm s dy nc t t v c mi thm c trng l lm ng. Nu khng trn mu thc phm s thy tm ng

mu t nhin. Nu tri nng nng, s n c sau khong 10 - 15 ngy ngy k t ngy cho tm vo h. Nu mun n sm hn, th nn thng xuyn phi h tm ra nng vi gi trong ngy, khong 2 gi/ngy. Phi lun thm chng khc phc s c bt thng, nu mun n chua t nhiu ty khu v. Mi ln ly tm ra phi nhn tm cn trong h chm di mt nc v gi y k. - Ty khu v, sau ngy th nm, nu mun gi chua va phi th c th cho vo t lnh. Tm cng lu, cng chua. Nu tm qu chua, khi gp ra nn xc u vi t ng. L i c tc dng lm ln men thm cho tm + ru v np s gi tm trong mt dung mi c cht chua ca ru np. Nu khng c l i, mn tm chua s t thm hn. - Ty khu v mi ngi, nu thch n cay hn, gi nhuyn t t, ti ri trn ring vi tm chua, sau khi ly Tm trong h ra cn ch bin li. Hoc mun n c v ngt hn th pha thm nc ng lm nc gia v khi n. * Ghi ch: Quy trnh lm Tm chua Phan Thit v c bn ging vi quy trnh Hu, ch khc quy trnh lm Tm chua Hu ch: c cht ln men chnh y l bt thnh bp, trong khi Tm chua Hu l cm np gi nhuyn.. Quy trnh Phan Thit thc hin ln men trong hai giai an. Cn quy trnh Hu thc hin ln men ch mt ln. C. Hng dn ch bin mn n t Tm chua: Tm chua thng c n km tht heo ba ch luc chn, ct ming nh mng, rau thm cc loi, chui sng, kh xanh ct lt mngTy thch n km cm hay bn. Hoc lm cun tm chua: Ty chn bnh t hay bnh trng mm. Cun thnh cun c ng knh chng 3 cm vi rau mung cng nh (khng l), rau thm, khoai lang luc lt v ct ming nh di; ct khc ngn chng 3cm, sp ng vo da, trn mi khc mt lt tht ba ch mng v mt con tm chua. Ty thch pha li nc trong h tm chua vi t ng, ti t lm nc chm. 3.5. Quy trnh lm Tm chua Nam B: A. Chun b nguyn vt liu: Chun b nguyn vt liu lm 1 kg Tm nguyn liu Tm ti nguyn con Mt ong Ring non t Ti Ru ngon 40
0

: 1kg : 0,2 0,3 lt : 150 200 g : 50 100 g : 50 100 g : 0,8 1,0 lt

Mui ht ng H thy tinh 500 ml Nan tre

: 100 120 g : 20 30 g : 3 h, dung tch khong : khong 12 - 15 nan

B. Cch tin hnh: 1. S cc bc thc hin: Nguyn liu X l Ngm ru Phi trn ph liu Xp hp - gi nn Chm sc Sn phm S biu din cc bc thc hin lm Tm chua

2. Hng dn thc hin:

- Tm phi cn sng, la c tm va phi, khong bng ngn tay t ca ngi ln, tng ng 100 120 con/kg .Nn chn loi Tm c v mng, chn Tm t lm s tt hn. nguyn con hoc lt u, khi lt u nn cc chn bi di ngc Tm cho p. Nu mun sn phm lu di th nn lt u. Tm sau khi x l lt u em i ra vi nc mui pha long khong 3 5%, 1 - 2 ln cho tht sch, vy ro nc mui. - Ring gt v, ra sch, ct lt tht mng ri xt si, cng nh cng tt. Ngm ring ct vo thau nc pha cht mui cho ring trng p, khi lm vt ra, vy ro. - Ti lt v ct lt tht mng. - t ch dc, moi b ht, ct si. - Ra sch cc h thy tinh v nan tre ro - Chun b mt thau nh, ht ru vo, cho Tm vo, xc u tm trong thau, khong 25 - 30 pht, tm ngm ru s cht v ng dn. - Sau khi ngm tm xong, vt tm cho vo r r, vy cho ro ru. Ri cho tm vo mt thau sch khc, trn u vi mui, mt ong, ti, t, v ring chun b trc. Trn tht u cho hn hp bm dnh u vo tm. Cho tm vo h, mt tm cch ming h t nht 5 cm, y np h cht li. Sau khong 5 -7 ngy cho thm ng vo, khi cho ng vo nh thng ng trc khi cho vo. - khong 3- 5 ngy ty thi tit k t khi cho Tm vo h, trong h tm s dy nc t t v c mi thm c trng l lm ng. Nu khng trn mu thc phm s thy tm ng mu t nhin. Nu tri nng nng, s n c sau khong 10 ngy k t ngy cho tm vo h. Nu mun n sm hn, th nn thng xuyn phi h tm ra nng vi gi trong ngy, khong 2 gi/ngy. Phi lun thm chng nu mun n chua t nhiu ty khu v. Mi ln ly tm ra phi nhn tm cn trong h chm di mt nc v gi y k. - Ty khu v, sau ngy th nm, nu mun gi chua va phi th c th cho vo t lnh. Tm cng lu, cng chua. Nu tm qu chua, khi gp ra nn xc u vi t ng. - Ty khu v mi ngi, nu thch n cay hn, gi nhuyn t t, ti ri trn ring vi tm chua sau khi ly trong h ra. Hoc mun n c v ngt hn th pha thm nc ng lm nc gia v khi n. C. Hng dn ch bin mn n t Tm chua:

