Chapter 7: Series

ARITHMETIC PROGRESSION

An arithmetic progression is a series in whichone term is obtained from the previous term by adding a fixed number. For example: (a) (b) 6, 10, 14, 18, ., 46, 50 10, 7, 4, 1, , -47, -50

common difference, d = common difference, d =

This fixed number is called a common difference An arithmetic progression is completely defined when the first term a and the common difference d are given:

a , (a + d), (a + 2d), (a + 3d), ....

Example 1 Write down the first three terms and the 10th term with first term -20 and common difference 3.

More generally, the nth term of the A.P with first term a and common difference d is

Sum of Arithmetic Progression The sum of the first n terms of an arithmetic progression with first term a and common difference d

1 n[2a + (n 1)d] 2
OR The sum of the first n terms of an arithmetic progression with first term a and last term l is

1 n[a + l] 2

Example 2 Find the sum of the series (a) 6 + 10 + 14 + + 50 (b) 10 + 7 + 4 + . - 50

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Chapter 7: Series

ARITHMETIC PROGRESSION

Example 3 Find the sum of the first 20 terms of the A.P with first term 3 and common difference

1 2

Example 4 In an A.P. the sum of the first 10 terms is 520 and the 7th term is double the 3rd term. Find the term a and the common difference d.

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Chapter 7: Series

GEOMETRIC PROGRESSION

A geometric progression (G.P) is a series in which any term is obtained from the previous term by multiplying by a fixed number. For example: (a) (b) 1, 2, 4, 8, .., 128, 256 27, -9, 3, -1, . ,

common ratio, r = common ration, r =

1 1 , 27 81

This fixed number is called the common ratio A geometric progression is completely defined when the first term a and the common ratio r are given:

a, ar, ar2 , ar3 , ......

The nth term of a G.P is

Example 1 Write down the formula for the nth term and find the number of terms in series (a) and (b) above

Example 2 In a G.P. the fourth term equals 6 and the eight term equals 96. Find the possible values of common ratio and the corresponding values of the first term

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Chapter 7: Series

GEOMETRIC PROGRESSION

SUM OF GEOMETRIC PROGRESSION

The sum of the rst n terms of an geometric progression with rst term a and common ratio r is given by

Sn =

a(1r n ) 1r
r<1

or

a(r n 1) r1
r>1

More examples: 1 Find the sum of the first 6 terms of the series (a) 2 -6 + 18 - . (b) 14 + 7 + 3

1 2

A G.P. has first term 10 and common ration 1.5. How many terms of the series are needed to reach a sum greater than 200?

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Chapter 7: Series

GEOMETRIC PROGRESSION

INFINITE GEOMETRIC SERIES Given sum of a G.P. as:

Sn =

a(1r n ) 1r

r<1

For n is very large and Thus,

|r| < 1 , rn

will approximately become zero.

Sn = a
Sn =

1r n 1r

a 1r

More generally, for a geometric series with first term a and common ratio r,

The sum to innity of the geometric series

a + ar + ar2 + .... is

S =
Examples: 1

a 1r

Find the sum to infinity of the series 18 - 6 + 2 - .

For each of the following GPs, determine the sum to infinity, if it exists. (a) 8, -2, ,.. (b) 4 , 6 , 9 , .. (c ) 9, -6, 4, .

(d)

0.1, -0.2, 0.4, .

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Chapter 7: Series

GEOMETRIC PROGRESSION

The second term of a GP is 2 while its sum to infinity is 8. Find the sum of the first 8 terms.

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Chapter 7: Series

THE BINOMIAL THEOREM

n The Binomial Expansion of (1 + b)

Expressions such as (x+y) , (1-x) and (a+b) which contain two terms each, are called binomials. Let us take a binomial (1+b). By multiplication it is found that

(1 + b)0 = (1 + b)1 = (1 + b)2 = (1 + b)3 = (1 + b)4 = (1 + b)5 =

1 1+b
1 + 2b + b2

1 + 3b + 3b2 + b3 1 + 4b + 6b2 + 4b3 + b4

1 + 5b + 10b2 + 10b3 + 5b4 + b5

Based on the expansion above, we draw the following rules concerning the expansions of (a) (b) There are (n+1) terms The power of b starts with 0 and increases to n, that is, its powers are in ascending order

So in general the expansion of

(1 + b)n is given by:

1 2 3 (1 + b)n = 1 +n Cb +n Cb +n Cb + .... +n Cn1 bn1 + bn

This result is known as the Binomial Theorem Example: 1 Use the Binomial Theorem to expand (a)

(1 + b)n

. Hence deduce the expansion of:

(1 b)5

(b)

(1 + 2x)5

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Chapter 7: Series

THE BINOMIAL THEOREM

Find the first 4 terms in the expansion of

(1 + x2 )8

. Use your result to estimate the value of

(1.01)

Find, in ascending powers of x, the first 3 terms in the expansion of: (a)

(1 2x)5

(b)

(1 + 3x)9

Hence, find the expansion of

(1 2x)5 (1 + 3x)9

2 up to the terms in x

2 Find the terms in x

and

x5

in the expansion of

of

x5

in the expansion of

(3 + 2x3 ) 1

x 12 2

x 12 2

. Hence find the coefficients

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Chapter 7: Series

BINOMIAL EXPANSION

BINOMIAL EXPANSION OF In general the expansion of

(a + b)n
is given by:

(a + b)n

(a + b)n = an +n C1 an1 b1 +n C2 an2 b2 +n C3 an3 b3 + ..... +n Cn1 abn1 + bn

Examples: 1 Expand

(a + b)3

and hence find the expansion of

(2 + 3x)3

Find, in descending powers of x, the first 4 terms in the binomial expansion of (a)

(2x 3)5

(b)

x+

1 x

Given that

1 p x 2

= r 96x + sx2 + .... , find p,r and s.

In each of the following expansions, find the indicated term. (a) (b)

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