Daisosocap 2010

1
TRNG I HC AN GIANG
KHOA S PHM

HONG HUY SN

I S S CP

AN GIANG, THNG 02 NM 2009
2
LI NI U
Ti liu i s s cp c vit nhm phc v sinh vin chuyn ngnh S phm Ton.
Ni dung ca ti liu cp n cc vn : Hm s v th; Phng trnh v h phng
trnh; Bt ng thc v bt phng trnh.
Mt s ni dung cp trong ti liu, sinh vin c hc s lc trong chng trnh
Ton ph thng. Tuy nhin, tr thnh thy gio dy tt mn Ton khi ra trng, i hi
sinh vin phi nm vng l thuyt v hon thin cc phng php gii ton s cp.
Xut pht t yu cu trn, chng ti c gng trnh by tng i c h thng v c s l
thuyt ca cc khi nim: Hm s; Phng trnh; Bt ng thc; Bt phng trnh; H phng
trnh. Cc ni dung chim mt phn quan trng trong chng trnh Ton ph thng nh:
Phng trnh, bt phng trnh v t; Phng trnh, bt phng trnh m v logarit; Phng
trnh lng gic, chng ti trnh by thnh cc chng ring sinh vin d nghin cu.
Ti liu c trnh by thnh 6 chng:
1. Chng 1: Hm s;
2. Chng 2: Phng trnh H phng trnh;
3. Chng 3: Bt ng thc Bt phng trnh;
4. Chng 4: Phng trnh, bt phng trnh v t;
5. Chng 5: Phng trnh, bt phng trnh m v logarit;
6. Chng 6: Phng trnh lng gic.
Mt yu cu ht sc quan trng trong gii ton l: Vic trnh by bi gii phi cht ch v
logic. rn cho sinh vin nhng k nng , chng ti c gng a vo ti liu nhiu v d
v thc hnh gii ton. Cc v d chim mt khi lng ng k trong ti liu, gip sinh vin
c th t nghin cu ti liu trc khi n lp. iu ny ph hp vi phng thc o to
theo h thng tn ch trng i hc An Giang t nm hc 2009 2010.
Cui mi chng c h thng bi tp c la chn, nhiu v s lng, cc mc
t d n kh (i vi mt s bi kh, chng ti c hng dn cch gii), yu cu sinh vin
t gii rn k nng tm li gii mt bi ton. Vi khi lng quy nh l 5 n v hc trnh,
ti liu khng th cp ht tt c cc dng ton hay gp ca cc ni dung v phng trnh,
bt phng trnh v h phng trnh nh mt s ti liu khc. Chng ti mong mun sinh
vin l t tng kt v c rt cho mnh nhng k nng gii ton thng qua t gii cc bi tp
trong ti liu.
Cui cng, chng ti rt mong nhn c cc kin ng gp qu bu cho ni dung cng
nh hnh thc trnh by trong ti liu ca cc bn ng nghip trong B mn Ton v Hi
ng Khoa hc Khoa S phm cng nh cc bn sinh vin ti liu ny c th c hon
chnh tt hn.
An Giang, thng 02 nm 2009
Tc gi

3
MC LC
Trang
LI NI U 1
BNG MT S K HIU V CH VIT TT S DNG TRONG TI LIU 4
CHNG I. HM S 5
1. KHI NIM HM S 5
1. nh ngha hm s 5
2. th ca hm s 6
3. Hm s n iu 6
4. Hm s chn, hm s l 8
5. Hm s tun hon 9
6. Hm s hp 10
7. Hm s ngc 11
8. Hm s s cp c bn 13
2. MT S PHP BIN I TH 18
1. Trc i xng, tm i xng ca th 18
2. Php i xng qua trc ta 21
3. Php tnh tin song song trc tung 21
4. Php tnh tin song song trc honh 21
5. Mt s v d 22
6. th ca mt s hm s cha du gi tr tuyt i 23
3. GI TR LN NHT V GI TR NH NHT CA HM S 28
1. nh ngha 28
2. Mt s phng php tm gi tr ln nht, gi tr nh nht ca hm s 28
3. Mt s v d 29
BI TP CHNG I 37
CHNG II. PHNG TRNH H PHNG TRNH 42
1. CC KHI NIM C BN 42
1. Phng trnh 42
2. H phng trnh Tuyn phng trnh 45
2. PHNG TRNH BC NHT, BC HAI MT N 46
1. Phng trnh bc nht mt n 46
2. Phng trnh bc hai mt n 50
3. Mt s phng trnh bc bn c th a v phng trnh bc hai mt n 55
3. H PHNG TRNH 59
1. H phng trnh gm mt phng trnh bc nht v mt phng trnh bc hai 59
2. H phng trnh ng cp bc hai 61
3. H phng trnh i xng 63
4. Gii mt s h khc 71
BI TP CHNG II 78
CHNG III. BT NG THC BT PHNG TRNH 85
1. I CNG V BT NG THC 85
1. nh ngha 85
2. Tnh cht c bn ca bt ng thc 85
3. Mt s bt ng thc quan trng 86
4. Cc phng php chng minh bt ng thc 86
2. BT PHNG TRNH 96
1. nh ngha 96
2. S tng ng ca cc bt phng trnh 97
3. ng dng ca gi tr ln nht v gi tr nh nht vo vic gii phng trnh v bt
4
phng trnh 97
3. BT PHNG TRNH BC NHT, BC HAI MT N 98
1. Bt phng trnh bc nht mt n 98
2. Bt phng trnh bc hai mt n 101
BI TP CHNG III 111
CHNG IV. PHNG TRNH, BT PHNG TRNH V T 116
1. PHNG TRNH V T 116
1. nh ngha v cc nh l 116
2. Cc phng php gii phng trnh v t 117
2. BT PHNG TRNH V T 132
1. nh ngha v cc nh l 132
2. Cc phng php gii bt phng trnh v t 133
BI TP CHNG IV 140
CHNG V. PHNG TRNH, BT PHNG TRNH M V LOGARIT 146
1. NHC LI KHI NIM LOGARIT 146
1. nh ngha 146
2. Cc tnh cht ca logarit 146
2. PHNG TRNH, BT PHNG TRNH M 147
1. nh ngha 147
2. Mt s phng php gii phng trnh m 147
3. Mt s phng php gii bt phng trnh m 158
3. PHNG TRNH, BT PHNG TRNH LOGARIT 166
1. nh ngha 166
2. Mt s phng php gii phng trnh logarit 166
3. Mt s phng php gii bt phng trnh logarit 177
BI TP CHNG V 184
CHNG VI. PHNG TRNH LNG GIC 192
1. CC CNG THC BIN I LNG GIC 192
1. Cng thc cng 192
2. Cng thc nhn 192
3. Cng thc bin i tch thnh tng 193
4. Cng thc bin i tng thnh tch 193
2. PHNG TRNH LNG GIC C BN 194
1. Phng trnh sin x a = 194
2. Phng trnh cos x a = 195
3. Phng trnh tan x a = 195
4. Phng trnh cot x a = 195
3. MT S PHNG TRNH LNG GIC THNG GP 196
1. Phng trnh bc nht, bc hai, bc cao i vi mt hm s lng gic 196
2. Phng trnh bc nht i vi sin x v cos x 197
3. Phng trnh thun nht bc hai i vi sin x v cos x 198
4. Phng trnh i xng i vi sin x v cos x 200
4. CC PHNG TRNH LNG GIC KHC 202
1. S dng cng thc h bc, gc nhn i, gc nhn ba 202
2. Dng phn thc 208
3. Dng cha tan x v cot x 209
4. Mt s phng trnh gii bng phng php c bit 213
5. Mt s phng trnh cha tham s 214
BI TP CHNG VI 217
TI LIU THAM KHO 220

5
BNG MT S K HIU V CH VIT TT S DNG
TRONG TI LIU
: Tp hp cc s t nhin: { } 0;1; 2;... .
: Tp hp cc s nguyn: { } ...; 2; 1; 0;1; 2;... .
: Tp hp cc s hu t: / , , 0 .
a
a b b
b

`
)

: Tp hp cc s thc.
*
: Tp hp cc s thc khc khng.
:
+
Tp hp cc s thc dng.
1
:
n
Php ly tng t 1 n . n
{ } ... / ... : Tp hp.
:
f
T Tp (min) gi tr ca hm s . f
( ) :
x D
Max f x
Gi tr ln nht ca hm s f trn tp . D
( ) :
x D
Min f x
Gi tr nh nht ca hm s f trn tp . D
: Thuc.
, : Tp con.
: Tp hp rng.
: Mi.
: Khc.
\: Hiu ca hai tp hp.
: Hp ca hai tp hp.
: Giao ca hai tp hp.
1
:
n
Php ly hp t 1 n . n
1
:
n
Php ly giao t 1 n . n
: Hoc (tuyn ca hai mnh ).
: Php ko theo, phng trnh h qu.
: Php tng ng (khi v ch khi), phng trnh tng ng.
pcm: Kt thc chng minh, iu phi chng minh.

6
CHNG I. HM S
1. KHI NIM HM S
1. nh ngha
Gi s X v Y l hai tp hp ty . Nu c mt quy tc f cho tng ng mi x X
vi mt v ch mt y Y th ta ni rng f l mt hm t X vo , Y k hiu
:
( )
f X Y
x y f x
=

Nu , X Y l cc tp hp s th f c gi l mt hm s. Trong chng ny chng ta ch xt
cc hm s thc ca cc bin s thc, ngha l ; . X Y
X c gi l tp xc nh (hay l min xc nh) ca hm s . f (Ngi ta hay dng k hiu
tp xc nh ca hm s l ). D
S thc x X c gi l bin s c lp (gi tt l bin s hay i s). S thc
( ) y f x Y = c gi l gi tr ca hm s f ti im . x Tp hp tt c cc gi tr ( ) f x khi
x ly mi s thc thuc tp hp X gi l tp gi tr (min gi tr) ca hm s f v c k
hiu l ,
f
T (nh vy ( ) { }
| ( )).
f
T f x x X f X = =
Hin nhin .
f
T Y Ch rng
f
T c th l mt tp hp con thc s ca Y hoc bng
tp . Y
Trong nhiu trng hp, ngi ta cho hm s f di dng ( ) x f x hoc ( ) y f x =
m khng nu r tp xc nh X v tp hp Y cha tp cc gi tr ca . f Khi , ta hiu rng
Y = v X l tp hp cc s thc x sao cho quy tc cho th ( ) f x tn ti.
V d 1. Cho hm s
2
( ) 1. y f x x = = + Theo cch hiu trn th ; Y = tp xc nh ca f l
, D = tp cc gi tr ca f l
{ } [ )
2
1| 1; .
f
T x x = + = +
V d 2. Cho hm s ( )
1
. f x
x
= Khi , tp xc nh { } \ 0 , D = tp gi tr l
f
T = { } \ 0 .
V d 3. Cho hm s ( )
2
1 . f x x =
Tp xc nh [ ] [ ] 1;1 , 0;1 .
f
D T = =
V d 4. Tm tp gi tr ca cc hm s
( )
( )
2
2
1
. ;
1
sin 2cos 1
. .
sin cos 2
x x
a y f x
x x
x x
b y f x
x x
+
= =
+ +
+ +
= =
+ +

Gii.
2
2
1
.
1
x x
a y
x x
+
=
+ +
. Hm s c tp xc nh . D =
7
Gi s
0
.
f
y T Khi
2
0 2
1
(1)
1
x x
y
x x
+
=
+ +
c nghim i vi x .
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
0 0 0 0
1 1 1 1 1 1 0 2 . y x x x x y x y x y + + = + + + + =
Xt ( )
0 0
1 0 1; 2 2 0 0. y y x x = = = =
Vy 1 .
f
T
Xt
0 0
1 0 1. y y Khi , (2) c nghim khi v ch khi
( ) ( )
2 2
2
0 0 0 0 0
1
1 4 1 0 3 10 3 0 3.
3
y y y y y + +
Vy
1
[ ;3].
3
f
T =
b. Tp xc nh ca hm s cho l . D = Cng tng t nh cu a.
0
y thuc tp gi tr
ca hm s cho khi v ch khi ( )
0
sin 2cos 1
1
sin cos 2
x x
y
x x
+ +
=
+ +
c nghim i vi x
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
0 0 0 0
1 sin cos 2 sin 2cos 1 1 sin 2 cos 1 2 . y x x x x y x y x y + + = + + + =
(1) c nghim khi v ch khi
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
2
0 0 0 0 0 0
1 2 1 2 2 0 2 1. y y y y y y + +
Vy [ ] 2;1 .
f
T =
V d 5. Tm tp gi tr ca hm s
2
2
( ) cos .
1
x
y f x
x
= =
+

Tp xc nh ca hm s l . D =
t
2
2
1
x
t
x
=
+
, xem t l hm s ca bin x, p dng phng php trnh by v d 4.a. ta
c vi x th [ 1;1]. t Min gi tr ca hm s
2
2
( ) cos
1
x
y f x
x
= =
+
trn tp xc nh
D = cng chnh l min gi tr ca hm s cos y t = vi [ 1;1]. t T hm s
( )
2
2
cos
1
x
y f x
x
= =
+
c tp gi tr l on [ ] cos1;1 .
2. th ca hm s
Cho hm s ( ) y f x = c tp xc nh , D ta gi tp hp cc im ( ) ( )
; x f x vi x D
l th ca hm s ( ). y f x =
Vic biu din cc im ( ) ( )
; x f x thuc th ca hm s ( ) y f x = ln mt phng ta
Oxy gi l v th ca hm s.
Ch rng mt ng ( ) (ng cong hoc ng thng) trong mt phng ta ch
c th l th ca mt hm s no , nu n ct mt ng thng cng phng vi trc Oy
ti khng qu ti mt im.
8
3. Hm s n iu
3.1. nh ngha. Cho hm s ( ) y f x = c tp xc nh l tp D, khong ( ) ; a b l tp con ca
D. Khi ta c
Hm s ( ) y f x = gi l ng bin (hay tng) trn khong ( ) ; a b , nu vi
( ) ( ) ( )
1 2 1 2 1 2
, ; , . x x a b x x f x f x < <
Hm s ( ) y f x = gi l nghch bin (hay gim) trn khong ( ) ; a b , nu vi
( ) ( ) ( )
1 2 1 2 1 2
, ; , . x x a b x x f x f x < >
Mt hm s ng bin hoc nghch bin trn khong ( ) ; a b th ta ni hm s n iu
trn khong .
3.2. Mt s v d
V d 1. Hm s
3
y x = ng bin trn ton b tp xc nh .
V d 2. Hm s
3 1
2
x
y
x
+
=
nghch bin trn tng khong xc nh ( ) ( ) ; 2 ; 2; . +

Da vo nh ngha 3.1, d dng chng minh c cc tnh cht sau
3.3. Tnh cht
3.3.1. Nu hm s ( ) y f x = ng bin (nghch bin) trn khong ( ) ; a b , th hm s
( ) y f x c = + (c l hng s) cng ng bin (nghch bin) trn khong ( ) ; a b .
3.3.2. Nu hm s ( ) y f x = ng bin (nghch bin) trn khong ( ) ; a b , th hm s
( ) y kf x = ng bin (nghch bin) trn khong ( ) ; a b nu 0 k > ; hm s ( ) y kf x = nghch
bin (ng bin) trn khong ( ) ; a b nu 0. k <
3.3.3. Nu hm s ( ) y f x = v ( ) y g x = ng bin (nghch bin) trn khong ( ) ; a b th
hm s ( ) ( ) y f x g x = + ng bin (nghch bin) trn khong ( ) ; a b .
3.3.4. Nu hm s ( ) y f x = v ( ) y g x = khng m trn khong ( ) ; a b v cng ng bin
(nghch bin) trn khong ( ) ; a b , th hm s ( ) ( ) . y f x g x = ng bin (nghch bin) trn
khong ( ) ; a b .
Ch . th ca hm s ng bin hoc nghch bin trn khong ( ) ; a b ct ng thng cng
phng vi trc Ox nhiu nht ti mt im.
Gi s hm s ( ) y f x = ng bin trn khong ( ) ; a b ; hm s ( ) y g x = nghch bin
trn khong ( ) ; . a b Khi trn khong ( ; ), a b th ca cc hm s ( ) y f x = v ( ) y g x =
ct nhau khng qu ti mt im.
p dng. Tm x tha mn
2
5 3 .
x
x
=
rng hm s ( )
2
5
x
y f x

= = l hm s ng bin trn , cn hm s ( ) 3 y g x x = =
nghch bin trn .
9
D thy 2 x = tha mn phng trnh cho. Vy, 2 x = l nghim duy nht ca phng
trnh.
4. Hm s chn, hm s l
4.1. nh ngha. Cho hm s ( ) y f x = c tp xc nh trn . D
Hm s f gi l hm s chn nu vi mi x D , ta c x D v ( ) ( ). f x f x =
Hm s f gi l hm s l nu vi mi x D , ta c x D v ( ) ( ). f x f x =
4.2. Mt s v d
V d 1. Xt tnh chn, l ca hm s ( ) 1 1 . y f x x x = = +
Tp xc nh ca hm s l [ ] 1;1 nn d thy
, [ 1;1] [ 1;1] x x x v ( )
( )
( ) 1 1 1 1 . f x x x x x f x = + = + =
Vy f l hm s l.
V d 2. Xt tnh chn, l ca hm s ( )
2
1
.
1
x
y f x
x
+
= =
+

Tp xc nh { } \ 1 . D =
Ta c 1 D nhng 1 , D nn hm s cho khng phi l hm s chn cng nh hm s
l.
2 2
1 1. y f x x x x x = = + + + +
Tp xc nh , D = nn . x D x D
Ta c
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
2 2
, 1 1 1 1 . x D f x x x x x x x x x f x = + + + + = + + + + = Vy
hm s cho l hm s chn.
2
4 . y f x x x = =
Tp xc nh , D = do x D th . x D
Nhng ( ) ( ) 1 3; 1 5, f f = = nn ( ) ( ) 1 1 . f f
Vy, f khng phi hm s chn cng nh hm s l.
4.3. th ca hm s chn v hm s l
Gi s hm s ( ) y f x = c tp xc nh D l hm s chn v c th l ( ). G Vi mi
im ( )
0 0
; M x y thuc th ( ), G ta xt im i xng vi n qua trc tung l ( )
0 0
' ; . M x y
T nh ngha hm s chn, ta c
0
x D v ( ) ( )
0 0
. f x f x = Do
( ) ( ) ( )
0 0 0 0
' . M G y f x y f x M G = =
iu chng t ( ) G c trc i xng l trc tung.
10
Nu f l hm s l th l lun tng t, ta cng c ( ) G c tm i xng l gc ta . O
5. Hm s tun hon
5.1. nh ngha. Hm s ( ) y f x = c tp xc nh D c gi l hm s tun hon nu
tn ti mt s dng T sao cho vi mi x D ta c
) i x T D + v ; x T D
( ) ( ) ) . ii f x T f x =
S nh nht (nu c) trong cc s T c cc tnh cht trn gi l chu k ca hm s tun hon
( ). f x
5.2. Mt s v d
V d 1. Cc hm s lng gic cos ; sin y x y x = = l cc hm s tun hon c chu k
2 . T =
Cc hm s lng gic tan ; cot y x y x = = l cc hm s tun hon c chu k . T =
V d 2. Chng minh cc hm s sau y khng phi l hm s tun hon
( )
( )
( )
4 3
3
2
2 ;
2 3 ;
.
4
y f x x x
y g x x
x
y h x
x
= = +
= =
= =

Gii.
+ Xt ( )
4 3
0
0 2 0
2
x
f x x x
x
=
= + =

Nu hm s
4 3
( ) 2 y f x x x = = + l hm s tun hon th tn ti s 0 T > sao cho
( ) ( ) 0 0 0, f T f + = = suy ra 0 T > l nghim ca ( ), f x v l. Vy, hm s ( ) f x khng phi
l hm s tun hon.
+ Hm s ( ) 2 3 y g x x = = cng khng phi l hm s tun hon, lp lun ging nh i
vi hm s ( ). f x
+ Hm s
3
2
( )
4
x
y h x
x
= =
c tp xc nh { } \ 2; 2 . D = Gi s hm s ( ) h x l hm s
tun hon th tn ti s thc dng T sao cho vi . x D x T D Do { } \ 2; 2 , D =
nn 2 T + thuc D suy ra 2 (2 ) , T T D = + v l. Vy hm s ( ) h x khng phi l hm s
tun hon.
Ch . Chng ta c mt s du hiu nhn bit mt hm s cho khng phi l mt hm s
tun hon, chng hn ta c hai du hiu sau.
+ Nu mt hm s c tp xc nh dng \ , D A = vi A l mt tp hp hu hn th hm s
khng phi l mt hm s tun hon.
+ Nu phng trnh ( ) f x k = c nghim, nhng s nghim l mt s hu hn, th hm s
11
( ) y f x = khng phi l mt hm s tun hon.
V d 3. Cho hm s
( )
2
0 , ;
2
1
, ;
2 tan 2
x k k
y f x
x k k
x

= +
= =

Chng minh rng hm s ( ) ( ) ( ) y g x f x f ax = = + l hm s tun hon, khi v ch khi a l
mt s hu t.
Gii.
D dng chng minh c ( ) f x l hm s tun hon.
iu kin . Nu a l s hu t th
p
a
q
= vi , , 0. p q q > Khi c s dng T q =
tha
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ). g x q f x q f ax aq f x f ax p f x f ax g x + = + + + = + + = + =
Chng minh tng t ta cng c ( ) ( ). g x q g x = Chng t hm s ( ) g x l hm s tun
hon.
iu kin cn. Gi s a l s v t. Ta thy ( ) ( ) ( )
1 1
0 0 0 1.
2 2
g f f = + = + = Nu tn ti
0
0 x sao cho ( )
0
1 g x = th ( ) ( )
0 0
1, f x f ax + = nhng ( )
1
0
2
f x vi mi , x nn suy ra
( ) ( )
0 0
1
.
2
f x f ax = = Do
0
tan 0 x = v ( )
0
tan 0. ax =
V vy
0
x m = v
0
ax n = vi , . m n
Do
0
0 x nn
0
0
ax n n
a
x m m
= = =
l s hu t.
iu ny mu thun vi a l s v t.
Suy ra phng trnh ( ) 1 g x = ch c mt nghim duy nht 0, x = nn ( ) g x khng phi l hm
s tun hon. Vy, nu ( ) g x l hm s tun hon th a phi l s v t.
6. Hm s hp
6.1. nh ngha. Cho hm s ( ) y f x = xc nh trn tp
1
D v ( ) y g x = xc nh trn
2
D .
Khi ta gi hm s hp ca hai hm s f v g k hiu g f c xc nh
( )( ) ( ) y g f x g f x = =

xc nh trn tp ( ) { }
1 2
| . D x D f x D =
6.2. V d
Cho cc hm s ( ) lg y f x x = = ;
1
( ) .
1
x
y g x
x
+
= =

Xc nh cc hm s hp f g v . g f
12
Gii. Ta c ( )( ) ( ) [ ]
lg 1
lg .
lg 1
x
g f x g f x g x
x
+
= = =

Hm s ny xc nh trn tp (0; ) \{10}. +
( )( ) ( )
1 1
lg .
1 1
x x
f g x f g x f
x x
+ + | |
= = =
|

\

Hm s ny xc nh trn tp ( ) ( ) ; 1 1; . +
V d ny cho thy . g f f g
7. Hm s ngc
7.1. nh ngha. Cho hm s
( )
: f X Y
x y f x
=

nu vi mi gi tr ( ),
f
y T f X = c mt v ch mt x X sao cho ( ) , f x y = tc l phng
trnh ( ) f x y = vi n x c nghim duy nht, th bng cch cho tng ng vi mi ( ) y f X
phn t duy nht , x X ta xc nh c hm s
( )
( )
: g f X X
y x g y
=

( x tha mn ( ) f x y = ).
Hm s g xc nh nh vy c gi l hm s ngc ca hm s . f
Theo thng l, ngi ta thng k hiu i s l x v hm s l . y Khi hm s ngc ca
hm s ( ) y f x = s c vit li l ( ). y g x =
Gi s hm s ( ) y f x = c hm s ngc, tm hm s ngc ca hm s ( ) y f x = ta
gii phng trnh ( ) f x y = n , x phng trnh ny c nghim duy nht ( ), x g y = i k
hiu theo cch vit thng thng ta c hm s ngc ( ). y g x =
Ch . Ngi ta thng k hiu hm s ngc ca hm s ( ) y f x = l ( )
1
. y f x
=
7.2. V d
Cho hm s
2
2 y x x = trn tp xc nh [ ) 1; . + Tm hm s ngc.
Gii.
Trn tp xc nh [1; ) + phng trnh
2
2 x x y = c nghim duy nht 1 1 . x y = + +
Vy hm s ngc cn tm l 1 1 . y x = + +
Ch .
T nh ngha ca hm s ngc, suy ra rng: Tp xc nh ca hm s ngc ( )
1
y f x
=
l tp gi tr ca hm s ( ), y f x = tp gi tr ca hm s ngc l tp xc nh ca hm s
13
( ). y f x =
D nhin hm s ( ) y f x = li l hm s ngc ca hm s ( )
1
. y f x
= V vy ta ni hai
hm s ( ) y f x = v ( )
1
y f x
= l hai hm s ngc nhau.

7.3. iu kin hm s c hm s ngc
7.3.1. nh l. Mi hm s ng bin (hay nghch bin) trn tp xc nh ca n u c
hm s ngc.
Chng minh. Gi s hm s ( ) y f x = ng bin trn tp xc nh , D vi mi ( ) y f D c
t nht x D sao cho ( ) . f x y = Ta chng minh rng x l duy nht. Tht vy, gi s cn c
' x ( ' , ' x x x x < chng hn) sao cho ( ) ' y f x = , th th ' x x < s ko theo ( ) ( ) ' f x f x < v
hm s ng bin, do ( ) ( ) ' ; f x f x iu ny mu thun vi ( ) ( ) ' . f x y f x = = Vy theo
nh ngha, hm s ( ) y f x = c hm s ngc.
Chng minh tng t trong trng hp hm s nghch bin.
7.4. th ca hm s ngc
7.4.1. nh l. Trong h trc ta Cc vung gc , Oxy th ca hai hm s ngc
nhau ( ) y f x = v ( )
1
y f x
= i xng nhau qua ng phn gic th nht . y x =

Chng minh. Gi s hm s ( ) y f x = c tp xc nh l D v tp gi tr l ( ),
f
T f D = khi
hm s ngc c tp xc nh l ( ) f D v tp gi tr l D.
Gi ( ) ; M a b l mt im trn th hm s ( ) y f x = ta c ( ) ( ) , . a D b f a f D =
Theo nh ngha ca hm s ngc, nu x b = th ( )
1
, f b a
= nn ( ) ; N b a thuc th ca
hm s ngc ( )
1
y f x
= . Hai im M v N l i xng vi nhau qua ng phn gic th

nht . y x = Nh vy mi im thuc th ca hm s ( ) y f x = u i xng vi mt im
thuc th hm s ( )
1
y f x
= qua ng phn gic th nht.

Ngc li, ta cng thy rng vi mi im thuc th ca hm s ngc ( )
1
y f x
= u
i xng vi mt im thuc th ca hm s ( ) y f x = qua ng phn gic th nht.
Vy, th ca hai hm s ngc nhau i xng vi nhau qua ng phn gic th nht.
Ch . T tnh cht ca th hm s ngc ta suy ra rng th ca hai hm s ngc nhau,
nu ct nhau th ct nhau trn ng thng . y x = T ta c th p dng gii cc phng
trnh dng ( ) ( )
1
f x f x
= bng cch a v phng trnh ( ) f x x = hoc ( )

1
. f x x
= Chng
hn ta xt v d sau.
V d. Gii phng trnh
( ) ( )
3 2 2
3
3 3. 3 3 x a a x a a + = + vi ( ) 2; 2 . a
Gii. Hm s
( )
3 2
3
3
x a a
y
+
= lun ng bin trn nn c hm s ngc l
14
( )
2
3
3 3 . y x a a = + Honh giao im ca hai th
( )
3 2
3
3
x a a
y
+
= v
( )
2
3
3 3 y x a a = + chnh l honh giao im ca hai th y x = v
( )
3 2
3
3
x a a
y
+
= .
Do phng trnh cho tng ng vi

( )
( )
( ) ( )( )
3 2
3 2
3 3 2 2
3
3 3 0
3
3 0 3 0
x a a
x x x a a
x a x a x a x ax a
+
= + =
= + + =

2
12 3
2
x a
a a
x
=
(do ( ) 2; 2 a nn
2
12 3 0 a > ).
(D nhin hai hm s
( )
3 2
3
3
x a a
y
+
= v
( )
2
3
3 3 y x a a = + khng trng nhau)
Bng phng php nh trn chng ta c th gii c phng trnh
3 3
1 2 2 1. (1) x x + =
Tht vy phng trnh (1) c th vit c di dng
3
3
1
2 1
2
x
x
+
=
Hm s
3
1
2
x
y
+
= c hm s ngc l
3
2 1 y x = (hai hm s ny khng trng nhau), nn
phng trnh (1) tng ng vi
3
1
2
x
x
+
= , t ta c nghim
1 5
1; .
2
x x

= =
Ch . Gii phng trnh (1) c th t
3
2 1 y x = suy ra
3
1 2 . y x + = Khi , phng trnh
(1) c vit thnh h phng trnh
3
3
1 2
1 2
x y
y x
+ =
+ =

y l h phng trnh i xng ta s nghin cu phn sau.
8. Cc hm s s cp c bn
Ta gi cc hm s sau y l hm s s cp c bn
8.1. Hm hng: , y a a =
Hm hng y a = c tp xc nh , D = tp gi tr { }.
y
T a =
8.2. Hm s ly tha: ( ) , y f x x
= =
Tp xc nh ca hm s ly tha y x
= ty thuc vo , c th ta c:
+ Nu nguyn dng th . D =
+ Nu nguyn m hoc 0 = th
*
. D =
15
+ Nu khng nguyn th . D
+
=
Min gi tr ca hm s ly tha cng ty thuc vo , chng hn:
2, = ta c
2
( ) ; [0; ).
f
y f x x T = = = +
3, = ta c
3
( ) ; .
f
y f x x T = = =

1
,
2
= ta c
1
2
( ) ; [0; ).
f
y f x x T = = = +

1
,
3
= ta c
1
3
( ) ; .
f
y f x x T
+
= = =
Ch . Vi mi , th ca hm s ly tha y x
= i qua im (1;1).
8.3. Hm s m: ( ) , 0, 1
x
y f x a a a = = >
Hm s m
x
y a = c tp xc nh . D = Min gi tr ca hm s m l (0; ).
f
T = +
+ Nu 1, a > th hm s m ng bin trn tp xc nh.
+ Nu 0 1, a < < th hm s m nghch bin trn tp xc nh.
Ch . th ca hm s m i qua im (0;1). th ca hm s m nh sau.
+ th ca hm s , 1
x
y a a = >
a>1
a
1
1
y
x
O

+ th ca hm s , 0 1
x
y a a = < <
0 < a < 1
a
1
1
y
x
O

16
8.4. Hm s logarit: ( ) log , 0, 1
a
y f x x a a = = >
Hm s logarit log
a
y x = c tp xc nh (0; ). D = +
Min gi tr ca hm s logarit l .
f
T =
+ Nu 1, a > th hm s logarit ng bin trn tp xc nh.
+ Nu 0 1, a < < th hm s logarit nghch bin trn tp xc nh.
Ch . th ca hm s logarit i qua im (1; 0).
Hm s log
a
y x = v hm s
x
y a = l hai hm s ngc nhau.
th ca hm s logarit nh sau.
+ log , 1
a
y x a = >
a > 1
a
1
1
y
x O

+ log , 0 1
a
y x a = < <

0 < a < 1
a 1
1
y
x O

8.5. Hm s lng gic
8.5.1. Hm s sin y x = v hm s cos y x =
Cc hm s sin y x = v cos y x = u c tp xc nh , D =
v min gi tr l on [ 1;1]. Cc hm s sin y x = v cos y x = u l hm s tun hon vi
chu k 2 . T =
17
Hm s sin y x = l hm s l, ng bin trn mi khong ( 2 ; 2 ), ;
2 2
k k k

+ + nghch
bin trn mi khong
3
( 2 ; 2 ), .
2 2
k k k

+ +
Hm s cos y x = l hm s chn, ng bin trn mi khong ( 2 ; 2 ), ; k k k + nghch
bin trn mi khong ( 2 ; 2 ), . k k k +
th ca cc hm s sin y x = v cos y x = nh sau.
-1
1
-
3
2
-
2
3
2
2
-2
- 2
y = sin x
y = cos x
y
x O

8.5.2. Hm s tan ; cot y x y x = =
Hm s tan y x =
Hm s tan y x = c tp xc nh \ / .
2
D k k

= +
`
)

Min gi tr l .
Hm s tan y x = lun lun ng bin trn mi khong ( ; ), .
2 2
k k k

+ +
Hm s tan y x = l hm s l, v l hm s tun hon vi chu k . T =
th ca hm s tan y x = nh sau.
-
3
2
-
-
2
3
2
y
x
O

Hm s cot y x =
Hm s cot y x = c tp xc nh { } \ / . D k k =
Min gi tr l .
Hm s cot y x = lun lun nghch bin trn mi khong ( ; ), . k k k +
Hm s cot y x = l hm s l, v l hm s tun hon vi chu k . T =
th ca hm s cot y x = nh sau.