Tm chua thng c n km tht heo ba ch luc chn, ct ming nh mng, rau thm cc loi, chui sng, kh xanh ct lt mngTy thch n km cm hay bn. Hoc lm cun tm chua: Ty chn bnh t hay bnh trng mm. Cun thnh cun c ng knh chng 3 cm vi rau mung cng nh (khng l), rau thm, khoai lang luc lt v ct ming nh di; ct khc ngn chng 3cm, sp ng vo da, trn mi khc mt lt tht ba ch mng v mt con tm chua. Ty thch pha li nc trong h tm chua vi t ng, ti t lm nc chm. * Ch chung cho tt c cc qui trnh: - ko di thi gian hn s dng v to cho sn phm Tm chua c mu p, ngi ta c th s dng mt s cht ph gia thc phm. - sn phm c mi, v ngon hn, hp vi khu v ca ngi s dng khc nhau, trc khi n cn pha ch thm cc gia v khc. Bi 2: SN XUT CC SN PHM KH TM GIA V 1. Yu cu chung: 1.1. V kin thc: Sinh vin cn nm c: - Bn cht ca qu trnh tm p gia v - Cc yu t nh hng n qu trnh tm p gia v - Cc loi nguyn liu Thy sn thng dng sn xut sn phm kh tm gia v - Cc loi ph gia v gia v thng dng trong sn xut sn phm kh tm gia v v vai tr ca chng. - Tiu chun v cht lng nguyn liu v thnh phm - C kh nng xy dng v nh gi cht lng ca mt s sn phm kh tm gia v - Nm c mt s qui trnh sn xut sn phm kh tm gia v - c nhiu ti liu lin quan n sn phm kh tm gia v 1.2. V k nng: Sinh vin phi xy dng c qui trnh sn xut sn phm kh tm gia v t cc qui trnh mu v t chc thc hin lm ra sn phm c cht lng t yu cu. Nm vng cc thao tc trong qu trnh sn xut lm ra sn phm Bit cch xc nh cc nh mc c bn ca qui trnh Bit cch nh gi cht lng nguyn liu, thnh phm v t chc nh gi c.

C kh nng pht trin cc qui trnh mi cho cc i tng nguyn liu Thy sn khc. C kh nng ci tin qui trnh Bc u hnh thnh nhng k nng, k xo nht nh trong thc t sn xut Vit bo co theo form chun ca vn phong khoa hc

1.3. Mc tiu: Gip sinh vin sau khi thc tp s: - Thy c tnh a dng, s c o ca cc sn phm kh tm gia v c truyn cng nh tim nng sn xut ra chng. Thng qua c thc gn gi v pht huy chng. - Thy c ngha ca vic sn xut cc sn phm kh tm gia v. T , c th xy dng v pht trin cc sn phm khc t nguyn liu Thy sn to ra cc sn phm kh tm gia v c trng, hp dn v c gi tr cao mang tnh vn ha m thc su sc. 2. Cc ni dung cn thc hin: Xy dng v xut c qui trnh sn xut thc hin, bao gm: + La chn nguyn liu + Xy dng cng thc phi ch (nguyn liu chnh ph, ph gia, gia v,...) + Xc nh cc thng s k thut Qa trnh sn xut ra sn phm: + Xc nh cc nh mc tiu hao nguyn vt liu + Tnh ton cn bng vt liu Theo di v phn tch cc hin tng xy ra trong qu trnh ch bin, bo qun nh gi cht lng sn phm + Xc nh cc ch tiu cn nh gi v phng php nh gi + Xy dng thang im cm quan v nh gi cm quan sn phm

3. Hng dn trin khai thc hin: 3.1. V pha Sinh vin: c tht k ti liu hng dn, bng hng dn ca Gio vin v cc ti liu lin quan khc T xy dng qui trnh d kin thc hin da trn cc qui trnh mu hoc c th xut nhng qui trnh mi.

Lp bng k hoch chi tit v nguyn vt liu, s b tr th nghim v thi gian thc hin (c mu km theo cui ti liu), np li cho GVHD xem xt t nht 2 ngy trc khi thc tp. T chun b tt c cc nguyn vt liu, ph gia v ha cht (mt s mc c th mua chung cho c lp). Tham d y bui hng dn chung ca GVHD cho c lp v cc bui thc tp ti PTN. Vit bo co v bo v sn phm theo ng qui nh (c th s c mt bi kim tra trc khi kt thc mn hc). Np li nht k thc tp km vi bo co

3.2. V phi Gio vin hng dn: H tr sinh vin trong vic la chn qui trnh sn xut, lp bng k hoch thc hin chi tit. H tr sinh vin trong vic la chn, mua nguyn vt liu, ph gia v ha cht Chun b cc vt dng cn thit cc nhm thc tp H tr sinh vin nh gi kt qu, vit bo co nh gi kt qu cc nhm Gii quyt cc vn pht sinh trong khi thc tp

4. Mt s qui trnh sn xut sn phm kh tm gia v t nguyn liu Thy sn dng tham kho 4.1. Qui trnh sn xut Mc tm gia v A.chun b cc nguyn vt liu Chun b nguyn vt liu lm 1 kg thnh phm Mc kh tm gia v Nguyn liu Mc kh ng ct trng Mui n t bt hoc ti Sorbitol Nc sch Mu thc phm : khong 1,5 kg : 200 g : 20 g : 10g t bt hoc 50 g t ti : 10g : 1000 - 1500 ml : 0,5g

