GE Energy Arc-Flash Hazard Analysis

WMEA

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Defining Flash Hazards & Analysis

Flash Hazard A dangerous condition associated with the release of energy caused by an electric arc Flash Hazard Analysis A study investigating a workers potential exposure to arc-flash energy, conducted for the purpose of injury prevention and identifying NFPA-based safe work practices and calculating the NFPA-based levels of PPE
Source: NFPA 70E 2004 EditionArticle 100
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 Extended maintenance cycles Extreme environments Improper PPE Missing or ineffective hazard labeling Unsafe work practices Complacency

Frequent Causes of Arc-Flash Hazards

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Drivers for Arc-Flash Hazard Analysis

Employee safety Industry standards
NFPA standards IEEE standards OSHA

Financial liability
Regulatory fines Litigation potential Lost production Insurance premiums
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Employee Safety

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Arc-Flash Injury Potential

Potential Health Impacts Burns, Lacerations, Concussions, Broken Bones, Vision Impairment, Fatality
Arc-flash injuries occur daily in the U.S. requiring hospitalization Arc-plasma temperatures may reach 35,000F (~ 4 x hotter than the suns surface) 80% of all electrical injuries are burns from electric arc-flash and ignition of employees' clothing

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Traditional Studies are Insufficient

Arc-Flash builds upon your commitment to safety demonstrated through traditional power system studies Arc-Flash Utilizes Results from:
Short-circuit analysis Protective device coordination study Load flow analysis Harmonic analysis Motor starting study Transient stability GE has over 100 years experience in performing power system studies
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Securing Safety is in the Details

Arc-Flash Hazard Analysis will calculate: NFPA-based level of PPE required Areas where PPE can not provide protection

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Industry Standards

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Industry Standards include:

NFPA 70, National Electric Code 2005

(110.16) NEC 2005 Handbook OSHA 29 CFR 1910.269; OSHA 1910.132(d)(1) IEEE Std 1584-2002, IEEE Guide for Performing Arc-Flash Hazard Calculations and IEEE Std. 1584a-2004 (Amendment 1) NFPA 70E, Standard for Electrical Safety in the Workplace 2004 Edition, 130.3(B)
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OSHA Interpretation
Though OSHA does not, per se, enforce the NFPA standard, 2004 Edition, OSHA considers NFPA standard a recognized industry practice. The employer is required to conduct assessment in accordance with CFR 1910.132(d)(1). Employers who conduct the hazard/risk assessment as stated in the NFPA 70E standard, 2004 Edition, are deemed in compliance with the Hazard Assessment and Equipment Selection OSHA standard.
Richard S. Terrill, the Regional Administrator for Occupational Safety and Health, US Department of Labor for the Northwest Region at Seattle

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OSHA 1910 Subpart S Revisions Effective Aug 13th, 2007

NFPA 70E-2000 is the basis for most of the final rule. However, there are some parts based upon the 2002 NEC and even some selected parts of NFPA 70E 2004 Edition. The Agency intends to extend the commitment by using NFPA 70E as a basis for future revisions to its electrical safety-related work practice requirements and new requirements for electrical maintenance and special equipment.
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Arc-Flash Hazard Analysis Applicability

Electrical equipment such as:
Switchgear Switchboards Panelboards Motor Control Centers

All live electrical equipment:

250V and up 208V and 240V systems fed from 125kVA transformers and up

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Financial Liability

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Ford Motor Company -Financial Liability

$14,000 fine Required to implement

hazard analyses at its 37 manufacturing facilities and parts distribution centers in the US
Settlement: U.S. Dept. of Labor, OSHRC Docket 00-0763

Injured employee did not properly lock-out nor test for voltage, but Ford was held liable, in part, for not using NFPA guidelines to define hazards and specify PPE
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OSHAIssuing Fines for Non-Compliance

Recent Citations under OSHAs General Duty Clause: $193,000 - Pieper Electric $80,000 - Narragansett Electric Company, Inc.
Failure to instruct on unsafe conditions,

provide appropriate PPE and identify the location of energized equipment and protective measures to be taken
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GE Energys Arc-Flash Analysis