18
-
-
2
3
2
2
y
x
O

8.6. Hm s lng gic ngc
8.6.1. Hm s sin y arc x =
Hm s sin y arc x = l hm s ngc ca hm s sin y x = trn on [ ; ].
2 2

Hm s sin y arc x = c tp xc nh l [ 1;1]. D = Min gi tr l [ ; ].
2 2

Hm s sin y arc x = tng trn tp xc nh. Hm s sin y arc x = l hm s l.
th ca hm s sin y arc x = nh sau.
-
2
-1
1
y
x
O

8.6.2. Hm s cos y arc x =
Hm s cos y arc x = l hm s ngc ca hm s cos y x = trn on [0; ].
Hm s cos y arc x = c tp xc nh l [ 1;1]. D = Min gi tr l [0; ].
Hm s cos y arc x = gim trn tp xc nh.
th ca hm s cos y arc x = nh sau.
-1 1
y
x O

8.6.3. Hm s tan y arc x =
19
Hm s tan y arc x = l hm s ngc ca hm s tan y x = trn khong ( ; ).
2 2

Hm s tan y arc x = c tp xc nh l . D = Min gi tr l ( ; ).
2 2

Hm s tan y arc x = lun lun tng trn tp xc nh.
Hm s tan y arc x = l hm s l.
th ca hm s tan y arc x = nh sau.
-
2
y
x
O

8.6.4. Hm s cot y arc x =
Hm s cot y arc x = l hm s ngc ca hm s cot y x = trn khong (0; ).
Hm s cot y arc x = c tp xc nh l . D = Min gi tr l (0; ).
Hm s cot y arc x = lun lun gim trn tp xc nh.
Hm s cot y arc x = l hm s l.
th ca hm s cot y arc x = nh sau.
y
x
O

Ta gi hm s s cp l hm s cho bi mt cng thc duy nht ( ) y f x = vi ( ) f x l
tng, hiu, tch, thng hoc l hm hp ca mt s hu hn cc hm s s cp c bn.
2. MT S PHP BIN I TH
1. Trc i xng, tm i xng ca th
Chng ta bit th hm s chn nhn trc Oy lm trc i xng, th hm s l
nhn gc ta O lm tm i xng. Sau y chng ta a ra du hiu cho bit th ca
mt hm s c trc i xng, tm i xng. (Trong phn ny chng ta ch xt trc i xng
ca th hm s, cng phng vi trc tung).
1.1. nh l. th ca hm s ( ) y f x = nhn ng thng c phng trnh x = lm
trc i xng khi v ch khi ( ) ( ) 2 f x f x = vi mi . x D
Tht vy, mun cho ng thng c phng trnh x = l trc i xng ca th
( ) y f x = th t c v l nu im ( ) ; M x y thuc th th im ' M i xng vi im
M qua cng thuc th. y im ' M c ta ( ) 2 ; x y , nh vy vi mi x D
20
ta c ( ) ( ) 2 f x f x = .
V d. th hm s ( )
2
0 y ax bx c a = + + nhn ng thng
2
b
x
a
= lm trc i xng
v ta c ( )
2
2
,
b b
f x ax bx c a x b x c
a a
| | | |
= + + = + +
| |
\ \
vi mi . x
1.2. nh l. th hm s ( ) y f x = nhn im ( ) ; I lm tm i xng khi v ch khi
( ) ( ) 2 2 , . f x f x x D =
Tht vy, mun cho im ( ) ; I l tm i xng ca th, t c v l nu im
( ) ; M x y thuc th th im ' M i xng vi n qua I , tc l im c ta
( ) ' 2 ; 2 M x y cng thuc th, tc l vi mi , x D ta phi c
( ) ( ) 2 2 . f x f x =
Ch . Trong nh l 1.1 cho 0 = v trong nh l 1.2 cho 0, = = ta c kt qu
+ th ca hm s chn nhn trc tung lm trc i xng.
+ th hm s l nhn gc ta lm tm i xng.
Trong thc t mun chng minh th hm s ( ) y f x = nhn ng thng
0
x x = lm trc
i xng th ta c th lm nh sau:
Di h trc ta Oxy v h trc , IXY vi ( )
0
; 0 I x theo cng thc
0
x X x
y Y
= +

Lp hm s mi bng cch thay
0
; x X x y Y = + = vo hm s ( ); y f x =
Chng minh hm s mi ( ) Y g X = l hm s chn kt lun
0
x x = l trc i xng.
Tng t nh trn, mun chng minh ( )
0 0
, I x y l tm i xng ca th ( ) C ca hm s
( ) y f x = , ta di h trc ta Oxy sang h trc , IXY bng php t
0
0
x X x
y Y y
= +
= +
;
Sau chng minh hm s mi ( ) Y g X = l hm s l kt lun im ( )
0 0
; I x y l tm i
xng ca th.
V d 1. Chng minh th ca hm s
4 3 2
4 2 12 1 y x x x x = + nhn ng thng 1 x =
lm trc i xng. T tm giao im ca th hm s vi trc honh.
Gii. t
1 x X
y Y
= +

Hm s cho tr thnh
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
4 3 2
4 2
1 4 1 2 1 12 1 1
8 6.
Y X X X X
Y X X
= + + + + +
= +

Hm s
4 2
8 6 Y X X = + l hm s chn. Vy ng thng 1 x = l trc i xng ca th
hm s cho.
21
t
2 2
0 8 6 0 4 10 t X t t t = + = =
1,2 3,4 1,2 3,4
4 10, 4 10 1 4 10 , 1 4 10. X X x x = = + = = +
Vy, c bn giao im ca th hm s cho vi trc honh l
(1 4 10; 0), (1 4 10; 0), (1 4 10;0), (1 4 10; 0). + + + +
V d 2. Chng minh th hm s bc ba ( ) ( )
3 2
0 y f x ax bx cx d a = = + + + nhn im
un ;
3 3
b b
I f
a a
| | | |

| |
\ \
lm tm i xng.
Gii.
Di h trc ta bng php t
0
0
x X x
y Y y
= +
= +
vi
0 0
; .
3 3
b b
x y f
a a
| |
= =
|
\
Thay vo
hm s ( ) y f x = ta c
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
3 2
0 0 0 0
3 2
0 0
3 2 .
Y y a X x b X x c X x d
Y aX ax bx c X
+ = + + + + + +
= + + +

Hm ny l hm s l nn th nhn I lm tm i xng.
Nh vy, th hm s bc ba ( ) ( )
3 2
0 y f x ax bx cx d a = = + + + nhn im un lm tm
i xng.
Ta cng c kt qu: th ca cc hm s
, 0; 0
ax b
y c ad bc
cx d
+
=
+
;

2
( . 0,
ax bx c
y a d
dx e
+ +
=
+
mu v t khng c nghim chung)
nhn giao im ca hai ng tim cn lm tm i xng.
V d 3. Cho hm s
4 3 2
( 3) 2( 1) . y x m x m x = + + + +
Tm m th ca hm s c trc i xng cng phng vi trc tung.
Gii.
Gi s x = l trc i xng ca th hm s cho. t . x X = + Khi
4 3 2 2
3 2 4 3 2
(4 3) [6 3 ( 3) 2( 1)]
[4 3 ( 3) 4 ( 1)] ( 3) 2( 1)
y X m X m m X
m m X m m
= + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + +

phi l hm s chn. iu ny tng ng vi
3 2
4 3 0 (1)
4 3 ( 3) 4 ( 1) 0 (2)
m
m m
+ + =
+ + + + =

22
Thay (1) vo (2) ta c
2
0 3
8 ( 1) 0
1 1.
m
m
= =
+ =
= =

2. Php i xng qua trc ta
2.1. nh l. th ca cc hm s ( ) y f x = v ( ) y f x = i xng nhau qua trc honh.
Chng minh. Vi mi gi tr ca x D th cc hm s ( ) y f x = v ( ) y f x = cho ta hai
gi tr i nhau ca , y do th ca chng i xng nhau qua trc honh.
2.2. nh l. th ca cc hm s ( ) y f x = v ( ) y f x = i xng nhau qua trc tung.
Chng minh tng t nh nh l 2.1.
3. Php tnh tin song song vi trc tung
3.1. nh l. th ca hm s ( ) ( ) ( )
, 0 y f x b y f x b b = + = > suy ra t th
( ) y f x = bng mt php tnh tin theo vect
( )
Oy Oy

mt on bng . b
Chng minh. Tht vy, gi O XY l h trc mi suy ra t h trc Oxy bng mt php tnh
tin song song vi trc tung v pha trn mt on . OO b = Cng thc i h trc ta l

.
x X
y Y b
=
= +

Bng php tnh tin th ( ) y f x = vi b n v theo vect Oy
, ta thu c th ca hm
s ( ) y f x = xt theo h trc mi, tc cng l th ca hm s ( ) . y f x b = +
Trng hp i vi hm s ( ) , y f x b = chng minh tng t.
V d 1. T th hm s y x = suy ra th hm s 2 y x = + bng php tnh tin theo vect
Oy
2 n v.
V d 2. th ca hm s
2
3 y x = + thu c t parabol
2
y x = bng cch tnh tin 3 n
v theo vect Oy
.
4. Php tnh tin song song vi trc honh
4.1. nh l. th hm s ( ) ( ) ( )
, 0 y f x a y f x a a = + = > suy c t th hm s
( ) y f x = bng php tnh tin theo vect
( )
Ox Ox

mt on bng . a
Chng minh tng t nh nh l 3.1.
Chng hn th ca hm s ( )
2
2 y x = thu c t php tnh tin parabol
2
y x = theo vect
Ox
(sang bn phi) mt on bng 2.

Nu tnh tin parabol
2
y x = theo vect Ox
(sang bn tri) 2 n v ta thu c th hm

s ( )
2
2 . y x = +
Ch .
Ngoi php tnh tin theo cc trc ta ngi ta cn a ra php tnh tin theo vect 0. v

23
T th hm s ( ), y f x = tnh tin theo vect ( ) ; v a b =
th c th hm s
( ) . y f x a b = +
V d 1. T th hm s
2
( ) y f x x = = suy ra th hm s
2
2 3 y x x = bng php tnh
tin theo vc t (1; 4). v =

Tht vy, ta c ( )
2
2 2
2 3 ( 2 1) 4 1 4 ( 1) 4. y x x x x x f x = = + = =
th ca cc hm s
2
( ) y f x x = = v
2
2 3 y x x = v trn cng mt h trc ta
nh sau.
-3
-4
1 3 -1
y
x
O

V d 2. Tnh tin th hm s
2
2 2
( )
1
x x
y f x
x
+ +
= =
+
theo vc t ( 2;3) v =
ta thu c
th ca hm s
2
9 19
.
3
x x
y
x
+ +
=
+

Tht vy, theo ch trn, th tnh tin th ca hm s
2
2 2
( ) ,
1
x x
y f x
x
+ +
= =
+
theo vc t
( 2;3) v =
ta thu c th ca hm s
2
2 2
2
2
2
( 2) 2( 2) 2
( 2) 3 3
( 2) 1
4 4 2 4 2 6 10
3 3
3 3
6 10 3( 3)
3
6 10 3 9
3
9 19
.
3
x x
y f x
x
x x x x x
x x
x x x
x
x x x
x
x x
x
+ + + +
= + + = +
+ +
+ + + + + + +
= + = +
+ +
+ + + +
=
+
+ + + +
=
+
+ +
=
+

5. Mt s v d
V d 1. Cho hm s ( )
3
3 y f x x x = =
a) Hy dng th ca hm s cho;
b) T th hm s ( )
3
3 , y f x x x = = hy suy ra cc th sau y, ch ra cc php bin
i.
24

3
3 2
3
) 3 2 ;
) 3 ;
) 3 .
i y x x
ii y x x
iii y x x
= +
=
= +

Gii.
a) Kho st hm s ( )
3
3 , y f x x x = = ta c th ca hm s ( )
3
3 y f x x x = = nh sau
-2
2
1
-1
y
x O

b) i) T th hm s ( )
3
3 , y f x x x = = suy ra th
3
3 2 y x x = + bng php tnh tin
theo Oy
2 n v.
th
3
3 2 y x x = + nh sau
4
1
-1
y
x O

ii) Ta c

( ) ( )
( )
3
3 2
3 1 3 1 2
1 2.
y x x x x
f x
= =
=

Do c th
3 2
3 y x x = ta thc hin hai bc:
+ Bc 1: Tnh tin th hm s ( ) y f x = theo Ox
1 n v ta c th
1
( ) C
+ Bc 2: Tnh tin
1
( ) C theo Oy
2 n v ta c th hm s
3 2
3 . y x x =
Hay ni cch khc, c th hm s
3 2
3 y x x = ta tnh tin th ( ) y f x = theo vect
( ) 1; 2 . v =

th hm s
3 2
3 y x x = nh sau
25
-2
-4
1 2
y
x O

iii) i xng qua Ox th ( ) y f x = ta c th
3
3 , y x x = + hoc l i xng qua trc
tung th ( ) y f x = ta cng c th
3
3 . y x x = +
th hm s
3
3 y x x = + nh sau
-2
-1
1
2
y
x
O

V d 2. Xc nh php tnh tin th
3 2
3 y x x = theo vect ( ) ; v a b =
c th
3 2
3 . y x x = +
Gii. T th
3 2
3 y x x = tnh tin theo vect ( ) ; v a b =
c th
3 2
3 y x x = + khi v ch
khi
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
3 2
3 2
3 2 3 2 2 3 2
3 3 ,
3 3 1 3 2 3 ,
x x x a x a b x
x x x a x a a x a a b x
+ = +
+ = + + + +

( )
( )
2
3 2
3 3 1
2
0 3 2
4
0 3
a
a
a a
b
a a b
= +
=
= +

=
= +

Vy, tnh tin th
3 2
3 y x x = theo vect ( ) 2; 4 v =
c th
3 2
3 . y x x = +
6. th ca mt s hm s cha du gi tr tuyt i
6.1. th hm s ( ) y f x =
Ta c ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
; 0
; 0
f x f x
y f x
f x f x

= =

<

26
Do th ca hm s ( ) y f x = gm
+ Phn t trc honh tr ln ca th hm s ( ) y f x = ;
+ i xng phn th hm s ( ) y f x = pha di trc honh qua trc honh.
6.2. th hm s
( )
y f x =
Thy ngay
( )
y f x = l hm s chn nn th c trc i xng l . Oy Vi 0 x th
( ) ( ). y f x f x = = Vy th gm hai phn
+ Phn bn phi Oy ca th ( ) y f x = ;
+ i xng phn trn qua . Oy
6.3. th hm s ( ) ( ) . y u x v x =
Ta c ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
. ; 0
.
. ; < 0
u x v x u x
y u x v x
u x v x u x

= =

Do ta v th ( ) ( ) ( ) . y f x u x v x = = v t th ( ) ( ) . y u x v x = gm
+ Phn th ( ) y f x = trn min ( ) 0. u x
+ i xng phn th ( ) y f x = trn min ( ) 0 u x < qua trc honh.
6.4. T th hm s ( ) y f x = suy ra ng biu din ( ) ( ) , y f x =
Ta c nhn xt: Gi s im ( )
0 0
; x y thuc ( ) th ( )
0 0
; x y cng thuc ( ).
Vy, ( ) c trc i xng l . Ox Vi 0 y th ( ) ( ). y f x y f x = =
Do ( ) gm hai phn
+ Phn th t trc honh tr ln ca th ( ) y f x =
+ i xng phn trn qua trc honh c phn cn li.
V d. Cho hm s
2
1
( )
2
x x
y f x
x

= =

a) Dng th ca hm s cho;
b) T th hm s
2
1
( ) ,
2
x x
y f x
x

= =
hy v cc ng sau
2
1
2
x x
y
x

=
;
2
1
2
x x
y
x

=
;
2
1
2
x x
y
x

=
;
2
1
2
x x
y
x

=
.
Gii.
a) th ca hm s cho nh sau.
27
5
3 1
1
y
x O

b) Ta c
2
2
2
1
; 2
1
2
2
1
; 2
2
x x
x
x x
x
y
x
x x
x
x

>

= =

<

th hm s
2
1
2
x x
y
x

=
gm hai phn
+ Phn th ( ) y f x = trn min 2; x >
+ i xng phn th ( ) y f x = trn min 2 x < qua trc honh.
th hm s
2
1
2
x x
y
x

=
nh sau.
5
3
1
-1
y
x
O

Ta c
2
2
2
1
; ( ) 0
1
2
2
1
; ( ) 0
2
x x
f x
x x
x
y
x
x x
f x
x

= =

<

th hm s
2
1
2
x x
y
x

=
gm hai phn.
+ Phn t trc honh tr ln ca th hm s ( ) y f x = ;
+ i xng phn th hm s ( ) y f x = pha di trc honh qua trc honh.
28
th hm s
2
1
2
x x
y
x

=
nh sau.
5
3 1
1
y
x
O

Ta c
( )
y f x = l hm s chn nn th c trc i xng l . Oy
Vi 0 x th
( ) ( ). y f x f x = = Vy th gm hai phn.
+ Phn bn phi Oy ca th ( ) y f x = ;
+ i xng phn trn qua . Oy
th hm s
2
1
2
x x
y
x

=
nh sau
5
-3 3 -1
1
1
y
x O

Gi s ng biu din ( ) y f x = l ( ).
Ta c nhn xt sau y:
Nu im ( )
0 0
; x y thuc ( ) th ( )
0 0
; x y cng thuc ( ). Vy ( ) c trc i xng l . Ox
Vi 0 y th ( ) ( ). y f x y f x = = Do ( ) gm hai phn.
+ Phn th t trc honh tr ln ca th ( ) y f x = ;
+ i xng phn trn qua trc honh c phn cn li.
Chng ta ch rng, ( ) khng phi l th ca mt hm s, v ( ) y f x = khng phi l
mt hm s.
ng biu din ( ) y f x = nh sau.
29
5
-5
3
-1
1
1
y
x
O

3. GI TR LN NHT V GI TR NH NHT CA HM S
1. nh ngha
Cho hm s ( ) y f x = xc nh trn tp . D
a) S M c gi l gi tr ln nht ca hm s ( ) y f x = trn tp D nu
( )
( )
0 0
) : ;
) : .
i x D f x M
ii x D f x M

=

K hiu ( ).
x D
M Max f x
=
b) S m c gi l gi tr nh nht ca hm s ( ) y f x = trn tp D nu
( )
( )
0 0
) : ;
) : .
i x D f x m
ii x D f x m

=

K hiu ( ).
x D
m Min f x
=
2. Mt s phng php tm gi tr ln nht, gi tr nh nht ca hm s
2.1. Phng php min gi tr
Ni dung ca phng php ny nh sau.
+ Xem ( ) y f x = l phng trnh i vi n x v y l tham s;
+ Tm iu kin ca y phng trnh ( ) y f x = c nghim;
+ T iu kin trn, bin i a n dng . m y M Xt du = xy ra v kt lun
( ) ; ( ) . Minf x m Maxf x M = =
2.2. Phng php o hm
+ Kho st s bin thin ca hm s ( ) y f x = ;
+ Da vo bng bin thin kt lun ( ); ( ). Maxf x Minf x
Ch . Trong trng hp tm gi tr ln nht, gi tr nh nht ca hm s ( ) y f x = trn on
[ ; ], a b ta c th trnh by n gin nh sau.
Bc 1. Tm ( ) f x v tm cc im ti hn
1 2
, ,...,
n
x x x ca ( ) f x trn on [ ; ]; a b
30
Bc 2. Tnh ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 2
, ,..., , ,
n
f x f x f x f a f b ;
Bc 3. Tm s ln nht M v s nh nht m trong cc s trn, khi
[ ]
( )
[ ]
( )
; ;
; .
x a b x a b
M Max f x m Min f x

= =
(Nu hm s ( ) y f x = lin tc trn on [ ; ], a b th gi tr ln nht v gi tr nh nht ca hm
s trn on [ ; ] a b bao gi cng tn ti).
2.3. Phng php dng bt ng thc
Dng bt ng thc quen thuc chng minh ( ) f x M hoc ( ) . f x m
Phi ch ra tn ti
0 1
; x x D sao cho ( )
0
, f x M = ( )
1
. f x m = Khi
[ ]
( )
[ ]
( )
; ;
; .
x a b x a b
M Max f x m Min f x

= =
Chng ta s nghin cu k v bt ng thc trong Chng III, tuy nhin cc bt ng thc
quen thuc sau y s c dng tm gi tr ln nht v gi tr nh nht ca hm s.
+ Bt ng thc Csi. (Augustin Louis Cauchy,1789 1857. Nh Ton hc Php).
Cho n s thc
1 2
, ,...,
n
a a a khng m. Th th
1 2
1 2
...
. ...
n
n
n
a a a
a a a
n
+ + +

Du = xy ra khi v ch khi
1 2
... .
n
a a a = = =
+

Bt ng thc Bunhiacpski. (Victor Yakovlevich Bunyakovsky, 1804 1889. Nh Ton
hc Nga).
Cho n cp s thc ( ; ),
i i
a b i = 1, 2,, n.
Th th
2
2 2
1 1 1
n n n
i i i i
i i i
a b a b
= = =
| | | || |
| | |
\ \ \

Du = xy ra khi v ch khi tn ti k sao cho ,
i i
b ka = i = 1, 2,, n.
+ Bt ng thc v du gi tr tuyt i. Cho , , , 1, 2,...,
i
a b a i n = l cc s thc. Th th
1 2 1 2
(*); (**); ... ...
n n
a b a b a b a b a a a a a a + + + + + + + + (***)
Du = trong (*) v (**) xy ra, khi v ch khi 0. ab Du = trong (***) xy ra, khi v
ch khi 0
i
a hoc 0, 1, 2,..., .
i
a i n =
3. Mt s v d
V d 1. Tm gi tr ln nht, gi tr nh nht ca hm s
y ( ) f x =
2
1
=
1
x
x x
+
+ +
.
Gii.
31
Tp xc nh: D = . Ta c
2 2
2 2 2 2
2
( 1) (2 1)( 1) 2
' = =
( 1) ( 1)
= 0
' = 0 2 = 0
= 2
x x x x x x
y
x x x x
x
y x x
x
+ + + +
+ + + +

Bng bin thin

x +
0 0 +
0
0
2 0
1
3
1
' y
y

Da vo bng bin thin, ta c

1
( ) 1; ( ) .
3
Maxf x Minf x = =
V d 2. Tm gi tr ln nht, gi tr nh nht ca hm s
cos 2sin 3
.
2cos sin 4
x x
y
x x
+ +
=
+

Gii.
Tp xc nh ca hm s ( )
cos 2sin 3
2cos sin 4
x x
y f x
x x
+ +
= =
+
l . D =
Gi s
0
y thuc tp gi tr ca hm s cho, khi
0
cos 2sin 3
(1)
2cos sin 4
x x
y
x x
+ +
=
+
c nghim
i vi x .
( ) ( )
0 0 0
(1) 2 1 cos 2 sin 3 4 . y x y x y + =
(1) c nghim khi v ch khi
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
2
0 0 0 0 0 0
2
2 1 2 3 4 11 24 4 0 2.
11
y y y y y y + + +
Ch rng lun tn ti
0
x sao cho
0
2 y = v tn ti
1
x sao cho
0
2
.
11
y =
Vy,
2
( ) 2; ( ) .
11
Maxf x Minf x = =
V d 3. Tm gi tr ln nht v gi tr nh nht ca hm
( )
2
2 . y f x x x = = +
Gii. Tp xc nh 2; 2 . D

=

Ta c
32
2
2 2
2
' 1
2 2
' 0 1.
x x x
y
x x
y x

= =

= =

Hm s c cc im ti hn l 1; 2. x x = =
( )
( ) ( )
1 2 ; 2 2 ; 2 2. f f f = = =
Vy,
[ 2; 2] [ 2; 2]
( ) 2; ( ) 2.
x x
Maxf x Minf x

= =
V d 4. Tm gi tr ln nht v gi tr nh nht ca hm s
cos sin . y x x = +
Gii. iu kin:
0 cos 1
0 sin 1
x
x

Khi
2 2
1 cos sin cos sin . x x x x = + +
Nh vy 1 Miny = t ti chng hn 0. x =
Mt khc theo bt ng thc Bunhiacpski ta c
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
2 2
cos sin 1 1 cos sin
2 2 sin 2 2.
4
y x x x x
x

= + + +

| |
= +
|
\

Du " " = xy ra chng hn ti .
4
x

= Vy, 2 2 Maxy = t ti .
4
x

=
V d 5. Cho phng trnh
2 2
2
12
3 3 4 0 x mx m
m
+ + = (1)
Hy tm m biu thc
3 3
1 2
A x x = + t gi tr ln nht, gi tr nh nht. Vi
1 2
, x x l hai
nghim ca phng trnh (1).
Gii. Phng trnh cho c nghim
1 2
, x x khi v ch khi
2 2 2
2
12
' 9 12 4 0 4 12
2 3 2
2 2 3
2 2 3
m m m
m
m
m
m
| |
= +
|
\

Ta c ( ) ( )
3
3 3
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
3
3 .
2 2
m
A x x x x x x x x
m
= + = + + =
Xt hm s ( )
3
2 2
m
y f m
m
= = trn min 2 3; 2 2; 2 3 . D

=

33
2
1 3
' 0, ,
2 2
y m D
m
= + > suy ra hm s ( ) f m tng trong 2 3; 2

v 2; 2 3 .

Ta c ( ) ( )
1 1
2 2 .
4 4
f f = < =
Vy, khi 2 3 m = th A t gi tr nh nht ;
2 3 m = th A t gi tr ln nht.
V d 6. Cho hai s , x y tha mn
2 2
2
1
8 4
4
x y
x
+ + = .
Xc nh , x y tch xy t gi tr nh nht.
Gii.
Ta c
( )
2 2 2 2 2
2 2
1 1
8 4 4 2 4 4 4 2 0
4 4
x y x x y xy xy
x x
| |
+ + = + + + + =
|
\

( )
2
2 1 1
4 2 2 2 2
2 2
xy x x y xy
x
| |
= + +
|
\

1 1 1
2
2 2 2
1 1 2
x x x
x
y y x y

= = =

= = =

Vy, gi tr nh nht ca xy l
1
2
, t c khi v ch khi
( )
1
; ; 1
2
x y
| |
=
|
\
hoc ( )
1
; ;1
2
x y
| |
=
|
\
.
V d 7. Cho ba s thc , , a b c tha mn 3 a b c + + . Tm gi tr ln nht ca

2 2 2
2 2 2
1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1
a a a b b b c c c
P
a b c
+ + + + + + + + +
= + +
+ + +
.
Gii.
Ta c
2 2 2
2 2 2
1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1
a a a b b b c c c
P
a b c
+ + + + + + + + +
= + +
+ + +

=
2 2 2
1 1 1
1 1 1
a b c
a b c
a b c
+ + +
+ + + + +
+ + +
.
t T =
2 2 2
1 1 1
1 1 1
a b c
a b c
+ + +
+ +
+ + +
.
Xt hm s
2
1
( )
1
x
f x
x
+
=
+
c tp xc nh l D = .
34
2
2
2
2 2
1 ( 1)
1 1
' ( )
1
( 1) 1
x
x x
x x
f x
x
x x
+ +
+
= =
+
+ +
.
' ( ) 0 1 f x x = = .
Nh vy, hm s ch c mt im ti hn duy nht v lp bng bin thin ca hm s
2
1
( )
1
x
f x
x
+
=
+
ta c hm s t gi tr ln nht ti 1 x = , gi tr ln nht l 2. Vy, ta c
( ) 2 f x vi mi x .
Suy ra
2
1
2 . (1)
1
a
a
+
+

2
1
2 . (2)
1
b
b
+
+

2
c +1
2 . (3)
c 1
+

Cng (1), (2) v (3) theo v, ta c 3 2 T (4)
Theo gi thit 3 a b c + + (5)
Cng (4) v (5) theo v, ta c 3 2 3 P + .
ng thc xy ra khi 1 a b c = = = .
Vy, 3 2 3 MaxP = + .
V d 8. Tm gi tr nh nht ca hm s
( ) 3 4 1 15 8 1 y f x x x x x = = + + + .
Gii.
iu kin: 1 x .
Ta c ( ) 3 4 1 15 8 1 f x x x x x = + + +
1 4 1 4 1 8 1 16 x x x x = + + +

( ) ( )
2 2
1 2 1 4 x x = +

1 2 1 4
1 2 4 1 1 2 4 1 2.
x x
x x x x
= +
= + + =

( )
( ) ( )
1 2 . 4 1 0
2 1 4
2 5 17
1
1
x x
x
f x x
x
x
.
35
Vy, ( )
[5;7]
=2.
x
Min f x

V d 9. Tm gi tr ln nht v gi tr nh nht ca hm s
2
2 2
3 4 y xy
u
x y
=
+
.
Gii.
iu kin:
2 2
0 x y + . Ta gi s 0, x khi , chia t v mu ca u cho
2
x ta c
2
2
3 4
.
1
y y
x x
u
y
x
| |

|
\
=
| |
+
|
\

t ,
y
t
x
= khi
2
2
3 4
1
t t
u
t
=
+
.
Gi s
0
u l mt gi tr bt k ca hm s
2
2
3 4
1
t t
u
t
=
+
. Khi , tn ti t sao cho phng
trnh ( )
2
0 0
3 4 0 u t t u + + = (*) c nghim . t

0
3 u = , (*) tr thnh 4t + 3 = 0
3
4
t = . Do nhn
0
3 u = .