B. Cch tin hnh: 1. S qui trnh cng ngh:

Nguyn liu Ra Phi kh X l Nng Cn Tm gia v Lm kh (Tit trng) Bao gi Bo qun 2. Hng dn thc hin: - Nguyn liu chnh: thng dng Mc kh, c c t 4 - 6 cm, nguyn liu t tiu chun cht lng lm mc hng kh. - Cc nguyn vt liu ph bao gm: ng, mui, bt ngt, t, sorbitol, nc, mu thc phm - Ra: ty sch cc cht bn bm dnh trn b mt nguyn liu - Phi kh: lm bay hi lp nc bm dnh trn b mt nguyn liu do khu ra to nn ng thi to thun li cho khu x l sau ny. Thi gian phi kh ph thuc vo iu kin phi kh, thng phi kh ti khi lp nc bm dnh b mt nguyn liu khng cn na, s tay lm bn mt nguyn liu khng thy dnh t. - X l: nguyn liu c lt u, lt sch da, tch d - Nng: bn thnh phm c nng chn trn l than hoc bp in hoc c th dng cn (nhng nguy him). Yu cu khu ny l m bo nng Mc va chn, cn c xc nh iu ny: s co rt ca Mc, phn trng xut hin, mi thm c trng, mu sc ca c tht chuyn sang trng ng. Sau khi nng xong, nn ngui mt thi gian khong 3 -5 pht ri mi em i cn. - Cn Mc: dng my cn cn Mc. Trc khi cn lu v sinh my cn sch s bng cn v dng khn sch lau kh li, chnh khe hp ca hai trc cn ph hp. Thng thng nhng ln cn u tin nn chnh khong cch gia hai trc ln, sau chnh nh dn cho nhng ln cn sau cho ti khi Mc c cn mng theo yu cu. Chiu di ca Mc sau khi cn thng gp 3 - 5 ln trc khi cn. Mc sng chnh ca mc sau khi nng cng nh hng n nguyn vn, mc dy mng ca ming mc khi cn. - Tm gia v: cng thc ch bin nc gia v nh sau. Cc ph gia/gia v c tnh so vi khi lng Mc sau khi cn.
Stt 1 2 3 4 5 6 Tn ph gia/gia v ng ct trng Mui n Bt ngt t (bt) Sorbitol Nc T l (%) 20 2 2 1 1 100 - 150

7 8

Mu thc phm Cht bo qun

0,05 Theo TCBYT

- Cch ch bin nc gia v: cho nc vo ni un si ri cho mui, ng vo v un si tr li 3 - 5 pht. Sau tt ngun nhit, ngui vi pht cho sorbitol, bt ngt v mu thc phm vo, khuy cho ha tan u. Cho ton b nc gia v vo mt dng c sch chun b tm gia v. - Mc sau khi cn em i tm gia v, thi gian tm ph thuc vo nhit tm, dy mng, xp ca Mc. Thng tm trong thi gian 20 - 25 pht. Sau khi tm xong, ro loi b nhng phn nc gi v tha. - Lm kh: c th dng t sy hoc phi t nhin. m cn t khi kt thc qu trnh lm kh khong 18 - 22%. - Tit trng: sn phm sau khi c lm kh, em i tuyt trng - Bao gi: cho sn phm vo ti PE, PA. Trng lng ty theo yu cu bao gi. Cc ti sn phm c xp vo thng carton em i bo qun. - Bo qun: sn phm c bo qun nhit 0 - 5 C. ko di thi hn bo qun, c th s dng mt s cht bo qun thc phm nh axit sorbic, mui benzoat,...
o

4.2. Qui trnh sn xut C tm gia v A.chun b cc nguyn vt liu Chun b nguyn vt liu lm 1 kg thnh phm C kh tm gia v Nguyn liu C ti ng ct trng Mui n t bt hoc ti Sorbitol Nc sch Mu thc phm : khong 2,5 kg : 200 g : 20 g : 10g t bt hoc 50 g t ti : 10g : 1000 - 1500 ml : 0,5g

B. Cch tin hnh: 1. S qui trnh cng ngh:

Nguyn liu Ra 1 X l Ra 2 Kim xng Ra 3 Tm gia v Lm kh Bao gi Bo qun 2. Hng dn thc hin: - Nguyn liu l cc loi c c kch thc nh, c thn dp nh c b da, c ch vng, c bnh ng, c ng, c mi, c mai,... - Ra 1: nguyn liu c ra sch cc tp cht - X l: nu c c vy th cn nh sch vy, b u v ni tng. Sau tin hnh fillet thnh hai ming c. Cc ming fillet phi bng phng, c gng fillet trit tht. - Ra 2: Cc ming fillet c em i ra sch mu, nht, ni tng cn st li. Nn dng nc lnh ra. - Kim xng: cc ming fillet phi c kim tra k cng khng st xng, vy. C th dng nhp ly xng ra khi ming c. - Ra 3: ging ra 2 - Cng thc ch bin nc gia v nh sau: cc ph gia/gia v c tnh so vi khi lng C thu c sau khi kim xng
Stt 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Tn ph gia/gia v ng ct trng Mui n Bt ngt t Sorbitol Nc Mu thc phm Cht bo qun T l (%) 8 2 2 1 4 20 - 30 0,05 Theo TCBYT

- Cch ch bin nc gia v: cho nc vo ni un si ri cho mui, ng vo v un si tr li 3 - 5 pht. Sau tt ngun nhit, ngui vi pht cho sorbitol, bt ngt v mu thc phm vo, khuy cho ha tan u. Cho ton b nc gia v vo mt dng c sch chun b tm gia v. - Cch tm p gia v: cho tht c vo mt dng c sch sau cho nc gia v vo p. Khi p cn trn u cho c ngm gia v, thi gian p khong 1 gi, nhit phng. Sau khi p xong, ly bn thnh phm ra ro v em i lm kh.