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Creating Confidence
Implement Solution Identify Systems Data Collection Analyze Results Perform System Analysis

Verification Develop Analysis Models

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Expanded Analysis Results

Minimum deliverables for each system location: Calculated IEEE-based incident energy and ArcFlash protection boundary with the corresponding NFPA-based PPE class Arc-Flash and shock hazard labels Additional benefits from GE Energys analysis: Uncover power system operational or design issues Uncover incorrect equipment trip settings Identify opportunities to improve system reliability, efficiency, capacity, maintenance and safety
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From NFPA 70E 2004 Edition

Arc-Flash Hazard PPE Requirements

Table 130.7(C)(11) Protective Clothing Characteristics

Typi Pr ectve Cl hi Syst s cal ot i ot ng em

Hazar /Ri d sk Cat egor y 0 Cl hi Descr pton ot ng i i ( Typi num berofcl hi l cal ot ng ayer s i gi i par heses) s ven n ent Non- eli fam m abl m at i s m tng, l e eral (. ,unt eat coton,w ool r i e. r ed t , ayon,orsik,or l bl ends oft hese m at i s)w ih a f i eral t abrc w ei atl ght east4. oz/ 2 ( 5 yd 1) FR shitand FR pant orFR cover l ( r s al 1) Coton under ear conventonalshor sl t w i t eeve and bref shor s,pl FR shitand FR pant i / t us r s ( or2) 1 Coton under earpl FR shitand FR pant t w us r s pl FR cover l orcoton under earpl us al, t w us t o FR cover l ( or3) w als 2 Coton under earpl FR shitand FR pant t w us r s pl m uliayerfash sui ( orm or us tl l t3 e) Requi ed M i m um r ni Ar Ratng ofPPE c i [ cm 2 ( / 2) J/ cal cm ] N/ A

1 2

16. ( 74 4) 33. ( 47 8)

104. ( 6 25)

167. ( 36 40)

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Limits of Approach
Flash Protection Boundary Distance from exposed live parts where a person could receive a second degree burn if an electrical arc flash were to occur Limited Approach Boundary (Shock protection boundary) Distance from an exposed live part where a shock hazard exists
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Limits of Approach (cont.)

Restricted Approach Boundary (Shock protection boundary)
Distance from an exposed live part where there is an increased risk of shock from electrical arc-over combined with inadvertent movement

Prohibited Approach Boundary (Shock protection boundary)

Distance from an exposed live part where work is considered the same as making contact with the live part
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Arc-Flash Hazard and Shock Hazard Equipment Labels

Labels for each system location Arc-Flash hazard boundaries Shock hazard boundaries Combined levels of PPE Designed for industrial environment Highly visible 5 x 3-5/8 Chemical resistant UV resistant Washable/durable
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Arc-Flash Hazard Work Permits

Work permits (by employer): Description and location of circuit/equipment Justification for energized work Shock hazard protection boundaries Arc-flash hazard protection boundaries PPE and access restrictions Job briefing with discussion of job-specific hazards Work approval signature
Required by: NFPA 70E Section 110.8(B)(2) and 130.1(A)
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If live components are not placed in electrically safe work condition, then it is considered energized electrical work, and a written permit is required

Bringing Experience and Knowledge

World-leading power system experience with: Industry specific applications Power system equipment Greenfield solutions Service, local presence on a global scale Current with NFPA and related standards via: Participation in NFPA committees and conferences Monitoring industry and regulatory trends
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APPENDIX - Backup slides

Appendix - Arc-Flash Hazard Analysis

Power System Studies Overview Short-circuit study Protective device coordination study Load flow Harmonic analysis Conceptual design Pieper Electric Citation Excerpts Reference NFPA 70E Standards Reference OSHA Materials
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Short-Circuit Study
IEEE Std. 141-1993 Red Book
Periodically ensures system protection devices are correctly rated Provides fault information for setting overcurrent devices Performed when utilitys available short circuit current is increased Performed when substantial systems modifications are planned i.e. lines, motor or generation changes Assists in conceptual design Needed for Arc-Flash study
Short-Circuit Study Results

