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TRNG I HC S PHM H NI

KHOA CNG NGH THNG TIN

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THIT K BI GING HNH HC BNG PHN MM GEOMETER SKETCHPAD

H Ni, 10-2005 1

MC LC
1. Gii thiu phn mm Geometer Sketchpad.......................................................2 1.1. Gii thiu chung.........................................................................................2 1.2. Mn hnh son tho Geometer Sketpad.......................................................3 2. Mt s v d n gin........................................................................................5 3. Cc i tng lm vic chnh ca phn mm....................................................7 3.1. i tng hnh hc.....................................................................................7 4. Dng hnh bng cch to cc lin kt gia cc i tng................................10 4.1. Lin kt to im......................................................................................10 4.2. Lin kt to ng thng..........................................................................11 4.3. Lin kt to vng trn v cung trn..........................................................11 4.4. Lin kt to min phng............................................................................14 4.5. To nhn cho cc i tng hnh hc.......................................................15 4.6. Vt v cc bi ton qu tch......................................................................16 Cc i tng chuyn ng nh th no.............................................................18 4.7. To text Box.............................................................................................23 4.8. Cc php o v ng dng..........................................................................25 4.9. Cc php bin i hnh hc.......................................................................29 4.10. To cc cng c b sung.........................................................................31 5. Mt vi k thut thit k bi ging..................................................................34 5.1. Nt lm n/hin i tng........................................................................34 5.2. Nt to animation.....................................................................................35 5.3. Nt to chuyn ng theo hng v ch c nh.....................................37 6. Bi tp thc hnh.............................................................................................37

1. Gii thiu phn mm Geometer Sketchpad


1.1. Gii thiu chung

Phn mm Geometers ketchpad do mt nh ton hc M thit k vo nhng nm 90. Hin ti phn mm ny c coi l phn mm m phng hnh hc ng s mt th gii. Phn mm ny c cung cp cho cc trng ph thng Vit Nam trong khun kh d n Thc hnh pht trin nghip v_PDL (Professional devolopment Laboratory) k kt gia hng IBM v B gio dc_o to. Cho n nay c rt nhiu gio vin v nh trng ph thng ang s dng phn mm ny trong vic ging dy v hc tp. Trc y, vic lm bng th cng thng khng trc quan v chnh xc, ta ch c th thy c kt qu sau khi chng minh. Trong thc t, khi son tho vn bn trn my tnh, i khi bn cn a vo ti liu cc hnh hc hoc cc hnh c v bng cc ng nt hnh hc c bn. Trong Geometers ketchpad, cc hnh c dng theo phng php kin thit. Khi mt hnh c v xong, bn c th thay i, chuyn di cc thnh phn ca hnh c mt hnh mi vi cc quan h c khai bo trong lc dng hnh vn c bo ton. a hnh nh vo ti liu Word, bn ch cn copy hnh t Geometers ketchpad v paste vo ti liu. Cc hnh c th l hnh phc v dy hc mn hnh hc, th hm s, hnh v phi cnh, hnh biu din cc hin tng vt l Mt s ng dng ca phn mm v cc hnh trong ton hc, vt l,

1.2. Mn hnh son tho Geometer Sketpad

Thanh tiu

Thc n: thc hin cc lnh dng hnh chnh

Mn hnh lm vic : ghi kt qu cng vic Cc cng c v hnh chnh

Thanh tiu : l ni hin tn ca file hin thi ang c m. Thanh menu ngang ( thanh thc n ) : bao gm cc menu File, Edit, construct, Transform, Measure, Graph, Word v Help. Mi menu l mt nhm lnh .Khi kick chut vo mi menu trn s c mt thc n dc x xung. - Menu File : cha cc lnh m , ghi , v s dng cc file SketchPad v cc file Scrip nh : New, Open, Save,. - Menu Edit: bao gm cc lnh hu b cc lnh va thc hin trc ca SketchPad v mt s lnh khc nh lnh copy, pase, cut, .N cng cho php to ra cc nt thi hnh (action buttons) ,la chn cc i tng hnh hc v s n / hin ca Toolbox v Clipboard. - Menu Display: cha cc la chn v kiu , mu sc, nhn ,ca cc i tng ca trang lm vic ca SketchPad. - Menu Construct: Bao gm cc lnh to mt i tng da trn cc i tng c trc . V d : Lnh Point On Object : to mt im trn mt i tng va c la chn. Lnh Parallel Line: to mt ng thng qua mt im v song song vi mt ng thng cho trc. - Menu Transform: bao gm cc lnh ng vi cc php bin i hnh hc ca cc i tng c la chn. V d : Lnh Translate...: ng vi php tnh tin i tng . Rotate...: ng vi php quay i tng. Dilate...: ng vi php co gin i tng. Reflect...: ng vi php ly i xng . Ngoi ra c th nh ngha cc php bin i mi bng lnh Define Transform.... - Menu Measure: bao gm cc lnh xc nh cc php o trn i tng c chn. V d : Lnh Distance : xc nh khong cch gia hai im. Length: xc nh di ca mt on thng. Slope : xc nh nghing ca mt on thng hoc mt ng thng so vi phng nm ngang. Radius : xc nh bn knh ca mt ng trn. Circumference : xc nh chu vi ca mt ng trn. Area : xc nh din tch ca mt ng trn. - Menu Graph: gm cc lnh lien quan n h trc to nh : Create Axes : to ra mt h trc to . Show/Hide Grid: cho php hin / n li to . Coordinate Form: la chn h trc to vung gc (Rectangular) hay h to cc (Polar). 4

- Menu Work: cho php chn cc cch hin th trang lm vic bao trm ton b mn hnh (Tile) hay ch mt phn ca mn hnh (Cascade). - Menu Help: gm cc lnh tr gip ca SketchPad. Hp cng c : bao gm cc cng c lm vic sau : : Dng chn i tng. C th chn mt hoc nhiu i tng cng lc. Mun chn nhiu i tng cng lc ta c th gi phm Shift trong khi chn cc i tng hoc kch chut tri v chn mt vng i tng. : to ra mt im . : to ra mt ng trn. : to ra mt on thng. Nu kch v gi chut trn nt ny ta s c thm cc cng c sau : : to ra na ng thng. : to ra mt ng thng. : n hin nhn ca i tng hoc to hp vn bn Text. : cho bit thng tin v i tng.

2. Mt s v d n gin Xt bi ton n gin sau : Tam gic ABC c hai nh B v C c nh, nh A chy trn mt ng trn tm O. Tm qu tch trng tm tam gic ABC.

p dng phn mm Geometer Sketchpad gii bi ton trn. Dng hnh :

Cch dng : - Bc 1: Dng ng trn tm O. Kch chut vo biu tng ng trn trn thanh cng c dng ng trn tm O bn knh tu . - Bc 2: Dng im Kch chut vo biu tng mi tn trn thanh cng c . Kch ln ng trn to im A, v ngoi ng trn to hai im B, C. - Bc 3: Dng on thng AB, AC, BC. Kch chut vo biu tng ng thng trn thanh cng c. Kch chut vo im A ri ko n B v C to on AB, AC (tng t i vi BC) - Bc 4: Dng trung im ca AC v BC. Kch chut vo on thng AC Kch chut vo Construct / point at midpoint (ctrl+M) c trung im N (tng t i BC ta c trung im M) - Bc 5: Xc nh giao im ca AM vi BN Ni A vi M, B vi N Kch chut Construct / point at intersection c giao im H ca AM v BN ( H l trng tm) - Bc 6: To vt ti im H khi cho A chy trn ng trn . Chn i tng l im H (Kch chut vo im H). Kch chut phi chn Display/Trace point. (ctrl+T) Kt qu bi ton: Khi cho A chy trn ng trn tm ta thy qu tch trng tm H ca tam gic ABC c dng nh hnh sau:

