Slurry pipe jacking If only foot blade corresponding to the tube outer diameter than its size should

be slightly larger, it is possible to reduce friction tube outer wall. This will allow the upper body are not directly on the pressure in the pipe. Hard enough as long as the soil, this approach will be taken to the desired effect. And if the pipes and the soil pressure within the gap formed between the people supporting medium, the effectiveness of this approach can also greatly improved, and can maintain a certain amount of time, which is in itself a long jacking pipe, Furthermore, bearing play the role of media in supporting the same time, you can also serve as a lubricant to reduce friction effect. Of supporting the requirements of a lubricating medium Of supporting the requirements of a lubricating medium can be derived according to the friction law. Summary of friction Law In addition to rolling friction is not discussed here, the friction can be divided into: a) Adhesion of friction (static friction with the same); b) sliding friction. Adhesion friction and sliding friction in the case of the following relationships exist: T=N* Where N - normal force; T - tangential force; - friction coefficient; Coefficient of friction is a material constant, and the sliding surface and the nature of sliding surfaces, but not to the size of the contact area F for the transfer. Measureless steel friction coefficient in the case of adhesion is generally larger than the sliding friction value, because in the case of adhesion of friction, surface roughness due to frequent that are not being "wedge tight." Sliding friction can be divided into: b1) Dry friction; b2) of liquid friction. In the dry friction, the sliding body and the sliding surface in direct contact, in the case of liquid friction, sliding body and the sliding surface lubricating medium were separated by In the case of sliding friction. Sliding body and the relative velocity between the sliding surface. In the case of dry sliding friction, the friction coefficient has nothing to do with the relative velocity . In the case of sliding friction of liquid, depending on the friction coefficient is hand in hand sliding body and the flow of liquid between the sliding surface resistance varies. Flow resistance depends on the movement of liquid viscosity and flow rate. According to fluid dynamics we can see, the flow resistance and flow velocity proportional to the square. In between the two objects come into contact with each other, work is a specific pressure:

P=N/F In the case of fluid friction, acting on the lubricating fluid is a mobile pressure: p '= f (2) If p = p ', objects and lubricating medium will be in equilibrium. When moving objects on the "floating" in the sliding surface. If p> p ', lubricating medium will change from moving objects, and the gap between the sliding surface gradually being squeezed out, until the liquid into a dry sliding friction so far. Liquid friction premise is that, regardless of the object and sliding surface must be impervious. If the lubricating medium can penetrate objects or slip surface, but not to the same amount to supplement, then the liquid becomes dry sliding friction. The conclusions from the friction law. Considered in accordance with the friction Law for pipe jacking entirely clear conclusions can be drawn as follows: a) In order to maintain a smaller push the top edge, dry friction shall be as small as possible the friction coefficient as a precondition. Tube surface is smooth, can reduce the friction coefficient. Tube surface machining and painting anti-friction agent, the same value can play a reduced role. b) In the case of dry friction, the tube surface in the process of pushing the top will be around the upper sanding, thereby increasing friction coefficient. Therefore, items from the larger tube, most people adopt the way of liquid friction. C) liquid friction shall be between the pipes and the soil medium is the premise of lubrication, that is, shall put pressure on people during lubrication medium. d) lubricating medium must maintain a certain thickness before being effective. e) tube and the soil there is a certain gap between the need to say, Go out a certain gap in order to put pressure on people, after lubricating medium can form the required thickness of a liquid layer. f) pipe and the soil filled with lubricating medium between the gaps, pushing the top in the whole process must remain unchanged. To achieve this, lubricating medium must be able to prevent the soil falling on the wall, which is lubricated media must bear a specific work under the conditions of pressure to push up the upper