A.A. B.

Dinariyana
JurusanTeknik Sist em Perkapalan
Fakult asTeknologi Kelaut an ITS Surabaya
TA 2009-2010
A basic requirement f or any ship is t hat it
must have suf f icient buoyancy t o support t he
weight of t he ship.
Theref ore, ships must sat isf y not only t he
buoyancy condit ion but also a st at ic
equilibrium condit ion.
2
Archimedes principle st at es t hat when a
body is wholly or part ially immersed in a f luid
it appears t o suf f er a loss in mass equal t o t he
mass of t he f luid it displaces.
The mass densit y of f resh wat er is 1000 kg
per m
3
. Theref ore, when a body is immersed
in f resh wat er it will appear t o suf f er a loss in
mass of 1000 kg f or every 1 m
3
of wat er it
displaces.
3
4
When a box measuring 1 m
3
and of 4000 kg mass is
immersed in f resh wat er it will appear t o suf f er a loss
in mass of 1000 kg. If suspended f rom a spring balance
t he balance would indicat e a mass of 3000 kg.
5
Since t he act ual mass of t he box is not changed, t here must be a
f orce act ing vert ically upwards t o creat e t he apparent loss of mass
of 1000 kg.
This f orce is called t he f orce of buoyancy, and is considered t o act
vert ically upwards t hrough a point called t he cent re of buoyancy.
The cent re of buoyancy is t he cent re of gravit y of t he underwat er
volume.
6
The box has a mass of 4000 kg, but has a volume of 8 m
3
.
If t ot ally immersed in f resh wat er it will displace 8 m
3
of
wat er, and since 8 m
3
of f resh wat er has a mass of
8000 kg, t here will be an upt hrust or f orce of buoyancy
causing an apparent loss of mass of 8000 kg.The
result ant apparent loss of mass is 4000 kg.
When released, t he box will rise unt il a st at e of equilibrium
is reached
7
Now consider t he box t o be f loat ing in f resh wat er wit h half it s
volume immersed.
If a mass of 1000 kg be loaded on deck t he new mass of t he body
will be 5000 kg, and since t his exceeds t he buoyancy by 1000 kg, it
will move downwards.
The downwards mot ion will cont inue unt il buoyancy is equal t o
t he mass of t he body. This will occur when t he box is displacing 5
m
3
of wat er and t he buoyancy is 5000 kg.
8
W
A
B
G
A
G
B
A ship af loat in t he wat er in st at ic equilibrium.
The int egrat ion of upward component s of hydrost at ic pressures
over t he surf ace of t he body, or t he buoyant f orce is equal t o t he
weight of t he displaced wat er (A).
This f orce must be exact ly balanced by t he gravit at ional f orce of
t he bodys mass (W), direct ed downwards.
p V = A
W = A
The TPC f or any draf t is t he mass which must be
loaded or discharged t o change a ship's mean
draf t in salt wat er by one cent imet er.
9
WPA = A
WP
10
Consider a ship f loat ing in salt wat er at t he wat erline WL.
Now let a mass of `w' t onnes be loaded so t hat t he mean
draf t is increased by one cent imet er. The ship t hen
f loat s at t he wat erline W1 L1.
Since t he draf t has been increased by one cent imet er, t he
mass loaded is equal t o t he TPC f or t his draf t .
The mass of wat er in t he layer bet ween WL and W1 L1 is
also equal t o t he TPC
11
The draf t at which a rect angular homogeneous
log will f loat may be f ound as f ollows:
12
Find t he dist ance bet ween t he cent ers of gravit y and
buoyancy of a rect angular log 1.2m wide, 0.6 m deep,
and of relat ive densit y 0.8 when f loat ing in f resh
wat er wit h t wo of it s sides parallel t o t he wat erline.
13
It is well known t hat a ship f loat s at a deeper draught
in f resh wat er t han it does in seawat er. f resh wat er
is less dense t han seawat er, t hus it requires a large
volume of f resh wat er t o produce t he same buoyant
f orce
The ship will also t rim in order t o keep LCB and LCG in
t he same vert ical line.
In order t o det ermine t he changes in draught when
moving f rom seawat er t o f resh wat er we can use t he
t ons per cent imet er immersion concept .
14
15
t
A
WP
F
B
t
The volume of t he layer may be expressed as t he dif f erence
bet ween displacement s in f resh wat er and seawat er or
alt ernat ively by t he wat erplane area mult iplied by t he parallel
sinkage. Equat ing t he t wo equat ions
Since t he weight of t he ship remains const ant
Subst it ut ing int o t he above equat ion
t A
WP S F
= V V
F
S
S F S S F F
p
p
V = V V p = V p
|
|
.
|

\
|

p
p V
= = V
p
p
V 1
A
t t A
F
S
WP
S
WP S
F
S
S
A cont ainer ship, 161 met er long by 23.2 met er
beam, f loat s at a pier where t he densit y of t he
wat er is 1.010 t /m
3
.
It is desired t o load t his ship at t he pier t o a
draught such t hat upon ent ering seawat er t he
draught will be 8.75 met er.
For seawat er at a draught of 8.75 met er, t he
displacement is 19420 t ons and TPCis 27.62
t /cm.
To what draught should t he ship be loaded at
t he pier?
16
Displacement volume
Wat erplane area
Parallel sinkage
t he draught at t he pier may be 0.104 met er more t han t he
required seawat er draught , so t he ship may be loaded t o a draught
of
T at t he pier : 8.75 + 0.104 = 8.854 m
17
3
S
m 18946
025 . 1
19420
= =
p
A
= V
2
S
1
WP
m 6 . 2694
025 . 1
62 . 27 100 T 100
A =

=
p
=
m 104 . 0 1
010 . 1
025 . 1
6 . 2694
18946
1
A
t
F
S
WP
=
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|

p
p V
=
A 12300 t on barge is 100 met ers long and has const ant
cross sect ion as shown below
At what draught will it f loat in seawat er and in
f reshwat er?
18
8 m
6 m
16 m
19
Displacement volume in sea wat er
Wat erplane area consist s of t riangular prism and a
rect angular prism
The draught in sea wat er is T=10.5 . The parallel sinkage in
f resh wat er:
The draf t in f resh wat er is T =10.5+0.1875=10.6875 m
3
S
m 12000
025 . 1
12300 W
= =
p
= V
12000 ) 6 t ( 16 100 6 16 100
2
1
= + = V
m 1875 . 0 1
1
025 . 1
16 100
12000
1
A
t
F
S
WP
=
|
.
|

\
|

=
|
|
.
|

\
|

p
p V
=
Keel (K) : The base line ref erence point f rom which all ot her
ref erence point measurement s are compared.
Cent re of Buoyancy (B) : The geomet ric cent re of t he ships
underwat er hull body. It is t he point at which all t he f orces of
buoyancy may be considered t o act in a vert ically upward
direct ion.
20
B
G
M
K
Cent re of Gravit y (G) : The point at which all f orces of gravit y
act ing on t he ship can be considered t o act . The posit ion of t he
cent re of gravit y depends upon t he dist ribut ion of weight s wit hin
t he ship.
Met acent re (M) : The int ersect ion of t he lines of buoyant f orces as
t he ship heels t hrough small angles of heel.
21
B
G
M
K
Ship St abilit y f or Mast ers and Mat es, Fourt h
Edit ion, Revised, D.R. Derret t , B-H Newnes,
1990
22