0
3, u (*) c nghim khi v ch khi ( )
0 0
4 3 0 u u

2
0 0
0
3 4 0
1 4.
u u
u
+ +

Do , vi
0
1 4 u th (*) c nghim. T suy ra 1 4 u vi mi ( ; ) x y tha
2 2
0 x y + .
Vy, 1 Minu = v 4. Maxu =
V d 10. Tm gi tr ln nht v gi tr nh nht ca biu thc
2 1 3 1 4 1 p x y z = + + + + +
Trong , , x y z l ba s thc khng m tha 4. x y z + + =
Gii.
p dng bt ng thc Bunhiacpski cho hai b s
1 1 1
( 2, 3, 4); , ,
2 3 4
x y z
| |
+ + +
|
|
\

Ta c
2
1 1 1 13 183
(2 3 4) 9 4
2 3 4 12 4
p x y z
| | | |
+ + + + + + + = + =
| |
\ \

183
.
2
p
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi
36
4; ( , , 0)
1 1 1 13
61
3 2 4 12
2 3 4 9 108
x y z x y z
y x z x y z
+ + =
+ + + + + +
= = = =

17
27
49
36
217
108
x
y
z

Vy,
183
.
2
Maxp =
Mt khc, ta t 2 1, 3 1, 4 1, , , 1. a x b y z z a b c = + = + = +
2 2 2 2 2
( ) 2( ) p a b c a b c ab bc ca = + + = + + + + + (1)
M
2 2 2
3 2( ) ( 2 ) 3 2.4 11 (2) a b c x y z y z + + = + + + + + + =
Do , , 1 ( 1)( 1) ( 1)( 1) ( 1)( 1) 0 a b c a b b c c a + +
2( ) 3 2 3 ab bc ca a b c p + + + + = (3)
T (1), (2), (3) suy ra
2 2
11 2(2 3) 4 5 0 5. p p p p p +
4
0.
x
y z
=
= =

Vy, 5. Minp =
V d 11. Tm gi tr ln nht ca biu thc
1
( 1 2 3) T yz x zx y xy z
xyz
= + +
Gii.
iu kin: 1, 2, 3. x y z
Biu thc c vit li
2 1 3 y x z
T
x y z

= + +
p dng bt ng thc Csi i vi hai s khng m ( 1);1 x ta c
1 1
1 ( 1).1
2 2
1 1
.
2
x x
x x
x
x
+
= =

Lp lun tng t nh trn, ta cng c
37
2 1
2 2
3 1
2 3
y
y
z
z

Nh vy, ta c
1 1 1
.
2 2 2 2 3
T + +
1 1
2
2 2
4
3 3
6.
1, 2, 3
x
x
y
y
z
z
x y z
=
=
=

=

=

=

Vy,
1 1 1
.
2 2 2 2 3
MaxT = + +
2.4. Phng php ta vc t
Ta c cc bt ng thc v vc t nh sau
a b a b + +

. Du ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi , a b
cng hng.
a b a b

cng hng.
. . a b a b

cng phng.
V d 1. Tm gi tr nh nht ca hm s
2 2
( ) 2 2 2 2 y f x x x x x = = + + + +
Gii.
Ta c

2 2
2 2
2 2 ( 1) 1 0,
2 2 ( 1) 1 0, .
x x x x
x x x x
+ + = + + >
+ = + >

Ta vit li hm s nh sau
( ) ( )
2 2
2 2
( ) 1 1 1 1 y f x x x = = + + + +
Trong mt phng ta , Oxy xt hai vc t ( 1;1), (1 ;1) u x v x = + =

Khi

( ) ( )
2 2
(2; 2), 1 1, 1 1
2 2.
u v u x v x
u v
+ = = + + = +
+ =

p dng bt ng thc u v u v + +

, ta c
38
2 2
( ) 2 2 2 2 2 2. y f x x x x x = = + + + +
Du ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi hai vc t , u v

cng hng. V hai vc t , u v

c tung
bng nhau nn honh cng phi bng nhau, nh vy ta c
1 1 0. x x x + = =
Vy, ( ) 2 2, Minf x = t ti 0. x =
V d 2. Tm gi tr ln nht ca hm s
( ) 17 33 y f x x x = = + +
Gii.
iu kin: 17 33. x
Trong mt phng ta , Oxy xt hai vc t ( 17; 33 ), (1;1). u x x v = + =

Khi
. 17.1 33 .1 ( ) u v x x f x = + + =

17 33 5 2
2.
u x x
v
= + + =
=

p dng bt ng thc: . . u v u v

Ta c
( ) 17 33 10. y f x x x = = + +
Du ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi hai vc t , u v

cng phng. V vc t v
c honh v
tung bng nhau nn ta phi c
17 33
8 [ 17;33].
x x
x
+ =
=

Vy,
[ 17;33]
( ) 10.
x
Maxf x

=
BI TP CHNG I
Bi 1. Tm tp gi tr ca hm s
2
2 1
.
4
x
y
x x
=
+ +

Bi 2. Cho hm s
2
1
.
x
y
x a
+
=
+
Tm cc gi tr 0 a > tp gi tr ca hm s cho cha
on [0;1].
Bi 3. Tm cc gi tr ca m hm s
2
1
( 1)
y
x m x m
=
+ +

l hm s chn.
39
Bi 4. Cho hm s ( ) y f x = xc nh trn tha ( ) ( ) ( ), , . f a b f a f b a b + = + Chng
minh rng
1) (0) 0; f =
2) ( ) y f x = l mt hm s l.
Bi 5. Cho hm s ( ) y f x = xc nh trn v l hm s l, tha (0) 0. f Chng minh
rng s nghim ca phng trnh ( ) 0 f x = l mt s chn.
Bi 6. Cho hm s ( ) y f x = xc nh trn tha ( ) 0, f x x v

1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
( ) ( ) 2 ( ) ( ), , . f x x f x x f x f x x x + + =
Chng minh rng
1) (0) 1; f =
2) ( ) y f x = l mt hm s chn.
Bi 7. Chng minh cc hm s cho sau y l hm s tun hon, tm chu k (nu c)
1) cos(2 3); y x = +
2)
2
sin . y x =
Bi 8. Chng minh cc hm s cho sau y khng phi l mt hm s tun hon
1)
3 2
2 ; y x x = +
2) 1 y x = ;
3)
2
1
x
y
x
=
.
Bi 9. Chng minh hm s irichl
1,
( )
0, \
x
f x
x

=

l mt hm s tun hon nhng khng c chu k.
Bi 10. Cho cc hm s
1
( )
1
x
y f x
x
+
= =
v ( ) 2 1 y g x x = =
1) Xc nh hm s ( ( )); y f f x =
2) Xc nh hm s ( ( )). y f g x =
Bi 11. Cho hm s
1
1
( )
1
y f x
x
= =
. K hiu
1
( ) ( ( ))
n n
f x f f x
= , vi n

v 2. n Xc
nh hm s
100
( ). y f x =
Bi 12. Cho cc hm s
1
1 2 ,
2
( )
1
2 1,
2
x x
y f x
x x
<
= =

v
1, 1
( )
1 , 1.
x x
y g x
x x

= =

<

Xc nh cc hm s hp ( ( )), ( ( )). y f g x y g f x = =
40
Bi 13. Cho hm s ( ) 2 1 y f x x = = .
Tm hm s ngc
1
( ) y f x
= .
Bi 14. 1) Hy xc nh vc t ( ; ), v a b =
sao cho khi tnh tin th ca hm s

2
3
2
x x
y
x
+
=
+

theo vc t v
ta c th ca hm s cho trong cc trng hp sau y

a)
2
7
;
2
x x
y
x

=
+

b)
2
7 9
;
5
x x
y
x
+ +
=
+

c)
2
2 4
.
3
x x
y
x
+
=
+

2) T th ca hm s
2
3
,
2
x x
y
x
+
=
+
suy ra th ca cc hm s sau bng cc php bin
i no ?
a)
2
3
;
2
x x
y
x
+
=
+

b)
2
5
;
2
x
y
x
+
=
+

Bi 15. T th ca hm s
1
y
x
= , bng cc php bin i th no nhn c th
ca hm s
3 7
?
2
x
y
x

Bi 16. Cho hm s
2
3 1
3
x x
y
x
+
=
.
1) Dng th (C) ca hm s cho;
2) T th (C) hy suy ra th ca cc hm s sau
a)
2
3 1
;
3
x x
y
x
+
=

b)
2
3 1
;
3
x x
y
x
+
=

c)
2
3 1
;
3
x x
y
x
+
=

41
d)
2
3 1
.
3
x x
y
x
+
=

Bi 17. Chng minh th ca hm s
2
5
4 3
y
x x
=
+

nhn ng thng 2 x = lm trc i xng.
4 3 2
4 3 2 y x x x x = + +
c ng mt trc i xng cng phng vi trc tung.
2
2
4 2
1
x x
y
x
+
=
+

khng c tm i xng.
Bi 20. Cho hm s
4 3 2
4 2 12 . y x ax x ax = +
Tm cc gi tr ca a th ca hm s cho c trc i xng cng phng vi trc . Oy
Bi 21. Cho hm s
2 2 2
2
1
x m x m
y
x
+ +
=
+
c th l ( ).
m
C
Tm m trn ( )
m
C tn ti hai im i xng nhau qua gc to .
Bi 22. Tm gi tr ln nht v gi tr nh nht ca cc hm s cho sau y
1)
3 2
2.3 4.3 2.3
x x x
y = + trn on [1; 1];
2) cos3 15cos 8 y x x = + trn on [
3
;
3
2
];
3)
3 2
3 5 y x x = + trn on [0; 3].
Bi 23. Tm gi tr ln nht v gi tr nh nht ca cc hm s cho sau y
1)
2
3
2 1
x
y
x
=
trn on [
3
4
; 2];
2) (cos 1) sin , [0, 2 ]. y x x x = +
Bi 24. Gi s ( , ) x y l mt nghim ca h phng trnh
2 2
2
3.
x y a
x y x y
+ =
+ + =

Tm cc gi tr ca a biu thc
2 2
M x y x y = + t gi tr ln nht, gi tr nh nht.
Bi 25. Tm gi tr nh nht ca hm s ( 1)( 2)( 3)( 4). y x x x x = + + + +
Bi 26. Cho 0, 0 x y > > tha mn
5
.
4
x y + = Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc
4 1
.
4
A
x y
= +
Bi 27. Tm gi tr nh nht ca hm s 1 2 2 5 y x x x = + + + .
42
Bi 28. Cho hai s dng , x y thay i tha mn iu kin 4 x y + . Tm gi tr nh nht ca
biu thc
2 3
2
3 4 2
.
4
x y
A
x y
+ +
= +
Bi 29. Tm gi tr ln nht ca biu thc
1
( 3 4 5). T yz x zx y xy z
xyz
= + +
Bi 30. Xt cc s dng , , x y z tha mn iu kin 1. x y z + + = Tm gi tr nh nht ca
biu thc
2 2 2
( ) ( ) ( )
.
x y z y z x z x y
P
yz zx xy
+ + +
= + +
Bi 31. Cho cc s , , a b c dng thay i tha mn iu kin 1. abc = Tm gi tr nh nht ca
biu thc
( )( ) ( )( ) ( ) ( )
3 3 3
.
1 1 1 1 1 1
a b c
A
b c c a a b
= + +
+ + + + + +

Bi 32. Cho cc s , , a b c dng thay i tha mn iu kin 3. a b c + + Tm gi tr nh
nht ca biu thc
.
a b c
A
b c a
= + +
Bi 33. Cho cc s , , x y z dng thay i tha mn iu kin
2 2 2
1. x y z + + = Tm gi tr nh
nht ca biu thc
.
xy yz zx
S
z x y
= + +
Bi 34. Cho cc s , , a b c dng thay i tha mn iu kin 1. a b c + + = Tm gi tr nh
nht ca biu thc
( )( ) ( )
( )( )( )
1 1 1
.
1 1 1
a b c
A
a b c
+ + +
=

Bi 35. Cho cc s , , a b c dng thay i tha mn iu kin
2 2 2
3. a b c + + = Tm gi tr nh
nht ca biu thc
( )
2 2 2
2
.
ab bc ca
M
ab bc ca
+ +
=
+ +

Bi 36. Cho cc s , , x y z thay i tha mn iu kin ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
1 2 1 1. x y z + + = Tm gi
tr ln nht ca biu thc
2 3 8 . A x y z = + +
Bi 37. Cho cc s , , a b c dng thay i tha mn iu kin 1. a b c + + = Tm gi tr nh
nht ca biu thc
43
2 2 2 2 2 2
. A a b b c c a = + + + + +
Bi 38. Cho cc s , x y thay i tha mn iu kin
2 2
1. x y + = Tm gi tr ln nht v gi tr
nh nht ca biu thc
2
2
.
1 2 2
xy y
A
x xy
+
=
+ +

Bi 39. Cho , , x y z l cc s thc dng thay i. Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc
1 1 1
.
2 2 2
x y z
P x y z
yz zx xy
| | | |
| |
= + + + + +
| | |
\
\ \

Bi 40. Cho , , x y z l cc s thc dng thay i tha mn iu kin 1. xyz = Tm gi tr nh
nht ca biu thc
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
2 2 2
x y z y z x z x y
P
y y z z z z x x x x y y
+ + +
= + +
+ + +
.
Bi 41. Tm gi tr ln nht v gi tr nh nht ca hm s
2
sin
4
, ; .
2
sin 1 2cos
x
y x
x x
| |
|

\
=

+ +

CHNG II. PHNG TRNH H PHNG TRNH
1. CC KHI NIM C BN
1. Phng trnh
1.1. nh ngha
Cho hai hm s ca n bin thc
1 2
, ,...,
n
x x x l
1 2 1 2
( ; ;...; ), ( ; ;...; ).
n n
f x x x g x x x Ta gi b n s
thc
1 2
( ; ;...; )
n
n
x x x l mt im trong .
n
Khi cc hm s

1 2 1 2
( ; ;...; ), ( ; ;...; )
n n
f x x x g x x x
c xem l cc hm mt bin x trong .
n

Ta gi Phng trnh n x l mnh cha bin dng ( ) ( ) f x g x = (1)
trong , ( ) f x v ( ) g x l nhng biu thc cha x. Ta gi ( ) f x l v tri, ( ) g x l v phi ca
phng trnh (1). Nu coi f v g l hm ca n bin trong khng gian th (1) l phng
trnh ca n n
1 2
, ,..., .
n
x x x
Gi s f(x) c tp xc nh l D
1
, g(x) c tp xc nh l D
2
th
1 2
D D D = gi l tp
(min) xc nh ca phng trnh (1).
Nu
o
x D sao cho ( ) ( )
o o
f x g x = l mt mnh ng th
o
x c gi l mt nghim
ca phng trnh (1).
Gii phng trnh (1) l tm tt c cc nghim ca n, tp hp cc nghim ca phng
trnh k hiu l S.
Nu S = th ta ni phng trnh v nghim.
44
Ch . Trong mt phng trnh (mt hoc nhiu n), ngoi cc ch ng vai tr l cc n s,
cn c th c cc ch khc c xem nh nhng hng s v c gi l tham s. Gii v bin
lun phng trnh cha tham s, ngha l xt xem vi gi tr no ca tham s th phng trnh
v nghim, c nghim v tm cc nghim .
Chng hn,
( )
2
1 5 0 m x + + = v ( )
2
1 2 0 x m x + + + = c th c coi l cc phng trnh n
x, cha tham s m.
1.2. Phng trnh tng ng, phng trnh h qu
1.2.1. Phng trnh tng ng. Hai phng trnh c gi l tng ng vi nhau
khi chng c cng tp hp nghim.
Khi hai phng trnh ( ) ( ) f x g x = ;
1 1
( ) ( ) f x g x = tng ng vi nhau ta dng k hiu

1 1
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ). f x g x f x g x = =
V d. Hai phng trnh 5x 3 = 0 v
6
2 0
5
x = tng ng vi nhau v cng c nghim
duy nht l
3
5
x = .
Ch . Nu theo nh ngha trn th hai phng trnh v nghim cng c coi l tng ng
vi nhau v c cng tp hp nghim l tp hp . V vy, cch vit sau cng coi nh l
ng, tuy nhin trong thc t t khi gp. Chng hn,
2
3 0 cos 3. x x + = =
S tng ng ca hai phng trnh c tnh cht phn x, i xng, bc cu.
1.2.2. Phng trnh h qu
Nu mi nghim ca ca phng trnh ( ) ( ) f x g x = u l nghim ca phng trnh
1 1
( ) ( ) f x g x = th phng trnh
1 1
( ) ( ) f x g x = c gi l phng trnh h qu ca phng trnh
( ) ( ) f x g x = .
Ta dng k hiu
1 1
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ). f x g x f x g x = =
V d. Phng trnh
( )( )
2
1 3 0 x x + = l phng trnh h qu ca phng trnh
2
1 0. x =
1.2.3. Cc php bin i tng ng phng trnh
Qu trnh gii mt phng trnh l qu trnh bin i phng trnh i n mt
phng trnh n gin hn m ta bit cch gii. Nu php bin i khng lm thay i tp
xc nh ca phng trnh th phng trnh cho c bin i tng ng, cn nu lm
thay i tp xc nh ca phng trnh th c th tp hp nghim ca phng trnh cho
cng b thay i. Sau y ta xt mt s php bin i tng ng.
1.2.3.1. nh l. Cho phng trnh ( ) ( ) f x g x = . Nu ( ) h x c ngha trong tp xc nh ca
phng trnh cho th ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ). f x g x f x h x g x h x = + = + (1)
Chng minh
Trong (1) ta cho x mt gi tr a no thuc tp xc nh ca phng trnh
f(x) = g(x) th ta c ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) f a g a f a h a g a h a = + = + l mt mnh ng.
H qu 1. C th chuyn cc hng t t v ny sang v kia ca phng trnh, nhng phi
i du ca n.
45
H qu 2. Mi phng trnh u c th a v dng m v phi bng khng.
Do vy, ta lun c th k hiu phng trnh l F(x) = 0.
Ch . iu kin h(x) c ngha trong tp xc nh ca phng trnh f(x) = g(x) l iu kin
nhng khng cn. Ni khc i, nu c iu kin y th
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) f x g x f x h x g x h x = + = +
l php bin i tng ng, cn nu khng c iu kin y th php bin i trn c th
tng ng hoc c th khng. Chng hn, phng trnh
2
1 x = v phng trnh
2
1 1
1
2 2
x
x x
+ = +

l tng ng, nhng phng trnh
2
1 x = khng tng ng vi
phng trnh
2
1 1
1 .
1 1
x
x x
+ = +
+ +

1.2.3.2. nh l. Cho phng trnh f(x) = g(x). Nu h(x) c ngha v khc khng trong tp
xc nh ca phng trnh cho th
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ). f x g x f x h x g x h x = =
Chng minh tng t nh nh l 1.2.3.1.
H qu. C th nhn hai v ca mt phng trnh vi mt s khc khng ty .
Ta cng c nhn xt v h(x) tng t nh nh l 1.2.3.1.
1.2.3.3. nh l. Nu nng hai v ca mt phng trnh ln mt ly tha bc l th ta c
mt phng trnh tng ng vi phng trnh cho.
Chng minh.
Tht vy, nu a l nghim ca phng trnh f(x) = g(x) tc l f(a) = g(a) l ng th ta c
[ ] [ ]
2 1 2 1
( ) ( ) , .
k k
f a g a k
+ +
=
Ngha l a l nghim ca phng trnh [ ] [ ]
2 1 2 1
( ) ( ) .
k k
f x g x
+ +
=
o li, nu a l nghim ca phng trnh [ ] [ ]
2 1 2 1
( ) ( )
k k
f x g x
+ +
= th [ ] [ ]
2 1 2 1
( ) ( )
k k
f a g a
+ +
=
l ng thc ng. Do , f(a) = g(a) cng l ng thc ng hay a l nghim ca phng
trnh f(x) = g(x).
Ch . Php bin i nng hai v ca phng trnh ln mt ly tha bc chn l php bin i
h qu, n ch l php bin i tng ng nu hai v ca phng trnh u khng m trn
tp xc nh.
[ ] [ ]
2 2
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) , ( ( ) 0, ( ) 0).
k k
f x g x f x g x f x g x = =
Nu sau mt php bin i no , tp xc nh ca phng trnh cho m rng ra th
tp hp nghim ca n cng c th m rng ra, khi c th xut hin nhng nghim, ta gi
l nghim ngoi lai (i vi phng trnh cho). Nhng nghim ngoi lai (nu c) l
nhng nghim ca phng trnh sau khi bin i v thuc vo phn m rng ca tp xc nh.
Nu tp xc nh m rng ra nhng khng c nghim ngoi lai th phng trnh cho v
phng trnh bin i vn tng ng.
Nu sau mt php bin i no , tp xc nh ca phng trnh cho b thu hp li
th tp nghim ca n cng c th b thu hp li, mt s nghim no c th mt i. Nhng
nghim mt i (nu c) l nhng nghim ca phng trnh cho nhng thuc vo phn b
thu hp ca tp xc nh. Nu tt c cc gi tr ca n s b mt i khi tp xc nh b thu hp
46
khng tha mn phng trnh cho, th phng trnh cho v phng trnh bin i vn
tng ng.
2. H phng trnh Tuyn phng trnh
2.1. nh ngha. Cho m phng trnh

1 1
2 2
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
.....................
( ) ( )
m m
f x g x
f x g x
f x g x
=
=
=

(c th coi ( )
1 2
; ;...; ,
n
x x x x = khi cc ( ), ( ), 1, 2,...,
i i
f x g x i m = l nhng hm n bin).
Gi s m phng trnh cho c tp xc nh ln lt l
1 2
, ,...,
m
D D D .
Ta gi h m phng trnh k hiu l

(1)

1
m
i
i
D D
=
=
l tp xc nh ca h (1).
Mt gi tr a D ca bin x lm cho tng phng trnh ca h (1) u tr thnh ng thc
ng c gi l mt nghim ca h (1). K hiu
i
S l tp hp nghim ca phng trnh th i
ca h (1) th tp hp nghim ca h (1) l
1
m
i
i
S S
=
=
. Khi S = ta ni h v nghim.
2.2. nh ngha. Ta cng gi tuyn ca m phng trnh k hiu l

1 1
2 2
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
...................
( ) ( )
m m
f x g x
f x g x
f x g x
=
(2)
Tp xc nh ca tuyn phng trnh (2) cng l
1
m
i
i
D D
=
=
, vi
i
D l tp xc nh ca
phng trnh th i.
Nu c mt gi tr a D ca x lm cho mt phng trnh no ca tuyn phng trnh
(2) tr thnh ng thc ng th a c gi l mt nghim ca tuyn phng trnh (2). Tp
hp nghim ca tuyn phng trnh (2) l
1
m
i
i
S S
=
=
,
i
S l tp hp nghim ca phng trnh
th i ca tuyn phng trnh (2).
Khi nim tng ng ca h phng trnh, tuyn phng trnh cng tng t nh
phng trnh.
2.3. Cc nh l v h phng trnh tng ng
1 1
2 2
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
....................
( ) ( )
m m
f x g x
f x g x
f x g x
=
47
2.3.1. nh l. Nu
1 2 1 1 2
( ; ;...; ) 0 ( ;...; )
n n
F x x x x f x x = = th

( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
1 1 2 1 1 2
2 1 2 2 1 2 2
1 2 1 2 2
; ;...; 0 ;...;
; ;...; 0 ( ;...; ; ;...; ) 0
........................... ..........................................
; ;...; 0 ( ;...; ; ;...; ) 0
n n
n n n
m n m n n
F x x x x f x x
F x x x F f x x x x
F x x x F f x x x x
= =

= =

= =

2.3.2. nh l

1 1
2 12 1 22 2
3 13 1 23 2 33 3
1 1 2 2
0 0
0 0
0 0
........... ................................
0 ..... 0
m m m mm m
F F
F n F n F
F n F n F n F
F n F n F n F
= =

= + =

= + + =

= + + + =

2.4. nh l v tuyn phng trnh tng ng

1
2
1 2
0
0
. ... 0
.......
0
m
m
F
F
F F F
F
=

2. PHNG TRNH BC NHT, BC HAI MT N
1. Phng trnh bc nht mt n
1.1. nh ngha. Phng trnh bc nht mt n l phng trnh 0, , , 0. ax b a b a + =
Phng trnh bc nht c mt nghim duy nht .
b
x
a
=
1.2. Gii v bin lun phng trnh dng 0 ax b + = (1)
0 a , phng trnh (1) c mt nghim duy nht .
b
x
a
=
0, 0 a b = , phng trnh (1) v nghim.
0, 0 a b = = , phng trnh (1) c nghim ty .
V d. Gii v bin lun phng trnh
( )
2
1 m m x m = (*)
Ta xt cc trng hp
(i)
2
0 0 m m m v 1 m th phng trnh (*) c mt nghim duy nht l
1
x
m
=
(ii)
2
1
0
0
m
m m
m
=
=

0 m = th (*) 0 1 x = , phng trnh v nghim.
1 m = th (*) 0 0 x = , phng trnh c nghim ty .
48
Kt lun.
Nu 0 m v 1 m th (*) c nghim l
1
. x
m
=
Nu 0 m = th (*) v nghim.
Nu 1 m = th (*) c nghim ty .
1.3. Mt s phng trnh qui v phng trnh bc nht mt n
l cc phng trnh dng: 0; ; .
ax b
ax b cx d ax b cx d
cx d
+
= + = + + = +
+

Khi gii phng trnh dng 0
ax b
cx d
+
=
+
ta phi t iu kin cho mu khc khng. gii cc
phng trnh ; , ax b cx d ax b cx d + = + + = + ta phi kh du gi tr tuyt i bng nh
ngha v tnh cht ca du gi tr tuyt i.

; 0
; 0
A A
A
A A

=

<

A B
A B
A B
=
=

0 B
A B A B
A B

= =

=

V d 1. Gii v bin lun phng trnh
2
1 1
x m x
x x

=
+
(*)
iu kin: 1 x
Khi , (*) ( )( 1) ( 2)( 1) x m x x x = +
2 mx m = + (2)
Ta xt cc trng hp
(i) 0 m th (2) c mt nghim
2
.
m
x
m
+
=
So snh vi iu kin:

2
1 1 2 2 0
m
x m m
m
+
+ , lun tha.

2
1 1 2 1.
m
x m m m
m
+
+
(ii) 0 m = th (2) 0 2 x = , phng trnh v nghim.
Kt lun.
49
+ Nu 0 m v 1 m th (*) c nghim l
2
.
m
x
m
+
=
+ Nu 0 m = hoc 1 m = th (*) v nghim.
2 1 mx m x m + = + + (1)
Gii.
2 1
(1)
2 1
mx m x m
mx m x m
+ = + +
+ =
( ) 1 3 (1 )
( 1) 1 2 (1 )
m x a
m x m b
=

+ =

* ( 1) 3 m x = (1a)
1 m th
3
(1 )
1
a x
m
=

m = 1 th (1 ) 0 3 a x = , phng trnh (1a) v nghim.
* ( 1) 1 2 m x m + = (1b)
1 m th
1 2
(1 )
1
m
b x
m
=
+

1 m = th (1 ) 0 3 b x = , phng trnh (1b) v nghim.
Kt lun.
+ Nu 1 m = th phng trnh (1) c mt nghim l
1
.
2
x =
+ Nu 1 m = th phng trnh (1) c mt nghim l
3
.
2
x =
+ Nu 1 m v 1 m th phng trnh (1) c hai nghim l
3
1
x
m
=
v
1 2
1
m
x
m
=
+
(hai
nghim khng bng nhau vi , 1 m m ).
V d 3. Tm m phng trnh
3 2 2 1
2
2 2
x m x m
x
x x
+
+ =

(1)
v nghim.
Gii.
iu kin: x > 2
Khi , (1) 3 2 2 2 1 x m x x m + = +
2 3 1 x m = +

3 1
2
m
x
+
=
50
Phng trnh (1) v nghim khi v ch khi
3 1
2 3 1 4 1
2
m
m m
+
+ .
V d 4. Tm iu kin ca tham s a, b phng trnh
2
2
1
1 1 1
ax b ax a
x x x
+
+ =
+
(1)
c nghim.
Gii.
iu kin: 1 x
Khi ,
2
(1) ( 1)( 1) ( 1) ax x b x ax a + + = +
( 1) 1 a b x a b + = + + (2)
Xt 1 0, a b + = khi (2) v nghim, do (1) v nghim.
Xt 1 0 a b + , khi
1
(2)
1
a b
x
a b
+ +
=
+

T iu kin ta phi c
1
1
1 1 1 1
1
0
1 1 1 2( ) 0
1
1
a b
a b a b
a b
a b
a b a b a b a b
a b
+ +

+ + + +
+

+ + + + + +

+

Vy, phng trnh cho c nghim khi v ch khi 0 a b + v 1 a b + .
V d 5. Gii phng trnh
3 2
5 (1)
3 2 2
x x
x x

=
+ +

Gii.

Khi gp bi ton c nhiu du gi tr tuyt i ta s gii bng cch chia khong xt du.
Ta c bng xt du sau

2
3
3
2
+ 0

+ +
+
+
+ +
+ +
x
x
2 3x +
3 2x

( )
2 3 2 0
(1)
3 2 5 2 3 2
x x
x x x x
+ +

= + +

(1 )
(1 )
a
b

Ta gii (1b).
+ Xt
2
, (1 ) 3 2 5( 2 3 2)
3
x b x x x x < + = +
51
23
9 23
9
x x = = (nhn).
+ Xt
2
0, (1 ) 3 2 5(2 3 2)
3
x b x x x x < + = + +
1
21 3
7
x x = = (loi).
+ Xt
3
0 , (1 ) 3 2 5(2 3 2)
2
x b x x x x < = + +
3
23 3
23
x x = = (nhn)
+ Xt
3
, (1 ) 3 2 5(2 3 2)
2
x b x x x x + = + +
3
19 3
19
x x = = (loi).
Thay ln lt
23
9
x = v
3
23
x = vo (1a) ta thy c hai gi tr u tho.
Vy, nghim ca phng trnh l
23
9
x = v
3
23
x = .
2. Phng trnh bc hai mt n
2.1. nh ngha. Phng trnh bc hai mt n l phng trnh c dng
2
0 ax bx c + + = (1),
vi a, b, c l cc tham s thc, 0 a .
Biu thc
2
4 b ac = c gi l bit thc ca phng trnh (1).
Xy ra ba trng hp sau:
i) Nu 0 < th phng trnh (1) v nghim;
ii) Nu 0 = th phng trnh (1) c nghim kp
1 2
;
2
b
x x
a
= =
iii) Nu 0 > th phng trnh (1) c hai nghim phn bit
1,2
.
2
b
x
a

=
Ngoi ra, nu t '
2
b
b = th
2
' ' b ac = gi l bit thc thu gn ca phng trnh (1). Ta
cng c ba trng hp sau:
i) Nu ' 0 < th phng trnh (1) v nghim;
ii) Nu ' 0 = th phng trnh (1) c nghim kp l
1 2
'
;
b
x x
a
= =
iii) Nu ' 0 > th phng trnh (1) c hai nghim phn bit l
1,2
' '
.
b
x
a

=
2.2. nh l Viet
52
Nu phng trnh bc hai
2
0 ax bx c + + = c nghim
1 2
, x x th

1 2
b
x x
a
+ = v
1 2
. .
c
x x
a
=
o li nu hai s x, y tha mn x + y = S v x.y = P th x, y l nghim ca phng trnh
bc hai
2
0 X SX P + = (*) (iu kin (*) c nghim l
2
4 0). S P
T , ta c h qu sau:
2.2.1. Nu a + b + c = 0 th phng trnh (1) c mt nghim bng 1 v nghim kia bng .
c
a

2.2.2. Nu a b + c = 0 th phng trnh (1) c mt nghim bng 1 v nghim kia bng
.
c
a

2.3. Mt s v d
2
2(1 2 ) 3 4 0 x m x m + + + = (1)
a) Tm iu kin phng trnh c nghim;
b) Tnh biu thc
3 3
1 2
x x + theo m;
c) Tm m phng trnh c mt nghim bng ba ln nghim kia;
d) Vit phng trnh bc hai c nghim l
2
1
x v
2
2
x , trong
1 2
, x x l nghim ca phng
trnh (1).
Gii.
a) Phng trnh (1) c nghim khi v ch khi
2
2
2
4 2 0
2
2
m
m
m

b) Ta c ( ) ( )
2
3 3
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
3 A x x x x x x x x

= + = + +

Theo nh l Viet ta c:
1 2 1 2
2(1 2 ); . 3 4 x x m x x m + = + = +
Thay vo ta c:
2
2(1 2 )(16 4 5) A m m m = + +
c) Ta c
1 2
1 2
1 2
2(1 2 ) (a)
3 4 (b)
3 (c)
x x m
x x m
x x
+ = +
= +

Thay (c) vo (a) ta c
2
1 2
2
m
x
+
= , do
1
3 6
2
m
x
+
=
Thay
1 2
, x x vo (b) ta c
1 2 3 6
. 4 3
2 2
m m
m
+ + | | | |
= +
| |
\ \

2
12 12 3 16 12 m m m + + = +
53

2
12 4 9 0 m m =

1 2 7
6
m

=
Kt hp vi iu kin ban u (cu a) ta thy hai gi tr ny ca m u tha mn.
d) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
2 2
1 2 1 2 1 2
2 2 1 2 2 3 4 S x x x x x x m m = + = + = + +

( )
2
2 8 4 1 m m = +
( )
2
2 2
1 2
3 4 . P x x m = = +
Vy, phng trnh cn tm l:
( ) ( )
2
2 2
2 8 4 1 3 4 0. X m m X m + + + =
2
a b
x b x a
+ =

(1)
Gii.
iu kin: (*)
x a
x b

(1) ( ) ( ) 2( )( ) 0 a x a b x b x a x b + =
( ) ( ) 2 0 2
a b
x
x a b x a b
x a b
+
=
+ + =

= +

Th iu kin (*)
2
2
a b
x a
a b
a b
x b
+
=
v 0
x a b a
ab
x a b b
= +

= +

Bin lun.
Nu
0
a b
ab

th phng trnh (1) c nghim l ;

2
a b
x x a b
+
= = + . Hai nghim ny bng
nhau khi 0. a b =
Nu
0
a b
a

th phng trnh (1) c nghim l .

2
b
x =
Nu
0
a b
b

th phng trnh (1) c nghim l .