soil layer. Thus, in lubricating medium must be maintained at the equivalent of soil hydraulic stress. In this way, lubrication media also play a role in supporting media. Cross-bearing stress reaction from the top into the tube to bear. g) In order to create the necessary pipes and the gap between the soil, foot blade diameter slightly larger than the best values jacking pipe diameter. h) of the cohesive soil is very small, pushing the top edge of foot when produced by a loose belt around the pipe and soil will be able to form a gap between the required and therefore do not need to foot blade diameter greater than diameter. i) Since there has been between the upper and the tube gap, we must fall into the tube in the soil and the soil pressure on a rise in value before they reach full bearing - lubricate medium filling joined. Come back later to overcome the earth pressures will push away the soil from the wall is impossible. Once the soil around some of the particles contact with the wall and was attached to the wall on the soil pressure, immediately it will occur in the friction, even if the subsequent pressure on people lubrication medium, the situation remains the case. k) can be jacking pipe as impermeable. Pipe joints in the whole process of

pushing the top should be kept closed. l) is always somewhat of permeability of soil. Therefore, bearing a lubricating medium must play another role, that is, around the soil pipe is closed the gap in order to create an impervious layer in a circular zone, thereby preventing bearing lubricate medium soil infiltration. m) In order to be able to close the gap, without the loss of soil into the soil and going, bearing - lubricate media campaign must be high enough viscosity. n) as small as possible in order to obtain the apparent coefficient of friction , they need supporting - lubricating medium low viscosity of some movement. o) bearing - lubricating medium may not jacking pipe materials (steel, reinforced concrete, asbestos-cement or plastic concrete) and the joint materials (steel and rubber) caused by erosion. P) bearing - Lubricant shall not be polluting the groundwater. Bentonite mineral slurry can most fully meet the need for bearing - all the demands made lubricating medium. As support - lubricating medium bentonite In 1890, the United States, Ford Benton the first to discover the swelling. Its main components and supported it as a lubricant for the performance of media play a decisive role to play, Naishi in which a clay mineral called montmorillonite, which is located in France, with its mineral Monte miles south of deposits derived Weng name. Bavaria in the Federal Republic of Germany, then with about Yiqianwannian ago as a weathering product of the formation of some of the acidic volcanic tuff ore quality glass available for this application. Montmorillonite is a layered structure of the crystalline silicate hydride. Silicate multi-layer body is a three-tiered structure, including a layer of SiO4 tetrahedron, a layer of aluminum hydroxide octahedron and a layer of SiO4 tetrahedron. Montmorillonite crystals from many of the composition of the silicate stack. Montmorillonite crystal water swelling, while the water molecules can penetrate between the various stack. So the distance between two montmorillonite stacked on the increase doubled. Crystals of expansion of the reason lies in the uneven charge distribution within the stack. We can imagine that, at rest, swelling down on the suspension, the thin sheet of the Monte-cards on the particles to form a house-like structure in which the particles according to their corners and edges edge contact with each other or help each other. Once the stationary state is disturbed, for example, due to stirring, vibration, or pumping, etc., so most of the "card house" collapsed down, so up in the static state of coagulation of the suspension will become sol. When this sol again, still down on a thin sheet of the Monte-particles will each take the cards together to form a house-like structure, and then re-solidified sol. Suspension will be formed whenever the static gel, once the movement began again become a sol, this movement from the stationary state to state and from the state of motion back to the structure of alternating stationary state, you can go on endlessly repeating, such feature will be called thixotropy. As a support pipe jacking - lubricating medium, an important feature of bentonite that lies in the expansion of its performance. This is subject to flake off Russia and Mongolia size and number of soil particles. There are two types of bentonite, namely, calcium bentonite and sodium bentonite.