3. Cc i tng lm vic chnh ca phn mm


3.1. i tng hnh hc
3.1.1. i tng c bn 3.1.2. Cc i tng lin kt

im trn on thng, cung, ng trn. Ta bit cch to ra im, on thng, cung, ng trn tit trc v nh vy th vic xc nh 1 im trn cc i tng trn l rt d dng: Dng chut tri kch vo biu tng IM trn thanh Menu (C th ch dn ngay trn phn mm Sketchpad) sau t vo ni m ta cn xc nh trn cc i tng ( y l on thng, cung, ng trn). Trung im ca mt on thng. Chn i tng l mt on thng.Sau ta dng chut tri kch vo Construct trn thanh cng c sau chn Pont At MidPoint t ng ta s c ngay mt trung im Hai ng thng song song Chn i tng l mt on thng v mt im nm ngoi ng thng .Ta s to ra dng thng i qua im v song song vi ng thng bng cch nh sau: Dng phm Shift chn ng thi 2 i tng sau nhn Construct trn thanh cng c v chn Parallel Line. Hai ng thng vung gc Chn i tng l mt on thng v mt im nm ngoi ng thng .Ta s to ra dng thng i qua im v vung gc vi ng thng bng cch nh sau: Dng phm Shift chn ng thi 2 i tng sau nhn Construct trn thanh cng c v chn Perpendicular Line. Phn gic Ta c th to ra phn gic ca gc to bi 3 im cho trc bng cch nh sau: To 3 im (Trong im to th 2 s l gc ca gc). Sau nhn Construct trn thanh cng c v chn AngleBisector.
3.1.3. i tng cha v con

Quan h hnh hc Nhng i tng hnh hc thng c quan h vi nhau, v Sketchpad s dng nhng mi quan h hnh hc-cha con- cho php ngi dng c thao tc, hot nh ho v nghin cu k hnh v m ngi s dng to ra. V d: Trong mt tam gic, cc cnh v cc nh l nhng i tng hnh hc c quan h vi nhau. i tng cha v i tng con nh ngha: Khi chng ta s dng mt i tng to ra mt i tng khc, i tng c to ra ban u c coi l i tng cha v i tng c to ra t n c gi l i tng con.

V d: Khi bn xy dng mt on thng bng cch ni hai im, th cc im c coi l i tng cha cn on thng l i tng con. Khi ta to ra mt im bng cch ly giao ca hai ng thng th im li c coi l i tng con ca hai ng thng m ta ly giao ban u. Quan h cha con trong hnh hc to ra mi lin quan v mt logic gia cc i tng hnh hc Cc tnh cht: i, Mi quan h gia cc i tng hnh hc l quan trng, bi v nhng thay i m ngi s dng tc ng ln mt i tng s c nh hng ti nhng i tng khc. V d: khi bn ko im cui ca mt on thng (i tng cha), on thng (i tng con) cng phi di chuyn theo. Tng t nh th, nu bn ko mt on thng, c im u v im cui ca on thng cng phi di chuyn theo on thng. ii, Khi bn chn mt s i tng c th v sau s dng menu Construct to ra mt nhm i tng mi, nhm i tng c to ra ny s l con ca nhm i tng c chn ban u. Cng nh vy, khi bn chn mt i tng v s dng menu Transform bin i hnh nh ca i tng ny th hnh nh ca i tng s c coi l con ca i tng c chn. V khi bn chn mt i tng ri s dng menu Measure o lng mt s tnh cht, s o c c coi l i tng con ca i tng ban u. iii, Khi mt i tng cha b xo cc i tng con cng b xo theo. Xc nh quan h cha con Ngi dng c th chn mt i tng v s dng lnh Select Parents and Select Children trong menu Edit quan st nhng i tng no c quan h vi i tng ban u. Ngi dng cng c th nghin cu mi quan h ca cc i tng hnh hc bng cch nhn hai ln vo cng c Object Information trong i tng v s dng Parents and Children menus trong Object Information dialog.
3.1.4. Cc cng c chnh

y l nhng cng c dung to ra cc i tng hnh hc c bn (i tng cha), l cc i tng cn khi to u tin v khng c cc ph thuc lin kt vi cc i tng no khc. Cc cng c chnh bao gm: 1. Cng c chn: Cng c u tin trn thanh cng c l cng c mi tn chn, hnh ging nh mt mi tn. S dng cng c ny chn cc i tng v bin i cc i tng. Cng c mi tn chn ny c ba mc khc nhau, n xut hin trn bng mu khi bn click v gi chut v cng c la chn hnh mi tn trn thanh cng c. Bn c th s dng bt c mc no trong ba mc khc nhau chn cc i tng. Tuy nhin, mi mi tn chn th thay i cc i tng theo cch khc nhau: Translate tool: Cng c xoay th chn cc i tng v di chuyn cc i tng m khng lm thay i kch thc v hng ca chng.

Rotate tool: Chn cc i tng v lm xoay cc i tng c chn xung quanh mt im cho trc nh l tm ca php quay. (s dng Mark Center trn menu Transform to ra im tm). Dilate tool: Chn cc i tng v co ngn hoc m rng cc i tng c chn theo hng hoc ng t mt im cho trc nh l tm ca php co gin. Nhng s bin i ging nhau cn c th c lm chnh xc hn bng cch s dng cc lnh trong cng c Transform. 2. Cng c to im: Cng c th hai trong thanh Toolbox l cng t to im. S dng cng c ny to ra cc im. Bn c th to ra cc im bt c u trong mn hnh lm vic hoc trn nhng i tng c. Nu bn to ra mt im trn mt i tng, n s gi nguyn trn i tng trong bt c bin i no m bn lm vi im hoc vi i tng. Nu mt im l giao im ca hai i tng, im s gi nguyn ti giao im khi bn thay i mi i tng. Bn c th n F5 chn cng c to im. To im: 1. Chn cng c to im trn Toolbox. 2. Di chuyn con tr trn vng lm vic sketch. Con tr thay i thnh hnh du cng trn mn hnh. 3. Kch ti ni mun t im. 3. Cng c compa to ng trn: Cng c th ba trn Toolbox l cng c to ng trn. Cng c ny v mt ng trn da trn mt im ti tm ca ng trn v mt im ti chu vi ca ng trn. To ng trn bng cch ko: mt chm en ni bn nhn chut xc nh tm ca ng trn v mt im ni bn th chut xc nh bn knh ca ng trn. Nu cc im ny khng thc s tn ti trc th Sketchpad s to ra chng. Bn c th nhn F6 chn cng c to ng trn. V ng trn: 1. Chn cng c v ng trn. 2. Di chuyn con tr trn mn hnh lm vic. Con tr c hnh mt ng trn nh. 3. Nhn v gi nt bm chut ti ni bn mun n l tm ng trn. 4. Vi nt chut ang nhn, ko cho n khi t rng m bn mun. Ch rng im trn chu vi xc nh bn knh ca ng trn. Di chuyn im ny thay i bn knh ca ng trn. Nu bn mun to mt ng trn lun i qua mt im cho trc, hy chc chn rng bn nh chut khi chut i qua im . N khng cho chu vi ca ng trn qua im ny. 5. Nh nt bm chut 4. Cng c to on thng, tia, ng thng: 9