2
a
x =
Nu 0 a b th phng trnh (1) c nghim l 2 . x a =
Nu a = b = 0 th phng trnh (1) v nghim.
54
1
(1)
a b a b
x
x a b a b
+
+ = +
+

Gii.
iu kin: .
0
a b
x

Ta c( ) 1 0 .
a b a b a b a b
x x x x
a b a b a b a b
+ + | || |
= = =
| |
+ +
\ \

Bin lun.
Nu a b = th phng trnh v nghim.
Nu a b th phng trnh c 2 nghim , .
a b a b
x x
a b a b
+
= =
+

V d 4. Cho hai phng trnh
2 2
0 (1); 3 0 (2) x x m x x m + = + = .
Tm m phng trnh (2) c mt nghim khc khng gp hai ln mt nghim ca phng
trnh (1).
Gii.
Gi s
0
x l mt nghim ca phng trnh (1) v
0
2x l mt nghim ca phng trnh (2).
Khi
2
0
0 0 2
0 0
2
0 0 0
0
0
3 5 0
5
4 6 0
3
10
0 .
9
x
x x m
x x
x x x m
m m
=
+ =

= + =
= =

Vi 0, m= thay vo hai phng trnh cho th khng tha, do 0 m = b loi.
Vi
10
,
9
m = thy tha mn yu cu bi ton. Vy, gi tr cn tm l
10
.
9
m =
V d 5. Chng minh rng nu hai phng trnh
2 2
1 1 2 2
0, 0 x p x q x p x q + + = + + =
c nghim chung th
2
1 2 1 2 2 1 1 2
( ) ( )( ) 0 q q p p q p q p + = .
Gii.
Hai phng trnh c nghim chung khi v ch khi h phng trnh
2
1 1
2
2 2
0
0
x p x q
x p x q
+ + =
+ + =
c nghim
55
hay h phng trnh
1 1
2 2
p x y q
p x y q
+ =
+ =
c nghim ( y
2
) y x = .
Ta c
1 2
D p p = .
+ Nu
1 2
0 D p p =
Khi
2 1 2 1 1 2
1 2 1 2
;
y
x
D
D q q p q p q
x y
D p p D p p

= = = =

M
2 2
1 2 1 2 2 1 1 2
( ) ( )( ) 0 y x q q p p q p q p = + =
+ Nu
1 2
0 D p p = = h
1 1
2 2
p x y q
p x y q
+ =
+ =
c nghim
1 2
, q q = khi ta cng c
2
1 2 1 2 2 1 1 2
( ) ( )( ) 0. q q p p q p q p + =
T , ta c pcm.
V d 6. Chng minh rng nu ( )
1 2 1 2
2 a a b b + th t nht mt trong hai phng trnh sau c
nghim
2 2
1 1 2 2
0; 0. x a x b x a x b + + = + + =
Gii.
( )
2 2
1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 2 1 2
4 4 2 4( ) 0 , 0 a b a b a a b b max + = + + . Ta c pcm.
V d 7. Gi s phng trnh
2
0 x ax b + + = c nghim
1 2
, x x ; phng trnh
2
0 x cx d + + = c
nghim
3 4
, x x . Chng minh rng
2 2 2 2
1 3 1 4 2 3 2 4
2( )( )( )( ) 2( ) ( )( ) ( ) ( ) x x x x x x x x b d a c b d a c b d + + + + = + + +
Gii.
2
1 3 1 4 1 3 4 1 3 4 1
2
2 3 2 4 2 3 4 2 3 4 2
2 2
1 3 1 4 2 3 2 4
( )( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )( )( )( ) ( ) ( )( ) ( )
x x x x x x x x x x d b a c x
x x x x x x x x x x d b a c x
S x x x x x x x x b d b d a c a a c b
+ + = + + + = +
+ + = + + + = +
= + + + + = + + +

Tng t
2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
( ) ( )( ) ( )
2 2( ) ( )( ) ( ) ( ).
S d b d b a c c a c d
S b d a c b d a c b d
= + + +
= + + +

2 2
(2sin 1) 6sin sin 1 0 x x + = (1)
a) Tm phng trnh (1) c nghim;
b) Gi
1 2
, x x l hai nghim ca phng trnh (1), tm gi tr ln nht v gi tr nh nht ca
biu thc
2 2
1 2
. A x x = +
56
Gii.
a) Ta c
2
1 1
0 20sin 5 sin
2 2
5 7
2 2 2 2 .
6 6 6 6
ycbt
k k k k
= +

+ + + +

b) Ta c
2 2
1 2 1 2
2
( ) 2 8sin 2sin 3
25 1 25
2(2sin )
8 4 8
A x x x x = + = + =
= +

25 1 25
sin max .
8 8 8
A A = = =
Mt khc
2
1 1
3 8sin 2sin 3 8. 2. 0 0
4 2
A minA = = = t c khi
1
sin .
2
=
V d 9. Tm a cc nghim
1 2
, x x ca phng trnh
2
1 0 x ax + + = tha mn

2 2
1 2
2 2
2 1
7.
x x
x x
+ >
Gii.
Theo nh l Viet, v
1 2
, x x l hai nghim ca phng trnh
2
1 0 x ax + + = nn
1 2 1 2
, 1. x x a x x + = =
Theo bi ra ta c
2 2
1 2
2 2
2 1
2
2 2 2
1 2 1 2 1 2
2 2
1 2
2 2 2 2
7
( ) 2 2
7
( 2) 2 7 ( 2) 9.
x x
x x
x x x x x x
x x
a a
+ >
+

>
> >

Do
2 2 2
2 2 2 2
4 0 4 4
| | 5.
( 2) 9 | 2 | 3 2 3
a a a
ycbt a
a a a
=

>

> > >

3. Mt s phng trnh bc bn c th a v phng trnh bc hai mt n (qua php t
n ph)
3.1. Phng trnh trng phng:
4 2
0 ax bx c + + = , t
2
0 t x = , khi phng trnh
cho c a v phng trnh bc hai i vi bin . t
57
3.2. Phng trnh dng: ( )( )( )( ) x a x b x c x d k + + + + = , vi . a b c d + = +
t ( )( ), t x a x b = + + khi phng trnh cho c a v phng trnh bc hai i vi
bin . t
3.3. Phng trnh dng: ( ) ( )
4 4
. x a x b c + + + = t ,
2
a b
t x
+
= + phng trnh c a v
phng trnh trng phng
4 2 2 4
2 12( ) 2( ) .
2 2
a b a b
t t c

+ + =
3.4. Phng trnh dng:
4 3 2
0, ( 0) ax bx cx bx a a + + + + = (Phng trnh bc bn hi quy).
Chia hai v ca phng trnh cho
2
x (v 0 x = khng phi l nghim ca phng trnh),
phng trnh tr thnh
2
2
1 1
0. a x b x c
x x
| | | |
+ + + + =
| |
\ \

t
1
, t x
x
= + 2, t ta c phng trnh bc hai theo bin t
2
2 0. at bt c a + + =
i vi phng trnh dng
4 3 2
0, ( 0) ax bx cx bx a a + + + = (Phng trnh bc bn phn hi
quy), ta cng c cch bin i nh trn vi php t
1
, t x
x
= , t khi phng trnh cho c a v phng trnh bc hai theo bin t
2
2 0. at bt c a + + + =
4 2
2( 1) 2 1 0 x m x m + + + = (1)
a) C bn nghim phn bit;
b) C ba nghim phn bit;
c) C hai nghim phn bit.
Gii.
t
2
0 t x = , phng trnh (1) tr thnh
2
2( 1) 2 1 0 t m t m + + + = (2)
a) (1) c bn nghim phn bit khi v ch khi (2) c hai nghim dng phn bit
( )
2
2
' 1 2 1 0
0
0
2( 1) 0 1
1
2 1 0 1 2
2
m m
m
m
S m m
m
P m
m
= + >
>

= + > >

>

= + >
>

b) (1) c ba nghim phn bit khi v ch khi (2) c
1 2
0, 0 t t = >
58
1
2 1 0
1
2
2( 1) 0 2
1
P m m
m
S m
m
= + = =
=

= + >

>

c) (1) c hai nghim phn bit khi v ch khi hoc l (2) c nghim kp dng hoc (2) c
hai nghim tri du
2
' 0
0
2( 1) 0 1
.
2 2 1 0
m
m
S m
m
P m
= =
=

= + >

<
= + <

( 2)( 3)( 4)( 9) 190 x x x x m + + + + = (1)
Tm m phng trnh c nghim [ 1; 0]. x
Gii.
(1)
2 2
( 5 6)( 5 36) 190 x x x x m + + + + =
t
2
5 ; [ 1; 0] [ 4; 0]. t x x x t = +
Ta c phng trnh
2
( 6)( 36) 190 30 26 (2) t t m t t m + + = =
(1) c nghim [ 1;0] x khi v ch khi (2) c nghim [ 4; 0], t khi v ch khi m thuc min
gi tr ca hm s
2
( ) 30 26 f t t t = trn on [ 4; 0].
( ) 2 30 0 15 [ 4; 0], f t t t = = = ( ) 0, [ 4; 0] f t t < nn hm s
2
( ) 30 26 f t t t =
nghch bin do c min gi tr trn on [ 4; 0] l [ (0); ( 4)]; ( 4) 110, (0) 26. f f f f = =
Vy, gi tr m cn tm l 26 110. m
4 3 2
2 1 0 x mx mx mx + + + + = (1)
a) Gii phng trnh khi
1
;
2
m =
b) Tm m phng trnh c nghim.
Gii.
Do 0 x = khng phi l nghim ca phng trnh (1) nn chia hai v ca phng trnh (1) cho
2
0, x ta c
2 2
2 2
1 1 1 1
2 . 0 ( ) ( ) 2 0 x mx m m x m x m
x x x x
+ + + + = + + + + =
t
2 2
2
1 1
; 2 2. t x t x t
x x
= + + =
Khi , phng trnh tr thnh
2
( ) 2 2 0. (2) f t t mt m = + + =
a) Vi
1
2
m =
59
(2)
2
2
1
3 0
3
2
.
2
t
t t
t
=

Ta nhn
1
2 2 1. t x x
x
= + = =
Vy, vi
1
2
m = phng trnh c mt nghim 1. x =
b) Phng trnh (1) c nghim khi v ch khi phng trnh (2) c nghim 2. t Xt bi ton
ngc Tm iu kin phng trnh cho v nghim.
Phng trnh (1) v nghim khi v ch khi phng trnh (2) hoc v nghim hoc c hai
nghim ( 2; 2)
2
2
0 8 8 0
0 8 8 0
1
4 2 2.
2
( 2) 0, (2) 0 2 0, 4 2 0
2 2 2 2
2 2
m m
m m
m
af af m
S m
< <

< < +

> > > + >

< < < <

Vy, vi
1
4 2 2
2
m m + th phng trnh cho c nghim.
( 4)( 5)( 7)( 8) 4 x x x x + + + + =
Gii.
Vit li phng trnh di dng
2 2
( 12 32)( 12 35) 4 x x x x + + + + =
t
2
12 32 4, t x x = + + phng trnh cho tr thnh
2
1
( 3) 4 3 4 0
4
t
t t t t
t
=
+ = + =
=

Vi 1, t = ta c
2 2
6 5
12 32 1 12 31 0
6 5.
x
x x x x
x
= +
+ + = + + =

Vi 4, t = ta c
2 2
12 32 4 12 36 0 6. x x x x x + + = + + = =
Vy, phng trnh cho c ba nghim 6; 6 5. x x = =
4 4
( 4) ( 6) 82 x x + + + =
60
Gii.
t 5, t x = + phng trnh cho tr thnh
4 4 4 2 4 2
4
( 1) ( 1) 82 2 12 2 82 6 40 0
10
t
t t t t t t
t
=
+ + = + + = + =
=

Vi 4, t = ta c 1. x =
Vi 10, t = ta c 15. x =
Vy, phng trnh cho c hai nghim 1; 15. x x = =
3. H PHNG TRNH
Trong mc ny ta xt mt s h phng trnh hai n.
1. H gm mt phng trnh bc nht v mt phng trnh bc hai hai n
H phng trnh c dng
2 2
0
0
Ax By C
ax bxy cy dx ey f
+ + =
+ + + + + =

Phng php gii.
S dng phng php th: Rt x hoc y t phng trnh bc nht ri thay vo phng trnh
bc hai trong h, ta c mt phng trnh mt n. Gii phng trnh mt n ny, sau tm
n cn li.
V d 1. Gii h phng trnh
2 2
1 0 (1)
6 3 4 3 0 (2)
x y
x y x
+ =
+ + =

Gii.
T phng trnh (1) suy ra 1, y x = + thay vo phng trnh (2) ta c
2 2
2
6 3( 1) 4 3 0
0 1
3 2 0
2 5
.
3 3
x x x
x y
x x
x y
+ + + =
= =
= =

Vy, h phng trnh cho c hai nghim l
2 5
(0;1), ( ; ).
3 3

Ch . C th dng phng php th gii nhng h phng trnh phc tp hn, min l c
th biu th c mt n qua n kia di dng n gin. Ta xt mt s v d sau.
2 2
2
4 1(1)
3 4 (2)
x xy y
y xy
+ =

Gii.
61
Nhn xt rng nu ( ; ) x y l nghim ca h phng trnh th 0. y
T phng trnh (2), rt x theo , y ta c
2
4
3
y
x
y
= (3), thay (3) vo (1), ta c

2
4 2
2
16
2 31 16 0
1
.
2
y
y y
y
=

Ta chn
2
4 1
16
4 1.
y x
y
y x
= =
=
= =

Vy, h phng trnh cho c hai nghim l (1; 4), ( 1; 4).
2 2
2 2
7 21 18 (1)
3 0 (2)
x y x y
xy xy y
+ =
+ =

Gii.
+ Xt 0, y = thay vo h phng trnh ta c
18
.
7
x = Vy, h phng trnh cho nhn
18
( ; 0)
7
lm nghim.
+ Xt 0, y khi (2) tng ng vi ( 3 ) 0 3 0 3 . y xy x y xy x y xy x y + = + = =
Thay 3 xy x y = vo phng trnh (1) ta c
( ) ( )
2 2
3 7 21 18 3 7( 3 ) 18 0
3 9
3 2.
x y x y x y x y
x y
x y
+ = + =
=

+ Vi 3 9, x y = ta c h phng trnh
( )
2
3 9 3 9 3 9
( )
3 9 9 0 9 3 9 9 0
x y x y x y
vn
y y xy y y
= = =

+ = = + =

+ Vi 3 2, x y = ta c h phng trnh
( )
2
3 2
1 7
3 2 3 2 3 2
3
3 2 2 2 3 2 2 0
1 7
3
x y
x y x y x y
y
y y xy y y
y
= +
= + = + = =
+ = = + =

1 7 1 7
1 7 1 7
.
3 3
x x
y y

= + =

+
= =

62
Vy, h phng trnh cho c ba nghim l
18 1 7 1 7
; 0 , 1 7; , 1 7; .
7 3 3
| | | |
+ | |
+
| |
|
| |
\
\ \

2. H phng trnh ng cp bc hai
H phng trnh ng cp bc hai i vi hai n , x y l h phng trnh c dng

2 2
2 2
' ' ' '
ax bxy cy d
a x b xy c y d
+ + =
+ + =

Phng php gii.
Xt xem 0 x = c tha h phng trnh hay khng;
Khi 0 x , t y kx =
+ Th y kx = vo h phng trnh, kh x ta c phng trnh bc hai theo k;
+ Gii tm k, sau tm ( ; ). x y
2 2
2 2
3 2 11 (1)
2 3 17 (2)
x xy y
x xy y
+ + =
+ + =

Gii.
Xt 0, x = h phng trnh tr thnh
2
2
11
3 17
y
y
=
(v nghim)
Xt 0 x , t y kx = . Khi , h phng trnh tr thnh
( )
( )
2 2
2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2
3 2 11 (1')
3 2 11
2 3 17
1 2 3 17 (2')
x k k
x kx kx
x kx kx
x k k
+ + =
+ + =

+ + =
+ + =

T (1) v (2) suy ra
2 2
17(3 2 ) 11(1 2 3 ) k k k k + + = + +

2
16 12 40 0 k k =

2
4 3 10 0
2
5
.
4
k k
k
k
=
=

+ Vi 2 k =
2
1
2 1 1 11 11
2 2 1
2
x
y x x x
y x y x x
y
=

= = = =

= = =

63
+ Vi
2
4
3
5
4 4
33
11
3 5
3 3 16
4 5 4 5
4 4 3
5
3
x
x
y
x x
k
y x x y x
y

=
= =
=

= = =

Vy, h phng trnh cho c bn nghim l ( ) ( )
4 5 4 5
1; 2 ; 1; 2 ; ; ; ; .
3 3 3 3
| | | |

| |
\ \

3 3
2 2
8 2
3 3( 1)
x x y y
x y
= +
= +

Gii. Cch 1.
Tuy h phng trnh cho khng phi l h phng trnh ng cp bc hai nhng ta vn
c th gii bng phng php nh trnh by.
Xt y = 0, h phng trnh tr thnh
3
2
8 0
6
x x
x
=
(v nghim)
Xt 0 y ta t x ky =
Thay vo h phng trnh ta c
3 3 3 3 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
8 2 8 2
3 3 3 3 6
k y ky y y k y k y
k y y k y y
= + = +

= + =

3 2
2 2
( 1) 8 2 (1)
( 3) 6 (2)
k y k
k y
= +

Ly (1) chia cho (2) v theo v ta c:
3 2
0
12 0 3
4
k
k k k k
k
=
+ = =

+ Vi 0, k = thay vo (2), ta c
2
3 6, y = h phng trnh v nghim.
+ Vi 3, k = ta c
2
3
1 1 1 1
3 3 3
1
x
y y y y
x y x y x
y
=

= = = =

= = =

64
Vi 4, k = ta c
2
6
4
13
6
6
13
13
6
4
4
13
6
13
x
y
y
x y
x
y

=

Vy, h phng trnh cho c bn nghim l ( ) ( )
6 6 6 6
3;1 ; 3; 1 ; 4 ; ; 4 ; .
13 13 13 13
| | | |

| |
| |
\ \

Cch 2. Ta gii bng phng php th nh sau
Ta c
2 3 3 3 3 3
2 2 2 2 2 2
8 2 2(4 ) 3( ) 6(4 ) (1)
3 3( 1) 3 6 3 6 (2)
x x y y x y x y x y x y
x y x y x y
= + = + = +

= + = =

Th (2) vo (1) ta c
( )
3 3 2 2 2 2
0
3( ) ( 3 )(4 ) 12 0 3
4
x
x y x y x y x x xy y x y
x y
=
= + + = =

+ Vi 0, x = khi
2
(2) 2, y = v nghim.
+ Vi 3 , x y = khi
2
3
1
(2) 1
3
1
x
y
y
x
y
=

=
=

=

+ Vi 4 , x y = khi
2
6 6
4 4
6 13 13
(2)
13
6 6
13 13
x x
y
y y

= =

=

= =

Vy, h phng trnh cho c bn nghim l
( ) ( )
6 6 6 6
3;1 ; 3; 1 ; 4 ; ; 4 ; .
13 13 13 13
| | | |

| |
| |
\ \

3. H phng trnh i xng
3.1. H phng trnh i xng loi I
Ta qui c gi mt h hai phng trnh cha hai n , x y l h phng trnh i xng loi
I, nu ta thay th x bi y v y bi x th mi phng trnh ca h khng thay i.
Phng php gii.
t , S x y P xy = + = a h phng trnh v h phng trnh n S v P.
65
Tm S, P, khi x, y l nghim ca phng trnh:
2
0, X SX P + = ch phi c iu
kin
2
4 0 S P .
3.2. H phng trnh i xng loi II
Ta qui c gi mt h hai phng trnh cha hai n x, y l h phng trnh i xng loi
II, nu tro i vai tr ca x, y cho nhau th phng trnh ny chuyn thnh phng trnh kia.
Phng php gii.
Tr tng v cc phng trnh cho ta c phng trnh mi, a phng trnh ny v
phng trnh tch.
ng vi tng trng hp xy ra, kt hp vi mt trong hai phng trnh ca h c
mt h phng trnh con, gii h phng trnh con ny.
Tng hp nghim.
2 2
2 2 2
3( )
7( )
x xy y x y
x xy y x y
+ =
+ + =

Gii.
Cch 1.
t , , x X y Y = = h phng trnh cho tr thnh
2 2
2 2 2
3( )
7( )
X XY Y X Y
X XY Y X Y
+ + = +
+ = +

y l h phng trnh i xng loi I i vi hai n , . X Y
t , , S X Y P XY = + = iu kin
2
4 0. S P
Ta c h phng trnh
2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
3 2 3 0 0 0
0
3 7 2 2
S P S S S S S S S
P
S P S P S P S
= + = = =

=
= = =

hoc
1
2
S
P
=

0 0
0
0 0
S X Y
X Y
P XY
= + =
= =

= =

, do 0. x y = =

1 1 2
2 2 1
S X Y X
P XY Y
= + = =

= = =

hoc
1
2
X
Y
=

Do ,
2
1
x
y
=
hoc
1
2
x
y
=

Vy, h phng trnh cho c ba nghim (0; 0); (2;1); ( 1; 2).
Cch 2.
2 2
2 2 2
3( ) (1)
7( ) (2)
x xy y x y
x xy y x y
+ =
+ + =

66
Ta c
2 2
2
(2) 2 5 2 0
2
x y
x xy y
y
x
=
+ =

Vi 2 x y = khi
2
0 0
(1) 0
1 2
y x
y y
y x
= =
=
= =

Vi
2
y
x = khi
2
0 0
(1) 0
1 2
x y
x x
x y
= =
+ =
= =

Vy, h phng trnh c ba nghim (0; 0); (2;1); ( 1; 2).
Ch . Bn c cng c th gii theo phng php i vi h phng trnh ng cp.
2 2
4 2 2 4
5
13
x y
x x y y
+ =
+ =

Gii.
Ta c
2 2
4 2 2 4
5
13
x y
x x y y
+ =
+ =
( )
2 2
2 2
2
2 2 2 2 2 2
5
5
4 3 13
x y
x y
x y x y x y
+ =
+ =

= + =

Khi
2 2
; x y l cc nghim ca phng trnh
2
5 4 0 X X + = ; phng trnh ny c nghim
l
1 2
1; 4 X X = = .
Do , h phng trnh
2 2
2 2
5
4
x y
x y
+ =
tng ng vi
2
2
2
2
1
1 1
4 2 2
2 2
4
1 1
1
x
x x
y y y
x x
x
y y
y
=
= =

= = =

= = =
= =
=

Vy, h phng trnh cho c tm nghim l ( ) 1; 2 ; ( ) 1; 2 ; ( ) 1; 2 ; ( ) 1; 2 ; ( ) 2;1 ;
( ) ( ) ( ) 2; 1 ; 2;1 ; 2; 1 .
2
2
2
2
2
3
2
3
y
y
x
x
x
y
+
=

Gii.
67
2
2
2
2
2
3
2
3
y
y
x
x
x
y
+
=
(1)
iu kin:
0
0
x
y
>
>
(do v phi khng m nn v tri cng khng m)

Ta c ( )
( )
2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
0, 0 0, 0
1 3 2 3 2
3 2 3 0
x y x y
yx y xy x
xy x xy x y x y
> > > >
= + = +

= + + =

( )( )
2 2
0, 0
3 2
3 0
x y
xy x
x y xy x y
> >
= +
+ + =

do 0, 0 x y > > suy ra 3 0, xy x y + + > nn ta c h phng trnh

2 2
0, 0
3 2
x y
xy x
x y
> >
= +

3 2
0, 0
3 2 0
x y
x x
x y
> >
( )( )
2
0, 0
1 3 2 2 0
x y
x x x
x y
> >
+ + =

0, 0 0, 0
1 0 1
1
x y x y
x x
x y y
> > > >

= =

= =

1
1
x
y
=

Vy, h phng trnh cho c mt nghim duy nht ( ) 1;1 .
V d 4. Cho h phng trnh
2
2
( 1)
( 1)
xy x m y
xy y m x
+ =
+ =

a) Tm cc gi tr ca m h phng trnh c nghim duy nht;
b) Gii h phng trnh khi 1. m =
Gii.
a) H phng trnh cho tng ng vi
68

2 2 2
2 2
2
(I)
2 ( 1) 0 (*) ( 1) ( 1)
( )( ) 0 ( )
(II)
0
x y
x m x xy x m y xy x m y
x y x y m y x m x y m y x
m m
=
= + = + =

+ + = = =

+ =

Ta c h (II) hoc v nghim hoc v s nghim. Do , mun h phng trnh cho c mt
nghim duy nht th iu kin l h (I) c mt nghim duy nht ng thi h (II) v nghim.
H (I) c mt nghim duy nht khi v ch khi phng trnh (*) ca h (I) c

2
0
0 8 0
8
m
m m
m
=
= =

Ta nhn 8 m = v khi 8 m = th h (II) v nghim.
Vy, 8 m = th h phng trnh cho c mt nghim duy nht.
b) Khi 1 m = th h phng trnh tr thnh

2
1
1
1
2 1 0
2
1
1
2
0 0
,
1
x
y
x y
x
x x
y x
y
x t
t
y t
=

=
+ =

= +

=

=

=

= +

Trong mt s trng hp, phng php gii trnh by trn khng phi lc no cng
thun li. Ta xt v d sau.
2
3 2
2
2
3
2
2 9
2
2 9
xy
x x y
x x
xy
y y x
y y
+ = +
+ = +

Gii.
Nu tr tng v ca hai phng trnh ca h th s kh i n kt qu, ta bin i h nh
sau
H phng trnh cho tng ng vi
2
2
3
2
2
3
2
(1)
( 1) 8
2
(2)
( 1) 8
xy
x x y
x
xy
y y x
y
+ = +
+ = +

Cng (1) v (2) theo v ta c
69

2 2
2 2
3 3
2 2
( 1) 8 ( 1) 8
xy xy
x y
x y
+ = +
+ +

Ta c nhn xt
2
3
2
3
2 2
( 1) 8 2
( 1) 8 2
0
x
y
x y

T suy ra 0. xy
Nh vy, ta c

2 2
2 2
3 3
2 2 2
2 2 2 2
2
2 2
( 1) 8 ( 1) 8
2 ( ) 0
xy xy xy xy
x y xy
x y
x y xy x y
+ = + + =
+ +
+

Nh vy, . x y =
Khi ,
2
2 2 2
3
2
3
0
2
(1) ( 1) 8 2 0
1
( 1) 8
x
x
x x x
x
x
=

= + =

=
+

Vy, 0 1. x y x y = = = =
Th li, ta thy 0, 1 x y x y = = = = tha h phng trnh.
Vy, h phng trnh cho c hai nghim (0;0); (1;1).
2 3 2
2 3 2
4 7 (1)
4 7 (2)
y x x x
x y y y
= +
= +

Gii.
Tr (1) cho (2) v theo v ta c

2 2 3 2 3 2
3 2 3 2
4 7 4 7
3 7 3 7
( ) ( ) (*)
y x x x x y y y
y y y x x x
f y f x
= + +
+ = +
=

Vi
3 2
( ) 3 7 . f t t t t = +
Ta c
2
'( ) 3 6 7 0, . f t t t t = + >
Do , hm s ( ) f t lun lun tng trn ton b .
V vy, (*) . x y =
Vi , x y = (1) tr thnh
3 2
5 7 0 0. x x x x + = =
Th li ta c 0 x y = = tha h phng trnh cho.
Vy, h phng trnh c mt nghim duy nht l (0; 0).
70
V d 7. Chng minh rng h phng trnh sau c ng hai nghim tha mn iu kin
0, 0. x y > >
2
2
100 (1)
1
100 (2)
1
x
y
y
e
y
x
e
x

Gii.
iu kin:
2
2
0
0
1
1 0 1
1 0
x
y
x
y y
x
>
>
>

> >
>

Ly (1) tr cho (2) v theo v ta c

2 2 2 2
( ) ( )
1 1 1 1
x y x y
x y x y
e e e e f x f y
x y x y
= = =

Xt hm c trng
2
( ) , 1
1
t
t
f t e t
t
= >

Khi ,
2 2
1
'( ) 0, 1
( 1) 1
t
f t e t
t t
= + > >

Suy ra, hm s f l hm ng bin vi mi 1 t >
Do , ( ) ( ) 1 f x f y x y = = >
Vi x y = , ta c
2 2
100 100 0 (*)
1 1
x x
x x
e e
x x
= + =

, 1 x >
Xt hm s
2
( ) 100
1
x
x
g x e
x
= +
, 1 x >
Ta c
( )
3
2
1
'( )
1
x
g x e
x
=
v
( )
5
2
3
''( ) 0, 1
1
x
x
g x e x
x
= + > >

Suy ra th hm s g lun lun lm vi mi 1. x >
Mt khc,
1
lim ( ) ; lim ( ) .
x x
g x g x
+
+
= + = +
Ngoi ra, g(2) < 0. Nh vy, th hm s ( ) g x ct trc honh ti ng hai im c honh
ln hn 1. Do , phng trnh (*) c ng hai nghim phn bit
1 2
1; 1. x x > >
Vy, h phng trnh c ng hai nghim ( )
1 1 2 2
; ; ( ; ) x y x y tha iu kin cho.
71
( )
( )
2 2
2
2 1
4
x y a
x y
+ = +
+ =

Tm cc gi tr ca a h phng trnh c ng hai nghim.
Gii.
t
2
, ; 4 0. S x y P xy S P = + = Khi h phng trnh cho tr thnh
( )
2
2
2 2 1
4
1
2
S P a
S
P a
S
= +

( ; ) x y l nghim ca phng trnh
( )
( )
2
2
2 1 0
2 1 0
X X a i
X X a ii
+ =
+ + =

( ) i c hai nghim l: 1 a + , 1 a
( ) ii c hai nghim l: 1 a + , 1 a
Nu 0 a > th bn gi tr ny khc nhau v do h phng trnh cho c bn nghim khc
nhau.
Nu 0 a = th hai nghim ca ( ) i trng nhau ti 1 v hai nghim ca ( ) ii trng nhau ti 1, do
h phng trnh cho c ng hai nghim (1;1) v ( 1; 1).
Vy, h phng trnh cho c ng hai nghim khi v ch khi 0. a =
2 3 2
2 3 2
4
4
y x x ax
x y y ay
= +
= +

Tm a h phng trnh c nghim duy nht.
Gii.
Ta thy nu ( ; ) x y l nghim ca h phng trnh th ( ; ) y x cng l nghim ca h. V vy, h
phng trnh c nghim duy nht th . x y = Thay y x = vo h phng trnh cho, ta c
( )
2 3 2
2
2
4
5 0
0
5 0
x x x ax
x x x a
x
x x a
= +
+ =
=

+ =

Do , h phng trnh cho c nghim duy nht khi phng trnh
2
5 0 x x a + = hoc c
nghim kp bng 0 hoc v nghim, tuy nhin khng xy ra trng hp th nht.
Phng trnh
2
5 0 x x a + = v nghim khi v ch khi
72
25 4 0
25
.
4
a
a
= <
>

Tr hai phng trnh theo tng v ta c
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 3 3 2 2
3 2 3 2
4
3 3
y x x y x y a x y
x x ax y y ay
= +
+ = +

Xt hm s
3 2
( ) 3 , f t t t at = + ta c
2
( ) 3 6 0 f t t t a = + > khi
25
,
4
a > suy ra hm s
3 2
( ) 3 f t t t at = + ng bin khi
25
,
4
a > nh vy h khng c nghim ( ; ), x y x y vi
25
.
4
a > Vy, gi tr cn tm ca a l
25
.
4
a >
4. Gii mt s h khc
2
3 2 2
6 1 0
8 0
y xy x y
y x y x y x
+ + + =
+ + =
(1)
Gii.
(1)
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2
2 2
1 6
1 1 9
xy y x y
y xy x xy y
+ + + =
+ + + =

( ) ( )
( )( )
2
2 2
1 6
1 9
xy y x y
xy y x y
+ + + =
+ + =

Nh vy, ( ) 1 xy + v
( )
2
y x + c tng v tch l 6y v
2
9 , y do ta c
2
3 (1)
1 3 (2)
y x y
xy y
+ =
+ =
. T (1)
2
3 x y y = thay vo (2) ta c
2
(3 ) 1 3 y y y y + =
( )
3
1 0 y = y = 1 2. x =
Vy, nghim ca h phng trnh l (2;1).
2
2
1 ( ) 4
( 1)( 2)
x y y x y
x y x y
+ + + =
+ + =

Gii.
Nhn xt: Khi 0, y = h phng trnh v nghim.
Vi 0, y h phng trnh tng ng vi
( )
2 2
2 2
1 1
4 2 2
1 1
( 2) 1 ( 2) 1
x x
y x y x
y y
x x
y x y x
y y
+ +
+ + = + + =

+ +

+ = + =

73
2
2
1
1 1 2 2 0
2 5 3
2 1
x
x x x x
y
y y y x
x y
+
= = = + =

= = =

+ =

Vy, h phng trnh c hai nghim l (1; 2); ( 2;5).
2 2
2 2
( )( ) 13
( )( ) 25
x y x y
x y x y
+ =
+ =

Gii.
Cch 1.
2 2
2 2
( )[( ) 2 ] 13 ( )[( ) 2 ] 13
( )( ) = 25 ( )[( ) 4 ] 25
x y x y xy x y x y xy
x y x y x y x y xy
+ = + =

+ + =

t , u x y v xy = = , ta c
2
2
( 2 ) 13 (1)
( 4 ) 25 (2)
u u v
u u v
+ =
+ =

Do 0 u = khng tha (1) v (2), nn ta ly (1) chia cho (2) v theo v ta c

2
2
2
2 13
6
4 25
u v
v u
u v
+
= =
+
.
Th
2
6 v u = vo (1) ta c
3
1 1 6 u u v = = =
Nh vy, ta c
1 2 3
6 3 2
x y x x
xy y y
= = =

= = =

Vy, nghim ca h phng trnh l ( 2; 3), (3; 2).
Cch 2.
2 2 3 2 2 3
2 2 3 2 2 3
( )( ) 13 13 (1)
( )( ) 25 25 (2)
x y x y x xy yx y
x y x y x xy yx y
+ = + =

+ = + =

Cng (1) v (2) theo v v ly (1) tr cho (2) theo v ta c h phng trnh tng ng
3 3 3 3 2 2
2 2
2 2 38 19 ( )( ) 19
( ) 6 ( ) = 6 2 2 12
x y x y x y x xy y
xy x y xy x y xy x y
= = + + =

= =

2 3
( )[( ) 3 ] 19 ( ) 3( ) 19
( ) = 6 ( ) = 6
x y x y xy x y x y xy
xy x y xy x y
+ = + =