The difference is that they play a decisive role is a calcium montmorillonite or sodium montmorillonite on the Monte. Under similar circumstances in the bentonite, sodium bentonite suspension contained in the silicate thin the number of laminated films about swelling the suspension of calcium contained in the number of 15 to 20 times more. Because of this very thin silicate much larger number of laminated films, there conducive to the formation of montmorillonite particles in the structure of poker-style house, which are conducive to raising the expansion of the performance suspension, such suspension will not only improve the sol state of liquidity, but also can improve the suspension in the gel state of the consolidation. Therefore, sodium bentonite calcium bentonite is more applicable than the pipe jacking. The swelling properties of the Bavarian seam only contain less calcium bentonite. However, there is a characteristic of calcium montmorillonite, which is compounded of calcium ions which can be used to replace sodium ions. Through such ion exchange, calcium bentonite performance will be great changes, which have been given sodium swelling on the superior characteristics. As the sales and the adoption of sodium bentonite and activated calcium bentonite replacement - also known as active bentonite - to the greatest extent possible to meet the pipe jacking in the request, so the following discussion will be focused on the two bentonite-based. Chemical analysis showed that bentonite, about 56% of silica and 20% of alumina, the two together constitute the basic material montmorillonite crystals. Correspondingly, mineral composition also has 75% of the montmorillonite. Sieve analysis is also worth noting that, according to sieve analysis, bentonite is less than 0.025 millimeters in diameter accounted for 55%. Serve water mixing bentonite suspension, where the water quality requirements and the same time mixing and concrete. To determine the suitability of bentonite suspensions as a standard supporting a lubricating medium lies in its physical properties. While the latter play a decisive role, mainly in the bentonite suspension. Table 2 is made in accordance with per cubic meter of suspension containing 30,40,60, and 80 kilograms of swelling on the four cases, respectively, are listed in a variety of suspension of the main parameters. First, the data calmly heavy as can be seen bentonite little effect on the bulk density. In our study of the specimen, the bulk density generally varied from 10201050 kg / m 3, and are thus only slightly higher than the bulk density of pure water. Therefore, bentonite slurry can also be used as an underwater pipe jacking bearing lubrication medium, without worrying about the bulk density of suspension due to differences in the loss and therefore I right bentonite suspension, the bulk density is not an important criterion. On the contrary, rheological measurements show that the limit in terms of state of motion or to put it aside for state, the bentonite suspension concentrations are significant limits on the rheological effects. As foreseen in advance of consideration, the current limit state in sports has reached the lower limit. Observed in Table 2 can be seen from the swelling on the content of 30 kilograms per cubic meter to 60 kg, when the swelling on the content of which is increased in the double case, the movement from the current limit of 22.4 grams (force) / cm 2 up to 204 grams (force) / cm 2 and, therefore, is to increase to about 9 times, when the bentonite

content from 40 kg / m 3 to 80 kg / m 3, is also doubled in the case of increasing , we can see roughly the same rate. At this time limit movement flow from 44.6 grams (force) / cm 2 up to 439 grams (force) / cm 2, which increased to about 10 times. Put it aside for a minute, the ratio is similar to the flow of state situation. Under these conditions, when the bentonite content from 30 kg / m 3 to 60 kg / m 3, the current limit from 42.8 grams (force) / cm 2 to 320 grams (force) / cm 2, that is, by 7.5 times as large. When the bentonite content from 40 kg / m 3 to 80 kg / m 3, the current limit to increase the ratio Zeyi 100:696-1:7. Finally, in the case of put it aside for 24 hours, when the swelling on the content varied from 30 kg / m 3 to 60 kg / m 3, the current limit of a 1:6,80 ratio of 198:1265 kg / m 3, content The corresponding value will be limited to existing conditions of measurement techniques can not be measured. It can be concluded that the bentonite be doubled, swelling of the suspension allows the supporting role of the increase to 7 to 10 times. But it also means that if the bentonite content in a decrease of 1 / 2, supporting the role may be reduced to 1 / 10. Therefore, to determine the suspension of the swelling on the content, they have such great significance. Another conclusion obtained is that in the transition from a state of motion to a stationary state, the current limit to be determined by the increase in the bentonite suspension. In every cubic meter of suspension containing 30 kg of bentonite circumstances. Put it aside for 1 minute after the current limit in order to increase the ratio of 42.8:22.4 = 1.9:1. In the bentonite content of 40 kg / m 3 case, put it aside for 1 minute after the increase in ratio is in excess 100:44.6 = 2.2:1. However, in the bentonite content of 60 kg / m 3 cases, this ratio was reduced to 320:204 = 1.6:1, and the bentonite content of 80 kg / m 3 cases, the ratio is still 696:439 = 1.6:1. Put it aside after 24 hours of the current limit of the ratio of state and movement in the suspension of the swelling on the content of 30 kg / m 3 when 22.4:198 = 1:8.8, in the 40 kg / m 3 of cases 44.6:584 = 1:13.3, in the 60 kg / m 3 of cases 204:1265 = 1:6.2, while for 80 kg / m 3, the content, they have been unable to obtain measurements. In the swelling as a bearing on the suspension - the case of lubricating medium, stationary state of flow limits the flow restriction and exercise equally important: Stationary state of the flow limit determines whether it is suitable as a bearing suspension media, sports state has decided to limit the flow of the suspension is suitable as a lubricating medium. When the current limit of movement and static current limit of the ratio of 1:6 to 1:10 (maximum 1:15) is used. Swelling on the suspension will be fully able to meet these two requirements. Flow limit expansion process has been applied to the final end of the suspension. The nature of the process of this expansion is that water has infiltrated the silicate crystals that constitute the montmorillonite crystal layers laminated. Resulted in increasing the distance between layers together. Tiny crystals of water on the infiltration process of montmorillonite, and water infiltration into a more much smaller crystal layer will take time. This is the expansion time, stirring more adequate. Expansion of the shorter time, or in the water and bentonite mixture has not been sufficient mixing of the circumstances, the expansion of time will be

extended many times over. To achieve good results mixing the premise was to have a sufficiently long mixing time, at least half an hour, sometimes may take several hours. Another prerequisite is to ask the bentonite without leaving any residue fully dissolved in water, as much as possible so that each one of bentonite particles are surrounded by water. Finally, when you do not let air into the mixing water and bentonite mixture, because the air would prevent water from seeping into montmorillonite crystal. Furthermore, the expansion would also be time to mix temperature. High temperature (summer temperature) will enable expansion time, low temperature (winter temperatures) are so inflated longer. When the temperature is below zero, the expansion process is suspended, but the mixture will not be destroyed. After the expansion process will re-thawing to continue, in this case, the time required to freeze the expansion included within the time. Good results in the case of mixing, stirring after end of the process has been able to reach about 80% of the final current limit, and in the stirring effect of adverse conditions, this ratio is reduced to about 35%. Thus, good results in the mixing and high temperature conditions, after 5 hours of time after the expansion has reached the final flow limit. On the contrary, in the stirring effect of nonperforming and low-temperature conditions, you need 24 hours so as to achieve the ultimate current limit. For the expansion process is over, the need to observe carefully, because the expansion is not fully supporting the role of suspension on the one hand would not achieve the other hand also by the subsequent expansion of the pipeline caused by blockage of bentonite, and the cause jacking pipe and the surrounding soil coefficient of friction between the apparent rise, which may result in increased resistance to jacking. Swelling of the full expansion of the suspension, the current limit in a quiescent state can reach the upper limit. Such as the suspension into a state of motion, for example, due to shaking, vibration or pumping, etc., immediately appeared under the current limit threshold, which is the state of the stream flow restrictions, or it can be said to limit movement flow. Once again, still down, flow limit would rise, after a certain period of time again after reaches its upper limit. After the suspension after each static flow limit can reach the upper limit. However, the final flow limit is reached before then if the suspension into a state of motion, then the current limit of the elevated process would also be interrupted. Montmorillonite particles in the cards the house structure changes, with our naked eye is invisible, but can be limited to changes in flow measured, so a thixotropic suspension is also possible for our senses are aware of the , which thixotropy, as any number of times suspended-wave phase shift, we can it be expressed as Sol-gel Bentonite suspensions in the loose soil of Loose soil in the absence of viscosity and in the soil of a small viscosity, such as gravel soil, if not to take other supplementary measures, the soil because of their extremely unstable, resulting in the edge immediately after foot forward will slump in the on the wall. Therefore, this type of soil for the supporting role of the bentonite suspension is particularly important. In order to play the supporting role, a prerequisite is to grasp as accurately as possible suspension of bentonite in the