Cng c th t trn Toolbox l cng c to thng. Cng c ny to ra cc i tng thng, v c ba dng khc nhau l to on thng, tia v ng thng. Bn s dng cng c ny theo cch sau: n nt nhn chut ti mt ni trn m hnh sketch ca bn v gia nt nhn xung trong khi di chuyn chut, v nh nt nhn ti im th hai. Kt qu ph thuc vo cng c Straightedge m bn ang s dng: Cng c to on thng: To ra i tng thng c nh ngha bi hai im cui: im ti ni bn nhn nt bm chut v ni m bn nh chut. Cng c to tia: To ra mt i tng thng c nh ngha bi mt im cui ti ni bn nhn nt bm chut v im th hai ni bn nh nt bm. Tia ny ko di v tn theo hng m bn nh chut. Cng c ng thng: to i tng thng c nh ngha bi hai im: Mt im ni bn nhn nt bm chut v mt im ni bn nh nt bm. ng thng ny ko di c hai hng. Nu cc im cha thc s tn ti th khi bn nhn v th nt bm chut, Sketchpad s to ra chng. Nu chng l cc im tn ti mt v tr no th Sketchpad s s dng nhng im c ny nh ngha i tng mi ca bn. Bn c th nhn F7 chn cng c to thng. Lp i lp li vic n F7 chuyn i gia cc cng c to on, to ng, to tia. 5. Cng c text v label: S dng to nhn cho cc i tng v thm cc ch thch v mn hnh sketch ca bn. Bn c th: 1. Hin th v n cc nhn. 2. Thay i nhn. 3. Di chuyn nhn. 4. To ra ch thch. 5. Thay i kch thc ch thch. 6. Son tho v nh dng li ch thch. 7. Ch nh cc nhn trong tp lnh. 8. Thay i ni dung ca kt qu php o v tnh ton. n F8 chn cng c text. 4. Dng hnh bng cch to cc lin kt gia cc i tng
4.1. Lin kt to im

im trn i tng Menu lnh Construct dng to ra mt im bt k trn i tng chn. Bn c th ko im v, nhng n lun lun trn i tng m n to ra. Bn cng c th to mt im trn mt i tng vi cng c Point. Dng dng c Compa v thc k, c th v cc im trn i tng dng chung vi ng trn, cung, on, bn knh, ng thng. iu kin: Mt hoc nhiu i tng thng, hnh trn, cung, hnh qut, on cung, a gic ni tip. 10

im giao nhau Menu lnh Construct to mt im gia ni giao nhau ca hai i tng chn. Nu nhng i tng giao nhau ti hai im, nh mt on thng ct mt ng trn ti hai im. im lun giao nhau lun cn li ngay c khi ta bin i cc i tng. Ta khng th to ra mt im ti ni giao nhau ca ba i tng c chn. Ch chn duy nht hai i tng v sau chn dng lnh Point At Intersection. Nu cc i tng khng giao nhau, mt thng ip bo ng bn v bn c c hi v mt im giao nhau trong trng hp cc i tng s ct nhau trong tng lai. Phm tt l Ctrl + I. Bn cng c th to giao im ngay khi Sketch vi mt cng c ko hoc cng c mi tn chn lc. iu kin: Hai i tng thng (on, bn knh hoc ng thng), hai i tng cong (ng trn, cung trn), hoc mt i tng thng v mt i tng cong. Ti trung im Menu lnh Construct dng to ra mt im ti trung im ca on thng chn. Khi bn thay i di ca on thng, trung im cng di chuyn theo tng ng. Phm tt l Ctrl + M. iu kin: Mt hoc nhiu on.
4.2. Lin kt to ng thng

Hai ng thng song song Chn i tng l mt on thng v mt im nm ngoi ng thng .Ta s to ra dng thng i qua im v song song vi ng thng bng cch nh sau: Dng phm Shift chn ng thi 2 i tng sau nhn Construct trn thanh cng c v chn Parallel Line. Hai ng thng vung gc Chn i tng l mt on thng v mt im nm ngoi ng thng .Ta s to ra dng thng i qua im v vung gc vi ng thng bng cch nh sau: Dng phm Shift chn ng thi 2 i tng sau nhn Construct trn thanh cng c v chn Perpendicular Line. Phn gic Ta c th to ra phn gic ca gc to bi 3 im cho trc bng cch nh sau: To 3 im (Trong im to th 2 s l gc ca gc). Sau nhn Construct trn thanh cng c v chn AngleBisector.
4.3. Lin kt to vng trn v cung trn

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ng trn c to bi tm v mt im bt k: c 2 cch: Cch 1: - u tin ta ly 2 im bt k. - Tip theo chn mt trong 2 im lm tm ng trn, v chn tip im kia (dng cng c hnh mi tn). - Trn thanh thc n, chn Construct \ Circle by Center + Point to mt ng trn vi mt im u tin c chn l tm v im th hai nm trn ng trn y.

Cch 2: Bn cng c th to ng trn t 2 im bng cch dng cng c compa (Compass) chnh l biu tng hnh trn trn mn hnh (ta ch cn dng chut ko v th). Nh vy iu kin l phi c 2 im, 1 im c chn l tm. ng trn c to bi tm v bn knh. Ly mt im v mt on thng bt k. Dng cng c hnh mi tn chn ng thi c im v on thng y. Trn thanh thc n, chn Construct \ Circle By Center + Radius to mt ng trn vi mt im c chn l tm v chiu di bn knh l on thng c chn. Khi bn thay i di ca on thng th bn knh ca ng trn cng thay i theo. Nh vy iu kin l phi c 1 im v 1 on thng.

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Cung nm trn ng trn: - V mt ng trn. - Chn mt im l tm v 2 im khc nm trn ng trn y hoc l phi bng nhau v khong cch ca chng ti tm chn. - Chn Construct \ Arc On Circle ta c cung trn cn v vi im u c chn l tm, im th hai l im u ca cung, im th ba l im cui ca cung.

Nh vy iu kin l mt ng trn v hai im nm trn chu vi, hoc l 3 im (im u tin l tm ca ng trn, hai im kia phi bng nhau v khong cch t chng ti im tm) Cung qua ba im. Trn thanh thc n, chn Construct \ Arc Through 3 Points to cung trn qua 3 im c chn. Khi bn di chuyn bt c im no, cung trn cng cn chnh theo. Ba im ny c th khng cng nm trn mt ng trn. iu kin l ba im bt k. 13

4.4. Lin kt to min phng

Gii thiu chung: C rt nhiu bi ton m min xc nh khng phi l c mt phng m l cc min phng gii hn bi vng trn, a gic, cung trn. Sketchpad c chc nng lin kt to min phng phc v cc bi ton nh trn. - Chn vng trn: to min phng gii hn bi ng trn, trc ht ta chn i tng l mt ng trn, sau nhn nt Construct trn thanh cng c, chn Iterior. Hoc ta c th to min phng gii hn bi ng trn bng cch ch i tng ng trn ri nhn Ctrl+P. - Chn a gic: Ta c th to min phng gii hn bi cc im ca a gic bng cch: Chn ln lt cc nh ca a gic theo chiu kim ng h (hoc ngc chiu kim ng h), chn i tng l tp hp cc im bng cch nhn Shift, sau nhn nt Construct trn thanh cng c, chn Poligon Interior. - Chn cung trn: To min phng gii hn bi cung trn bng cch: Chn 3 im, chn i tng l tp hp 3 im bng cch nhn Shift, nhn Construct trn thanh cng c, chn Arc Through Three Points. Lm nh vy ta c cung trn i qua 3 im. Ta to min phng bng cch nhn Construct trn thanh cng c sau chn Arc Segment Interior.

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4.5. To nhn cho cc i tng hnh hc

Cng c lm vic vi nhn

Mi i tng hnh hc u c nhn km theo: - Khi ta to ra bt k mt i tng hnh hc no th nhn ca n c t ng sinh ra theo th t t in(l cc ch ci in hoa), tng ng vi th t n c to ra. - V d: Hnh v trn cho thy: i tng hnh trn c to ra trc (A, AB), tip l ng thng CD - Ch : cc ch in hoa t cho cc im cn cc ch thng dung t cho cc ng Cc thao tc vi nhn: - C th thay i tn nhn v lm cho cc nhn ny n hay hin - Kch nh ti Object hin nhn, kch ln th hai n nhn. - Kch p vo nhn iu chnh tn v cch th hin nhn (hnh 2). y l ca s iu chnh v thay i nhn trong c nt Style chn li kiu, c ca nhn, cn khi ta tch vo nt Use Subscript th nhn cho php t thm ch s ca nhn nh:Bo,An Kch v r chut dich chuyn nhn.