2
1 ( ) 1 1
( ) 6 6 6 0
x y x y x y
xy x y xy y y
= + = =

= = + =

3 2
2 3
x x
y y
= =

= =

74
Vy, nghim ca h phng trnh cho l ( 2; 3), (3; 2).
2 3 2
4 2
5
4
5
(1 2 )
4
x y x y xy xy
x y xy x
+ + + + =
+ + + =

Gii.
2 2
2 2
5
( )
4
5
( )
4
x y xy x y xy
x y xy
+ + + + =
+ + =

t
2
; . u x y v xy = + = H phng trnh tr thnh
2
5
(1)
4
5
(2)
4
u uv v
u v
+ + =
+ =

Tr (2) cho (1) theo v ta c
2
0
0
1
u
u u uv
v u
=
=

+ Trng hp 1:
5
0
4
u v = =
Nh vy
2 2
3
3
3
5
0
4
5 5
25
4 4
16
x
x y y x
xy x
y
= + = =

= =

=

+ Trng hp 2: 1 v u =
2
5 1 3
(2) 1
4 2 2
u u u v + = = =
Nh vy
2 2
3 1 1
1
2 2 2
3
3 3
2
2 2
x x x y
x
y
xy y
x

= = + =

=

= =

Vy, h phng trnh cho c hai nghim
3 3
3 5 25
1; ; ; .
2 4 16
| |
| |

|
|
|
\
\

75
3 2
2 2
2
5
x x x y y
x y y x
+ =
+ + =

Gii. Ta c
3 2
2 2
2
5
x x x y y
x y y x
+ =
+ + =

2 2
2 2
2
2
( 1) ( 1) 2
( 1) ( 1) 6
( 1)( ) 2(1)
( 1)( 1) 6 (2)
x x y x
y x x
x x y
x y
+ + =

+ + + =
+ =

+ + =

Chia (1) cho (2) theo v ta c
1 3 1
3 3 1 .
1 3 2
x y x
x y y y
y
+
= = =
+

Thay vo (2)
2 2
2 3 2
3 1
( 1)( 1) 6 ( 1)(3 3) 12
2
( 1)( 1) 4 3 0 1 2.
x
x x x
x x x x x x y
+
+ + = + + =
+ + = + + = = =

Vy, nghim ca h phng trnh cho l (1; 2).
2 2
3 2 2 2 0 (1)
3 3 1 (2)
x xy y x y
x y y x x y
+ + + =
+ = +

Gii.
iu kin:
1
(*) 3
3
x
y

Ta c

2 2
3 2 2 2 0
3 3 1
x xy y x y
x y y x x y
+ + + =
+ = +
2 2
3 2 2( ) 0
3 3 1
x xy y x y
x y y x x y
+ + + =

+ = +

( )(3 ) 2( ) 0
3 3 1
x y x y x y
x y y x x y
+ + + =

+ = +
( )(3 2) 0
3 3 1
x y x y
x y y x x y
+ + =

+ = +

T iu kin (*) suy ra 0, x y + > do ta phi c 3 2 0 3 2. x y y x + = = +
Thay vo (2) ta c
76
3 1 (3 2) 3 1 4 2 3 1(4 2) 4 2
(2 1)( 3 1 1) 0
x x x x x x x x
x x
+ + = + + = +
+ =

Do iu kin (*) nn
2
3 1 1 0 3 1 1 3 2 4.
3
x x x x y = = = = =
C hai gi tr u tha iu kin (*) nn nghim ca h phng trnh cho l
2
( ; 4).
3

2 2
2 2 2
6
1 5
y xy x
x y x
+ =
+ =

Gii.
V 0 x = khng tha h phng trnh nn chia hai v ca cc phng trnh ca h cho
2
0 x
ta c
2
2
2 2
2
1
( ) 6 6
1 1
( ) 2 5 5
y y y
y
x x x x
y
y y
x x x

+ = + =

+ = + =

t
1
; ,
y
u v y
x x
= = + ta c h phng trnh mi
2
2
3
1
5 3
6 2
2
3 2 5
2 5 12 0
v y
uv u u
x
v y v u
v v
x
+ =
= = =

= =

= =

1 1 1
1 1 2
2
2
1 2 1
x x
x x
y
y y y

= = = =

=

= = =

Vy, h phng trnh cho c hai nghim
1
(1; 2); ( ;1).
2

2 2
2 2
2 ( ) 3
( ) 10
y x y x
x x y y
=
+ =

Gii.
Nhn xt: (0;0) l nghim ca h phng trnh.
Ta xt cc nghim ( ; ) (0; 0) x y v nhn thy 0. xy >
Chia theo v hai phng trnh ca h cho ta c
77
2 2
2 2
2 2 2
2 1
2 ( ) 3 3
.
( ) 10 10
1
y y
x x
y x y x
x x y y
y
x

| | | |

| |
\ \

= =
+
| |
+
|
\

t
2
, 0,
y
t t
x
| |
= >
|
\
ta c
2
2
2
1 1
2
( )
4 4
20 7 3 0
5
3 3
( )
3
5 5
y
x y
t
x
t t
y
x y
t
x

=
= =

+ =

=
= =

Trng hp 1:
2
2 1, x y y = = ta c nghim l (2;1), ( 2; 1).
Trng hp 2:
2
5 15 3
,
3 4 5
x y y = = ta c nghim l
4 4 4 4
5 3 5 27 5 3 5 27
; , ; .
2 5 2 125 2 5 2 125
| | | |

| |
| |
\ \

Vy, h phng trnh cho c nm nghim l
(0; 0), (2;1), ( 2; 1),
4 4 4 4
5 3 5 27 5 3 5 27
; , ; .
2 5 2 125 2 5 2 125
| | | |

| |
| |
\ \

2 2 2 2
(2 ) 5(4 ) 6(2 ) 0(*)
1
2 3
2
x y x y x y
x y
x y
+ + =
+ + =

Gii. iu kin: 2 0, x y chia c hai v ca (*) cho
2
(2 ) 0, x y ta c
2
2 2
5 6 0.
2 2
x y x y
x y x y
| | + +
+ =
|

\

t
2
,
2
x y
t
x y
+
=
ta c phng trnh
2
2
5 6 0
3
t
t t
t
=
+ =
=

2, t = h phng trnh tr thnh
1
2 3 2 1 2 2
2
1 1
2 1 1
(2 ). 2
2 2
2
x y x y x y
x y
x y
x y x y
x y
+ + = + = + =

= =

+ =

78
3 3
8 4
1 1
.
2 4
x x
y y

= =

= =

3, t = h phng trnh tr thnh
1
2 3
2
1
(2 ). 3
2
x y
x y
x y
x y
+ + =
+ =

Trng hp ny h phng trnh v nghim.
Vy, h phng trnh cho c hai nghim l
3 3
8 4
1 1
.
2 4
x x
y y

= =

= =

2
2
3 2 3
3 2 3
x x y
y y x
+ + = +
+ + = +

Gii. iu kin: 0, 0. x y
Tr theo v ca hai phng trnh cho nhau ta c
2 2
3 3 3 3 3 3 x x y y + + + = + + +
Xt hm s c trng:
2
( ) 3 3 3 f t t t = + + + . Tp xc nh ca hm s ( ) f t l [0; ). D = +
2
3
( ) 0,
2
3
t
f t t D
t
t
= + >
+
hm s ng bin. Vy, ta c
2 2
3 3 3 3 3 3 x x y y + + + = + + + . x y = Vi , x y = h phng trnh tr thnh
2 2
3 2 3 3 3 (*)
x y x y
x x y x x
= =

+ + = + + =

Ta gii (*). Hm s
2
3 y x = + l mt hm s ng bin trn [0; ). D = +
Hm s 3 y x = nghch bin trn . D V vy (*) c nhiu nht mt nghim, th c 1 x =
tha phng trnh. Cui cng thy rng 1 x y = = tha h phng trnh cho.
Vy, h phng trnh c mt nghim duy nht l (1;1).
BI TP CHNG II
Bi 1. Gii v bin lun cc phng trnh
1)
2 2
4 3 ; m x m x m + = +
79
2)
2 2 2 2
( ) 2 2 ( ) ( ) ; a b a a a b a b x + + = + + +
3)
2 2 2 2
2 ; a x ab b x a b + = + +
4)
2
( ) 4 5. a ax b ax b + = +
Bi 2 Gii v bin lun cc phng trnh
1)
2 1
1;
1
x m x m
x x
+ +
=

2)
2
| | 2 1;
| | 1
mx
m x m
x
= +

3)
2 1 1
2 1 .
1 1
mx m
x
x x
+
=

Bi 3. Gii v bin lun phng trnh
2 2
(5 1) (5 2) 0. m x m m x m + + =
Bi 4. Gii v bin lun phng trnh sau theo hai tham s a v b

2 2 2
( ) ( 4 ) 2 ( ) 0. a b x a ab b x ab a b + + + + + =
Bi 5. Cho , , a b c l ba s khc nhau v khc 0. Chng minh rng
Nu cc phng trnh
2
0 x ax bc + + = v
2
0 x bx ca + + = c ng mt nghim chung th
nghim cn li ca chng tha mn phng trnh
2
0. x cx ab + + =
Bi 6. Cho phng trnh
2
2( 3) 4 0 mx m x m + =
Tm cc gi tr ca m phng trnh c ng mt nghim dng.
Bi 7. Cho phng trnh
4 2
( 1) 2( 3) 3 0 m x m x m + + + =
Tm cc gi tr ca m phng trnh trn v nghim.
Bi 8. Cho phng trnh
2 2
2 1 0 x x m x m + =
Tm cc gi tr ca m phng trnh trn c nghim.
Bi 9. 1) Tm cc gi tr ca k phng trnh sau c bn nghim phn bit
2
( 1) 2 | | . x x k =
2) Xc nh cc gi tr ca a phng trnh
2 2
2 10 8 5 x x x x a + = + c bn nghim
phn bit.
Bi 10. Gii cc phng trnh sau
80
1) ( x 1)( x + 5)( x 3)( x + 7) = 297;
2) ( x + 2)( x 3)( x + 1)( x + 6) = 36;
3) ( 2)( 2)( 4) 18. x x x x + + =
1)
4
x + ( x 1)
4
= 97;
2) ( x + 3)
4
+ ( x + 5)
4
= 16;
3)
4 4
( 2) ( 6) 2. x x + + + =
1) 6 x
4
35 x
3
+ 62 x
2
35 x + 6 = 0;
2)
4
x + x
3
4 x
2
+ x + 1 = 0;
3)
4
x

5 x
3
+ 10 x
2
10 x + 4 = 0;
4)
4 3 2
2 21 74 105 50 0 x x x x + + = ;
5)
4 3 2
2 5 5 2 0 x x x x + + + + = .
Bi 13. Bin lun theo m s nghim ca phng trnh: ( 3)( 1)( 5)( 3) 40 . x x x x m + + =
Bi 14. Gii cc h phng trnh
1)
2 1 1
3 2 4;
x y x y
x y
+ + + =
+ =

2)
2 3 15
y
15;
y
x
xy
x
xy
+ =

3)
2
2
12
28;
x xy
y xy
=

4)
3 2 1
0;
x y x y
x y x y
+ + =
+ + =

5)
2 2
2 2
1 1
4
1 1
4;
x y
x y
x y
x y
+ + + =
+ + + =

6)
2 2
6 2 0
8 0;
x y x y
x y
+ + + =
+ + =

81
7)
2 2
13
3;
x y xy
x y xy
+ =
+ =

8)
2 2
8
( 1)( 1) 12;
x y x y
xy x y
+ + + =
+ + =

9)
2 2
4
( 1) ( 1) 2;
x y x y
x x y y y
+ + + =
+ + + + =

10)
2 2
4 4
( ) 78
97;
x y xy
x y
+ =
+ =

11)
3 3
2 2
7( )
2;
x y x y
x y x y
=
+ = + +

12)
4
4
2 3 10
2+ 3 4;
x y
x y
+ + =
+ =

13)
( ) ( )( )
2 2
1 1 2 6
2 2 3 0;
x y x y
x y x y
+ =
+ =

14)
2 2 2
1 7
1 13 ;
xy x y
x y xy y
+ + =
+ + =

15)
( )
( )
2
2
1 3 0
5
1 0.
x x y
x y
x
+ + =
+ + =

1)
2
2
3 4
3 4 ;
x xy y
y xy x
=

2)
2
2
1
7 0
1
7 0;
x y
x
y x
y
+ =
+ =

3)
2
2
1 2 1
1 2 1;
x y x
y x y
= +
= +

4)
3
1 1
2 1;
x y
x y
y x
= +

82
5)
4 3 2 2
2
2 2 9
2 6 6;
x x y x y x
x xy x
+ + = +
+ = +

6)
2 2
2
2 1 2 2 ;
xy x y x y
x y y x x y
+ + =

7)
4 3 2 2
3 2
1
1;
x x y x y
x y x xy
+ =
+ =

8)
3 2
3 2
3 2 6 15
2 2 9;
x x y x y
x x y x y
+ =
+ + + =

9)
2 2
2 2
3 4 1
3 2 9 8 3;
x y x y
x y x y
+ + =

10)
2
3 3
( ) 2
19;
x y y
x y
=

11)
3 3
2 2 3
1
2 2;
x y
x y xy y
+ =
+ + =

12)
3 3 2
2 2
.
x y x y
x y x y
=
+ =

1)
3
2;
x y x y
x y x y
+ = + +

2)
2 2
25
( ) 10;
x y xy
y x y
+ =
+ =

3)
2
3 3 4;
x y
x y
+ =
+ + + =

4)
2
2 2 2
3 3 3
2 2 2;
x xy x y
xy x y x
+ + + =
+ + + =

5)
2 2 2 3 2
2 2
2 2
2 0;
x y x y y y
x y y
+ =
+ =

6)
2 1
2 1
2 2 3 1
2 2 3 1;
y
x
x x x
y y y
+ + = +
+ + = +

83
7)
2 2
3 2 16
2 4 33;
xy x y
x y x y
=
+ =

8)
3 2 3
2 3 6 4;
x y
x y xy x y
+ + =
+ = + +

9)
1 9
( )(2 )
2
1 5
( )(2 ) ;
2
x y
xy
x y
xy
+ =
+ =

10)
2
3 2
2
2 2 ;
x xy
x xy y x
+ =
+ =

11)
7
1
78.
x y
y x xy
x xy y xy
+ = +
+ =

Bi 17. Chng minh rng vi a 0, h phng trnh
2
2
2
2
2
2
a
x y
y
a
y x
x
= +
= +

c nghim duy nht.
Bi 18. Cho h phng trnh
2 2
2
4
3 4
x xy y k
y xy
+ =

1) Gii h vi k = 1;
2) Chng minh rng h phng trnh cho lun lun c nghim vi mi . k
Bi 19. Tm cc gi tr ca a h phng trnh sau c nghim
1 2
3 .
x y a
x y a
+ + + =
+ =

Bi 20. Tm cc gi tr ca m h phng trnh sau c nghim
4 0
3 ( 1) 1.
x y m
x x y
=
+ + =

Bi 21. Tm cc gi tr ca m h phng trnh sau c nghim duy nht
84
2
2
x y y m
y x x m
= +
= +

2
2
5 4 0
3 16 0.
x x
x mx x
+
+ =


1
1 1.
x y m
y x
+ + =
+ + =


2 2
1
.
x xy y m
x y xy m
+ + = +
+ =

1) Gii h phng trnh vi m = 2;
2) Tm cc gi tr ca m h phng trnh c t nht mt nghim ( ; ) x y tha mn
0; 0. x y > >
2 2
2 2
( 1) 1
1
m x y m
x my
+ + = +
+ =

1) Gii h phng trnh khi 1; m =
2) Tm cc gi tr ca m h phng trnh c nghim.
2 2
2 2
2 2 0
( 2 2) 2
x my x m
m x x y m
+ + =
+ + = +

2) Tm cc gi tr ca m h phng trnh c nghim.
2
( 2)(2 ) 9
4 .
x x x y
x x y m
+ + =
+ + =

1 2
2 1 .
x y m
x y m
+ + =
+ + =

85
CHNG III. BT NG THC BT PHNG TRNH
1. I CNG V BT NG THC
1. nh ngha
Cho hai s , a b K (K l trng s hu t hay trng s thc ). Ta ni a ln hn b
v k hiu a b > nu a b l mt s dng. Khi , ta cng ni b b hn a v k hiu . b a <
Ta ni a ln hn hay bng b v vit l a b nu a b l mt s dng hay bng khng.
Khi , ta cng ni b b hn hay bng a v vit . b a
Gi s ( ), ( ) A x B x l hai biu thc ton hc vi tp xc nh chung l D ca bin s x (hoc
c th xem l hai biu thc ton hc ca cng n bin s
1 2
, ,...,
n
x x x nu ta xem
1 2
( , ,..., ) ).
n
n
x x x x K =
Ta ni ( ) ( ) A x B x < hay ( ) ( ) B x A x >
( ( ) ( ) A x B x hay ( ) ( ) B x A x )
Nu ti mi gi tr ca bin s x D ta u c:
0 0
( ) ( ) A x B x < hay
0 0
( ) ( ) B x A x >
0 0
( ( ) ( ) A x B x hay
0 0
( ) ( )) B x A x l cc bt ng thc ng.
Ta gi ; a b > ; a b ( ) ( ); A x B x < ( ) ( ) A x B x l bt ng thc.
V d.12 7;
2
2 0, x x + ; x
1
2, y
y
+ y
+
l cc bt ng thc.
2. Tnh cht c bn ca bt ng thc
Ta chng minh c d dng cc tnh cht sau y, trong , , ,... A B C l cc s hoc cc
biu thc ton hc ca cng mt s bin s xt trn cng mt trng s K .
2.1. A B B A < >
2.2. , A B B C A C > > >
2.3. A B A C B C > + > +
2.4.
A B
A C B D
C D
>
+ > +
>

2.5.
; 0
; 0
Am Bm m
A B
Am Bm m
> >
>

< <

2.6.
A B
A D B C
C D
>
>
>

2.7.
0
0
A B
AC BD
C D
> >
>
> >

86
2.8. 0
n n
A B A B > > >
*
( ) n
2.9. 0
n n
A B A B > > > { }
*
( \ 1 ) n
2.10. 0 A B > > hoc
1 1
0 . B A
B A
< < >
3. Mt s bt ng thc quan trng
Cc bt ng thc sau y thng c dng gii cc bi ton v bt ng thc.
3.1. Bt ng thc v du gi tr tuyt i. Cho , , , 1, 2,...,
i
a b a i n = l cc s thc. Th th
(*); (**); a b a b a b a b + +
1 2 1 2
... ...
n n
a a a a a a + + + + + + (***).
Du = trong (*) v (**) xy ra, khi v ch khi 0. ab
Du = trong (***) xy ra, khi v ch khi cc s 0
i
a hoc 0, 1, 2,..., .
i
a i n =
3.2. Bt ng thc Csi
Cho n s thc
1 2
, ,...,
n
a a a khng m. Th th
1 2
1 2
...
. ...
n
n
n
a a a
a a a
n
+ + +

1 2
... .
n
a a a = = =
3.3. Bt ng thc Bunhiacpski
Cho n cp s thc ( ; ),
i i
a b i = 1, 2,, n.
Th th
2
2 2
1 1 1
n n n
i i i i
i i i
a b a b
= = =
| | | || |
| | |
\ \ \

Du = xy ra khi v ch khi tn ti k sao cho ,
i i
b ka = i = 1, 2,, n.
4. Cc phng php chng minh bt ng thc
4.1. Phng php qui v nh ngha
chng minh A B > (hoc A B ), ta chng minh 0 A B > ( hoc 0 A B ).
V d 1. Gi s , , a b c l di ba cnh ca mt tam gic.
Chng minh rng
2 2 2 3 3 3
( ) ( ) ( ) (1) a b c b c a c a b a b c + + + > + +
Gii.
Ta c
2 2 2 3 3 3
2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2
( ) ( ) ( )
[( ) ] [( ) ] [( ) ]
( )[ ( ) ] ( )( )( ) 0
a b c b c a c a b a b c
a b c a b c a b c a b c
a b c c a b a b c c a b b c a
+ + +
= + + +
= + = + + + >

87
Bt ng thc trn ng. Vy (1) ng.
V d 2. Chng minh rng
2 2 2 2 2
( ), , , , , . a b c d e a b c d e a b c d e + + + + + + +
Khi no du = xy ra?
Gii.
Ta c
2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
( )
4 4 4 4
0.
2 2 2 2
a b c d e a b c d e
a b c d e ab ac ad ae
a a a a
ab b ac c ad d ae e
a a a a
b c d e
+ + + + + + + =
= + + + + =
| | | | | | | |
= + + + + + + +
| | | |
\ \ \ \
| | | | | | | |
= + + +
| | | |
\ \ \ \

Du = xy ra khi v ch khi .
2
a
b c d e = = = =
4.2. Phng php bin i tng ng
chng minh bt ng thc cho l ng, ta bin i bt ng thc cho tng
ng vi mt bt ng thc hin nhin ng. Khi ta c kt lun bt ng thc cho l
ng.
V d 1. Cho , 0. a c b c > > > Chng minh rng
( ) ( ) . c a c c b c ab + < (1)
Gii.
Ta c (1) ( ) ( ) 2 ( )( ) c a c c b c c a c b c ab + + <
2
2
2
2 ( )( ) 2 ( ) .
( )( ) 2 ( )( ) 0.
( )( ) 0.
c a c b c c c a b ab
c a c b c c a c b c
c a c b c
< + +
+ >

>

Bt ng thc trn lun ng.
Vy (1) ng.
V d 2. Chng minh rng vi , , , a b c d l nhng s thc bt k, ta lun c bt ng thc
2 2 2 2 2 2
( ) ( ) a b c d a c b d + + + + + + (1)
Gii.
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
(1) 2 ( )( ) 2( )
( )( ) (2).
a b c d a b c d a b c d ac bd
a b c d ac bd
+ + + + + + + + + + +
+ + +

88
Nu v phi ca (2) m th (2) ng do (1) ng, nu v phi ca (2) khng m th bnh
phng hai v ca bt ng thc (2) ta c
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
2
2
2 0
( ) 0. (3)
a c a d b c b d a c abcd b d
a d abcd b c
ad bc
+ + + + +
+

Bt ng thc (3) ng, do bt ng thc (2) ng v nh vy (1) ng.
Ch . Nu p dng bt ng thc Bunhiacpski th bt ng thc (2) ng.
4.3. Phng php vn dng cc bt ng thc bit
T cc bt ng thc bit l ng ta suy ra bt ng thc cn chng minh.
V d 1. , , a b c l ba cnh ca mt tam gic, p l na chu vi. Chng minh rng
( )
2 . p p a p b p c p + +
Du = c xy ra c khng?
Gii.
p dng bt ng thc Csi cho hai s dng p v p a , ta c
( )
( ) (1)
2 2
p p a a
p p a p
+
=
Tng t ta c
( ) (2)
2
( ) (3)
2
b
p p b p
c
p p c p

Cng (1), (2), (3) theo v ta c
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) 3 2 .
2
a b c
p p a p b p c p p
+ +
+ + = (pcm)
0.
p p a
p p b a b c
p p c
=
= = = =

iu ny khng th c v , , a b c l di cnh tam gic. Vy, Du = khng xy ra.
V d 2. Cho , x y tha
2 2
1 x y + = .
Chng minh 2 3 13 x y + . Khi no du = xy ra?
Gii.
p dng bt ng thc Bunhiacpski, ta c
2 2 2 2
2 3 (2 3 )( ) 13. x y x y + + + (pcm)
89
2 2
2 3
1
x y
x y
+ =

H ny c nghim, chng hn
2 3
, .
13 13
x y = =
V d 3. Cho , , , a b c d l cc s thc dng v
1 1 1 1
3.
1 1 1 1 a b c d
+ + +
+ + + +

Chng minh
1
.
81
abcd
Gii.
T gi thit ta suy ra
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 .
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
b c d
a b c d b c d
| | | | | |
+ + = + +
| | |
+ + + + + + +
\ \ \

Theo bt ng thc Csi ta c
3
1
3
1 ( 1)( 1)( 1)
bcd
a b c d
+ + + +
.
Lp lun tng t cho
1 1 1
; ;
1 1 1 b c d + + +
v nhn bn bt ng thc theo v ta c
1 81.
.
( 1)( 1)( 1)( 1) ( 1)( 1)( 1)( 1)
abcd
a b c d a b c d
+ + + + + + + +

T y ta suy ra
1
.
81
abcd
V d 4. Cho 2n s dng
1 2
, ,...,
n
a a a v
1 2
, ,..., .
n
b b b Chng minh
1 1 2 2 1 2 1 2
( )( )...( ) . ... . ...
n n n
n n n n
a b a b a b a a a b b b + + + +
Khi no du = xy ra?
Gii.
p dng bt ng thc Csi cho n s dng , ( 1, 2,..., )
i
i i
a
i n
a b
=
+
ta c
1 2 1 2
1 1 2 2 1 1 2 2
1
... . ... (*)
n n
n
n n n n
a a a a a a
n a b a b a b a b a b a b
| |
+ + +
|
+ + + + + +
\

v vi n s dng , ( 1, 2,..., )
i
i i
b
i n
a b
=
+
ta c
1 2 1 2
1 1 2 2 1 1 2 2
1
... . ...
n n
n
n n n n
b b b b b b
n a b a b a b a b a b a b
| |
+ + +
|
+ + + + + +
\
(**)
Cng hai bt ng thc (*) v (**) theo v ta c
90
( )( ) ( )
( )( ) ( )
1 2 1 2
1 1 2 2
1 1 2 2
1 1 2 2
1 2 1 2
1 1 2 2
. ... . ...
1
...
...
. ... . ...
1
...
n n
n n n n
n
n n
n n
n n
n n
n
n n
a a a b b b a b a b a b
n a b a b a b
a b a b a b
a a a b b b
a b a b a b
+ | | + + +
+ + +
|
+ + +
+ + +
\
+

+ + +

( )( ) ( )
1 1 2 2 1 2 1 2
... . ... . ...
n n n
n n n n
a b a b a b a a a b b b + + + +
(pcm)
Du bng xy ra khi v ch khi
1 2
1 1 2 2
1 2
1 2 1 2
1 1 2 2
...
... .
...
n
n n
n
n n
n n
a a a
a b a b a b
a a a
b b b b b b
a b a b a b
= = =
+ + +
= = =
= = =
+ + +

V d 5. Cho cc s dng , , , , , a b c x y z tha 1.
a b c
x y z
+ + = Chng minh rng
( )
2
x y z a b c + + + +
Khi no du = xy ra?
Gii.
p dng bt ng thc Bunhiacpski cho ba cp s
, ,
, ,
a b c
x y z
x y z

Ta c
( )
2
2
a b c
a b c x y z
x y z
| |
+ + = + +
|
|
\

( )
( )
2
2
( )
.
a b c
a b c x y z
x y z
x y z a b c
| |
+ + + + + +
|
\
+ + + +

(pcm)
Du bng xy ra khi v ch khi
2 2 2
1 1 1 1
; .
b
a c
y a b c a a
x z
x y z y x b z x c x y z
= = = = = =
Do
91
1
( )
( )
( ).
a b c a b a c a
x y z x x b x c
x a a b c
y b a b c
z c a b c
= + + = + +
= + +
= + +
= + +

V d 6. Chng minh bt ng thc
4 3 4 3 4 3 39 x y z + + + +
vi
3
, , , 1
4
x y z x y z + + = . Du = xy ra khi no?
Gii.
p dng bt ng thc Bunhiacpski cho ba cp s
1; 4 3;1; 4 3;1; 4 3 x y z + + +
Ta c
2 2 2
1. 4 3 1. 4 3 1. 4 3
1 1 1 . (4 3) (4 3) (4 3)
4 3 4 3 4 3 3. 4( ) 9 39.
x y z
x y z
x y z x y z
+ + + + +
+ + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + =

(pcm).
Du ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi
1
.
3
x y z = = =
Ch . Chng ta c th s dng tng hp nhiu phng php, ta xt mt s v d sau.
V d 7.
a) Chng minh bt ng thc
3
3 3
( )( )( ) (1) abc xyz a x b y c z + + + +
vi , , , , , a b c x y z l cc s thc dng.
b) p dng kt qu cu a) chng minh rng
3 3 3 3 3
3 3 3 3 2 3 + + (2)
Gii.
a) Ta c
2 2
3 3
2 2
3 3
2 2
3 3
(1) 3 ( ) 3 ( ) ( )( )( )
3 ( ) 3 ( )
( ) 3 ( ) ( ) ( ) (3)
abc xyz abc xyz abc xyz a x b y c z
abc xyz abc xyz abc xyz abc xyz abz ayc xbc xyc xbz ayz
abc xyz abc xyz abz ayc xbc xyc xbz ayz
+ + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + +

M theo bt ng thc Csi, ta c
92
2
3
2
3
3 ( ) (*)
3 ( ) (**)
abz ayc xbc abc xyz
ayz xbz xyc abc xyz
+ +
+ +

Cng hai bt ng thc cng chiu (*) v (**) ta thu c (3) v do (1) c chng
minh.
b) p dng bt ng thc (1) vi
3 3
3 3, 1, 1, 3 3, 1, 1 a b c x y z = + = = = = =
Ta c
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
(3 3).1.1 (3 3).1.1 (3 3 3 3)(1 1)(1 1) 6.2.2 2 3. + + + + + + = = (pcm)
4.4. Phng php s dng tam thc bc hai
V d 1. Chng minh bt ng thc Bunhiacpski
Cho 2n s thc
1 2 1 2
, ,..., , , ,..., .
n n
a a a b b b
Chng minh rng:
( ) ( )
2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1 2 2 1 2 1 2
... ... ...
n n n n
a b a b a b a a a b b b + + + + + + + + + .
Du = xy ra khi v ch khi tn ti k sao cho , 1,
i i
b ka i n = = .
Gii.
t
2 2 2
1 1 2 2
( ) ( ) ( ) ... ( ) 0,
n n
f x a x b a x b a x b x = + + + .
Mt khc ta c th vit
( ) ( )
2 2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1
( ) ... 2( ... ) ...
n n n n
f x a a x a b a b x b b = + + + + + + +
Nh vy, ( ) f x l mt tam thc bc hai i vi bin x (gi s
2 2 2
1 2
... 0),
n
a a a + + + do phi
c bit s
'
0, tc l
2 2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1
( ... ) ( ... )( ... ) 0
n n n n
a b a b a a b b + + + + + + .
T y ta thu c bt ng thc cn chng minh.
Du = trong bt ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi
2 2
1 1
( ) ... ( ) 0
, , 1, .
n n
i i
a x b a x b
b ka k i n
= = =
= =

Ch . Nu
2 2 2
1 2 1 2
... 0 ... 0
n n
a a a a a a + + + = = = = = th kt qu l tm thng.
V d 2. Cho , , A B C l ba gc ca mt tam gic. Chng minh rng
2
1
1 cos (cos cos ) , .
2
x A B C x x + + +
Gii.
Bt ng thc cho tng ng vi
2 2
1
( ) (cos cos ) 2sin 0
2 2
A
f x x B C x x = + +
Ta c
93
( )
2
2 2 2
cos cos 4sin 4sin (cos 1) 0.
2 2 2
A A B C
B C

= + =
Vy, suy ra iu phi chng minh.
4.5. Phng php chng minh qui np
V d 1. Chng minh bt ng thc Csi.
Cho n s thc khng m
1 2
, ,... .
n
a a a Khi ta c bt ng thc
1 2
1 2
...
. ...
n
n
n
a a a
a a a
n
+ + +
.
Du ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi
1 2
... .
n
a a a = = =
Gii.
+ Vi 2 n = th bt ng thc ng.
+ Gi s bt ng thc ng n , n ta chng minh rng n cng ng cho 1. n +
Gi s c 1 n + s khng m
1 2 1
, ,... , .
n n
a a a a
+
Ly thm 1 n s nh sau
1 2 1
2 3 2
...
... .
1
n
n n n
a a a
a a a
n
+
+ +
+ + +
= = = =
+
(*)
rng
1 1 1 1
1 2 ( 1)
n
n n n n

= +

+ +

Nn ta c
1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1
1 2 1 2 2
1 2 1 2 2
1
1 2 1
2 2
1 2 1
... ... ... 1 1
( 1)
1 2 1
... ... 1
2
... ...
(**)
...
. ...
1
n n n
n n n n
n n n n
n
n
n n
n
a a a a a a a a a
n
n n n n
a a a a a a
n n
a a a a a a
n n
a a a
a a a
n
+ + +
+ +
+ +
+
+
+ + + + + + + + +
= +