gravel on the features. Swelling of the slurry will penetrate the pores in soil, full of pores, and to continue in which the flow. Velocity depends on the pore cross-section and the rheological properties of suspensions, but also depends on the grouting pressure. Therefore, in the same grouting in order to achieve the same infiltration under pressure from the depth of the pore cross-section of a small, fine-grained soil in the low flow limit will need to suspension, surface soil pore cross-section of the larger capsules require a high current limit suspension. In overcoming the flow resistance in the process of grouting pressure as the depth of penetration of the increase in proportion to decay, so the corresponding grouting pressure of each, there is a fully defined the depth of infiltration. In order to facilitate an understanding of the process of infiltration can be seen as one of the upper number of capillary combined. Figure 7 shows a circular crosssection of the capillary flow of the process. Such a capillary of them is bound to wear the flow of media streams, where that is swelling on the suspension to produce a resistance W. W=*U*l=*2*r**l In order to overcome this resistance will require a pressure: P=p*F = P * r2 * As long as P> W, capillary flow of the media will move forward. When a large flow resistance and the pressure P acting on the medium are equal, that is. W=P Flow process to stop. From this equilibrium condition is * 2 * r * * l = P * r2 * Or ( * 2 * l) / r = p According to this relationship we can calculate the flow length, in other words that is the depth of penetration l = (r * p) / (2 * ) This shows that the infiltration depth and capillary pressure is proportional to the diameter and grouting, and suspension is inversely proportional to the flow limit. As long as the suspension in the capillary flow, it will in a flowing state, and thus it is a sports suspension work flow limit. At this time we have a sol suspension consistency. However, when the suspension to achieve a penetration depth of the possible after the rest down, only after a very short period of time, its flow limit is reached stationary values. Then becomes a gel suspension. As the static state of the current limit of up to 10 times the flow of state, so in this case as bentonite mud slurry will be filled with soil as in the pores. So that the soil around the tube on the formation of a layer of dense while the carrying capacity of the ring sets, the thickness of which is equivalent to the depth of infiltration of suspensions Now, if in the ring kits and jacking pipe between the earth pressure equivalent to a suspension pressure, so suspension to bear all of the earth pressure, resulting in earth pressure is no longer directly, but indirectly through the suspension to loading on the wall. As to reduce friction to a minimum prerequisite for the best supporting role in the acquisition must meet the following prerequisites:

1. In the design as well as in the process of pushing the top soil layer to accurately identify the situation and, based on a detailed grasp of screening curves of soil particle distribution; 2. Unearthed pressure calculation in order to determine swelling pressure on people on the suspension of the pressure; 3. Particle size determined according to the basic mixture of bentonite suspensions, and regular inspection, 4. Proper preparation of bentonite suspension; 5. Ensure that all the jacking pipe jacking the road and all the time, have a swelling on the hydraulic pressure into the suspension. One of the most important point is the need to obtain the correct mixing ratio. Also important to note that suspension stability limit per cubic meter is about 40 kg of slurry containing at least on the swelling. The theoretical results in actual construction should be carefully He Yan. Must be particularly noted that the bentonite is too low, and thus is limited to low flow of the suspension would not achieve the role of bearing and lubrication, because such suspensions would have no resistance to, or subject only to a small resistance to ground to disperse soil in the go, and therefore impossible to form a tube around the supporting ring. In the basic particle size of 10 mm circumstances, to require suspension of the bentonite content of 60 kg / m 3 around the base diameter of 20 mm circumstances, to require suspension of the swelling on the content of 80 kg / about 3 meters, whereas the basic particle size of 2 mm,. Swelling of the slurry content of 40 kg / m 3 is sufficient. But the sliding resistance and movement is proportional to current limit. Flow is limited to movement per cubic meter suspension containing: 40 kg when the swelling of 44.6 grams (force) / cm 2 60 kg bentonite when 204 grams (force) / cm 2 80 kg bentonite when 439 grams (force) / cm 2 This means that, in every cubic meter of bentonite suspension containing 60 kg, the movement is almost current limit of 40 kg / m 3 in case of 5-fold, while in every cubic meter of bentonite suspension containing 80 kg