Ca s sau khi kch double vo nhn

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4.6. Vt v cc bi ton qu tch


4.6.1. M u:

y l bi son phn Vt v cc bi ton qu tch. Do vy, ta ch gii thiu v hng dn s dng nhng cng c m phn mm cung cp to vt v vit qu tch bi ton. Sketpad cung cp cc cng c to vt, chuyn ng, iu khin s chuyn ng, lm m ng dng hnh( nhng ng khng cn thit cho hin ln) Sau y ta i gii thiu tng thao tc lin quan.
4.6.2. Cc thao tc to vt v bi ton qu tch:

Cc i tng hnh hc trong bi ton qu tch u l nhng i tng chuyn ng. Sketpad cho php to vt ca nhng chuyn ng , v iu khin chuyn ng. 1.To v hu vt cho i tng hnh hc. a.To vt. Trong Sketpad cho php t vt cho mt hoc nhiu i tng chuyn ng, khi i tng chuyn ng, nhng v tr n i qua s c nh du li bng mu , hnh thnh nn ng i ca i tng , nh gip ngi xem hnh dung c qu tch ca i tng thng qua vt ca n li. Nh th, ta c th nh ngha vt ca i tng hnh hc nh sau: Vt ca mt i tng hnh hc l hnh to ra ca i tng khi n chuyn ng v c nh du li. Mun xem c vt ca i tng hnh hc, trc ht ta phi la chn i tng bng cch nh du n nh cng c nh du. C hai cch to vt: Cch th nht, sau khi chn xong i tng cn to vt, ta vo "Display" v chn "Trace", du "" chnh l tn ca i tng. V d: Nu i tng c chn l im th sau khi chn Display, ta s chn tip l Trace Point. Nu sau khi la chn, i tng l ng trn th ta chn Trace Circle. Nu sau khi la chn, i tng l ng thng th ta chn Trace Line. Nu nhiu i tng c la chn th sau khi chn Display ta chn tip Trace Object. Cch th hai: la chn l a con chut ti i tng cn la chn, ri nhn phm chut phi, mt Menu c hin ra, ta cng chn lnh "Trace". Lu rng, nu dng cch ny, ti mt ln chn ta ch c th chn c mt i tng duy nht, d cc i tng khc c c nh du hay khng. V i tng c la chn cng khng cn thit phi c nh du trc. Cng tng t nh trn, nu i tng c la chn l im th ta cng chn Trace Point, l ng thng th chn Trace Line.v.v C mt khc bit gia i tng to vt v cha to vt l: i tng to vt c du tch(V) trc lnh Trace, cn i tng cha to vt th khng. 16

C mt ch trong phn ny l: Khi i tng c to vt, n ch sinh ra vt khi n chuyn ng( Ngha l v tr phi c thay i v tr so vi lc trc). b.Hu vt cho i tng hnh hc. i khi ta to vt nhm mt i tng no , hay cn hu vt cho ph hp vi bi ton th cn phi hu vt cho i tng to vt trc . Cng tng t nh to vt, cc cng vic hu vt mt i tng cng c hai cch, v cc bc thc hin cng tng t. V d: Mun hu vt ca mt im c to trc , ta c th lm theo hai cch. Cch th nht, chn im, sau chn Display/Trace Point. Cch th hai, a con chut n v tr im cn hu vt, sau chn Trace Point trong Menu th xung. Hoc dng phm nng Ctlr+T. Khi vt ca i tng li trn mn hnh c hnh thnh, ta c th b vt c xem li vt mi bng cch dng phm nng Ctlr+B, hay chn Erase Traces sau khi chn Display. 2. S chuyn ng ca cc i tng trong Sketpad: Sketpad cho php to ra s chuyn ng ca cc i tng hnh hc. Nhng lu : i tng khi chuyn ng th n s ko theo s chuyn ng ca cc i tng lin quan n n, m c th l nhng i tng c dng hnh thng qua i tng chuyn ng u b chuyn ng khi i tng hnh hc ny chuyn ng. Ta ly v d ni r hn iu va ni: Nu i tng C c dng hnh thng qua i tng B, i tng B c dng hnh thng qua i tng A; th khi A chuyn ng n s ko theo s thay i ca B v C, nu A c gi c nh, B chuyn ng th s ko theo s chuyn ng ca C. Ta phi ch tnh cht nh hng ln nhau ny ca cc i tng dng hnh theo ng yu cu bi ton. minh ha cho iu ny ta s nghin cu mt s ng dng c bn phn sau. Mun to chuyn ng ng cho cc i tng ta cng c hai cch nh to v hu vt. Cch th nht, chn i tng cn cho chuyn ng nh cng c chn, sau vo Display/ Animate Tu theo i tng l im hay ng thng m sau Animate c ghi: nu l Point th i tng l im, nu l Line th i tng l ng thng Cch th hai, a con chut n v tr i tng cn cho chuyn ng, nhy chut phi, ri chn Animate. Khi cho i tng chuyn ng, mt thanh cng c iu khin hin ln, c gi l "Motion Controller". Thanh cng c ny cho php ta la chn kt thc, tm dng i tng ang chuyn ng, hoc cho php tip tc chy nu i tng tm dng hay dng chy.

17

Mt cch kt thc chuyn ng ca i tng l vo Display/Stop Animation. Ta cng c th thay i tc chuyn ng bng hp cng c Motion Controller, tc hin ti c ghi trong "Speed", mun iu chnh ta ch vic kch vo hai nt tng - gim bn cnh Speed. Mt cch thay i tc chuyn ng na l vo Display ri chn Increase Speed tng tc , chn Decrease Speed gim tc . III. Ch khi s dng cng c to vt v to chuyn ng cho i tng hnh hc. Ta cng cn ch khi s dng cc cng c ny. Khi cn la chn to vt cho i tng, ta chn ln th nht l to vt, ln th hai chn li l hy vt. Khi to chuyn ng cn ch ti i tng cn tm qu tch, trong c c nhng i tng ph thuc vo n, cn c mt i tng c nh lm mc cho chuyn ng, nu i tng chn lm mc ny m chuyn ng th i tng cn tm qu tch s sai lch.

Cc i tng chuyn ng nh th no
4.6.1. im

Mt im chy trn mt on thng: - Mt im bt k c th chuyn ng trn mt ng thng cho trc. - Ta c th ko im chuyn ng n mt v tr bt k trn ng thng . - Hoc t cho n chuyn ng trn ng thng bng cch: nh du im cn chuyn ng v ng thng cha im chuyn ng. Chn Display\ Animate
Cch quay i tng

Tc quay

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- Phm vi chuyn ng ca im hn ch trn on thng cha n. Mt im chy trn mt tia: - Mt im bt k c th chuyn ng trn mt tia cho trc. - Ta c th ko im chuyn ng n mt v tr bt k trn tia. - Hoc t cho n chuyn ng trn tia bng cch: nh du im cn chuyn ng v tia cha im chuyn ng. Chn Display\ AnimateHin ra bng nh hnh v pha trn Gii hn chuyn ng l ton b tia, bt u t gc tia cho n cui tia.

Mt im chy trn ng thng: - Mt im bt k c th chuyn ng trn mt ng thng cho trc. - Ta c th ko im chuyn ng n mt v tr bt k trn ng thng. - Hoc t cho n chuyn ng trn ng thng bng cch: nh du im cn chuyn ng v ng thng cha im chuyn ng. Chn Display\ AnimateHin ra bng nh hnh v pha trn - Gii hn chuyn ng l ton b ng thng. Mt im chy trn mt ng trn: - Mt im bt k c th chuyn ng trn mt ng trn cho trc. - Ta c th ko im chuyn ng n mt v tr bt k trn ng trn. - Hoc t cho n chuyn ng trn ng thng bng cch: nh du im cn chuyn ng v ng trn cha im chuyn ng. Chn Display\ Animate Hin ra bng nh hnh v pha trn - Gii hn chuyn ng l ton b ng trn. Mt im chy trn vng bn trong hnh trn. Hai im cng chy trn hai i tng khc nhau. - Hai im bt k c th chuyn ng cng mt lc trn hai i tng khc nhau. 19

- Ta c th ko im chuyn ng n mt v tr bt k trn 2 i tng. - Hoc t cho n chuyn ng trn 2 i tng bng cch: nh du im cn chuyn ng v i tng cha im chuyn ng. Chn Display\ Animate
Chn ln lt cc i tng chuyn ng

Kch vo thc hin

- Gii hn chuyn ng ca mi im l ton b phm vi trn i tng.