+ +

+ + + + + +
= +

+ + + + + + | || |
| |
\ \
+ + + | |
|
+
\

T ta suy ra
1
1 2 1
1 2 1
...
. ...
1
n
n
n
a a a
a a a
n
+
+
+
+ + + | |

|
+
\
hay
1 2 1
1
1 2 1
...
. ...
1
n
n
n
a a a
a a a
n
+
+
+
+ + +
+
(pcm).
Du = xy ra khi v ch khi du = trong (**) xy ra, khi v ch khi
1 2 1 2 2
... ; ... .
n n n n
a a a a a a
+ +
= = = = = = Kt hp vi gi thit (*) ta c
1 1 1 1 1
( 1) .
n n n
n a na a a a
+ + +
+ = + = Vy, du = xy ra khi v ch khi
1 2 1
... .
n
a a a
+
= = =
V d 2. Gi s 2 2 ... 2
n
x = + + + vi n du cn. Chng minh rng 2
n
x < vi mi 1. n
94
Gii.
+ Xt 1 n= ta c
1
2 2, x = < ng.
+ Gi s c 2
n
x < , ta chng minh
1
2
n
x
+
< .
Tht vy, ta c
1
2 2 2 ... 2 2
n n
n
x x
+
= + + + + = +
.
Ta c 2
n
x < nn 2 4,
n
x + < do
1
2
n
x
+
< (pcm).
4.6. Phng php vec t
Mt s kt qu sau c th suy ra t cc tnh cht ca cc php ton vc t.
Gi s
1 2 1 2
( ; ), ( ; ). a a a b b b = =
Ta c

2 2
1 2
a a a = +

1 1 2 2
( ; ) a b a b a b =

1 2
( ; ) ka ka ka =

1 1 2 2
. a b a b a b = +

. . .cos( , ) a b a b a b =

( )
2 2
0 a a =

a b a b + +

cng hng.
a b a b

cng hng.
. . a b a b

cng phng.
V d 1. Vi mi s thc , , , a b c chng minh rng
( ) ( )
2 2
2 2 2 2
2 a c b a c b a b + + + + +
Khi no du ng thc xy ra?
Gii.
t ( ; ), ( ; ), (2 ; 2 ). u a c b v a c b t a b = + = =

Ta c u v t + =

v ( ) ( )
2 2
2 2 2 2
; , 2 u a c b v a c b t a b = + + = + = +

p dng bt ng thc u v u v + +

, ta c
( ) ( )
2 2
2 2 2 2
2 a c b a c b a b + + + + + (pcm).
95
Du ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi , u v

cng hng.
Khi
+ Nu 0 b th 0. c =
+ Nu 0 b = th . a c
V d 2. Chng minh rng
4 4 2 2
cos cos sin sin 2, , . x y x y x y + + +
Gii.
t
2 2 2 2
(cos ; cos ); (sin ;0); (0;sin ); (1;1). a x y b x c y d = = = =

Ta c . a b c d + + =

p dng bt ng thc a b c a b c d + + + + =

Ta c
4 4 2 2
cos cos sin sin 2 x y x y + + + (pcm).
4 1 3 2,
2
a
a + vi 0 2. a
Khi no du ng thc xy ra?
Gii.
t (1; 2 2), ( ; 2 ). v u a a = =

Khi ta c 3; 2. v u = =

Mt khc . 2 2 2 4 1
2
a
u v a a a = + = +

p dng bt ng thc . . u v u v

Ta c 4 1 3 2.
2
a
a + (pcm)
Du ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi , u v

cng hng. Khi
2
1 2 2
2 2 2
2
8 2 .
9
a a
a a
a a a
=
=
= =

Ch . C th s dng bt ng thc Bunhiacpski.
4 4
cos 1 sin 1 cos 2 x x x + +
96
Gii. Xt ba vc t
2 2
(cos ;1), (sin ;1), (cos 2 ; 0). a x b x c x = = =

p dng bt ng thc
a b a b c =

Ta c
4 4
cos 1 sin 1 cos 2 . x x x + + (pcm)
V d 5. Cho n s thc
1 2
, ,..., .
n
a a a Chng minh rng
2 2 2 2
1 1 2 1
(1 ) 1 ( ) 1 ... ( ) 1 ( 2 ) 1 ( 1) 2.
n n n
a a a a a n a n
+ + + + + + + + + +
Gii.
Xt 2 n + vc t
1 1 2 2 1 1
1 2
( 1;1), ( ;1);...; ( ;1);
( 2 ;1), ( 1; 1).
n n n
n n n
v a v a a v a a
v n a v n n
+ +
= = =
= + = + +

Khi ta c
1 2 1 2
... ,
n n
v v v v
+ +
+ + + =

v
2 2 2
1 1 2 2 1 1
2
1 2
(1 ) 1, ( ) 1,..., ( ) 1,
( 2 ) 1, ( 1) 2.
n n n
n n n
v a v a a v a a
v n a v n
+ +
= + = + = +
= + + = +

p dng bt ng thc tng qut
1 2 1 1 2 1 2
... ...
n n n
v v v v v v v
+ + +
+ + + + + + =

ta c pcm.
2. BT PHNG TRNH
1. nh ngha
Cho hai hm s ( ), ( ), f x g x vi
n
x trong ( ), ( ) f x g x ln lt c min xc nh l
1 2
, D D . Hai hm s ( ), ( ) f x g x c xt trong
1 2
. D D D =
Bt phng trnh ( ) ( ) (1) f x g x > l k hiu ca hm mnh Gi tr ti x ca hm s f ln
hn gi tr ti x ca hm s g .
Gii bt phng trnh l tm cc gi tr
0
x D sao cho
0 0
( ) ( ) f x g x > l mt bt ng thc
ng. Gi tr
0
x c gi l mt nghim ca bt phng trnh (1).
Ch .
Nu 1 n= th ta c bt phng trnh mt n x trn .
Nu 1 n> th ta c th xem
1 2
( , ,..., ) .
n
n
x x x x =
Khi , ta c bt phng trnh n n
1 2
, ,..., .
n
x x x
Hon ton tng t nh trn ta nh ngha c khi nim cc bt phng trnh
( ) ( ); ( ) ( ); ( ) ( ) f x g x f x g x f x g x < .
97
Cc khi nim h bt phng trnh, tuyn bt phng trnh c nh ngha tng t nh
trng hp phng trnh.
2. S tng ng ca cc bt phng trnh
Khi nim bt phng trnh tng ng, bt phng trnh h qu cng c nh ngha
tng t nh i vi phng trnh. Sau y ta a ra mt s nh l v bt phng trnh tng
ng.
Ta k hiu cc v ca bt phng trnh bi , ,..., f g khng ghi tn cc n cho gn, nhng
c th hiu l mt n hoc cng n n.
2.1. nh l. . f g g f > <

2.2. nh l. . f g f h g h > + > +
( h c ngha trong min xc nh ca bt phng trnh cho).
2.3. nh l.
>

>
>
<
<

0
0.
fh gh
h
f g
fh gh
h

2.4. nh l.
. 0 0.
f
f g
g
> >
Ch . Tuy nhin, i vi cc h bt phng trnh th cc nh l lm c s cho cc phng
php th v phng php kh trong l thuyt h phng trnh khng cn ng na.
Chng hn, cc h bt phng trnh
(I)
1
2
0
0
F
F
>
>
v (II)
1
1 2
0
0
F
F F
>
+ >

l khng tng ng.
Tht vy, (II) l h qu ca (I), song (I) li khng phi l h qu ca (II).
3. ng dng ca gi tr ln nht v gi tr nh nht vo vic gii phng trnh v bt
phng trnh
Cho hm s ( ) y f x = c tp xc nh l , D gi s hm s ( ) y f x = c gi tr ln nht v
gi tr nh nht trn , D khi ta c:
Bt phng trnh ( ) f x c nghim x D khi v ch khi
( ) .
x D
Max f x

Bt phng trnh ( ) f x nghim ng vi mi x D khi v ch khi
( ) .
x D
Min f x

98
Bt phng trnh ( ) f x c nghim x D khi v ch khi
( ) .
x D
Min f x

Bt phng trnh ( ) f x nghim ng vi mi x D khi v ch khi
( ) .
x D
Max f x

Nu hm s ( ) y f x = lin tc trn D th phng trnh ( ) f x = c nghim x D khi v
ch khi ( ) ( ).
x D x D
Min f x Max f x

3. BT PHNG TRNH BC NHT, BC HAI MT N
1. Bt phng trnh bc nht mt n
1.1. Bt phng trnh bc nht mt n
nh ngha. Bt phng trnh bc nht mt n l bt phng trnh c dng 0 (1), ax b + > hoc
0; 0; 0 ( , , 0). ax b ax b ax b a b a + < + +
Cc trng hp nghim ca bt phng trnh bc nht 0 (1) ax b + >
Nu 0, a > (1) c tp nghim l

= >
`
)
/ ;
b
S x x
a

Nu 0, a< (1) c tp nghim l

= <
`
)
/ .
b
S x x
a

1.2. Gii v bin lun bt phng trnh 0 ax b + >
Nu 0 a> th (1)
b
x
a
> . Vy, tp nghim ca (1) l
| |
= +
|
\
; ;
b
S
a

Nu 0 a< th (1)
b
x
a
< .Vy, tp nghim ca (1) l
| |
=
|
\
; ;
b
S
a

Nu 0 a= th (1) tr thnh0 . x b > Do
(1) v nghim nu 0; b
(1) nghim ng vi mi x nu 0. b>
V d. Gii v bin lun bt phng trnh
2( ) 1 3 (1) x m m mx <
Gii.
(1) ( 2) 3 4 m x m + < +
2 0 2 m m + > >
3 4
(1)
2
m
x
m
+
<
+

2 0 2 m m + < <
99
3 4
(1)
2
m
x
m
+
>
+

2 0 2 m m + = =
(1) tr thnh 0 2 x < : v nghim
Kt lun.
2 m> : Tp nghim ca bt phng trnh l
+ | |
=
|
+
\
3 4
;
2
m
S
m
.
2 m< : Tp nghim ca bt phng trnh l
+ | |
=
|
+
\
3 4
; +
2
m
S
m
.
2 m= : Tp nghim ca bt phng trnh l . S
1.3. nh l v du ca nh thc bc nht ( ) ; 0 f x ax b a = +
t
=
0
b
x
a
l nghim ca ( ). f x Khi , ta c
i) ( ) f x cng du vi h s a khi
>
0
;
b
x
a

ii) ( ) f x tri du vi h s a khi
<
0
.
b
x
a

Kt qu ca nh l c tm tt trong bng sau
x
( ) f x ax b = +
+
b
a
0 tri du vi a cng du vi a

Ch .
1. S dng nh l v du ca nh thc bc nht ta c th gii c cc bt phng trnh dng

( )
0
( )
P x
Q x
< ;
( )
0
( )
P x
Q x
> ;
( )
0
( )
P x
Q x
;
( )
0
( )
P x
Q x
.
Trong , ( ) P x v ( ) Q x l tch ca nhng nh thc bc nht.
2. gii cc bt phng trnh cha du gi tr tuyt i, ta kh du gi tr tuyt i bng nh
ngha v cc tnh cht sau

( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
f x g x
f x g x
f x g x
<
<

>

( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
f x g x
f x g x
f x g x
>
>
<

2 2
( ) ( ) [ ( )] [ ( )] f x g x f x g x > >
100

2 2
( ) ( ) [ ( )] [ ( )] . f x g x f x g x < <
V d 1. Gii bt phng trnh
3 5
2 2 1 x x

(2).
Gii.
(2)
3 5
0
2 2 1 x x

3(2 1) 5( 2)
0
( 2)(2 1)
x x
x x

7
0
( 2)(2 1)
x
x x
+

.
Lp bng xt du v tri ca bt phng trnh ta c nghim ca bt phng trnh l 7 x
hoc 2
2
1
< < x .
2 5
1
3
x
x
>

Gii.
2 5 2 5 3
1 0
2 5
3 3
1
2 5 2 5 3 3
1 0
3 3
x x x
x
x x
x x x x
x x
+
> >

>
+

< <

2
2 3 8 0
2
3
3 8
3 8 3
3 0
3
3
x
x x
x x
x
x x
x
x

< > >
< >

< <

<

Vy, nghim ca bt phng trnh l
8
2
3
3.
x x
x
< >

2. Bt phng trnh bc hai mt n
2.1. nh l v du ca tam thc bc hai
2
( ) ; 0 f x ax bx c a = + +
nh l. Cho tam thc bc hai ( )
2
f x ax bx c = + +
+ Nu 0 < th ( ) x f cng du vi h s a vi mi ; x
+ Nu 0 = th ( ) x f cng du vi h s a vi mi ;
2
b
x
a

101
+ Nu 0 > th ( ) x f c hai nghim phn bit
1 2
, , x x ( )
1 2
. x x <
Khi ( ) x f tri du vi h s a nu x nm trong khong
1 2
( ; ), x x ( ) x f cng du vi h s
a nu x nm ngoi on [ ]
1 2
; . x x
Chng minh.
Ta c
2 2
2 2
2
2 2
2
2
2
2
2
( ) ( )
( )
4 4
4
2 4
2 4
b c
f x ax bx c a x x
a a
b b c b
a x x
a a a a
b b ac
a x
a a
b
a x
a a
= + + = + +
= + + +

| |
= +

|
\

| |
= +

|
\

Trng hp 1: 0. < Khi
2
2
0,
2 4
b
x
a a
| |
+ >
|
\
do nu 0 a > th ( ) 0 f x > v ngc li 0 a < th ( ) 0. f x < Hay ni
cch khc tam thc ( ) f x lun lun cng du vi h s a vi mi . x
Trng hp 2: 0. = Khi
2
( )
2
b
f x a x
a
| |
= +
|
\
lun lun cng du vi h s a vi mi \ .
2
b
x
a
| |

|
\

Trng hp 3: 0. > Khi tam thc ( ) x f c hai nghim phn bit
1 2
, x x v ( ) x f c
vit di dng
1 2
( ) ( )( ), f x a x x x x = gi s
1 2
. x x <
Lp bng xt du biu thc
1 2
( )( ) x x x x ta c
1
1 2
2
1 2 1 2
( )( ) 0
( )( ) 0 .
x x
x x x x
x x
x x x x x x x
<
>
>
< < <

Suy ra ( ) x f tri vi h s a vi mi x nm trong khong
1 2
( ; ), x x ( ) x f cng du vi h s
a vi mi x nm ngoi on [ ]
1 2
; . x x
2.2. Bt phng trnh bc hai mt n
nh ngha. Bt phng trnh bc hai n x l bt phng trnh c dng 0
2
> + + c bx ax
(hoc 0 ; 0 ; 0
2 2 2
+ + < + + + + c bx ax c bx ax c bx ax ). Vi , , a b c v 0. a
Cch gii.
102
gii bt phng trnh bc hai ta p dng nh l v du ca tam thc bc hai.
Ch . Cng nh trng hp bt phng trnh bc nht, ta cng gii c cc bt phng trnh
dng
( )
0
( )
P x
Q x
> ;
( )
0
( )
P x
Q x
< ;
( )
0
( )
P x
Q x
;
( )
0.
( )
P x
Q x

Trong ( ) ( ) ; P x Q x l tch cc tam thc bc hai.
2
10 7
27 16 2
2
2
+
+
x x
x x

Gii.
Bt phng trnh cho tng ng vi
( )
2
2
2 2
2
2
2 16 27
2 0
7 10
2 16 27 2 7 10
0
7 10
2 7
0
7 10
x x
x x
x x x x
x x
x
x x
+

+
+ +

+
+

+

Lp bng xt du v tri ca bt phng trnh ta c nghim ca bt phng trnh cho
l
( )
7
2; 5; .
2
x
|
+

\

V d 2. Gii v bin lun bt phng trnh
( ) ( ) ( )
2
1 2 1 3 3 0 f x m x m x m = + + (1)
Gii.
+ Trng hp 1: 1 = m
3
(1) 4 6 0
2
x x
+ Trng hp 2: 1 m
( ) ( )( ) ( )( )
2
1 1 3 3 2 1 2 m m m m m = + =
Lp bng xt du h s a v bit s
m
1 = + a m
' ( 1)( 2) = m m
+ 2 1 1
0
0 0

+ +
+ +

a) 2 < m , khi
<
<
0 '
0 a

103
Suy ra ( ) 0, . f x x <
Nh vy (1) v nghim.
b/ 2 = m , khi
=
<
0 '
0 a
nghim ca (1) l 3. x =
c/ 1 2 < < m , khi
>
<
0 '
0 a

Suy ra ( ) x f c hai nghim phn bit
1
' 1
1
' 1
2
1
+
+
=
+

=
m
m
x
m
m
x

Trng hp ny 0 < a nn
1 2
. x x <
Nghim ca (1) l
2 1
. x x x
d) 1 1 m < < . Khi
,
0
0
a>
>
,
1 2
. x x <
Nghim ca (1) l
1 2
. x x x x
e) 1. m Khi
,
0
0
a>

suy ra ( ) 0, , f x x nghim ca (1) l . x
Kt lun.

3
1:
2
m x =
2: m< v nghim
2: 3 m x = =

2 1
2 1: m x x x < <

1 2
1 1: m x x x x < <
1: . m x
V d 3. Tm m
2
( ) 4 0, . f x mx x m x = + + >
Gii.
Xt 0 m= , khi ( ) 4 0 0, f x x x = > > Do 0, m= khng chp nhn c.
Xt 0 m ,
, 2
0 0
( ) 0 2
2 2 4 0
a m m
f x x R m
m m m
= > >
> >

< > = <

Vy, gi tr m cn tm l 2. m>
104
2.3. nh l o v du ca tam thc bc hai
Theo nh l v du ca tam thc bc hai th ch trong trng hp ( ) f x c nghim
1 2
, x x
th
2 1
( )<0 v , af x x x x < < do ta c nh l o ca nh l v du ca tam thc bc hai nh
sau.
nh l. Cho tam thc bc hai
2
( ) , f x ax bx c = + + nu tn ti s thc sao cho ( ) <0 af th
( ) f x c hai nghim phn bit
1 2 1 2
, ( ) x x x x v < nm trong khong
1 2
( ; ). x x
T nh l o v du ca tam thc ( ) f x ta c php so snh nghim ca ( ) f x vi mt s
nh sau.
+ Nu ( ) 0 f = th l nghim ca ( ); f x
+ Nu ( ) <0 th af nm gia hai nghim
1 2
, x x ca ( ); f x
+ Nu ( ) >0v ( ) af f x c hai nghim
1 2
, x x th nm ngoi on [ ]
1 2
; x x v hn na

1 2
x x < < nu ;
2
s
>

1 2
x x < < nu .
2
s
<
H qu. iu kin tam thc bc hai
2
( ) f x ax bx c = + + c hai nghim, trong c mt
nghim nm trong khong ( ; ), cn nghim kia nm ngoi on [ ; ] l ( ). ( ) 0. f f <
Chng minh.
Tht vy, theo gi thit ta c ( ). ( ) 0 f f < suy ra
2
( ) ( ) 0 a f f <
hay
1 2
1 2
( ) 0
( ) 0
[ ( )][ ( )] 0
( ) 0
( ) 0
af
af x x
af af
x x
af
af
>
< < < <
<
< < <

<

>

Vy, ta c iu phi chng minh.
V d 1. Cho , , a b c l ba s dng phn bit. Chng minh phng trnh
( )( ) ( )( ) ( ( ) 0 a x b x c b x a x c c x b x a + + =
c hai nghim phn bit.
Gii.
Khng mt tnh tng qut, gi s a b c < < v t
( ) f x = ( )( ( )( ) ( ( ) a x b x c b x a x c c x b x a + +
Ta c ( ) ( )( ) 0 f b b b a b c = < v h s ca
2
x trong tam thc ( ) f x bng 0. a b c + + >
Vy, phng trnh cho c hai nghim phn bit.
105
2 2
6 (2 2 9 ) 0 (1) x mx m m + + = .
Tm m phng trnh (1) c hai nghim
1 2
, x x tha iu kin
a)
1 2
4 ; x x < <
b)
1 2
3 . x x <
Gii.
t ( ) f x =
2 2
6 (2 2 9 ) x mx m m + +
a)
2
1 2
13 17 13 17
4 (4) <0 9 26 18 0
9 9
x x af m m m
+
< < + < < <
b)
,
2
1 2
2 2 0
11
3 (3) =9 20 11 0 .
9
3 3 3
2
m
x x af m m m
s
m
< + > >

V d 3. Cho hai phng trnh
2
2
( ) 3 2 0 (1)
( ) 6 5 0 (2)
f x x x m
g x x x m
= + + =
= + + =

Tm m mi phng trnh cho c hai nghim phn bit v cc nghim ca phng trnh
(1) v (2) xen k nhau.
Gii.
Gi s
1 2
, x x l hai nghim ca phng trnh (1), khi
1 2
9 8 0
( ) ( ) 0
f m
ycbt
g x g x
= >

<

( ) ( )
( )
1 1 2 2
9 8 0
( ) 3 ( ) 3 0
9 8 0
0 1.
9 1 0
m
f x x m f x x m
m
m
m m
>

+ + + + <

>
< <
<

V d 4. Chng minh rng phng trnh
( )( ) ( )( ) ( ) ( )( ) 0 f x ab x a x b bc x b x c ca x c x a = + + =
c nghim vi mi , , . a b c
Gii.
Ta c
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
2 2 2
0 f a f b f c a b c a b b c c a = .
106
Nh vy, trong ba gi tr ( ), ( ), ( ) f a f b f c chc chn phi c mt gi tr khng dng, chng
hn ( ) 0. f a
Mt khc, ta c ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2 2 2 2
0 0 0 0. f a b b c c a f f a = + + M ( ) y f x = l hm s lin
tc trn ton trc s nn chc chn phng trnh ( ) 0 y f x = = c nghim [ ]
0
0; . x a
V d 5. Tm a phng trnh
( )
2
2
1 1 3 0 a tg x a
cosx
+ + = (1)
c nhiu hn mt nghim thuc khong 0, .
2
| |
|
\

Gii.
( )
2
1 2
(1) 1 4 0. a a
cos x cosx
+ = t
1
, t
cosx
= do (0; )
2
x

nn 1. t >
Yu cu bi ton c tha khi v ch khi phng trnh
( ) ( )
2
1 2 4 0 f t a t t a = + =
c hai nghim
1 2
, t t tha mn iu kin
1 2
1 t t < <
( ) ( )
1
0
1
3
1 1 0
1
.
2 1
2
a
a f
a
S
>
< <

>

<

V d 6. So snh nghim ca phng trnh
2
( ) ( 2) 2( 1) 5 0 f x m x m x m = + + = (1)
vi 1.
Gii.
Khi 2, m = (1) tr thnh
1
6 3 0 1.
2
x x = = >
Khi 2, m Ta c
2
( 1) ( 2)( 5) 9 9 m m m m = + =
( 1) ( 2)(4 5) af m m =
1 2 1
1 1 .
2 2 2
S m m
m m
+
+ = + =

Lp bng xt du , ( 1), 1
2
S
af + v da vo nh l o v du ca tam thc bc hai, ta c
bng tng hp sau.
107

m ' ( ) 1 af 1
2
S
+
1
2
1
5
4
2
+
+
+
+ +
+
+
+ +
+
0
0
0
0
1 2
2 1 x x = = <
1 2
1 x x < <
1 2
5 1 x x = < =
1 2
1 x x < <
1
1
2
x = >
1 2
1 x x < <

V d 7. Vi gi tr no ca m th bt phng trnh
4
4 0 mx x m + nghim ng vi mi
? x
Gii.
Ta c

4
4 0 mx x m + ng vi mi x khi v ch khi
4
4
1
x
m
x
+
ng vi mi . x
t ( )
4
4
1
x
f x
x
=
+
.
Nh vy,
4
4
1
x
m
x
+
ng vi mi x khi v ch khi ( ) . Maxf x m Ta c
( )
( )
( )
4
2
4
4 1 3
'
1
x
f x
x
=
+
, ( )
4
4
1
3
' 0
1
3
x
f x
x

Bng bin thin
x
'( ) f x
( ) f x
+
4
1
3
4
1
3
0 0 +
0
0
4
27
4
27

Da vo bng bin thin, ta nhn c
4
( ) 27 Maxf x = (khi
4
1
3
x = ).
Vy,
4
27 m l gi tr cn tm tha bi.
V d 8. Cho bt phng trnh
108
4 4 2
1
sin cos cos 2 sin 2 0
4
x x x x a + + + (1).
Vi gi tr no ca a th bt phng trnh cho nghim ng vi mi ? x
Gii.
Ta c ( )
2 2
1 1
1 1 sin 2 cos 2 sin 2
2 4
x x x a +

( )
2
2
1
1 cos 2 cos 2 1
4
cos 2 4cos 2 3 4 . (2)
x x a
x x a
+
+

t t = cos2 x , vi x th 1 1 t . Bt phng trnh (2) tr thnh

2 2
4 3 4 4 4 3 t t a a t t + + (3)
Xt hm s
2
( ) 4 3 f t t t = + trn on [ 1; 1], ta c (1) ng vi x khi v ch khi (3)
ng vi [ 1;1], t khi v ch khi
[ 1;1]
( ) 4 .
t
Minf t a

( )
( ) [ ]
' 2 4.
' 0 2 1; 1 .
f t t
f t t
= +
= =

( 1) 8; (1) 0 f f = =
nn
[ ] 1 ; 1
( ) 8.
t
Min f t

= Vy ta c 4 8 2. a a
Gi tr cn tm l 2. a
V d 9. Tm p phng trnh
2
2
2 4 2
4 2
1 0
1 2 1
x px
p
x x x
+ + =
+ + +

c nghim.
Gii. t
[ ]
2
2
1;1
1
x
t ycbt
x
=
+
tm p ( )
2 2
1 0 f t t pt p = + + = c nghim thuc
[ ] 1;1 .
( )
( )
) 1 0 1; 2
) 1 0 1; 2
a f p
b f p
= =
= =

( ) ( )
2 1
) 1 1 0
1 2
p
c f f
p
< <
<
< <

d) C hai nghim thuc ( ) ( ) ( )
2
0
1
5
1;1 1 0, 1 0 .
2
1
1 1 5
2
p
f f
p
S

<
> >
<
< <

109
Vy, cc gi tr cn tm l
2
1.
5
p <
V d 10. Tm a phng trnh
( ) ( )
2
1 8 1 6 0 a x a x a + + + =
c ng mt nghim thuc( ) 0;1 .
Gii.
Xt 1 0, a + = phng trnh tr thnh ( )
6
7 6 0 0;1 1
7
x x a = = = (nhn).
Xt 1 0, a + rng ( ) ( )
2
0 1 6 0. f f a = Do
Nu 0, a = phng trnh tr thnh
2
0 x x = c nghim 0, 1 x x = = (loi).
Nu ( ) ( ) 0 0 1 0 a f f < phng trnh c nghim thuc ( ) 0;1 .
Vy, gi tr cn tm l 0. a
2 2
( ) 2 2( 1) 4 3 0 f x x m x m m = + + + + + = (1)
1) Tm m phng trnh (1) c t nht mt nghim ln hn hoc bng 1;
2) Gi
1 2
, x x l hai nghim ca phng trnh (1). Tm gi tr ln nht ca biu thc
1 2 1 2
| 2( ) | . A x x x x = +
Gii.
1) Yu cu bi ton c tha khi v ch khi
2
(1) 0
6 7 0
0
5 1
(1) 0
3 2
1
1
2 2
3 2 3 2
5 3 2
5 3 2.
f
m m
m
f
m
S m
m
m
m

+ +

<

+
< =
<
+

2) V
1 2
, x x l hai nghim ca phng trnh (1) nn theo h thc Viet ta c
2
1 2 1 2
1
( 1); . ( 4 3).
2
x x m x x m m + = + = + + Do ta c
110
( )
( 5 1)
2 2
2
1 1 1
| 8 7 | | ( 1)( 7) | ( 8 7)
2 2 2
1 9
9 4 .
2 2
m
A m m m m m m
m

= + + = + + =

= +

Vy,
9
,
2
MaxA = t c khi 4. m =
V d 12. Cho h bt phng trnh
( )
( )
2
2
2 0 1
4 6 0 2
x x a
x x a
+ +

1) Tm a h bt phng trnh c nghim;
2) Tm a h bt phng trnh c nghim duy nht.
Gii.
1) Ta c
( ) ( )
( )
1 2
3 4
1 1 1 1 1 1 .
2
2 2 6 4 2 6 4 .
3
x a x a x a
x a x a x a
= + =
| |
= + + + =
|
\

Vi
2
1
3
a ta tm a [ ] [ ] ( )
1 2 3 4
; ; * . x x x x
V
1 4
x x < nn
( )
( )( )
3 2
* 1 6 4 3
2 1 4 6 4 5
x x a a
a a a
+ +
+

2
4
1
5
2 4 0 1.
3 5
49 48 0
a
a
a
a a
<

2) Cc kh nng h bt phng trnh c nghim duy nht l
1 2 1
0 1 x x a
= = = tho mn.
3 4 2
2
0
3
x x a
= = = (loi).
2 3
0. x x a = =
Vy, gi tr cn tm h bt phng trnh cho c nghim duy nht l
0
1.
a
a
=

111
BI TP CHNG III
Bi 1. 1) Chng minh rng vi mi , , a b c ta c
a)
2 2
1 ; a b ab a b + + + + ng thc xy ra khi no?
b) ( )
2 2
4 2 ; a b ab a b + + + + ng thc xy ra khi no?
c)
2
2 2
2 .
4
a
b c ab ac bc + + + ng thc xy ra khi no?
2) Cho , , x y z l cc s dng. Chng minh rng
( )
2 2 2 2 2 2
3 . x xy y y yz z z zx x x y z + + + + + + + + + +
3) Cho , , a b c l di ba cnh ca mt tam gic. Chng minh rng
( )
( ) ( )( ) 3 1 1 1
9.
a b b c c a
a b c
a b c abc

| |
+ + + + +
|
\

4) Cho 0, 0. x y Chng minh rng
( )
2
2 2 .
2
x y
x y x y y x
+
+ + +
Bi 2. Chng minh rng
1)
1 1 1
2 , ( , , 0);
a b c
a b c
bc ca ab a b c
| |
+ + + >
|
\

2) 1 2, ( , , , 0).
a b c d
a b c d
a b c b c d c d a d a b
< + + + < >
+ + + + + + + +

3) 1 2
a b c
b c c a a b
< + + <
+ + +
, ( , , a b c l di ba cnh ca mt tam gic).
Bi 3. 1) Chng minh rng

2 2 2 2 2 2
) ( )( 1) 4 ( , 0);
) ( )( )( ) 8 ( , , 0);
) (1 ) (1 ) (1 ) 6 .
a a b ab ab a b
b a b b c c a abc a b c
c a b b c c a abc
+ + >
+ + + >
+ + + + +

2) Cho 0, 0, 0. a b c > > > Chng minh rng
2 2 2
.
2
a b c a b c
b c c a a b
+ +
+ +
+ + +

Bi 4. 1) Cho , , , u v x y tha
2 2 2 2
1 u v x y + = + = . Chng minh rng
a) 1; ux vy +
b) ( ) ( ) 2 u x y v x y + + .
2) Cho 0, 0, 0 x y z > > > v 1. xyz = Chng minh rng
112
2 2 2
3
.
2
x y z
y z z x x y
+ +
+ + +
Khi no ng thc xy ra?
3) Cho 0, 0, 0 a b c > > > v 1. a b c + + = Chng minh rng
2 2 2
1 1 1 1
30.
a b c ab bc ca
+ + +
+ +
Bi 5. 1) Cho
2 2 2 2
1 a b c d + + + = . Chng minh rng
2 2 2 2 2 2
( ) ( ) (2 1) , . x ax b x cx d x x + + + + + +
2) Cho , , a b c l ba s thc dng tha mn iu kin . ab bc ca abc + + = Chng minh
rng
( )
2
1 1 1 3
.
2 3 2 3 3 2
1 2 3
a b c a b c a b c
+ + <
+ + + + + +
+ +

Bi 6. 1) Chng minh
2 2 2 2
2 2
1 1 25
(sin ) (cos ) .
sin cos 2
x x
x x
+ + + Khi no ng thc xy ra?
2) Cho , 0 x y > v tha
2 2
1. x y + = Chng minh rng
( ) ( )
1 1
1 1 1 1 4 3 2. x y
y x
| |
| |
+ + + + + +
| |
\
\
Bi 7. 1) Chng minh rng vi mi ; 0, , , ,
2
x x x k x k k
+ ta lun c

2 2
2 2 2
1 tan cot
1 1 1 .
x x
x x x
| | | |
+ + +
| |
\ \
2) Cho , , a b c l ba s thc dng tha mn iu kin . ab bc ca abc + + =
Chng minh rng
2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2
3.
b a c b a c
ab bc ca
+ + +
+ +
3) Cho , , 0 x y z > v tha 1. x y z + + Chng minh rng
2 2 2
2 2 2
1 1 1
82. x y z
x y z
+ + + + +
4) Cho , , 0 x y z > v tha 1. xyz = Chng minh rng
3 3 3 3 3 3
1 1 1
3 3.
x y y z z x
xy yz zx
+ + + + + +
+ +
Bi 8. 1) Chng minh rng vi mi , x y th

2 2 2
(1 sin ) 2 (sin cos ) 1 os 0 x y x y y c y + + + + + > .
113
2) Cho 0. a b > Chng minh rng
1 1
2 2 .
2 2
b a
a b
a b
| | | |
+ +
| |
\ \