- Lm kh, bao gi, bo qun ging vi qui trnh lamg Mc kh. Tuy nhin, thi gian lm kh s ko di hn. ko di thi hn bo qun, c th s dng mt s cht bo qun thc phm nh axit sorbic, mui benzoat,... 4.3. Qui trnh sn xut S tm gia v A.chun b cc nguyn vt liu Chun b nguyn vt liu lm 1 kg thnh phm S kh tm gia v - Nguyn liu S ti - ng ct trng - Mui n - t bt hoc ti - Sorbitol - Nc sch - Mu thc phm B. Cch tin hnh: 1. S qui trnh cng ngh: Nguyn liu Ra X l nhit Tch tht Cn Tm gia v Lm kh (Tit trng) Bao gi Bo qun 2. Hng dn thc hin: - Nguyn liu: l S ti, cn sng, t tiu chun kch thc theo yu cu ch bin - Ra: nhm lch sch cc tp cht bm dnh trn S - X l nhit: nhm lm chn tht S ng thi to iu kin thun li tch tht ra khi v. C th luc hoc hp, khi luc c th cho thm t mui khong 1-2% so vi nguyn liu. - Tch tht: sau khi x l nhit, ngui, dng na tch tht ra khi v. - Cn: cn mng tht S trn my cn - Tm gia v: cch lm c th tham kho sn phm Mc tm gia v - Lm kh, tit trng, bao gi, bo qun: ging sn phm Mc tm gia v : khong 15 - 20 kg : 200 g : 20 g : 10g t bt hoc 50 g t ti : 10g : 1000 - 1500 ml : 0,5g

4.4. Qui trnh sn xut Tm kh tm gia v A.chun b cc nguyn vt liu Chun b nguyn vt liu lm 1 kg thnh phm Tm kh tm gia v - Nguyn liu S ti - ng ct trng - Mui n - t bt hoc ti - Sorbitol - Nc sch - Mu thc phm - Cht bo qun B. Cch tin hnh: 1. S qui trnh cng ngh: Nguyn liu Ra X l nhit Tch v Tm gia v Lm kh (Tit trng) Bao gi Bo qun 2. Hng dn thc hin: - Nguyn liu: cht lng nguyn liu khng cn cao lm, kch c t 100 - 150 con/kg - Ra: nhm lch sch cc tp cht bm dnh trn Tm - x l nhit: ging lm S - Tch v: tm sau khi x l nhit xong, em i bc v, b u, rt ch - Tm gia v, lm kh, tit trng, bao gi, bo qun: ging sn phm Mc tm gia v Bi 3: SN XUT SURIMI 1. Yu cu chung: 1.1. V kin thc: Sinh vin cn nm c: : khong 4kg : 200 g : 20 g : 10g t bt hoc 50 g t ti : 10g : 1000 - 1500 ml : 0,5g : theo tiu chun BYT

Kin thc c bn v Surimi Cc yu t nh hng n qu trnh sn xut Surimi Cc loi nguyn liu Thy sn thng dng sn xut Surimi Cc loi ph gia thng dng trong sn xut Surimi v vai tr ca chng. Tiu chun v cht lng nguyn liu v thnh phm Surimi C kh nng xy dng v nh gi cht lng Sn phm Surimi lm ra Nm c mt s qui trnh sn xut Surimi ph bin c nhiu ti liu lin quan n Surimi

1.2. V k nng: Sinh vin phi xy dng c qui trnh sn xut Surimi t cc qui trnh mu v t chc thc hin lm ra sn phm c cht lng t yu cu. Nm vng cc thao tc trong qu trnh sn xut lm ra sn phm Bit cch xc nh cc nh mc c bn ca qui trnh Bit cch nh gi cht lng nguyn liu, thnh phm v t chc nh gi c. C kh nng pht trin cc qui trnh mi cho cc i tng nguyn liu Thy sn khc trn c s cc qui trnh mu. C kh nng ci tin qui trnh Bc u hnh thnh nhng k nng, k xo nht nh trong thc t sn xut Vit bo co theo form chun ca vn phong khoa hc

1.3. Mc tiu: Gip sinh vin sau khi thc tp s: - Thy c tnh a dng, s c o ca sn phm Surimi, cng nh tim nng, trin vng ca n trong tng lai. - Thy c ngha ca vic sn xut Surimi. T , c th xy dng v pht trin sn xut Surimi t cc nguyn liu Thy sn khc to ra sn phm Surimi c cht lng cao, p ng yu cu th trng ni a v xut khu. 2. Cc ni dung cn thc hin: Xy dng v xut c qui trnh sn xut Surimi, bao gm: + La chn nguyn liu + Xy dng cng thc phi ch (nguyn liu chnh ph, ph gia, gia v,...) + Xc nh cc thng s k thut Qa trnh sn xut ra sn phm:

+ Xc nh cc nh mc tiu hao nguyn vt liu + Tnh ton cn bng vt liu Theo di v phn tch cc hin tng xy ra trong qu trnh ch bin, bo qun nh gi cht lng sn phm + Xc nh cc ch tiu cn nh gi v phng php nh gi + Xy dng thang im cm quan v nh gi cm quan sn phm