4.6.2. ng thng

Trong mn hnh hc ni chung v hnh hc ph thng ni ring th v hnh l thng xuyn v rt cn thit. Chnh v th vic s dng phn mm dy hc h tr rt tt rt hay v rt sinh ng. N l mt cng c c lc cho gio vin trong vic to dng hnh v mt cch chnh xc v nhanh chng ng thi n to hng th cho hc sinh lm cho bi ging sinh ng khng b nhm chn. Mt phn khng th thiu c vi mn hnh hc l ni n phn chuyn ng. V d: Trong cc bi ton cn gii c nhng bi yu cu bn tm qu tch ca im khi mt i tng c lin quan chuyn ng. Hy chng minh 1 im l c nh khi mt i tng c lin quan chuyn ng... Khi PMDH s gip cho hc sinh v gio vin c xem mt cch trc tip s chuyn ng ca cc i tng hnh hc. PMDH ny cho php lm hin vt ca cc i tng chuyn ng. Cc i tng chuyn ng hnh hc bao gm: - im. - ng thng/on thng/tia. - Vng trn/cung trn. Phn ny chng ta s nghin cu n chuyn ng ca: on thng/tia/ng thng. i vi chuyn ng ny chng ta i n 3 ni dung cn xt ti: - ng thng chuyn ng quanh mt im. - Hai im u mt cng chuyn ng trn cc i tng khc nhau. - di on khng thay i. ng thng chuyn ng quanh mt im. 20

to ng thng chuyn ng quanh mt im chng ta cn thc hin cc bc sau: - Bc 1: To ng trn ly trn thanh cng c. Sau k ng thng i qua tm ng trn . - Bc 2: Nu cn to vt ca ng thng chuyn ng th nh du ng thng v vo Display/trance....... - Bc 3: Gi Phm Shift + nh du 2 u mt ca ng thng trn v nh du ng trn. Vo Display/Animate. Hai im u mt cng chuyn ng trn cc i tng khc nhau: to ng thng chuyn ng vi 2 im u mt cng chuyn ng trn 2 i tng khc nha chng ta lm nh sau: - Bc 1: V 2 i tng bt k (ng trn, ng thng, im,.....). - Bc 2: V ng thng cn chuyn ng vi 2 u mt nm trn 2 i tng ta v bc 1. - Bc 3: Nu cn to vt ca ng thng khi chuyn ng th nh du ng thng sau vo Display/Trance... Nu mun xo vt ta lm nh cch ca to vt. - Bc 4: Gi phm Shift + nh du 2 u mt v nh du 2 i tng trn. Sau vo Display/Animate. di on khng i: to ng thng chuyn ng vi di 2 u mt khng i ta lm nh sau: - Bc 1: K 1 ng thng, ly 1 im bt k nm ngoi ng thng. - Bc 2: Gi phm Shift + nh du ng thng v im. To ng thng song song vi ng thng trn bng cch vo Construct/Parallel line. - Bc 3: K ng thng cn chuyn ng vung gc vi 2 ng trn bng cch Gi phm Shift + nh du 1 ng thng v 1 im trn n sau vo Construct/Perpendi cular line. - Bc 4: Xc nh giao im cn li gia 2 ng thng. - Bc 5: Nu cn to vt ca ng thng khi chuyn ng th nh du ng thng sau vo Display/Trance.... Nu mun xo vt ta lm nh cch ca to vt. - Bc 6: Gi phm Shift + nh du 2 ng thng song song v 2 u mt ca ng thng cn chuyn ng, sau o Display/Animate.
4.6.3. ng trn, cung trn

Vn t ra y l lm th no to ra cc i tng chuyn ng v cch thc lm th no bit i tng chuyn ng nh th no? trong bi ging ny chng ta s ln lt a ra cc phng n . nghin cu cc i tng chuyn ng nh th no chng ta c th s dng phn mm Geometer Sketchpad. y chng ta cp n cc i tng l ng trn v cung trn. C 3 trng hp cn xt y l: a) ng trn chuyn ng lun i qua mt im c nh 21

bit ng trn chuyn ng nh th no khi lun i qua mt im c nh trc ht chng ta phi c im c nh Gi s im c nh l A ng trn (C) lun i qua A Ta v im A:Bm vo ca s hot ng, to ra mt im mi v tr con tr sau v ng trn (C) sao cho (C) i qua A: Bm phm con chut trong ca s hot ng, v tr con tr ch ra tm ng trn, thay i bn knh sao cho ng trn i qua im A th dng li v nh du. Cch thc lm: - Chn cc i tng v nh du, c th y l im A v ng trn (C). - Vo Display-> Animate - Ta s c mt cch th hin ca ng trn(C) chuyn ng lun i qua A.

b) i qua 2 im c nh Trc ht chng ta cng phi c 2 im c nh l A v B ng trn (C) Cch thc lm: - V 2 im A,B - Xc nh trung im ca on thng AB - Trung im AB chnh l tm ng trn (C). - Bn knh ng trn l AB/2 - T tm ng trn v ng trn vi bn knh nh trn - bit ng trn ny chuyn ng nh th no ta nh du cc i tng , c th y l A,B,(C) sau cng vo Display - > Animate

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j A B

c) C bn knh khng i Trc ht chng ta phi xc nh cc i tng cn cho chuyn ng . Gi s l ng trn(C) vi bn knh r khng i. Cch thc: - Xc nh chnh xc di r - Xc nh 2 im P,O sao cho di ca on thng OP = r.
4.6.4. Ch n cc Control Point ca cc i tng

4.7. To text Box


4.7.1. Gii thiu v Text box

Text box l biu tng hnh bn tay trn thanh cng c hay n l cng c th nm trn thanh cng c. Chc nng chnh ca n l biu din mt nhn (label) trong mt ci hp text. Khi lm vic vi Text box th bn c th lm c nhng cng vic sau: - Hin v n cc nhn (Label) - Thay i nhn. - Di chuyn nhn. - To tiu . - Tr li kch thc theo yu cu cho tiu . - Sa v nh li khun thc cho tiu . - Thay i vn bn cho mt khun kh hay mt kt qu tnh ton.
4.7.2. Kch hot Text box

kch hot cho Text box hot ng ta c th lm theo mt trong nhng cch sau: - Chn biu tng hnh bn tay trn thanh cng c. Sau con tr chut c chuyn thnh hnh bn tay. Gi chut tri v km chut ta c mt Text box. - Gi ng thi phm Tab trn bn phm (khi con tr chut c chuyn thnh hnh bn tay) v gi chut tri v ko chut ta c mt Text box.
4.7.3. Hot ng cc thnh phn trong Text box:

Hin v n cc nhn - Kch hot Text box bng mt trong nhng cch ni trn.