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Protective Device Coordination Study

IEEE Std. 242-2001 Buff Book Analyzes over-current protection devices ability to protect components Provides over-current device settings for relays, breakers, etc. (using short-circuit study results) Isolates system faults, minimizing damage
These five protective devices are set so that they work together to trip and isolate the smallest possible area of the power system
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Load Flow Study

Supports conceptual design Determines when system components are overloaded and system modifications are needed Performed when voltage performance is inadequate Determines power factor correction to increase system capacity and reduce utility costs Impact loads modeled to see system effects
Load Flow results showing watt/var flows and the resulting system voltages (in p.u.)

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Harmonic Analysis Study

Used to understand system harmonics caused by drives, UPS systems, arc furnaces, etc. Needed for selecting capacitors for voltage/power factor improvement in a harmonic-rich environment Needed to design harmonic filters

Harmonics appear as distortions of voltage and current sine waves. Resonance can amplify these harmonics creating system problems

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Conceptual Design Study

Maximizes benefits of capital investments by producing a costeffective system design for an existing or new facility Performed when the existing system is inadequate to serve its loads Performed when a substantial power system expansion is planned
What could the power system look like in the future?
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Pieper Electric OSHA Citation

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Pieper Electric OSHA Citation (Cont.)

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Pieper Electric OSHA Citation (Cont.)

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Pieper Electric OSHA Citation (Cont.)

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NEC 2008 Standards for Flash Protection

110.16 Flash Protection Electrical equipment such as* switchboards, panelboards, industrial control panels, meter socket enclosures, and motor control centers that are in other than dwelling occupancies and are likely to require examination, adjustment, servicing, or maintenance while energized shall be field marked to warn qualified persons of potential electric arc flash hazards. The marking shall be located so as to be clearly visible to qualified persons before examination, adjustment, servicing, or maintenance of the equipment.
* New text for 2008 code.
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Reference NFPA 70E Standards

System One-Line - Section 205.2 Current Short Circuit Study Section 400.5 Current Coordination Study Section 400.6, 410.9(B)(1),(2),(3); 410.9 (C)(1),(2) Flash Hazard Analysis Section 110.8; 130.3(A), (B) Flash Protection Label - Section 400.11 Shock Hazard Analysis Section 110.8(B)(1); 130.2 Personal Protective Equipment Requirements Section 130.7(C) Work Permit Section 110.8(B)(2); 130.1(A)
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Reference OSHA Materials

OSHA 29 CFR 1910.269 states that The employer shall ensure that each employee who is exposed to the hazards of flames or electric arcs does not wear clothing that, when exposed to flames or electric arcs, could increase the extent of injury that would be sustained by the employee. OSHA 1910.132(d)(1) The employer shall assess the workplace to determine if hazards are present, or are likely to be present, which necessitate the use of personal protective equipment (PPE). If such hazards are present, or likely to be present, the employer shall: OSHA 1910.132(d)(1)(i) Select, and have each affected employee use, the types of PPE that will protect the affected employee from the hazards identified in the hazard assessment; OSHA 1910.132(d)(1)(ii) Communicate selection decisions to each affected employee; and, OSHA 1910.132(d)(1)(iii) Select PPE that properly fits each affected employee. Note: Non-mandatory Appendix B contains an example of procedures that would comply with the requirement for a hazard assessment.
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Reference Quote: Richard Terrill

Though OSHA does not, per se, enforce the NFPA standard, 2004 Edition, OSHA considers NFPA standard a recognized industry practice. The employer is required to conduct assessment in accordance with CFR 1910.132(d)(1). If an arc-flash hazard is present, or likely to be present, then the employer must select and require employees to use the protective apparel. Employers who conduct the hazard/risk assessment, and select and require their employees to use protective clothing and other PPE appropriate for the task, as stated in the NFPA 70E standard, 2004 Edition, are deemed in compliance with the Hazard Assessment and Equipment Selection OSHA standard. Richard S. Terrill, the Regional Administrator for Occupational Safety and Health, US Department of Labor for the Northwest Region at Seattle

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