3. Hng dn trin khai thc hin: 3.1. V pha Sinh vin: c tht k ti liu hng dn, bng hng dn ca Gio vin v cc ti liu lin quan khc T xy dng qui trnh d kin thc hin da trn cc qui trnh mu hoc c th xut nhng qui trnh mi. Lp bng k hoch chi tit v nguyn vt liu, s b tr th nghim v thi gian thc hin (c mu km theo cui ti liu), np li cho GVHD xem xt t nht 2 ngy trc khi thc tp. T chun b tt c cc nguyn vt liu, ph gia v ha cht (mt s mc c th mua chung cho c lp). Tham d y bui hng dn chung ca GVHD cho c lp v cc bui thc tp ti PTN. Vit bo co v bo v sn phm theo ng qui nh (c th s c mt bi kim tra trc khi kt thc mn hc). Np li nht k thc tp km vi bo co

3.2. V phi Gio vin hng dn: H tr sinh vin trong vic la chn qui trnh sn xut, lp bng k hoch thc hin chi tit. H tr sinh vin trong vic la chn, mua nguyn vt liu, ph gia v ha cht Chun b cc vt dng cn thit cc nhm thc tp H tr sinh vin nh gi kt qu, vit bo co nh gi kt qu cc nhm Gii quyt cc vn pht sinh trong khi thc tp

4. Mt s qui trnh sn xut Surimi t nguyn liu Thy sn dng tham kho 4.1. Qui trnh 1:

A. Chun b cc nguyn vt liu: Chun b nguyn vt liu lm 1 kg Surimi - Nguyn liu C - ng ct trng - Sorbitol - Gelatine - Mui polyphotphat - Tinh bt - Axit axetic - Nc lnh - bo qun - Ti PE/PA - Khun nh hnh B. Cch tin hnh: 1. S qui trnh cng ngh: Nguyn liu Ra 1 X l s b Ra 2 X l tch tht Kim xng Ra 3 p tch nc Phi trn ph gia Nghin gi nh hnh Cp ng Bao gi Bo qun 2. Hng dn thc hin: - Nguyn liu: chn cc loi c c gi tr kinh t thp, sn lng nhiu, c c t l xng t, c tht trng. Tiu chun cht lng p ng yu cu ch bin. Cc loi c c th dng sn xut Surimi l: C mi, chun, ng, trch, c, nhi,... - Ra 1: c khi tip nhn cn ra bng nc sch loi b cc tp cht bm dnh bn ngoi, ra xong nu khng i ch bin ngay cn em i bo qun. - X l s b: bao gm cc cng vic sau: nh vy, c th b u hoc khng, ni tng c th x l hoc khng. Dng dao nh vy. Trong sn xut cng nghip, ngi ta c th p dng my nh vy. - Ra 2: loi b mu, nht, ni tng v cc tp cht khc cn st li trn c - X l tch tht: c c fillet thnh hai ming, dng tha no ly tht hoc c th lng da cc ming fillet sau cho vo my xay. - Kim xng: tht c sau khi x l thu c cn phi kim xng , cch thc hin: cho tht c ln khay trng kim xng - Ra 3: mc ch l kh mi, mu cho tht c ngoi ra cn c th loi bt cc protein ha tan. Tuy nhin, ra nhiu v lu gy tht thot protein v c th nh hng n cht lng sn phm sau ny. Ra c thc hin qua 3 ln, c th la chn mt trong s nhng cch ra di : khong 4kg : 40 g : 30g : 2g : 2g : 60g : 20 ml : 0,5g : theo tiu chun BYT ::-

Ln Dung dch ra Nng (%) 1 2 3 Axit axetic Axit axetic Nc thng 0.03 0.05 0.03 0.05 -

T l dd ra/tht c 4:1 8:1 4:1 8:1 4:1 8:1

Thi gian (ph) 10 20 10 20 10 20

Nhit nc ra ( C)
o

5 15 5 15 5 15

Ln Dung dch ra Nng (%) 1 2 3 NaCl Axit axetic Nc thng 0.25 1.00 0.03 0.05 -

T l dd ra/tht c 4:1 8:1 4:1 8:1 4:1 8:1

Thi gian (ph) 10 20 10 20 10 20

Nhit nc ra ( C)
o

5 15 5 15 5 15

* Ghi ch:

- Axit axetic s dng l axit thc phm, c d = 1,05g/ml

- Khi s dng cn pha thnh dung dch c cc nng ph hp vi yu cu s dng. Cng thc pha ch nh sau:

Trong :

- M (g)
dd

: khi lng dung dch nc ra : khi lng tht c thu c sau x l : nng dung dch nc ra : khi lng ring ca axit axetic

- M (g)
tc

- C (%)
dd

- d (g/ml)
dd

- Cch ra: tht c xay c cho vo dng c cha (thng dng thau) tin hnh ra, trong qu trnh ra thnh thong khuy o. Sau mi ln ra, dng vi lc lc tht c gi li, ro t nhin vi pht, ri tip tc tin hnh cc ln ra tip theo. Trong sn xut cng nghip ngi ta ra bng trng quay. - p tch nc: sau ra ln 3, p tch nc bng vi lc, hm m Surimi thng mi thng 72 77%. - Phi trn ph gia: cc cht ny thng c chc nng chng bin tnh protein khi cp ng , bo qun (cryoprotectant) v cc cht ng to gel (co-gellation) nhm tng chc ca gel, ko di thi hn bo qun. - Cc ph gia thng dng trong thng mi gm: cc cht cryoprotectant gm: ng ct trng (sucrose), sorbitol; cc cht ng to gel: tinh bt bin tnh (modified starch), gelatine. Liu lng s dng ty thuc vo yu cu khch hng, th trng. Bng di y cung cp mt s t l thng dng ca cc cht ph gia trong sn xut Surimi thng mi.
Stt 1 ng ct trng (sucrose) 2 Sorbitol Ph gia T l dng (%) 4.00 6.00 4.00 5.00