when , would have been as high a level of 40 kg / m 3 for 10 times. This means that if the suspension of the swelling on the top levels in all the pushing distance remain unchanged, then the coarse-grained soils, because the need for higher levels of suspension of bentonite in order to ensure the role of support elements and therefore I to push the top resistance and consequent need to push the top edge will be more than fine-grained soils under even greater. But the pore ~ Dan was full of swelling on the suspension and, therefore, form a support ring, the so rough soil conditions also tantamount to a fine-grained soil. In this case, therefore, in order to push the process of supporting the top layer, the bentonite suspension stability limit only needs to reach the minimum levels required by 40 kg / m 3 can be. Thus, in the case of coarse-grained soil, but after the pressure directly on the edge of feet into the corresponding basic size of the high levels of swelling on the suspension, but in all the follow-up control on the road you can use a much lower suspension consistency. This will greatly reduce the resistance to push the top, or it can be said to push the top in the same power under the longer distance to push the top. It also can help reduce bentonite, and reduce the number of relay stations

top pressure. To do this using two sets of bentonite with mixing equipment with pressure pump and two sets of two additional requirements for pipe, in diameters larger and push the top of the case of long distance is generally worth it! Grouting to be aware that pressure on the swelling out of suspension should be distributed as evenly as possible throughout the tube periphery, in order to be able to form a tube around the entire ring needed. Therefore, the grouting injection nozzle which should be carried out evenly deployed in the whole circumference of the wall. Nozzle spacing or number of injections required depends on the soil to allow swelling to the extent of spread all around. In a small permeable soil, such as compact soil and gravel mining, the spacing must be reduced some, loose gravel in the soil, spacing can be increased accordingly. Injection nozzle that can circle the entire wall with a ring pipe connection, you can also group connections, the packet connection is generally the first half were linked to form a solid group, the other half circle into a group. In order to Bentonite works as quickly as possible, should be close to the edge of the rear foot to grouting. Therefore, grouting is best directly from the edge of foot to stArt after the first section of pipe. However, practice shows that in the case of high pressure grouting, bentonite will be spread evenly along the tube around, that is, that is backwards-proliferation, the proliferation of moving forward. Thus there is swelling on the suspension flows along the edge of leg forward, and again at the cutting edge of upstream out of danger. In the case of correcting a considerable amount, may cause blade foot and damage the seal between the pipe section, or in the foot blade is divided into two some cases, it is caused by cutting section and the top pressure seal between the damaged section Therefore, swelling of the slurry infiltration of people from these places will be working space. According to this reason, swelling in the foot blade on the tube after the sect began to press into the more appropriate. Bentonite slurry through the injection nozzle pressure to put pressure on people to be attendant changes in the pressure of soil encountered. In the bentonite pump, in addition to this outside pressure, but also by the injection nozzle has been leading to swelling of the pipe resistance. Swelling pressure loss on the pipeline, because assumptions are not reliable and are subject to change and therefore I is difficult to calculate accurately, therefore, must accurately with a high degree of consistency on the pressure grouting pressure, it is necessary to direct the injection nozzle on the continuous measurements. Grouting pressure adjustment is too high may be harmful. Then swelling from the injection of the suspension in the pouring spout, in the mouth around the tube to form a highly compressed area. This makes it possible formation of thrombosis, prevent swelling on the suspension continues to flow out and spread. If an injection can be swelling of the soil around the tube remain unchanged, as long as the foot directly on the edge after the injection of once is enough. Is clear, however, are pushing up the top of the process, bentonite dispersed into the soil due to the consumption to vary. In view of this, the follow-up pipes must also be added pressure on people on the swelling, so that the gap between the upper tubes and the swelling pressure on the suspension can be the full length of the pipe