3) Chng minh: 2sin tan 3 0 x x x + > , vi 0 .
2
x

< <
4) Chng minh:
3
sin ,
6
x
x x x < < vi mi 0. x >
Bi 9. 1) Cho , , a b c l cc s khng m. Chng minh rng

2 2 2
( ) ( ) ( ) 3 . a b c a b c a b c a b c abc + + + + +
2) Cho , , , a b c l cc s dng. Chng minh rng
3
.
2 2 2 4
a b c
a b c b c a c a b
+ +
+ + + + + +

3) Chng minh rng vi mi s thc dng , , x y z tha mn ( ) 3 , x x y z yz + + =
ta c ( ) ( ) ( )( )( ) ( )
3 3 3
3 5 . x y x z x y x z y z x z + + + + + + + +
Bi 10. 1) Cho , a b l cc s dng, n. Chng minh rng
1
(1 ) (1 ) 2 .
n n n
a b
b a
+
+ + +
2) Cho 0, 0, a b
*
. n Chng minh rng
.
2 2
n
n n
a b a b + + | |

|
\

Bi 11. Cho , , , a b c l cc s dng. Chng minh rng
1)
3 3 3 3 3 3
1 1 1 1
;
a b abc b c abc c a abc abc
+ +
+ + + + + +

2)
2 2 2
2
a b c a b c
b c c a a b
+ +
+ +
+ + +
.
Bi 12. Gii cc bt phng trnh sau

2
2
2
2 5
1) 1 0;
| 3|
2
2) 1 ;
| 2 |
3) 3;
5 6 |
x
x
x
x
x
x x
+ >
+

114

2
2
2 3| |
4) 1;
1
| 2 |
5) 2;
| 4 | 3
6) 1.
| 5|
x
x
x x
x
x x
x x
+
+
+

Bi 13. Gii cc bt phng trnh sau
1)
3 2 3 2
2 1 2
;
2
x x
x x x x

>
+

2)
4 3 2
2
3 2
0;
30
x x x
x x
+
>

3)
3 2
2
3 3
0;
2
x x x
x x
+

4)
4 2
2
4 3
0;
8 15
x x
x x
+
+

5)
2 3
1 2 2 3
;
1 1 1
x
x x x x
+
+ <
+ + +

6)
2 2
2
15
( 1) ;
1
x x
x x
+ +
+ +

7)
3 2
2 5 2 0; x x x + + >
8)
3
2 3 0. x x + +
Bi 14. Gii v bin lun cc bt phng trnh sau theo tham s m
1) ( m 3) x
2
2m x + m 6 0;
2) ( m 4) x
2
2( m 2) x + m 1 0;
3) m x
2
2( m 3) x + m 4 < 0.
Bi 15. Cho tam thc bc hai
2
( ) ( 1) 2( 1) 3 3 f x m x m x m = + +
Tm cc gi tr ca m
1) Bt phng trnh ( ) 0 f x < v nghim;
2) Bt phng trnh ( ) 0 f x c nghim.
Bi 16. Tm cc gi tr ca m cc bt phng trnh sau c tp hp nghim l
115

2
2
2
2
3 5
1) 1 6;
2 1
1
2) 2.
1
x mx
x x
x mx
x
+
<
+
+ +
<
+

Bi 17. Tm cc gi tr ca m cc phng trnh sau y c cc nghim
1 2
, x x tha iu kin
c ch ra

2 2
1 2
2
1 2
2
2 2
1) (2 3) 0 ; 3 ;
2) 2( 1) 5 0 ; 2;
3) ( 1) ( 5) 1 0 ; 1 .
x m x m x x
mx m x m x x
m x m x m x x
+ + = < <
+ + = < <
+ = < <

Bi 18. Bin lun theo m v tr ca s 1 vi cc nghim ca phng trnh
2
(3 ) 2(2 5) 2 5 0. m x m x m + =
Bi 19. Tm cc gi tr ca m cc phng trnh sau c nghim
1 2
, x x tha iu kin c
ch ra

2
1 2
2
1 2
1) 2( 1) 5 0 ; 0 2;
2) ( 2) 2 2 3 0 ; 6 4 .
mx m x m x x
m x mx m x x
+ + + = < < <
+ = < < <

Bi 20. Bin lun theo m v tr ca s 0 v s 2 i vi nghim ca phng trnh
2
2( 1) 3 0. mx m x m + =
Bi 21. Tm cc gi tr ca m phng trnh
2
2 (2 1) 1 0 x m x m + + =
c mt nghim nm trong khong ( 1;3), cn nghim kia nh hn 1.
Bi 22. Cho phng trnh
2
( 1) 2 5 0 m x mx m + + =
Tm cc gi tr ca m phng trnh
1) C hai nghim u ln hn 2;
2) C t nht mt nghim ln hn 2.
Bi 23. Cho
2
( ) 2( 1) 5 f x mx m x m = + + .
Tm cc gi tr ca m ( ) 0, 1. f x x > <
Bi 24. Cho
2
( ) 2 (3 1) (3 9) f x x m x m = + + .
Tm cc gi tr ca m [ ] ( ) 0, 2;1 . f x x
Bi 25. Cho
2 2
( ) ( 2) 3( 6) 1 f x m x m x m = .
Tm cc gi tr ca m ( ) ( ) 0, 1, 0 f x x < .
116
Bi 26. Cho bt phng trnh
2
( 2)( 4)( 6 10) . x x x x m + + + +
Tm cc gi tr ca m bt phng trnh nghim ng vi . x
2
2 os 3 os +1 0. c x mc x +
Tm cc gi tr ca m bt phng trnh nghim ng vi [0; ]. x
2
2
1 1
(2 3)( ) 2( 2) 0. x m x m
x x
+ + + + + + >
Tm cc gi tr ca m bt phng trnh nghim ng vi 0. x
3 2
(2 1) 3( 4) 12 0. x m x m x m + + + >
Tm cc gi tr ca m bt phng trnh nghim ng vi 1. x >
( 1)( 1)( 3)( 5) . x x x x m + + + >
Tm cc gi tr ca m bt phng trnh nghim ng vi 1. x >
( 2)( 2)( 4) 2 . x x x x m + + <
Tm cc gi tr ca m bt phng trnh c nghim 0. x >
Bi 32. Chng minh rng phng trnh
( )
2
4 4 1 1
x
x + = c ng ba nghim phn bit.

CHNG IV. PHNG TRNH, BT PHNG TRNH V T
1. PHNG TRNH V T
1. nh ngha v cc nh l
1.1. nh ngha
Ta gi phng trnh v t, mi phng trnh c cha n di du cn hay ni khc i l
phng trnh dng ( ) 0, f x = trong ( ) f x l mt hm s c cha cn thc ca bin s.
1.2. Cc nh l. (Cc nh l sau lm c s cho vic gii phng trnh v t).
1.2.1. nh l. [ ]
2 1
2 1
( ) ( ) ( ) [ ( )]
k
k
f x g x f x g x
+
+
= =
1.2.2. nh l.
2 1
2 1
( ) ( ) ( ) [ ( )]
k
k
f x g x f x g x
+
+
= =
1.2.3. nh l.
2 1 2 1
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
k k
f x g x f x g x
+ +
= =
117
1.2.4. nh l.
2
2
( ) 0
( ) ( )
( ) [ ( )]
k
k
g x
f x g x
f x g x

=

=

1.2.5. nh l.
2 2
( ) 0 ( ) 0
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
k k
f x g x
f x g x
f x g x

=

=

(Vi k l s t nhin khc 0).
Vic chng minh cc nh l trn ht sc d dng nh tnh cht ca ly tha v cn thc.
Chng ti dnh cho bn c.
2. Cc phng php gii phng trnh v t
2.1. Phng php nng ln ly tha
3 3 1 x x + = (1)
Gii.
(1)
2
1
3
3 7 2 0
x
x x

1
3
1 1
2
9
x
x x
x
= =

=

Vy, phng trnh c mt nghim l 1. x =
3 7 2 8 x x x + =
Gii. cc cn bc hai c ngha ta phi c iu kin
2 8 0
7 0 4 7.
3 0
x
x x
x

Ta c
3 7 2 8
2 8 7 3
2 8 2 (2 8)(7 ) 7 3
(2 8)(7 ) 2
x x x
x x x
x x x x x
x x
+ =
+ = +
+ + = +
=

118
2
(2 8)(7 ) 4
2 22 60 0
x x
x x
=
+ =

2
11 30 0
5
6
x x
x
x
+ =
=

C hai gi tr ca x u tha mn iu kin trn. Vy, phng trnh cho c hai nghim
5; 6. x x = =
2 2
4 5 1 2 x x x + + + =
Gii.
iu kin: 1 1 x (*)
Nu bnh phng hai v ca phng trnh ta s a n phng trnh bc cao, do chuyn
hng t th hai sang v phi ta c
2 2
4 5 2 1 x x x + + =
Vi iu kin 1 1 x th v phi ca phng trnh trn khng m nn bnh phng hai v
ca phng trnh ta c phng trnh tng ng
2 2 2
2
2 2 2
4 5 4 4 1 1
1
0 0
2
.
2 1 2 1
x x x x
x x
x x
x
x x x
+ + = +
=

=

= =

Gi tr ca x tha mn iu kin (*).
Vy, phng trnh cho c mt nghim
2
.
2
x =
3 3
1 4 5 x x x = +
Gii.
3
1 x c ngha khi v ch khi 1. x bnh phng c hai v ta cn t iu kin cho v
phi khng m, ta c
( )( )
3
2
4 5 0
1 5 0
1.
x x
x x x
x
+

Nh vy, nghim ca phng trnh ch c th 1 x = . Ta th c phng trnh nhn 1 x = lm
nghim. Vy, phng trnh c mt nghim duy nht l 1 x = .
119
3 3 3
1 3 1 1 x x x + + + = (1)
Gii. (1)
( )
3
3 3
1 3 1 1 x x x + + + =
( )( )
( )
3 3
3
4 2 3 1 3 1 1 3 1 1 x x x x x x + + + + + + + = (2)
( )( )
( )
3 3
3
1 3 1 1 3 1 1 x x x x x + + + + + = (3)
Thay
3 3
1 3 1 x x + + + bi
3
1 x vo (3) ta c phng trnh h qu
( )( )
3
3
1 3 1 1 1(4) x x x x + + =
( )( )( )
3
1 3 1 1 ( 1) x x x x + + = +
3 2
0
0
1
x x
x
x
+ =
=

Th li th ch c 1 x = tha phng trnh (1). Vy, phng trnh (1) c mt nghim l
1. x =
Ch . Tt c cc php bin i u l tng ng, ch t (3) n (4) l php bin i h qu,
tc l php th
3 3
1 3 1 x x + + + bi
3
1 x .
Chng ta th phn tch thy r khi th
3 3
1 3 1 x x + + + bi
3
1 x khng phi l php
bin i tng ng. cho gn ta t
3 3
1, 3 1 u x v x = + = + ,
3
1 t x = . Lc ta c
u v t + = (1)
( )
3
3
u v t + = (2)
( )
3 3 3
3 u v uv u v t + + + = (3)
Thay u v t + = vo (3) ta c

3 3 3
3 u v uvt t + + = (4)
Chng ta khng nh (4) l h qu ca (3) v php bin i t (3) n (4) khng lm m rng
tp xc nh nn (4) phi c bin i thnh dng
( ). ( ) 0 u v t A x + =
Nghim ngoi lai xut hin chc chn l nghim ca phng trnh ( ) 0. A x =
Ta c
(4)
3 3 3
3 0 u v uvt t + + =
2 2 2
( )[( ) ( ) ( ) ] 0. u v t u v v t t u + + + + + =
Tr li ban u ta c
2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3
( ) [( 1 3 1) ( 3 1 1) ( 1 1) ]. A x x x x x x x = + + + + + + + +
R rng 0 x = l nghim ca phng trnh ( ) 0. A x =
Qua bi ton ny, chng ta thy c nhng php bin i phng trnh tng nh l php
bin i tng ng nhng thc cht l php bin i h qu.
120
2.2. Phng php t n ph
2 2
4 12 5 4 12 11 15 0 (*) x x x x + + =
Gii.
t
2
4 12 11 t x x = +
iu kin: 0 t
Khi phng trnh ( ) tr thnh
2
1
t 5 4 0
4
t
t
t
=
+ =

Vi 1 t = ta c
2 2
2
4 12 11 1 4 12 11 1
4 12 10 0.
x x x x
x x
+ = + =
+ =

Trng hp ny phng trnh v nghim.
Vi 4 t = ta c
2
2
2
4 12 11 4
4 12 11 16
4 12 5 0
3 14
2
3 14
2
x x
x x
x x
x
x
+ =
+ =
=
+
=

Vy, phng trnh cho c nghim l
3 14
2
x
+
= hoc
3 14
2
x

= .
( )( ) 3 6 3 6 3 x x x x + + + = (1)
Gii.
Cch 1.
iu kin:
3 0
3 6
6 0
x
x
x
+

t
3 0
6 0
u x
v x
= +

Ta c h phng trnh theo u v v
121
2 2
3
(*)
9
u v uv
u v
+ =
+ =

t
2
, ; 0; 0; 4 0. S u v P uv S P S P = + =
Khi ( ) tr thnh h
2 2
3 3 1 3
4 0. 2 9 2 3 0
S P P S S S
P P S P S S
= = = =

= = = =

Ch c
3
0
S
P
=
tha iu kin.
Vi
3
0
S
P
=
th , u v l nghim ca phng trnh

2
0
3 0
3
t
t t
t
=
=

Khi ta c
3 0
6 3 3
6
3 3
6 0
x
x x
x
x
x
+ =
= =

=
+ =

Vy, phng trnh cho c nghim l 3 x = hoc 6. x =
Cch 2. t
2
3 6 0
9 2 (3 )(6 )
t x x
t x x
= + +
= + +

2
9
(3 )(6 )
2
t
x x

+ =
(1) tr thnh phng trnh theo bin t
2
2
9
3
2
2 3 0
1
3.
t
t
t t
t
t
=
=
=

Ta nhn 3 3 6 3, t x x = + + = iu kin 3 6. x Bnh phng hai v ca phng trnh
ta c (3 )(6 ) 0 3 6. x x x x + = = =
122
Vy, phng trnh cho c nghim l 3 x = hoc 6. x =
( ) ( )
2 2
2 5
5 5
2 1 3 1 1 0 x x x + + + = (1)
Gii.
V 1 x = khng l nghim, nn chia hai v ca (1) cho ( )
2
5
1 x + ta c phng trnh
2
5 5
1 1
2 3 0
1 1
x x
x x
| |
+ + =
|
+ +
\

t
5
1
.
1
x
t
x
=
+
Ta c phng trnh
2
3 2 0 t t + + = (2)
(2)
1
2
t
t
=

5
5
1
1
1
1
2
1
x
x
x
x

=
+

1
1
1
1
32
1
x
x
x
x

=
+

33
.
31
x =
Vy, phng trnh c nghim l
33
31
x = .
V d 4. Cho phng trnh cha tham s m
( )
2 2
2 2 2 3 0 x x x x m + = (1)
Tm m phng trnh c nghim thuc on [ ] 4;5 .
Gii.
t
2
2 3, t x x = [ ] 4;5 x
Ta c phng trnh
2
2 6 0 t t m + + =
2
2 6 (2). t t m + + =
Vi [ ] 4;5 x th 5; 2 3 t

. T (1) c nghim thuc on [ ] 4;5 (2) c nghim
thuc on
[ 5;2 3] [ 5;2 3]
5; 2 3 ( ) ( )
t t
Minf t m Maxf t

vi ( )
2
2 6. f t t t = + + Ta c
1
( ) 2 1 0 [ 5; 2 3].
2
f t t t = + = =
( 5) 16 5, (2 3) 30 2 3. f f = + = +
Nh vy, (2) c nghim thuc on 5; 2 3

khi v ch khi 16 5 30 2 3. m + +
123
Vy, gi tr m cn tm l 16 5 30 2 3. m + +
( )
3 3
1 2 2 1 1 . x x + =
Gii.
t
3 3
2 1 2 1 t x t x = = , (1) tr thnh
3 3
1 2 2 1. x t x t + = = Nh vy ta c
3
3 3
3
2 1
2( ).
2 1
x t
x t t x
t x
=

T ta c h phng trnh
( ) ( )
3
3
2
2 3 3
1 2
1 2
3
2 0 2
2 4
x t
x t
t
x t x t x t t x
+ =
+ =

| |
+ + + = =

|
\

3
1 5
1 .
2 2 1 0
t x
x x
x x
=

= =
+ =

1 5
1 .
2
x x

= =
( )
2
5 5 1 . x x + + =
Gii.
t
2
5 0 5 t x t x = + = +
( )
( ) ( )
2 2 2
2
2
0
5 0 5 5
1
1 0 1 5
4 0
=
= + = + =

+ + = = + =

+ =

t x
x x x t x t
x t x t t x t x
x x

0
1 21 1 21
2
2
.
1
1 17
2
1 17
2

=
=

+
=

x
x
x
x
x
x

1 21 1 17
.
2 2
x x
+
= =
124
2
4 4 16 x x x m + + + = (1)
Tm m phng trnh cho c ng hai nghim.
Gii. t 4 4 0; 4 4. t x x x = + +
2
2 2 2
8
8 2 16 16
2
t
t x x

= + =
(1) tr thnh
2
2 8 2 . t t m + =
Xt hm s ( ) 4 4 ; 4 4 t h x x x x = = + +
1 1 4 4
( )
2 4 2 4 2 4 . 4
x x
h x
x x x x
+
= =
+ +

( ) 0 0; ( 4) (4) 2 2; (0) 4. h x x h h h = = = = =
Nh vy [ 4; 4] [2 2; 4]. x t
Ta c nhn xt: Khi 4 t = th phng trnh 4 4 t x x = + + c mt nghim , x khi
2 2 4 t < th phng trnh 4 4 t x x = + + c hai nghim . x
Xt hm s
2
( ) 2 8 f t t t = +
( ) 2 2 0 1 [2 2; 4]. f t t t = + = = Hm s
2
( ) 2 8 f t t t = + ng bin trn [2 2; 4] nn
ng thng 2 y m = ct th hm s
2
( ) 2 8 y f t t t = = + trn [2 2; 4] nhiu nht ti ng
mt im.
Mt khc ta c (2 2) 4 2; (4) 16. f f = = Kt hp vi nhn xt trn th phng trnh (1) c hai
nghim khi v ch khi 4 2 2 16 m < hay 2 2 8. m <
2
2
2(1 ) 1 1
2 0
1 1 1
x x x
m m
x x x
| |
+ +
+ + + =
|
|
+
\

Tm m phng trnh c nghim.
Gii.
iu kin: 1. x <
t
1 1
2.
1 1
x x
t
x x
+
= +
+
Suy ra

2
2
2
2
2
2
2
1 1 1 1 2(1 )
2 2
1 1 1 1 1
2(1 )
2.
1
x x x x x
t
x x x x x
x
t
x
| |
+ + +
= + = + + = +
|
|
+ +
\
+
=

125
Phng trnh (1) c dng
2
2
2
2 2 0 ( ).
2
t
t mt m m f t
t
+
+ + = = =
+

Phng trnh (1) c nghim khi v ch khi m thuc min gi tr ca hm s
2
2
( ) , 2.
2
t
f t t
t
+
=
+

Ta c
2
2
4 2
( ) 0, 2
( 2)
t t
f t t
t

= <
+
hm s nghch bin.
1
(2) , lim ( ) .
2
t
f f t
+
= = Vy, phng trnh (1) c nghim khi v ch khi
1
.
2
m
2.3. Phng php lng gic ha
Trong mt s trng hp, nu chng ta t n ph bi cc hm s lng gic, th vic gii
quyt bi ton tr nn d dng hn. Kin thc cn nh nh sau.
+ Nu trong phng trnh, iu kin ca n x l , 0 k x k k > hay phng trnh c cha
2 2
k x th t sin , [ ; ];
2 2
x k t t

= hoc t cos , [0; ]. x k t t =
+ Nu trong phng trnh, iu kin ca n x l , 0 x k k > hay phng trnh c cha
2 2
x k th t
3
; [0; ) [ ; );
cos 2 2
k
x t
t

= hoc t , [ ; 0) (0; ].
sin 2 2
k
x t
t

=
+ Nu trong phng trnh, n x nhn mi gi tr thuc hay phng trnh c cha
2 2
x k + th
t tan , ; .
2 2
x k t t
| |
=
|
\

Ngoi ra, ty tng trng hp, cng c th t
2 2
cos ; sin ,... x t x t = =
Sau y ta xt mt s v d.
2
2
1 1
3
x x x x + = + (1)
Gii. iu kin:
2
0
0 0 1.
1 0
x x
x x
x

t
2
cos , [0; ].
2
x t t

= Khi phng trnh (1) c bin i v dng
2 4 2 2
2
1 cos cos cos 1 cos
3
3 2 sin cos 3( cos sin )
3 2sin cos 3(cos sin ).
t t t t
t t t t
t t t t
+ = +
+ = +
+ = +

126
t
2
1
sin cos ,1 2, sin cos .
2
u
u t t u t t

= + =
Ta c phng trnh
2 2
1
3 1 3 3 2 0
2.
u
u u u u
u
=
+ = + =

Ta chn
1
1 sin cos 1 2 sin( ) 1 sin( )
4 4 2
u t t t t

= + = + = + =
2
; .
2
2
t k
k
t k k
=
= +

V [0; ],
2
t

nn ta chn
2
2
0 cos 0 1
cos 0.
2 2
t x
t x
= = =

= = =

Vy, phng trnh cho c hai nghim l
0
1.
x
x
=

2 2
1 1 2 x x x x + + = (1)
Gii.
iu kin:
2
2
2
1 0
1 0 1.
1 0
x
x x x
x x

t
1
, (0; ).
sin 2
x t
t
= Khi v tri ca phng trnh (1)

c bin i v dng
2 2
1 1 1 1
1 1
sin sin sin sin t t t t
+ +
1 1
cot cot
sin sin
t t
t t
= + +
1 cos 1 cos
sin sin
t t
t t
+
= +
2 2
2sin 2cos
2 2
2sin cos 2sin cos
2 2 2 2
tan cot 2
2 2
t t
t t t t
t t
= +
= +

(Theo bt ng thc Csi)
127
Do phng trnh (1) tng ng vi iu kin du bng xy ra
tan 0
2
tan cot 1.
2 2 2
tan cot
2 2
t
t t
t x
t t

= = =

Vy, phng trnh cho c mt nghim duy nht l 1. x =
V d 3. Cho phng trnh:
2 4
1 (1) x x m + =
Tm m phng trnh cho c nghim.
Gii. iu kin: 0. x t tan , [0; ).
2
x t t

= Ta c, phng trnh (1) tr thnh
2 4
1 1 sin
tan 1 tan tan
cos cos
t
t t m t m m
t t
+ = = = .
Xt hm s
1 sin sin . sin 1
( ) , ( ) 0, (0; ),
2 cos 2sin .cos
t t t
f t f t t
t t t

= = <
Suy ra hm s lun lun nghch bin trn khong (0; ).
2
Mt khc ta c
( )
( )
( )
( )
2
2 2
2 2 2
2
cos sin cos
1 sin cos
1 sin 2 2
lim lim lim
cos cos 1 sin
cos sin 1 sin
2 2
cos sin cos
2 2
lim 0,
cos sin 1 sin
2 2
t t t
t
t t
t
t t
t
t t
t t t
t
t t
t
t t
t

| |
\
= =
| |
+
+
|
\
| |
|
\
= =
| |
+ +
|
\

v (0) 1, f = nh vy min gi tr ca hm s ( ), [0; )
2
f t t

l (0;1].
f
T =
Vy, phng trnh cho c nghim khi v ch khi 0 1. m <
2.4. Mt s phng php khc
x +
2
2 x = 2
2
2 2 x x +
Gii. iu kin: x +
2
2 x 0.
Ta c
2
2
2 2 x x + =
2
2 ( 1) 1 2 x +
Du = xy ra x = 1.
128
2
2 2 x x + . Du = xy ra x = 1.
Phng trnh (1)
2
2
2 2
2 2 2 2
x x
x x
+ =
+ =
x = 1.
Vy, phng trnh c mt nghim duy nht 1. x =
4 4 4 4
2
x
x x x x + + = (1)
Gii.
Ta c
( )
( )
2
2
4 4 4 2
4 4 4 2
x x x
x x x
+ = +
=

Phng trnh (1) tng ng vi
4 2 4 2
2
x
x x + + =
iu kin: 4 x . Ta c
4 2 0 4 2 4 2 x x x + > + = +

4 2; 8
4 2
2 4; 4 8.
x x
x
x x

=
<

V vy
( )
2 4 , 8 (2)
2
1
4 , 4 8 (3)
2
x
x x
x
x
= <

Gii hai phng trnh (2) v (3) ta c 8 x = l nghim ca (1).
( )
2
3 2 1 1
3 2
x
x x
x
=

Gii.
iu kin:
3
2
x >
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2
1 3 2 1 3 2 1 2 3 2 0 x x x x x x x

+ = + =

129
( )
2
1
1 0
2
1.
3 2 2
3 2 2
x
x
x
x
x x
x x
=
=

=

=

=

( ) ( )
2 2
4 1 1 2 2 1 1 x x x x + = + +
Gii.
t ( ) ( )
2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1 4 1 2 2 1 t x t x x t t x = + = + = +
( ) ( )
2
1
2 4 1 2 1 0
2
t x t x t + = = (loi)
2
2 1 1 2 1 t x x x = + =
( )
2
2
1
1
4
2
2
.
4 3
0 1 2 1
3
x
x
x
x x x x

=

= = + =

Vy, phng trnh c mt nghim duy nht
4
.
3
x =
2
2 7 2 1 8 7 1 x x x x x + = + + +
Gii.
iu kin: 1 7 x
Ta c
( )( )
( ) ( )
2
2 7 2 1 8 7 1
( 1) 2 1 2 7 1 7 0
( 1) 2 1 2 7 1 7 0
1 1 2 7 1 2 0
x x x x x
x x x x x
x x x x x
x x x x
+ = + + +
+ =
+ =
=

( )( )
1 2 1 7 0 x x x =
1 2 5
4.
1 7
x x
x
x x
= =

=
=

So vi iu kin, ta c nghim ca phng trnh l 4 5. x x = =
4 4
13 1 0 x x m x + + =
c ng mt nghim.
130
Gii.
4 4 4 4
4 4 3 2
13 1 0 13 1
1 1
13 (1 ) 4 6 9 1
x x m x x x m x
x x
x x m x x x x m
+ + = + =

+ = + + + =

Xt hm s
3 2
2
( ) 4 6 9 1, 1
( ) 12 12 9
1
2
( ) 0
3
2
f x x x x x
f x x x
x
f x
x
= + + +
= + +

Bng bin thin
x
1
' f
( ) f x
+
3
2
12
1
2
0
+

Da vo bng bin thin ta c gi tr m cn tm l
3
2
12.
m
m
>

3 2 4 6 4 5 x x x x m + + = (1)
c ng hai nghim.
Gii. Phng trnh (1) chnh l phng trnh honh giao im ca th hm s
3 2 4 6 4 5 y x x x x = + + v ng thng . y m =
t 4 0. t x = (1) tr thnh
2 2
2 1 6 9 1 3 . t t t t m t t m + + + = + = (2)
Ta c nhn xt rng, ng vi mi 0 t th phng trnh 4 t x = cho ta mt nghim . x Do
(1) c ng hai nghim x khi v ch khi (2) c ng hai nghim 0. t
Xt hm s ( ) 1 3 , 0 f t t t t = +
131
2 4; 0 1
( ) 2; 1 3
2 4; 3
t t
f t t
t t
+ <
= <

V th hm s ( ), f t ta c phng trnh cho c ng hai nghim khi v ch khi 2 4. m <
4
2
3 1
t
O

V d 8. Tm m h phng trnh sau c nghim
2
2 1
0
x y m
x y
+ + =

Gii. iu kin: 0, 0. x y
2
2
2
2 1
2 1 (1)
0
x y m
x x m
y x x y

+ + =
+ + =

= =

H phng trnh c nghim khi v ch khi phng trnh (1) c nghim 0. x
Xt hm s
2
( ) 2 1 ; 0. f x x x x = + +
2
2
( ) 1 0, 0 ( )
2 1
x
f x x f x
x
= + >
+
ng bin. Bng bin thin ca hm s ( ) f x nh sau
x
'( ) f x
( ) f x
0 +
1
+
+

Vy, h phng trnh c nghim khi v ch khi 1. m
12 ( 5 4 ) x x x m x x + + = + (1)
c nghim.
Gii.
iu kin: 0 4. x
132
(1) ( 12)( 5 4 ) x x x x x m + + =
Xt hm s ( ) y f x = = ( 12)( 5 4 ) x x x x x + + = ( ). ( ) h x g x c tp xc nh l
D= [0; 4].
Nhn xt rng ( ) 12 h x x x x = + + ng bin v khng m trn . D
Hm s ( ) 5 4 g x x x = c
5 4
( ) 0,
2 5 . 4
x x
g x x D
x x

= >

hm s
( ) 5 4 g x x x = ng bin trn D v cng thy rng ( ) g x khng m trn . D
Nh vy, hm s ( ) f x ng bin trn . D
Vy, phng trnh c nghim khi v ch khi
(0) (4) 2 3( 5 2) 12. f m f m
2
11 28
4
2
x m
x x
+ + + =
C nghim 0. x >
Gii.
Xt hm s
2
11 28
( ) 4
2
y f x x
x x
= = + + + , ta c
2 2 2
2
2 2
3
2
11 14 2 7 11 7 28
1
2 7
2 7
1
x x x
y
x
x x
x
x
+ +
= =
+
+

2 2 2
0 2 7 11 7 28 0. y x x x = + + = t
2 2 2
7 7 7 t x x t = + =
Ta c
2 3
4 2
2( 7) 11 28 0 2 25 28 0 4 .
2
t t t t t t t

= = = =
Do 7, t nn ta chn 4 3. t x = =
2 2
0 0
11 28 11 28
lim ( ) lim 4 , lim ( ) lim 4
2 2
x x x x
f x x f x x
x x x x
+ +
| | | |
= + + + = + = + + + = +
| |
| |
\ \
.
15
(3) .
2
f = Nh vy min gi tr ca hm s
2
11 28
4
2
y x
x x
= + + + trn (0; ) + l
15
[ ; ).
2
f
T = + Vy, phng trnh cho c nghim 0, x > khi v ch khi
15
.
2
m
2. BT PHNG TRNH V T
1. nh ngha v cc nh l
1.1. nh ngha
133
Bt phng trnh v t l mt bt phng trnh c cha n di du cn thc. Ni khc i
l mt bt phng trnh c dng ( ) 0, f x > (hoc ( ) 0, ( ) 0, ( ) 0 f x f x f x < ), trong
( ) f x l hm s c cha cn thc ca bin s.
1.2. Cc nh l
1.2.1. nh l.
2 1
2 1
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
k
k
f x g x f x g x
+
+
.
1.2.2. nh l.
2 1
2 1
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
k
k
f x g x f x g x
+
+
.
1.2.3. nh l.
2
2
( ) 0
( ) 0
( ) ( )
( ) 0
( ) ( )
k
k
g x
f x
f x g x
g x
f x g x

1.2.4. nh l.
2
2
( ) 0
( ) ( ) ( ) 0
( ) [ ( )]
k
k
f x
f x g x g x
f x g x

2. Cc phng php gii bt phng trnh v t
2.1. Phng php nng ly tha
2 7 3 2 x x x >
Gii.
iu kin:
2 0 2
3
7 0 7
2
3 2 0 3
2
x x
x x x
x
x
(*)
Ta c
2
2 7 3 2
2 3 2 7
2 2 (2 )( 3 2 ) 3 2 7
2 6 4
x x x
x x x
x x x x x
x x x
>
+ >
+ >
> +

2 2 2
4 4
2 6 0 2 6 ( 4)
x x
x x x x x
<

> +

4
4
3
2
2
11
2
x
x
x x
x
x
<

<
>

>

134
4 4 2
2
x x
x
< <
<

Kt hp vi iu kin (*) th nghim ca bt phng trnh cho l 2. x <
2 2 3 3
3 1 2 1 x x +
Gii. Lp phng hai v ca bt phng trnh cho ta c bt phng trnh tng ng
2 2
2
3 1 2 1
2 0
2
2.
x x
x
x
x
+

Vy, nghim ca bt phng trnh cho l
2
2.
x
x

2
16 5
3
3 3
x
x
x x
+ <

Gii. Bt phng trnh cho tng ng vi
2
2
2 2
4
16 3 5
4
16 8
4 8
16 (8 )
x
x x
x
x x
x
x x

+ <

<
<

<

4 8
4 5
5
x
x
x
<
<
<

Vy, nghim ca bt phng trnh cho l 4 5. x <
6 1 8 2 3 4 2 x x x x + + +
Gii. iu kin:
6 1 0
8 0
0 (*)
2 3 0
4 2 0
x
x
x
x
x
+