3 Mui phosphate 4 Gelatine 5 Tinh bt (modified starch) Bt la m (wheat) Bt ng (corn) Bt khoai ty (potato) CaCO3 (calcium carbonate) TiO2 (titanium dioxide) Du thc vt (vegetable oil)

6 Cht to trng (coloring agent)

0.20 0.30 0.20 0.30 3.00 8.00 3.00 8.00 3.00 8.00 0.50 1.50 0.02 0.06 2.00 6.00

* Ghi ch: nng

- Cc t l trn c tnh so vi tht c sau khi p tch nc - Gelatine khi s dng phi pha thnh dung dch 10% trong nc - Tinh bt cn h ha trc khi b sung vo khi tht c - Khng phi lc no cng s dng ht tt c cc ph gia cng

mt lc - Nghin trn: mc ch l to s phn b u cc ph gia trong khi tht, ng thi ph v cc cu trc bc cao ca protein chuyn v cu trc bc thp iu ny to thun li cho to gel sau ny. - nh hnh: cho Surimi vo cc khun nh hnh, thi gian khong 30 - 60 pht. Sau tch khun, cho cc bnh Surimi vo ti PE/PA, chun b i cp ng. - Cp ng: trong t ng tip xc, nhit tm sn phm khi kt thc qu trnh cp ng 20 2 C.
o

- Bao gi, bo qun: cho sn phm vo cc ti PE/PA , ng thng carton, em i bo qun trong kho lnh, t = 20 2 C.
o o

4.2. Qui trnh 2: S qui trnh cng ngh: Nguyn liu Ra 1 X l Tch tht Ra 2 Kim tra Phi trn ph gia Nghin gi nh hnh Cp ng Bao gi Bo qun. 4.3. Qui trnh 3: S qui trnh cng ngh: Nguyn liu phn loi S ch Ra Tch tht Ra nhiu ln ro nc Xay Lc Nghin trn nh hnh Bao gi Cp ng Bao gi Bo qun. * Nhn xt cho 2 qui trnh trn: Trong 2 qui trnh ny nc ra c nhit 5 10 C, khng gii hn ln ra, tc l ra ti khi no t yu cu.
o

Ph gia s dng: ng sucrose (4%), sorbitol (3%), polyphosphate (0,2%). 4.4. Qui trnh 4: S qui trnh cng ngh: Nguyn liu Moi rut v fillet Ra Thu tht Ra bng dung dch NaHCO 0,5% Loi nc du bng b siu lc Ra bng nc Loi nc bng ly tm Trn bng my nghin To hnh Cp ng Bao gi Bo qun.
3

Qui trnh ny c khu kh m bng NaHCO 0,5% v thu du bng ly tm

3

4.5. Qui trnh 5 (ca mt cng ty Vng Tu): S qui trnh cng ngh: Tip nhn nguyn liu Ra 1 Bo qun X l Ra 2 Bo qun BTP Ra 3 Tch xng Ra 4, tch m Tch nc 1 Ra 5, tch m Tch nc 2 p tch nc p bn Trn ph gia Cn nh hnh Cp ng Ra ng ng thng, ghi nhn Bo qun. Trong qui trnh ny nc ra l dung dch axit axetic 0,4%, c nhit 27 28 C, ra trong cc bn ra c cnh khuy, 15 vng/pht, t l nc ra: tht c l 4:1, pH = 7,4, tc l ra ti khi no t yu cu.
o

Khu nghin trn s dng ph gia: i vi th trng Nht:ng sucrose (2%), sorbitol (4%), Natrripolyphosphate (0,3%), tnh so vi tht c sau khi p bn. i vi th trng Hn Quc: ng sucrose (3%), sorbitol (2,3%), Natrripolyphosphate (0,3%). Tiu chun cht lng thnh phm:
Stt 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Tn ch tiu Mu sc Mi pH Hm lng nc (%) Tp cht (thang im 10) do (thang A, B, C, D) dng kt (g/cm) Mc yu cu Trng n trng ng Khng cn mi hoc mi tanh rt nh 7,4 <80 >=C >=C >=314

Bi 4: SN XUT SN PHM GC SURIMI 1. Yu cu chung: 1.1. V kin thc:

Sinh vin cn nm c: - Kin thc c bn v sn phm gc Surimi - Cc yu t nh hng n qu trnh sn xut sn phm gc Surimi - Cc loi nguyn liu Thy sn thng dng sn xut sn phm gc Surimi - Cc loi ph gia thng dng trong sn xut sn phm gc Surimi v vai tr ca chng. - Tiu chun v cht lng nguyn liu v thnh phm sn phm gc Surimi - C kh nng xy dng v nh gi cht lng sn phm gc Surimi lm ra - Nm c mt s qui trnh sn xut sn phm gc Surimi ph bin - c nhiu ti liu lin quan n sn phm gc Surimi 1.2. V k nng: Sinh vin phi xy dng c qui trnh sn xut sn phm gc Surimi t cc qui trnh mu v t chc thc hin lm ra sn phm c cht lng t yu cu. Nm vng cc thao tc trong qu trnh sn xut lm ra sn phm Bit cch xc nh cc nh mc c bn ca qui trnh Bit cch nh gi cht lng nguyn liu, thnh phm v t chc nh gi c. C kh nng pht trin cc qui trnh mi cho cc i tng nguyn liu Thy sn khc trn c s cc qui trnh mu. C kh nng ci tin qui trnh, pht trin sn phm mi t Surimi Bc u hnh thnh nhng k nng, k xo nht nh trong thc t sn xut Vit bo co theo form chun vn phong khoa hc