jacking to maintain the pressure in line with the earth. Grouting hole spacing depends primarily on the nature of soil, bentonite suspension rheological properties of the control on the amount of foot blade and push the top speed. In many projects have been completed, the injection nozzle spacing is 2 to 5 tubes above the tube. The actual needs of the number of grouting holes, and only be known in the construction. In order to ensure that even in the most adverse situations can also provide the required number of grouting holes, it seems the best as far as possible at intervals of two tubes that leave some grouting holes. On the other hand, of course also take into account all the grouting hole in the top tube must be removed and closed after the end. This requires a considerable sum of money, so the stArt should strive for a proper spacing. This is to a large extent also depends on the construction company's experience. Swelling pressure on people on the Technology is still very much dependent on experience, practical experience, however, also can be found in most theoretical basis. Although on some occasions, the advancement of the tube at the same time as the entire circumference of the pipe and the pipe full length on the evenly-grouting proved to be affordable, while in other occasions, the correct approach in turn may be sub - grouting. For example, has been informed that the second half of the pipe, the process of bentonite in the top into the stationary state more easily than the outflow, while the upper half of the grouting is in the pipeline under static condition easier. Therefore, it would be better second half of the grouting pipe hole and the upper half of the grouting holes were combined. This hemi-out because of pressure, static state of all the great weight of its pipeline at the bottom of the sink. This will in the pipeline at the top of the formation of small voids, or at least form a low pressure area. Thus in this state, the bentonite in the top tube at the bottom of the tube more easily than in the outflow. In contrast, in the top at the same time under pressure and buoyancy, pipe arching upward trend. Then pipe rises from the ground, so to facilitate the formation of a tube under low-pressure area, resulting in easier bentonite into it, and spread evenly. If the relay jacking pipe was divided into several sections of the top pressure points, then there is only one pipe for each section is always subject to push the top and the remaining paragraphs remained intact. At this time appropriate for the top only to be pushed inside the pipe sections were swelling pressure on the suspension, while for stationary tube section, then stop pressing send. In addition, the bentonite pressure on people with the top pressure relay station concerted action, which can be done by manual or remote automatic control means to achieve. In particular, note that the bentonite slurry wall along the direction of movement can not push the top in the opposite direction with the pipe, otherwise the tubes and the suspension due to reverse movement, suspension, not only would not achieve the role of lubrication medium, but rather it played a role in braking medium. The results would greatly increase the resistance to push the top. If only the top of the first zone into the pipeline pressure on people bentonite, reverse movement occurs, because in this case would have to back flow of suspensions. Therefore, the correct approach is the complement of suspension from the back pressure is always to maintain the forward direction. Loose soil in the absence of viscosity, such as a tendency for a flow of gravel

mining on soil and rolling it, may be essential is that in the first quarter pipe into the soil began to put pressure on people immediately after the suspension of bentonite in order to formed around the pipe supporting ring, so as not to cause dry friction. Equally important is that for all subsequent tubes for a top pressure to leave the pits but the tubes must fill pressure bentonite. However, to make suspension could not immediately flow out again at the entrance, we need to set up as shown in Figure 12, the flexibility of sliding seal, or suspension of the dirty work out not only to pit, but would also undermine the formation of support pressure. Jacking pipe in bentonite suspension by the buoyancy As long as the entire circumference of pipe jacking been surrounded by bentonite suspensions, buoyancy, it will be an effective law, even if the suspension is also a small thickness the same. In the case of reinforced concrete pipe, buoyancy tubes are 1.4 times the weight. In the case of asbestos cement pipes, pipe buoyancy even as much as 2.9 times the weight. In this way, as long as the pressure on people through the proper bentonite suspension, resulting in soil around the top into the tube formation in a supporting ring and keep the suspension pressure is equal to earth pressure, so the tube will be floating in the bentonite suspension up. The necessary prerequisite for this is that suspension should be a liquid state, that is presented for the corresponding lower limit of the apparent current state of the sol. Suspension of bentonite in the low levels to close to the stability of the limit under the state of motion, this condition can be met. Buoyancy can tube outer wall friction reduced, because the tube at the bottom because of weight resulting from normal force has been reduced. This effect would be the first long-distance large-diameter pipe to push the top have a beneficial impact.