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- Di chuyn con tr chut ti i tng nhn m bn mun n hoc hin. Con tr chut c chuyn thnh mu en ch vo i tng m bn c th n hoc hin. - Click chut tri mt thc n hin ra, chn Display\Hide Caption lm n nhn. Bn cng c th dung t hp phm Ctrl + H. - hin li nhn va b n ta Click chut tri chn Display\ Show all hidden. Thay i nhn - Kch hot Text box bng mt trong nhng cch ni trn. - Di chuyn chut n nhn ang hin cho n khi xut hin con tr hnh bn tay. - Kch chut phi hin ra mt thc n: nh kiu dng chn Line Style nh kiu mu cho nhn chn Color nh kiu font ch chn Text font inh dng kiu ch chn Text Style - Sau khi chn mt (hoc nhiu) trong nhng inh dng trn ta c nhn mi thay th nhn c. Di chuyn nhn - Kch hot Text box bng mt trong nhng cch ni trn. - Di chuyn chut n nhn ang hin cho n khi xut hin con tr hnh bn tay. - Click v ko n ti v tr mi. To mt tiu - Kch hot Text box bng mt trong nhng cch ni trn. - Di chuyn con tr chut trn mn hnh n ni m bn mun vit tiu . - n v ko chut. - Khi c tiu ph hp th bn nh chut. - Sketchpad s t ng cn l trang bn phi ca hnh ch nht cha tiu . - Khi bn mun lm vic bn ngoi th hy kch chut vo bt k mt v tr no bn ngoi khung ch nht. a tr li kch thc ban u ca tiu . - Chn tiu vi mt cng c mi tn. Khi c chn th tiu s hin ra bn vung nh trong gc ca hnh chc nht - Kch v ko 1 trong 4 thay i hnh ch nht. - Nh chut ra khi m hnh ch nht ph hp. Sa v nh li khun thc cho tiu . - Nu tiu c chn, n xut hin mt loi mu trng trn nn mu en, v vi mi gc xut hin mt vung trng m bn c th s dng thay i kch thc ca tiu . - Dng Text box to ra mt tiu hoc thay i tiu ang hin hu. - Bn c th kim sot c hnh thc ca n trong sketch ca bn bng cch thay i kiu dng hoc font hoc bng cch l n n i. Ngoi ra bn cng c th a tr li kch thc ban u thay i hnh dng ca hnh ch nht. - Dng thm m ca bn thay i font, c hoc kiu cho tiu mi no . 24

- Tiu hot ng nh nhng i tng khc khi SketchPad di chuyn chng, hin chng, n chng v xa chng. Thay i cho mt vn bn hay mt kt qu tnh ton - Kch hot Text box bng mt trong nhng cch ni trn. - Di chuyn con tr chut n kh m bn mun thay i. - Kch p chut vo khun kh m bn mun chnh sa hoc thay i. - Thay i theo ca bn sau click OK kt thc.
4.8. Cc php o v ng dng
4.8.1. Cc php o.

s dng c chc nng ny,trn Mennu ta kch hot chut vo chc nng Measure, khi mt thc n cc chc nng con ca chc nng ny tri xung gm: - Length: di on thng - Distance: Khong cch gia hai im, hay khong cch gia im v ng thng. - Perimeter: Chu vi a gic - Discumference: Chu vi hnh trn - Angle: Gc to bi ba im. - - Ratio: T s gia 2 on thng hay 3 im thng hng. Trn y ch trnh by vn tt v cc chc nng ca Measure, cn vic vn dng n s c cp phn sau.
4.8.2. ng dng.

Trc khi vo phn ny cc bn l cho l:Tt c cc chc nmg trong Measure u m,ch khi c xy dng ng n mi hin ra v ta mi kch hot c. Length y l php o di ca mt on thng,ngha l khi ta c mt on thng bt k v khi dng chut kch hot vo chc nng ny th n s cho ta kt qu di ca on thng ny. Cch thc hin: - B1: Vo hp cng c -> chn cng c v on thng (khi ta kch chut vo cng c ny trn mn hnh hin ra mt on thng). - B2: Kch chut tri vo chc nng Measure -> chc nng Length hin ra ngay u tin (hin ra r nt). - B3: Kch chut Length ta c ngay kt qu ca ng thng va dng (kt qu hin ln gc trn bn tri mn hnh). Ch : Khi ta kch hot chc nng con - Length mt ln ri thi n s li b m i, s dng li ta phi dng ng thng khc v thc hin ng nh trn hoc nu mun thc hin ln hai i vi mi ng thng ta thc hin nh sau: Di chut ln hp cng c -> chn cng c nh du (n c hnh mi tn mu en) -> kch chut tri vo n (khi chut s c mu en) -> di chuyn chut ti ng 25

thng cn xem li kt qu v kch chu vo (khi ng thng s li hin ln mu hng) -> m chc nng Measure ri kch chut vo length. Distance. L chc nng tnh khong cch gia hai im hay tnh khong cch t im ti ng thng. s dng chc nng ny ta thc hin cc bc nh sau: - B1:Vo hp cng c -> chn chc nng im (point-l chm en trn hp cng c) - B2: To ra hai im bt k trn mn hnh bng cch nhy chut tri hai ln hai v tr khc nhau, ta s c hai im trn mn hnh (lc ny chut trn mn hnh u c chm ) - B3: nh du hai im ny (khi nh du song hin ln hai chm to). - B4: Vo chc nng Measure -> chc nng con Distamce hin ra -> kch chut -> kt qu khong cch gia hai im. i vi cch tnh khong cch gia mt im v ng thng ta thc hin nh sau: - B1: Ging nh trn - B2: Chn cng c dng on thng trn hp cng c - B3: nh du c im v ng thng - B4: Thc hin nh trn -> c kt qu Circumferense. y l chc nng dng tnh chu vi mt hnh trn bt k, s dng n i hi phi kt hp hai yu t: - Dng ln hnh trn bng cch vo hp cng c (Trn hp cng c c hnh biu din hnh trn, tch chut vo v thc hin cc bc dng hnh nh im v ng thng). Khi trn mn hnh s hin ln ng trn c ng vin v dy. - Vo chc nng Measure, khi chc nng Circumrefence s hin ln -> kch chut vo ta c kt qu. Angle. y l chc nng dng tnh gc to bi ba im khi cho bit ba im trn mt phng.Cch thc hin nh sau: - B1: To ra ba im bt k trn mn hnh bng cng c im trn hp cng c. - B2: nh du ba im ny bng cng c nh du. - B3: Vo chc nng Measure -> chn chc nng con Angle -> c kt qu gc to bi ba im (kt qu cng hin ra gc trn bn tri mn hnh). Area: Din tch o in tch ca mt vng a gic xc nh: nh du cc nh ca a gic cn tnh din tch (<= 31 nh). n t hp phm Ctrl + P nh du vng cn tnh din tch. Ring ng trn ch cn xc nh ng trn cn tnh din tch

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V d

Arc Angle: S o cung trn Lnh o ny s xc nh s o ca mt cung trn, mt hnh qut hoc mt hnh vin phn hoc mt ng trn vi hai, ba im trn . Nu nh cung trn c xc nh bi mt ng trn cng vi cc im trn th im u tin v im cui cng c la chn s l hai u mt ca cung, tm ca ng trn s l nh ca cung. Nu ch chn hai im Sketchpad s ly s o ca cung nh.

V d

Arc length: o di cung Lnh o ny s xc nh di ca mt cung trn, mt hnh qut hoc mt hnh vin phn hoc mt ng trn vi hai, ba im trn . Nu nh cung trn c xc nh bi mt ng trn cng vi cc im trn th im u tin v 27

im cui cng c la chn s l hai u mt ca cung, tm ca ng trn s l nh ca cung. Nu ch chn hai im Sketchpad s ly di ca cung nh.