1.3. Mc tiu: Gip sinh vin sau khi thc tp s: - Thy c tnh a dng, s c o ca sn phm gc Surimi, cng nh tim nng, trin vng ca n trong tng lai. - Thy c ngha ca vic sn xut sn phm gc Surimi. T , c th xy dng v pht trin sn xut sn phm gc Surimi t cc nguyn liu Thy sn khc to ra sn phm sn phm gc Surimi c cht lng cao, p ng yu cu th trng ni a v xut khu. 2. Cc ni dung cn thc hin: Xy dng v xut c qui trnh sn xut sn phm gc Surimi, bao gm:

+ La chn nguyn vt liu + Xy dng cng thc phi ch (nguyn liu chnh ph, ph gia, gia v,...) + Xc nh cc thng s k thut Qa trnh sn xut ra sn phm: + Xc nh cc nh mc tiu hao nguyn vt liu + Tnh ton cn bng vt liu Theo di v phn tch cc hin tng xy ra trong qu trnh ch bin, bo qun nh gi cht lng sn phm + Xc nh cc ch tiu cn nh gi v phng php nh gi + Xy dng thang im cm quan v nh gi cm quan sn phm

3. Hng dn trin khai thc hin: 3.1. V pha Sinh vin: c tht k ti liu hng dn, bng hng dn ca Gio vin v cc ti liu lin quan khc T xy dng qui trnh d kin thc hin da trn cc qui trnh mu hoc c th xut nhng qui trnh mi. Lp bng k hoch chi tit v nguyn vt liu, s b tr th nghim v thi gian thc hin (c mu km theo cui ti liu), np li cho GVHD xem xt t nht 2 ngy trc khi thc tp. T chun b tt c cc nguyn vt liu, ph gia v ha cht (mt s mc c th mua chung cho c lp). Tham d y bui hng dn chung ca GVHD cho c lp v cc bui thc tp ti PTN. Vit bo co v bo v sn phm theo ng qui nh (c th s c mt bi kim tra trc khi kt thc mn hc). Np li nht k thc tp km vi bo co

3.2. V phi Gio vin hng dn: H tr sinh vin trong vic la chn qui trnh sn xut, lp bng k hoch thc hin chi tit. H tr sinh vin trong vic la chn, mua nguyn vt liu, ph gia v ha cht Chun b cc vt dng cn thit cc nhm thc tp H tr sinh vin nh gi kt qu, vit bo co nh gi kt qu cc nhm Gii quyt cc vn pht sinh trong khi thc tp

4. Mt s qui trnh sn xut sn phm gc Surimi (surimi-based product) dng tham kho 4.1. Qui trnh sn xut tht gh t surimi: A. Chun b cc nguyn vt liu: Chun b nguyn vt liu lm 1 kg sn phm Tht gh nguyn liu) Surimi lnh) Lng trng trng Du thc vt Tinh bt ng ct trng Mui Nc mm Bt ngt Keo gelatine Mui natripyrophosphate Sorbitol Cht mu thc phm Nc lnh bo qun Ti PE/PA : 400g (khong 2,5 4 kg gh : 500g (ti hoc ng : 60g : 40g : 60g : 20 g : 10g : 30g : 5g : 2g : 3g : 20g ::::-

B. Cch tin hnh: 1. S qui trnh cng ngh:

Bao gi-bo qun Cp ng Lm ngui Lm chn Surimi r ng R ng Cp ng Surimi Gh nguyn con X l Ra Tch tht Kim xng Tht gh Phi trn Ph gia Gia v Nghin gi To hnh Bao gi Cp ng Bao gi Bo qun Tm bt Cp ng Bao gi Bo qun 2. Hng dn thc hin: - Surimi c th dng dng ti cha qua bo qun ng hoc qua bo qun ng, nu s dng surimi qua bo qun ng th cn phi r ng trc khi s dng, tin hnh r ng di vi nc chy hoc r ng trong thau nc nhit thng. - X l gh:gh c x l tch mai, ym, ni tng, sau ra sch cc tp cht bm dnh bn ngoi. Phn cng v chn bi gi li lm sn phm m phng cng gh v i gh.