V d

Radius: o bn knh hnh trn hoc ng trn nh du ng trn (c th nhn ^P nh du hnh trn) sau chn Measure/radius

V d

Ratio: T s gia hai on thng hoc ba im thng hng - T s gia hai ng thng xc nh: nh du hai ng thng cn xc nh. S o s c tnh bng t s gia di on thng th nht trn di on thng th hai. - o t s gia ba im thng hng: Chn im th nht lm gc (A), chn im th hai (B) v th ba (C). T s s c tnh bng i on thng AC/AB. Ch : Sau khi chn ba im phi gi phm Shift ri mi chn chc nng ratio. 28

V d

4.9. Cc php bin i hnh hc


4.9.1. Php tnh tin (Translate)

Thc n Transform dng to mt hnh nh cc i tng c chn tnh tin theo mt khong cch no . Php tnh tin cng c th c hon thnh bng cch s dng cng c Translate. Nu bn mun tnh tin theo mt khong cch bin i, bn phi nh du mt vct tnh tin, mt gc cho hng tnh tin hay mt khong cch tnh tin. Nu bn ch mun gi li kt qu php tnh tin m khng mun gi i tng gc th s dng lnh Self-Translate. Tnh tin mt i tng 1. Chn mt hoc nhiu i tng s c bin i Hu nh tt c cc i tng hnh hc u c th bin i (tuy nhin qu tch, bng, vn bn v cc nt hot ng l khng th bin i c) 2. Chn Translate t thc n Trasform Xut hin hp thot Translate. By Marked Vector ch sn sng nu bn nh du trc mt vc t trong bn v ca mnh. 3. Chn vect tnh tin By Polar Vector cho php bn nhp vo mt gc v khong cch m cc i tng c chn s tnh tin n. Bn c th nhp vo s t bn phm hoc s dng s c nh du. nh du mt s trong khi hp thoi Translate m, ko hp thoi bng cch nhn vo thanh tiu cho n khi bn c th nhn kch thc hoc khong cch tnh ton bn mun s dng v chn vo n. Hp thoi s thay i ph hp vi ni dung c nhc n. Nh ta bit Mark Distance v Mark Angle cho thng tin chi tit v cc s c nh du.

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By Rectangular Vector cho php bn nhp vo khong cch theo chiu nm ngang v chiu dc m cc i tng c chn s tnh tin n. Bn c th nhp t bn phm trong khong cch mong mun nh s c nh, hoc bn c th s dng mt khong cch nh du (hp la chn By Marked Distance s n i nu bn khng nh du trc mt khong cch). Bn c th nh du mt khong cc trong khi hp thoi m bng cch ko hp thoi bng cch nhn vo thanh tiu cho n khi nhn thy kch thc hoc khong cch tnh ton bn mun s dng v chn n. By Marked Vector cho php xc nh mt vect ng m nh ngi dng tnh tin c phn la chn. Ngi s dng c th xc nh mt vect c nh du trong khi m hp thoi bng cch di chuyn hp thoi hai im xc nh vect nhn thy c sau kck vo hai im theo th t. Ngi dng cng c th nh du mt vect hnh ch nht s dng s o khong cch hoc khong cch tnh c hoc nh du mt vect cc s dng s o gc v s o khong cch. Xem phn Mark Vecto bit thm thng tin v nh du mt vect. 4. Kck OK Sketchpad xy dng php tnh tin cho i tng m ngi dng la chn bng cc vect xc nh. Nu bn tnh tin mt lng, v sau di chuyn bt k mt ci g xc nh mt vect tnh tin, hnh nh tnh tin cng s di chuyn tng ng.
4.9.2. Php quay (Rotate)

Thc n Transform to ra hnh nh ca i tng c quay bng gc v mt tm quay. Php quay c th c thc hin bng cng c Rotate. Nu ngi s dng ch gi li nh ca php quay c th s dng lnh Self Rotate. Bn phi chn mt im tm c nh du trc khi chn lnh quay. Thm vo , nu bn mun quay mt gc bt k th bn phi nh du gc c quay. Bn xc nh n v quay bng - radians bng s dng Preferences trong thc n Display. Quay mt i tng 1. Chn tm quay 2. Chn Mark Center t thc n Transform. 3. Chn i tng cn quay. 4. Chn Rotate trong thc n Transform. Bn c th thay i tm quay trong lc hp thoi m bng cch kick vo im s chn lm tm. 5. Chn gc quay i vi gc c nh (cha c kim tra bi Marked Angle). Cho php bn to ra mt gc quay i tng. n v o gc c th thit lp bi lnh Preferences. By Marked Angle (kim tra bi Marked Angle trong hp kim tra). Cho php xc nh mt gc quay ng quay i tng. Mt ggc c nh du c th c xc nh bng ba im hoc bng mt gc c tnh. Bn c th xc nh s o mt gc c o hoc c tnh trong lc hp thoi Rotate m bng cch ko thanh tiu ca hp thoi s o c hin th v kick vo y. 6. Kick OK 30

Sketchpad to ra hnh nh ca i tng c quay bi gc do ngi dng xc nh v bi tm quay. Nu quay mt gc nh du, sau di chuyn tm quay v bt k im no trn gc quay th hnh nh c quay cng thay i theo tm v gc.
4.9.3. Php i xng (Reflect)

Khi nim Php i xng l php bin 1 hnh (c xc nh t cc i tng c bn) cho thnh 1 hnh hon ton ging vi hnh cho v i xng nhau qua 1 dim hoc 1 ng c xc nh trc. Chn i tng - Chn im, ng l i tng c bn. Nu cn xc nh 1 im i xng tm vi 1 im cho th i tng ban u l 2 dim. Sau bn s tm im gia ca 2 im cho. Nu cn xc nh 2 im i xng vi nhau qua 1 ng th i tng ban u s l 1 im v 1 ng. Sau bn vo Translate trn Menu ca mn hnh Sketchpad, chn Reflect, nhp OK l xong. - Trong trng hp hnh cho l 1 hnh phc tp th ta s ly i xng tt c cc im trn hnh qua im (hoc ng) cho.
4.9.4. Php v t (Dilate)

Khi nim Chn i tng. - c th xc nh c php v t ca 1 hnh no bng phn mm dy hc Sketchpad th bn phi chn c i tng mt cch y . - thc hin c 1 php v t, ngoi vic bn phi chn y cc i tng, trn mn hnh Sketchpad bn phi kch chut tri vo Translate, chn Dilate, v in y cc thng tin (tm, t s) thc hin 1 php v t trong hnh hc.
4.10. To cc cng c b sung

t vn : Ra bi tp cho HS: V 3 tam gic. Vi mi tam gic v trng tm v trc tm. Thuyt trnh: Nu phi v khng ch 3 m l 10 tam gic cng trng tm v trc ca n th l mt cng vic lp i lp li nhiu ln rt nhm chn. Th th c cch no m ch phi v mt ln cn cc ln sau ch phi gi (ging nh vic gi ng thng qua mt im vung gc vi mt ng thng cho trc)? Trong Sketchpad cung cp mt cng c kh mnh cho php to ra mt cng c mi to cc object phc tp ch cn mt lnh. Cc bc to cng c b sung - Bc 1: Dng cc cng c bnh thng to ra i tng mu mun a vo Custom Tools. V d bi tp trn:

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- Bc 2: Chn ton b i tng mu

- Bc 3: Chn lnh Create New Tool

t thanh cng c chnh.

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- Nhp tn cng c mi ti v tr New Tool v nhp OK

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(chn Show Scrip View nu mun hin th bng nh ngha. Cch s dng cng c b sung: - Click chn Custom trn thanh cng c chnh - Sau to cc i tng hnh hc cn thit (nh i vi v d trn th v 3 nh ca tam gic) theo ch dn bn di cng ca ca s. Hoc da vo ch dn trn ca s Show Scrip View (nu khng c ca s ny, gi chut v biu tng Custom Tool chn Show Scrip View, ngc li nu mun ng ca s ny chn Hide Scrip View). Bi tp Bi1: To 3 ng trung bnh ca mt tam gic. 5. Mt vi k thut thit k bi ging
5.1. Nt lm n/hin i tng

Chc nng: Thc hin vic lm n/ hin cc i tng xc nh trc trn hnh Cch thc hin: - Bc 1: dng cng c chn chn cc i tng bng cch nhn chut tri vo cng c sau nhn vo i tng mun lm n hoc hin - Bc 2: vo Edit/Action Buttons/hide/show

Sau ta c nt n hin nh sau:

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Mun n th n vo hide v ngc li hin th n vo show.