- Tch tht gh: dng dao nhn tch tht gh, tht gh sau khi tch ra phi c bo qun trong nc lnh < 5 C.
o

- Dng nhp kim xng, loi b nhng mnh xng cng v mm cn xt li trong tht gh. - Phi trn ph gia v gia v: thnh phn phi trn nguyn vt liu chnh ph c th tham kho theo bng di y:
Stt 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Nguyn vt liu Surimi Tht gh (crap meat) Lng trng trng (egg white) Du thc vt (vegetable oil) Tinh bt ( h ha)(modified starch) ng ct trng (sucrose) Mui n (NaCl) Nc mm (fish sauce) Mt ngt (MSG) Keo gelatine
2 4

Thnh phn (%) 45 30 6 4 6 2 1 3 0.5 0.2 0.3 2

11 Mui Natripyrophosphate (Na HPO ) 12 Sorbitol 13 Cht mu thc phm

* Ghi ch: cc thnh phn trm trn tnh so vi thnh phm cui cng - Nghin gi: thc hin trong ci , to s phn b u ca nfuyeen vt liu , ph gia v gia v ng thi to cho sn phm c ng nht, do, dai. Thi gian gi t 10 20 pht. - nh hnh: ty theo dng sn phm m phng m nh hnh ph hp - Tm bt: dng bt chin x tm - Cp ng: trong t ng, nhit tm sn phm 20 2 C
o

- Bao gi, bo qun trong kho lnh nhit 20 2 C

o

4.2. Qui trnh sn xut sn phm m phng tht tm t surimi: A. Chun b cc nguyn vt liu: Chun b nguyn vt liu lm 1 kg sn phm Tht tm nguyn liu) Surimi lnh) Lng trng trng Du thc vt Tinh bt ng ct trng : 400g (khong 2,5 3 kg tm : 500g (ti hoc ng : 60g : 40g : 60g : 20 g

Mui Nc mm Bt ngt Keo gelatine Mui natripyrophosphate Sorbitol Cht mu thc phm Nc lnh bo qun Ti PE/PA

: 10g : 30g : 5g : 2g : 3g : 20g ::::-

B. Cch tin hnh: 1. S qui trnh cng ngh:

Surimi Nguyn liu tm X l Ra Tch tht Gi nhuyn Tht tm nhuyn Phi trn Ph gia Gia v Nghin gi To hnh Bao gi Cp ng Bao gi Bo qun Tm bt

Cp ng Bao gi Bo qun Cp ng R ng Surimi r ng Lm chn Lm ngui Bao gi Cp ng 2. Hng dn thc hin: - Surimi c th dng dng ti cha qua bo qun ng hoc qua bo qun ng, nu s dng surimi qua bo qun ng th cn phi r ng trc khi s dng, tin hnh r ng di vi nc chy hoc r ng trong thau nc nhit thng. - X l tm:tm c x l b u, lt v, rt gn (ng tiu ha), sau ra sch cc tp cht bm dnh bn ngoi tht tm. Phn v u v t cui ui gi li lm sn phm m phng. - Tht tm cho vo ci gi nhuyn hoc dng my xay xay hoc dng dao bm nh, tht tm sau c lm nhuyn cn phi c bo qun trong nc lnh < 5 C, ch ch bin tip
o

- Phi trn ph gia v gia v: thnh phn phi trn nguyn vt liu chnh ph c th tham kho theo bng di y:
Stt 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Nguyn vt liu Surimi Tht tm (shrimp meat) Lng trng trng (egg white) Du thc vt (vegetable oil) Tinh bt ( h ha)(modified starch) ng ct trng (sucrose) Mui n (NaCl) Nc mm (fish sauce) Mt ngt (MSG) Keo gelatine
2 4

Thnh phn (%) 45 30 6 4 6 2 1 3 0.5 0.2 0.3 2

11 Mui Natripyrophosphate (Na HPO ) 12 Sorbitol 13 Cht mu thc phm

* Ghi ch: cc thnh phn trm trn tnh so vi thnh phm cui cng - Nghin gi: thc hin trong ci , to s phn b u ca nguyn vt liu , ph gia v gia v ng thi to cho sn phm c ng nht, do, dai. Thi gian gi t 10 20 pht.

- nh hnh: ty theo dng sn phm m phng m nh hnh ph hp - Tm bt: dng bt chin x tm - Cp ng: trong t ng, nhit tm sn phm 20 2 C
o

- Bao gi, bo qun trong kho lnh nhit 20 2 C

o

Ti liu tham kho A. Ti liu ting Vit [1]. Nguyn Trng Cn, Minh Phng (1990), cng ngh ch bin thc phm Thy sn (tp 1,2), NXB Nng Nghip. [2]. L Ngc T v cng s (1997), Ha sinh cng nghip, NXB Khoa hc v K thut H Ni. [3]. Trn Th Luyn (1998), Cng ngh Ch bin sn phm ln men, NXB Nng Nghip TP.HCM. [4]. Nguyn Th M Hng, Bi Trn N Thanh Vit, Nguyn Xun Duy (2005), hng dn thc hnh Cng ngh Ch Bin Thy sn. [5]. Trn Th Luyn (2006), Cc phn ng c bn v bin i ca Thc phm trong qu trnh cng ngh, NXB Nng Nghip TP.HCM. [6]. Nguyn Xun Duy (2006), Mt s kt qu nghin cu thc nghim v sn phm tm chua. B. Ti liu ting Anh [7]. Jae W.Park (2004), Surimi and surimi seafood, Taylor & Francis Group.

Theo mt k s trong ngnh ch bin thy hi sn TP HCM, cc loi thy sn trc khi ch bin u c x l bng ha cht. kh trng, ty trng, ngi ta thng s dng clorin, cht ny nu s dng nhiu s li mi hi kh chu, dnh vo qun o c th gy rch. c kh c lp da bn ngoi ti nh va phi xong, ngi ta phun ra bng sorbitol (cht to ngt, bng...). Nng sorbitol cho php l khong 3,5 g/kg c kh. i vi nhng n v ch bin thy sn cng nghip, liu lng s dng c kim sot rt cht ch nn sn phm bo m an ton. Nhng nhng c s nh, ch bin th cng th vic s dng ha cht rt ty tin, khng theo ng quy nh.
.