5.2. Nt to animation

Mt nt Animate lm cho mt im hoc nhiu hn mt im di chuyn dc theo mt qu o c nh ngha trc, n cng ging nh lnh Animate trong menu Display. Nu bn thit lp mt hiu ng hot hnh bng mt nt, bn c th lp i lp hiu ng bng cch n gin kch p vo nt m khng cn phi la chn v thit lp cc im v qu o mi ln mun c hiu ng hot hnh. Bn to ra mt nt Animate bn c th n cc qu o ca im hot hnh ngi xem tp trung vo cc im di chuyn. Cc nt animate l con ca cc im hot hnh v c cc qu o m cc im ny di chuyn. Lnh ny di chuyn cc im chn dc theo mt qu o xc nh. im m bn chn khng c dng trn qu o bi v animation s bt u vi vic nhy ti qu o tr phi im ny b p buc. Thm vo 10 im c th c hot hnh mt cch ng thi trn 10 qu o. Mt qu o c th l mt mt on thng, mt tia, mt ng thng, mt hnh trn, cung trn, on cung trn, hoc hnh qut, bn trong a gic, hoc qu tch ca mt im. V d, im cui cng ca mt on thng c th c hot hnh dc theo chu vi ca mt ng trn.
5.2.1. To nt hot hnh.

Menu Edit thc hin vic to mt nt hot hnh. Qu trnh to mt nt hot hnh cng ging nh vic khi ng trc tip hot hnh. (vi lnh Animate ca menu Display). Cc bc tin hnh nh sau: 35

1. Chn mt im v mt qu o (on thng hoc ng trn) cng vi hot hnh cho n. 2. Nu bn mong mun hot hnh ng thi nhiu hn mt im, tip tc chn im v qu o. Bn c th to hot hnh cho 10 im ng thi. 3. Chn Animation t Action Button trn menu tng. on i thoi ca qu o xut hin. 4. Chn hng, i tng qu o, v tc cho mi im hot hnh. 5. Click vo Animate. Skectpad to ta mt nt Animate nhn l Animate. Bn c th thay i nhn ny bng mt tn khc c ngha hn vi cng c Text. 6. Double-click vo nt ny xem animation ca bn. dng animation, ch trong khi n hon thnh (nu bn chn One Time Only cho bt c bn so no) hoc kch v gi nt bm cho n khi animation dng.
5.2.2. Hp thoi Path Match

Hp thoi Path Match xut hin khi bn chn Animate t Display menu hoc khi bn chn Animate t Animate t nt Action trn menu xp tng trn menu Edit. Hp thoi Path Match cho php bn chn kiu chuyn ng, qu o v tc cho mi im m bn to hot hnh. S dng hp thoi Path Match: 1. Chn dng trong danh sch tn im m bn mun to hot hnh. C ba danh sch drop-down xut hin pha trn ca hp thoi, cho php bn chn kiu chuyn ng, qu o, v tc ca im. 2. Bn c th thay i kiu chuyn ng bng cch kch chut vo danh sch th xung pha bn tri. C ba la chn: One way: im chuyn ng lin tip theo mt hng dc theo qu o. Nu qu o l mt on thng, khi im n mt im mt, n bt u li chuyn ng t mt im khc. Bidirectionally: im chuyn ng lin tip ti lui dc theo qu o. Khi n n mt im cui, n ln ngc theo hng khc. Nu qu o l mt hnh trn, im cui c tnh l im phi nht ca ng trn. Once: im di chuyn dc theo qu o. N hon thnh vic di chuyn ht chiu di ca qu o th animation dng li. Nu qu o l mt hnh trn th hng mc nh l one way. Nu qu o l mt on thng th mc nh l bidirectionally. 3. Bn c th kch vo danh sch th xung gia thay i qu o m im s chuyn ng. 4. Bn c th kch vo danh sch th xung bn phi thay i tc di chuyn. 5. Bn c th kch nt Animate khi bn thit lp nhng la chn ph hp cho tt c cc im.

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Nu bn to hot hnh cho nhiu hn mt im bn c th chn cc im v cc qu o theo s sp xp m bn khng cn phi s dng danh sch th xung gia cho bt c s thay i cc qu o cho im no. lm c iu ny, chn mt im sau l qu o m bn mun n di chuyn trn , sau chn mt im khc trong danh sch qu o ca n, vn vn Nu bn mun nhiu hn mt im di chuyn theo mt qu o n, chc chn la chn tt c cc im ny trc khi chn qu o m chng di chuyn trn .
5.3. Nt to chuyn ng theo hng v ch c nh

Bi ny gip hc sinh nm c cch to nt lnh iu khin s chuyn ng c mc ch ca i tng Cch to : - Ta chn 2 im bt k t thanh menu chn nm gc pha bn phi ca mn hnh, c 2 im trn mn hnh - Sau nhn chut vo mi tn trn thanh menu - Chn hai cp im va to bng cch nh du - Thc hin lnh Edit -> action buttons -> movement - Mt menu hin ra c cc thng bo chn : slow(), medium(), fast(), instant(). Ta chn mt chc nng ri nhn OK Move C->B - Mt hp thoi nh hin ra, v d : tc l di chuyn im C n im D - Sau ta nhp tn nt ti v tr label bng cch : chn im cn to label, n chut phi chn : display -> show label, tn nt hin ln l E, lm tng t nh vy vi nt D Move C->B - Khi c nhn 2 im nh vy , ta nhn p vo hp thoi lp tc im C dch chuyn v pha im D Nh vy ta thc hin c thao tc dch chuyn im C v pha im D theo hng v ch c nh. 6. Bi tp thc hnh
BI TP DNG HNH TRN SKETCHPAD

(Cc bi ton qu tch trong sch Bi tp Hnh hc lp 10) Bi 1. Cho ng trn tm O, ng knh AB. Gi C l im i xng vi A qua B, PQ l mt ng knh khc ca ng trn tm O. ng thng CQ ct PA v PB ln lt ti M v N. 1. Chng minh rng Q l trung im ca CM v N l trung im ca CQ. 2. Tm qu tch M v N khi ng knh PQ thay i v tr. Bi 2. Cho ng trn tm O v mt im I c nh bn ngoi ng trn. im M thay i trn ng trn. Phn gic gc MOI ct IM ti N. Tm qu tch ca N. Bi 3. 37

Cho hai ng trn tm O v O tip xc ngoi vi nhau ti A v c bn knh khc nhau. Mt ng trn tm O thay i lun tip xc ngoi vi ng trn tm O v O. Gi B l tip im ca ng trn O v O, C l tip im ca O v O. Chng minh rng ng thng BC i qua mt im c nh. Bi 4. Tam gic ABC c hai nh B v C c nh, nh A chy trn mt ng trn tm O. Tm qu tch trng tm tam gic ABC. Bi 5. Cho hai ng trn tm O v O c bn knh khc nhau tip xc ngoi vi nhau v mt im M trn ng trn tm O. Dng mt ng trn i qua M v tip xc vi c hai ng trn tm O v O. Bi 6. Cho ba im A, B, C c nh trn ng trn tm O. Mt im M thay i trn ng trn O. Gi M1 l im i xng ca M qua A, M2 l im i xng ca M1 qua B, M3 l im i xng ca M2 qua C. 1. Chng minh rng trung im ca on thng MM3 l mt im c nh. 2. Tm qu tch ca im M3. Bi 7. Cho ng trn tm O v im P c nh nm ngoi ng trn O. Mt dy cung BC thay i ca ng trn O nhng c di khng i. Tm qu tch trng tm tam gic PBC. Bi 8. Cho hai ng trn tm O v O tip xc trong ti A. Gi AB l ng knh ca ng trn O v AC l ng knh ca ng trn O. Mt ng thng thay i i qua A ct ng trn tm O v O ln lut ti M v N. Tm qu tch giao im ca BN v CM. Bi 9. Cho tam gic ABC. Mt im M bt k. Gi M1 l im i xng ca M qua A, M2 l im i xng ca M1 qua B, M3 l im i xng ca M2 qua C. Chng minh rng trung im ca on thng MM3 l mt im c nh. Bi 10. Cho tam gic u ABC. Vi mt im M ty , gi M1 l im i xng vi M qua ng thng AB, M2 l im i xng vi M1 qua ng thng BC v M3 l im i xng vi M2 qua ng thng CA. Tm qu tch trung im I ca MM3.

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