Khi , bt phng trnh cho tng ng vi
135
2 2
2
6 1 4 2 2 3 8
10 3 2 6 1. 4 2 10 3 2 2 3. 8
24 16 2 16 24
4 4 1 0
1
.
2
x x x x
x x x x x x
x x x x
x x
x
+ + + + +
+ + + + + + +
+ + +
+
=

1
2
x = tha iu kin (*). Vy, bt phng trnh cho c nghim duy nht l
1
.
2
x =
2
1 1 2
4
x
x x + + (1)
Gii.
iu kin cc cn bc hai c ngha l 1 1. x
Khi v phi ca (1) cng khng m, do bnh phng hai v ca bt phng trnh cho
ta c bt phng trnh tng ng
4
2 2
4
2 2
4
2 2
2 2 1 4
16
(1 ) 2 1 1 0
16
( 1 1) 0.
16
x
x x
x
x x
x
x
+ +
+ +
+

Bt phng trnh cui lun ng.
Vy, nghim ca bt phng trnh l 1 1. x
2 2
5 10 1 7 2 x x x x + +
Gii.
t
2
5 10 1 0. t x x = + + Bt phng trnh tr thnh
2
1
7
5
t
t

2
5 36 0 t t +
9
4
t
t

V 0 t , nn ta nhn 4 t , ta c
136
2
2
2
5 10 1 4
5 10 1 16
2 3 0
3
1
t x x
x x
x x
x
x
= + +
+ +
+

3
1
x
x

.
1
2 3
1
x x
x x
+
>
+

Gii.
t
1
0.
x
t
x
+
= > Bt phng trnh tr thnh
2
3 2
1
2 3
2 3 1 0
1
1
2
t
t
t t
t
>
+ <
< <

V 0 t > , nn ta nhn
1
0
2
t < < , nh vy ta c
1 1
0
2
1 1
0
4
x
x
x
x
+
< <
+
< <

( )
( )
1 0
3 4 0
4
1.
3
x x
x x
x
+ >

+ <
< <

4
1.
3
x < <
( )( ) ( )
2
4 4 2 2 18 1 . x x x x a + +
a) Gii bt phng trnh (1) khi 6; a =
b) Tm a bt phng trnh nghim ng vi [ ] 2; 4 . x
Gii.
137
iu kin: 2 4. x < t ( )( )
2
4 2 2 8. t x x x x = + = + +
Theo bt ng thc Csi ta c
( )( ) ( ) ( )
[ ]
1
4 2 4 2 3
2
3 1 2; 4 .
t x x x x
t x
= + + + =

= =

Nh vy, vi [ 2; 4] x th [0;3]. t
( ) ( )
2
1 4 10 0 g t t t a = +
a) Nu 6, a = ta c ( ) ( )
2
2 2
1 5
4 4 2 0 2 2 8 2
1 5.
x
g t t t t t x x
x
= +
= + = = + + =
=

b) Trng hp tng qut, yu cu bi ton c tha khi v ch khi
( ) [ ]
[ ]
( )
0;3
0, 0;3 0.
t
g t t Max g t

Ta c ( ) 2 4 0 2 [0;3], g t t t = = = nn
[ ]
( ) { }
0;3
(0); (2); (3)
t
Max g t Max g g g
=
( ) 0 10 . g a = =
Vy, ta c 10 0 10. a a
2
( 2 2 1) ( 2) 0 m x x x x + + + (1)
Tm m bt phng trnh cho c nghim [0;1 3]. x +
Gii. t
2
( ) 2 2 t x x x = +
2
1
( ) 0 1 [0;1 3]
2 2
x
t x x
x x
= = = +
+

Bng bin thin
x
0
+
'( ) t x
( ) t x
1
0
2
1
1 3 +
2

[0;1 3] [1; 2]. x t +
Ta c (1)
2
2
2
( 1) 2 0 , [1; 2].
1
t
m t t m t
t
+ +
+

Xt hm s
2
2
( ) , [1; 2],
1
t
f t t
t
=
+

138
2
2
2 2
( ) 0, [1; 2].
( 1)
t t
f t t
t
+ +
= >
+

Bng bin thin
x 1
' f
( ) f x
+
2
+
1
2
2
3

Yu cu bi ton c tha khi v ch khi
2
.
3
m
2 2 2
3 2 4 3 2 5 4 x x x x x x + + + + (1)
Gii.
( )
2 2 2
(1) 3 2 4 3 2 5 4 0 * x x x x x x + + + +
iu kin: 1 4. x x
) 4 1 2 3 4 0 a x x x x x > > >
( )
( ) ( )
* 1 2 4 3 4 0, x x x x x

+

ng, nh vy 4 x l nghim.
) 1 0 1 2 3 4 b x x x x x > > >
( )
( ) ( )
* 1 2 4 3 4 0 1. x x x x x x

+ =

4
1.
x
x

( ) ( )
( )
2
2
4 1 2 10 1 3 2 . x x x + < + +
Gii. iu kin:
3
1.
2
x Bt phng trnh tng tng vi

( )
( )
( )
2
2
2
4 1
2 10
1 3 2
1 3 2 2 10
x
x
x
x x
+
< +
+
+ + < +

3 2 3 3. x x + < <
139
3
3
2
1.
x
x
<

( )
2 2
3 4 9 x x x (1)
Gii. iu kin:
2
2
x
x

Ta c (1) ( ) ( )( )
2
3 4 3 3 x x x x +
Xt 3, x = bt phng trnh (1) ng
Xt 3 x > , (1) ( )
2
4 3 x x +
2 2
4 6 9
13
6
x x x
x
+ +

3 x > l nghim.
Xt
2 3
3 2
x
x
<

(1)
2
4 3 x x +

2 2
4 6 9
13
6
x x x
x
+ +

13
3
6
x l nghim.
Xt 3 x < , (1) lun ng.
3
13
.
6
x
x

4 2
2 1 1 . x x x + (1)
Gii.
2
(1) 1 1 . x x
Vi 1 x , (1) lun ng.
Vi 1 1 0 (1) 1 1 x x x < > +
140
( )
( )
2
1 1
2 0
2
0
x
x x
x
x
+
+

Ta chn
2
0 1
x
x

2
0.
x
x

BI TP CHNG IV
Bi 1. Gii cc phng trnh
1)
2
(16 ) 3 0; x x =
2)
2
(9 ) 2 0; x x =
3)
2
4 2 2; x x x + =
4)
2
1 4 1; x x x + =
5) 2 1 3 2 ; x x x + + =
6) 1 4 13 3 12; x x x + + + = +
7)
2 2
( 3) 10 12; x x x x + =
8) 4 1 1 2 . x x x + =
1)
2 2
3 15 2 5 1 2; x x x x + + + + =
2)
2 2
3 3 3 6 3; x x x x + + + =
3) 2 5 ( 2)(5 ) 4; x x x x + + + + =
4)
2
4 4 2 12 2 16; x x x x + + = +
5)
2
2
1 1 ;
3
x x x x + = +
6)
2
1 1 24 ; x x x + + =
7) 11 11 4; x x x x + + + + =
8)
3 3 3 3
35 ( 35 ) 30; x x x x + =
9)
3 3
2 3 3 2; x x + =
141
10)
2 2 2 3
3 3
2 (1 ) 3 1 (1 ) 0; x x x + + + =
11)
3
2 6 1 2 0; x x + + =
12)
2
3 1 3 8 3; x x x + = +
13)
2
3 1 1. x x x x + + = + +
1)
2 2 4
15 15 2; x x x x + + =
2)
4
2 2;
2 3
x
x
+ =
+

3)
6
9 5 3 ;
3
x x
x
= +

4)
2 2
4 1 3
;
x
x x x x x x
=
+ + +

5)
2 2
2 1 2 1 2; x x x x + + + + =
6)
2 2 2
(2 6 10) 3 11 33 8 0. x x x x x x + + + + =
7)
2
2 4 3 2 2 3 2 0; x x x x x + + + =
8)
3
2 3 2 3 6 5 8 0; x x + =
9)
( )
4 4 4
1 32 1 ; x x x x + = +
10)
3
2 1 1; x x =
11)
3
9 2 1; x x =
12)
3 2 2
2 1 4 4. x x + =
1)
3
2 1 2 1 ;
2
x
x x x x
+
+ + =
2) 2 2 2 1 1 4; x x x + + + + =
3)
2
2
2( 2 4)
2 2 3 2 4;
2
x x
x x x
x
+
= + + +
+

4)
2 3
2( 3 2) 3 8; x x x + = +
5)
3 2 3 2
(1 ) 2(1 ) x x x x + = ;
6) ( ) ( )
3 3
2 2
1 1 1 1 2 1 ; x x x x

+ + = +

142
7)
2 2
1 2 1 2 1 0; x x x x + =
8)
2 2 2
2
2
1 ( 1)
1 ;
2 2 (1 )
x x
x
x x x
+ +
+ + =

9)
( )
2
2 1
2 1 3 2 .
2
x
x x

+ + =
Bi 5. Gii cc bt phng trnh
1)
2
( 1) 2 0; x x x
2)
2 2
( 1) 2 0; x x x
3)
2
2 5 ; x x x <
4)
2
3 2 3 0; x x x + >
5) 3 2 2 4 0; x x x + + + + >
6)
2 2
3 5 7 3 5 2 1; x x x x + + + + >
7) 9 1 4; x x x x + + + + +
8) 5 1 1 2 4; x x x >
9)
2 2 2
3 2 6 5 2 9 7; x x x x x x + + + + + + +
10)
2 2 2
2 2 3 4 5; x x x x x x + + + +
11)
2
1 1 4
3.
x
x

<
1)
2 2
2 4 3 4 5; x x x x + +
2)
5 1
5 2 4;
2 2
x x
x x
+ + +
3) ( )( ) 1 3 2 1 3 4 2 ; x x x x x + + + + >
4)
3 2
3 1 2 0; x x x x + + + + >
5)
2
7 7 7 6 2 49 7 42 181 14 ; x x x x x + + + + <
6)
2
2( 2) 2 2 ; x x x x + +
7)
2
2( 2) 2(2 1) 2 2 1; x x x x + + > + +
8)
2 2
4 ( 4) 2 4; x x x x x + + +
143
9)
2 2
1 2 2 ; x x x x +
10) ( 1) 2 1 3( 1); x x x
11)
( )
( )
2 2 2
1 1 1 1 6 0; x x x + >
12) 2 1 5 4 ; x x x
13)
3 2 2
2 2 . x x x x x x x + < +
1)
16 2
41 3;
x x
+
2)
2 2
(2 12 2 ); x x x x +
3)
2
4 0;
x
x
x
+
4)
2
2
13 40
0;
19 78
x x
x x
+

5) 1 0; x x <
6)
2
2( 16) 7
3 ;
3 3
x
x
x x
+ >

7)
2
4 4 4 2 8 0; x x x x x + + + >
8)
2
2
1 3
1 ;
1
1
x
x
x
+ >

9)
3
1 1; x x > +
10)
2
2
3 5.
4
x
x
x
+ >

Bi 8. Tm cc gi tr ca m phng trnh sau c ng hai nghim phn bit
5 2 6 4 6 2 x x x x m + = .
Bi 9. Tm cc gi tr ca m cc phng trnh sau c nghim
1)
2 2
4 4 ; x x x x m + + =
2)
2
1 4 1
4 4( 2 ) . x x m
x x x
+ + = + +
2 2 2 3
5
( ) 4 2 0.
3
x m x m + + + =
144
Chng minh rng phng trnh c nghim vi mi m > 0.
2
1 4 5 4 2 0. x x x x x m + + + + + + + + =
Tm cc gi tr ca m phng trnh c nghim khng m.
Bi 12. Bin lun theo m s nghim ca phng trnh
( )( ) 5 7 5 7 2 1. x x m x x m + + + + = +
Bi 13. Tm cc gi tr ca m phng trnh sau c nghim
2 4
3 1 1 2 1 x m x x + + = .
Bi 14. Tm cc gi tr ca m bt phng trnh
2 2 2
( 2 2 1) 2 6 2 2 m x x x x x x + + + + +
c nghim thuc on [0; 2].
4 4 4
4 4 6 x x m x x m + + + + + =
c hai nghim.
Bi 16. Chng minh rng vi mi 1, m > phng trnh sau lun lun c hai nghim phn
bit
2
2 3 ( 1)( 3). x x m x = +
3
( 1) 1. x mx m + = +
Chng minh rng phng trnh lun lun c mt nghim duy nht vi mi . m
2
(4 )(6 ) 2 x x x x m + +
nghim ng vi mi [ ] 4; 6 . x
3 1 mx x m +
c nghim.
Bi 20. Tm cc gi tr ca m phng trnh sau c hai nghim phn bit
2
2 2 1. x mx x + + = +
2
( 1)( 3) 4 5 x x m x x + + + +
145
1) Gii bt phng trnh khi 1; m =
2) Tm cc gi tr ca m bt phng trnh nghim ng vi mi [ 2; 2 3]. x +
2
(3 )(7 ) 4 . x x x x m + +
Tm cc gi tr ca m bt phng trnh nghim ng vi mi [ 3; 7]. x
4 2 16 4 . x x m +
Tm cc gi tr ca m bt phng trnh c nghim.
2
1 . x m x
Tm cc gi tr ca m bt phng trnh c nghim.
2
12 3 . x x m
Tm cc gi tr ca m bt phng trnh c mt nghim duy nht.
2
2 7 . m x x m + < +
1) Gii bt phng trnh khi
1
;
2
m =
2) Tm cc gi tr ca m bt phng trnh nghim ng vi mi . x
2
2 1 . x mx x >
Tm cc gi tr ca m tp hp nghim ca bt phng trnh cho cha on
1
[ ;1].
4

( )
2 2 4 4
2 2 4 2 2 4 m x x x x + + =
c nghim.
( )
3
3 2
3 1 1 x x m x x +
c nghim.
Bi 30. Tm cc gi tr ca m phng trnh sau c ng hai nghim phn bit
4 4
2 2 2 6 2 6 . x x x x m + + + =
Bi 31. Tm cc gi tr ca m bt phng trnh sau c nghim 1 x <
( )
2 2
1 1. x mx x m x + > +
( )
2 2
4 4. x mx x m x + = +

146
CHNG V. PHNG TRNH, BT PHNG TRNH M V LOGARIT
1. NHC LI LOGARIT
1. nh ngha. Cho a l mt s dng khc 1 v b l mt s dng. S thc sao cho
a b
= c gi l logarit c s a ca b v k hiu l log

a
b tc l
log .
a
b a b
= =
Ch .
Khi vit log
a
b th phi hiu l 0, 1; 0. a a b > >
Trng hp c s 10 a = th logarit c s 10 ca s dng b ta vit l lgb v c l logarit
thp phn ca . b
Vi a e = th logarit c s e ca s dng b ta vit l lnb v c l logarit t nhin ca . b
(S e l gii hn
1
lim(1 )
x
x
x
+
+ xp x bng 2, 718281828...).
T nh ngha ta c mt s kt qu sau.
log 1 0 , log 1;
a a
a = =
log
b
a
a b =

log
a
b
a b =
2. Cc tnh cht ca logarit
2.1. nh l.
) log ( ) log log ;1 0; , 0
) log log log ;1 0; , 0
) log log ;1 0; 0; .
a a a
a a a
a a
i bc b c a b c
b
ii b c a b c
c
iii b b a b
= + > >
| |
= > >
|
\
= > >

Ch . Trong iii) nu
*
2 , k k = th
2
log 2 log ;1 0; 0.
k
a a
b k b a b = >
H qu
1
) log log ;1 0; 0
1
) log log ;1 0; 0; , 2.
a a
n
a a
i b a b
b
ii b b a b n n
n
| |
= > >
|
\
= > >

2.2. nh l
log
log
log
a
b
a
c
c
b
= hay log .log log ;1 0;1 0; 0.
a b a
b c c a b c = > > >
H qu
1
) log
log
a
b
i b
a
= hay log .log 1;1 0;1 0.
a b
b a a b = > > .
147
1
) log log ;1 0; 0; 0.
a
a
ii c c a c
= > >

iii)
log log
;1 0; , 0.
b b
c a
a c b a c = > >
2. PHNG TRNH, BT PHNG TRNH M
1. nh ngha. Phng trnh, bt phng trnh m l phng trnh, bt phng trnh m n s
c mt s m ca ly tha.
Trong mt s trng hp ta xt thm n s c mt c c s ca ly tha, khi ta phi
xt hai trng hp: c s 1 a > v 0 1. a < <
2. Mt s phng php gii phng trnh m
2.1. Phng php logarit ha
Cc dng c bn

( ) ( )
0
1
( ) ( )
f x g x
a
a a a
f x g x
>
= =

=

( )
( ) log , 1 0; 0.
f x
a
a b f x b a b = = > >
3
2 5 (1)
x x +
=
Gii.
3
2 2
(1) log 2 log 5
x x +
=
2
3 log 5 x x + =
2
2
3
3 (log 5 1) .
log 5
x x = =
2
3
.
log 5 1
x =

2
2
3
2 3 (1)
2
x x x
=
Gii.
2
2
2 2
3
(1) log 2 .3 log
2
x x x
=
2
2 2
3
2 log 3 log .
2
x x x + =
( )
2
2 2
2
log 3 2 1 log 3 0
1
1 log 3
x x
x
x
+ + =
=

=

2
1 1 log 3. x x = =
148
2.2. Phng php t n s ph
4 6 9 (1)
x x x
+ =
Gii.
2
4 6
(1) 1
9 9
2 2
1 0 (1)
3 3
x x
x x
| | | |
+ =
| |
\ \
| | | |
+ =
| |
\ \

t
2
0 (1)
3
x
t
| |
= >
|
\
tr thnh
2
1 0 t t + =
1 5
2
1 5
2
t
t

Do t > 0 nn ta chn
1 5
,
2
t
+
=
suy ra
2
3
2 1 5 1 5
log .
3 2 2
x
x
+ + | |
= =
|
\

( ) ( )
2 3 2 3 4 (1)
x x
+ + =
Gii. t
( )
2 3 0
x
t = > ta c
(1) tr thnh
1
4 t
t
+ =
2
4 1 0
2 3 0
2 3 0
t t
t
t
+ =
= >
= + >

( )
( )
2
2 3 2 3 2 3
2 3 2 3
1 2
2
x
x
t
x
x
+ = =
=
= =

149
( )
( )
2
2 3 2 3 2 3
2 3 2 3
1 2
2
x
x
t
x
x
+ = + = +
= +
= =

Vy, phng trnh cho c hai nghim l 2 2. x x = =
4 4 2 2 10 (1)
x x x x
+ + + =
Gii. t 2 0
x
t = >
(1) tr thnh
2
2
1 1
10 t t
t t
+ + + =
2
2
1 1
2 10 0
1 1
12 0
t t
t t
t t
t t
| | | |
+ + + =
| |
\ \
| | | |
+ + + =
| |
\ \

1
4
1
3.
t
t
t
t
+ =
+ =

V 0, t > nn ta chn
1
3 t
t
+ =
1
3 t
t
+ =
2
3 5
0
2
3 1 0
3 5
0
2
t
t t
t

= >
+ =
= >

2
2
3 5 3 5
2 log
2 2
3 5 3 5
2 log
2 2
x
x
x
x

= =

+ +

= =

2
2
3 5
log
2
3 5
log .
2
x
x

150
3 1 2
2 7.2 7.2 2 0 (1)
x x x +
+ =
Gii.
t 2 0
x
t = >
(1) tr thnh
3 2
2 7 7 2 0 t t t + =
( )( )
2
1 2 5 2 0 t t t + =
2 1
1 0
2 2 2 1
1 1 1.
2
2 2
x
x
x
t x
t x
x
t

=
= =

= = =

=
= =

Vy, phng trnh cho c ba nghim l
0
1
1.
x
x
x
=

( )
2 2 2
1 1 1
2.4 6 9 1
x x x + + +
+ =
Gii.
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
2 2 2
2 2
2 1 2 1 1
1 2 1
1 2.2 2.3 3
3 3
2
2 2
x x x
x x
+ + +
+ +
+ =
| | | |
+ =
| |
\ \

t
2
1
3 3
,
2 2
x
t
+
| |
=
|
\
ta c phng trnh:
2
2
2 0
1
t
t t
t
=
=

Ta nhn
2
1
2
3
2
3
2 2 1 log 2
2
x
t x
+
| |
= = + =
|
\

3
2
3
2
log 2 1
log 2 1
x
x

Vy, phng trnh c hai nghim l
3
2
3
2
log 2 1
log 2 1
x
x

( )
2 2
2 1 2 2
2 9.2 2 0 1
x x x x + + +
+ =
151
Gii.
( )
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2 1 2
2 2
2 2
1 2 9.2 1 0
1 9
.2 .2 1 0
2 4
2.2 9.2 4 0
x x x x
x x x x
x x x x

+ =
+ =
+ =

t
2
2 0,
x x
t

= > ta c phng trnh
2
4
2 9 4 0
1
2
t
t t
t
=
+ =

4 t = ta c:
2
2 2
1
2 4 2 2 0
2
x x
x
x x x x
x
=
= = =

1
2
t = ta c: ( )
2
2 2
1
2 1 1 0
2
x x
x x x x VN
= = + =
Vy, phng trnh c hai nghim 1, 2 x x = = .
( )
( )
3
3. 1
1 12
2 6.2 1 1
2 2
x x
x x
+ =
Gii.
( )
3
3
3
2 2
1 2 6 2 1
2 2
x x
x x
| |
| |
=
| |
\
\

t
2
2
2
x
x
t = ta c
3
3
3 3
3
2 2 2 2
2 2 3.2 . 2 6
2 2 2 2
x x x x
x x x x
t t
| | | |
= + = +
| |
\ \

Khi ta c phng trnh:
3
6 6 1 1 t t t t + = =
Suy ra
( )
2 2 1 2
2 1 2 2 2 0
2 2 2
x
x x x
x x
=
= =

=

Ta chn 2 2 1
x
x = =
( )
2 2
1 1 2 1 2 1 2 2
x x x
+ = +
Gii.
iu kin:
2 2
1 2 0 2 1 0
x x
x
Nh vy ta c 0 2 1
x
< , do t 2 sin
x
t = vi 0;
2
t
|

\
.
Phng trnh tr thnh

( )
( )
2 2
1 1 sin sin 1 2 1 sin
1 ost sin 1 2 ost
t
2. os sin sin 2
2
t t t
c t c
c t t
+ = +
+ = +
= +

t 3 t
2. os 2sin . os
2 2 2
t
c c =
152
t 3
2. os 1 2 sin 0
2 2
t
os 0
2
3 2
sin
2 2
t
c
c
t
| |
=
|
\

do 0;
2
t
|

\
nn ta ch nhn
3 2
sin
2 2
t
= t ta c
1
1 2
6
2
0
2 1
2
x
x
t
x
x
t
= =

=

= =

Vy, phng trnh c hai nghim 1; 0. x x = =
2.3. Phng php s dng tnh cht n iu ca hm s
S dng tnh cht n iu ca hm s gii phng trnh l cch gii kh quen thuc.
Ta c ba hng p dng nh sau.
1. Bin i phng trnh v dng
( ) f x k = (1)
vi k l hng s.
Nu hm s ( ) f x ng bin (nghch bin) trn khong ( ; ) a b th phng trnh (1) c
nhiu nht mt nghim trn khong ( ; ). a b Do nu tm c
0
x thuc khong ( ; ) a b sao
cho
0
( ) f x k = th
0
x l nghim duy nht ca phng trnh.
( ) ( ) (2) f x g x =
Nu hm s ( ) y f x = ng bin (nghch bin) trn khong ( ; ), a b nhng hm s ( ) y g x =
nghch bin (ng bin) cng trn khong th phng trnh (2) c nhiu nht mt nghim
trn khong ( ; ). a b Do , nu tm c
0
x thuc khong ( ; ) a b sao cho
0 0
( ) ( ) f x g x = th
0
x
l nghim duy nht ca phng trnh.
( ) ( ) (3) f u f v =
Xt hm s ( ), y f x = nu hm s ny n iu trn khong ( ; ) a b th khi phng trnh
(3) tng ng vi ; , ( ; ). u v u v a b =
2
2 3 1 (1)
x
x
= +
Gii.
3 1
(1) 1
2 2
x
x
| |
| |
= +
|
|
|
\
\

153
Hm s
3 1
( )
2 2
x
x
f x
| |
| |
= +
|
|
|
\
\

nghch bin trn nn phng trnh nu c nghim th ch c nghim duy nht, ta th
c 2 x = tha phng trnh.
Vy, phng trnh cho c mt nghim duy nht 2. x =
2 3 2
3 (3 10).3 3 0 (1)
x x
x x

+ + =
Gii.
t
2
3 0
x
t

= >
Vit li phng trnh (1) di dng
2
1
3
3 (3 10) 3 0
3
t
t x t x
t x
+ + =

Vi
2
1 1
3 2 1 1.
3 3
x
t x x
= = = =
Vi
2
3 3 3 .
x
t x x
= =
Hm s
2
3
x
y

= ng bin trn ton trc s, cn hm s 3 y x = lun lun nghch bin v ta
th c 2 x = tha phng trnh.
Vy, phng trnh cho c hai nghim l 1, x = 2. x =
2
1 2
2 2 ( 1) (1)
x x x
x

+ =
Gii.
2
1 2
2 1 2 .
x x x
x x x

+ = +
Xt hm s ( ) 2 ,
t
f t t = + ta c, hm s ny lun lun ng bin trn ton trc s.
Nh vy, phng trnh c vit di dng
2 2
( 1) ( ) 1 1. f x f x x x x x x = = =
3 3 2 2
2 3 .2 (1 3 ).2 2 0
x x x
x x x x + + + + + = (1)
Gii. Vit li phng trnh (1) dng
3
(2 ) (2 ) 2
x x
x x + + + = (2)
Xt hm s
3
( ) , f t t t = + hm s ny lun lun ng bin trn ton trc s v (1) 2, f = do
(2) 2 1 2 1 . (3)
x x
x x + = =
Cng lp lun nh tnh cht n iu ca hm s th phng trnh (3) ch c mt nghim duy
nht l 0. x =
154
( ) 9 2 2 3 2 5 0 (1)
x x
x x + + =
Gii.
t 3 0
x
t = >
(1) tr thnh ( )
2
2 2 2 5 0 t x t x + + =

1 0
2 5
t
t x
= <

= +

Nh vy, ta c 3 2 5
x
x = +
3 2 5 0
x
x + =
Hm s 3 2 5
x
y x = + ng bin trn , do phng trnh c nhiu nht mt nghim, th
c 1 x = tha phng trnh.
2 2
2 2 2 4 2 2
5 5 2
x mx x mx m
x mx m
+ + + + +
= + + (1)
Gii.
t
2
2 2, t x mx = + + phng trnh (1) tr thnh
2 2
5 5 2 2 (2)
t t m
t t m
+
+ = + +
Xt hm s ( ) 5 ,
t
f t t = + hm s ny ng bin trn ton trc s do
2
(2) ( ) (2 2) 2 2 2 0
2 0 (3)
f t f t m t t m t m
x mx m
= + = + + =
+ + =

Phng trnh cho c nghim khi v ch khi (3) c nghim, khi v ch khi
2
0
0
1.
m
m m
m

=

Vy, gi tr mcn tm l
0
1.
m
m

2
2
2
2 4.2 2 4 0 (1)
x x
x x x
+
+ =
Gii.
( )
( )
2
2 2
(1) 2 2 4 2 1 0
x x x
x x

+
=
( ) ( )
2 2
2
2 2 1 4 2 1 0
x x x x x
=
155
( )
( )
2
2
2 1 2 4 0
x x x
=
2
2
2
0 1 0 2 1
1. 2 2
2 4
0 1.
x x
x
x x x x
x x
x x
= = = =
= =
=
= =

( )
3 3
5 9.5 27 5 5 64 (1)
x x x x
+ + + =
( )
( )
3
3
2 3
2
3
3
2
5
3 9 3
(1) 5 3.5 . 3.5 . 4
5 5 5
3 3
5 4 5 4
5 5
5 4.5 3 0
0 5 1
log 3.
5 3
x x x
x x x
x x
x x
x x
x
x
x
x
| |
+ + + =
|
\
| |
+ = + =
|
\
+ =
= =

=
=

5
0 log 3. x x = =
V d 3. Tm k phng trnh
( ) 9 1 3 2 0 (1)
x x
k k + =
c nghim duy nht.
Gii.
t 3 0.(1)
x
t = > tr thnh ( )
2
1 2 0 (2) t k t k + =
(1) c nghim duy nht (2) c ng mt nghim dng.
1 2 1 2
1 2 1 2
1 2 1 2
1 2
0
0 0
0 . 0
0; 0 . 0
0
S t t t t
t t P t t
t t P t t
S t t
=
= + > = >

< < = <
= > = =
= + >

( )
2
2 8 0
1 0
5 2 6
2 0
0
2 0
1 0
k k
k
k
k
k
k
k
>

= +
<

<

Vy, gi tr k cn tm l
5 2 6
0.
k
k
= +
<

156
2 1
4 0 (1)
4 2
x x
m m
m
+
+ + =
Tm m sao cho phng trnh c hai nghim
1 2
, x x tha
1 2
1 0 . x x < < <
Gii. t
1
0
2
x
t = >
(1) tr thnh ( )
2
2 1 4 0 (2) mt m t m + + + =
Ta c
1 2 2 1
1 0 0 1 x x x x < < < < < <

2 1
2 1
0
2 1
2 2 2 2
1 1
1 2
2 2
1 2 (3)
x x
x x
t t

< < <
< < <
< < <
(*)
t v tri ca (2) l ( ) f t , th
( )
3 0
(1) 0
(3) 2
2 0 (2) 0
m
mf
m
m m mf
< <

<

+ > >

Vy, vi 2 m< th (1) c hai nghim tha
1 2
1 0 . x x < < <
Sau y ta gii mt s h phng trnh m.
2 2
2
2 2 2
2 2 2
4 2 4 1
2 3.2 16
x x y y
y x y
+
+ +
+ =

Gii.
Vit li h phng trnh di dng
2 2
2
2( 1) 1 2
2 1
4 4.4 .2 2 1
(1)
2 3.4 .2 4
x x y y
y x y

+ =

t
2
1
4
1
; , 0.
4
2
x
y
u
u v
v
>

Khi (1) c vit thnh
2 2
2
4 1 ( )
3 4 ( )
u uv v a
v uv b
+ =

Do 0 v > nn t
2
4
( )
3
v
b u
v
= thay vo ( ) a ta c
157

2
4 2
2
16
2 31 16 0
1
2
v
v v
v
=

Ta nhn
2
16 4 v v = = (do 0) v > 1. u =
Nh vy, ta c
2
2 1
1 1 1 0 4 1
2. 2
2 4
x
y
x x x
y y
= = = =

= = =

Vy, h phng trnh cho c hai nghim (1; 2), ( 1; 2).
2 2
3 3 (1)
12(2)
x y
y x
x xy y
=
+ + =

Gii.
Ta vit phng trnh (1) di dng
3 3 (3)
x y
x y + = +
Xt hm s ( ) 3
t
f t t = + , hm ny ng bin trn , do (3) . x y =
Khi h tr thnh
2 2 2
2 2. 12 3 12
x y x y x y
x x x xy y x
= = =

= = + + = =

Vy, h phng trnh cho c hai nghim (2; 2), ( 2; 2).
2 2
2 2 ( )( 2) (1)
2 (2)
x y
y x xy
x y
= +
+ =

Gii.
Thay (2) vo (1) ta c
2 2 3 3
3 3
2 2 ( )( )
2 2 (3)
x y
x y
y x x xy y y x
x y
= + + =
+ = +

p dng phng php gii nh V d 2, ta cng c h phng trnh cho c hai nghim
(1;1), ( 1; 1).
V d 4. Tm m h phng trnh
2 .3 3
(1)
.2 3 2 1
x y
x y
m m
m m
+ =
+ = +

C nghim duy nht. Tm nghim duy nht .

158
Gii.
t
2 0
3 0
x
y
u
v
= >
= >

Khi h c bin i v dng
3
(2)
2 1
u mv m
mu v m
+ =
+ = +

Ta c
2 2 2
1 ; 2 2 ; 3 2 1.
u v
D m D m m D m m = = + = + +
H phng trnh (1) c nghim duy nht khi v ch khi h phng trnh (2) c nghim duy
nht ( ; ), 0, 0. u v u v > >
0
2
0
1
1
3 1 1
0 1
1 3
u
v
m
D m
u
D m
m
D m
v m
D m
<
= = >
>

= = > < <
+

Vy, gi tr m cn tm l
1
1 .
3
m < <
Khi nghim duy nht ca h phng trnh l
2
3
2
log
1
3 1
log .
1
m
x
m
m
y
m
+

3. Mt s phng php gii bt phng trnh m
3.1. Phng php logarit ha
Cc dng c bn

( ) ( )
1
( ) ( )
0 1
( ) ( )
f x g x
a
f x g x
a a
a
f x g x
>

<
<
< <
>

.

( )
1
( ) log
( 0)
0 1
( ) log
a
f x
a
a
f x b
a b b
a
f x b
>

<
< >
< <
>

.

( ) f x
a b > (1). (0 1) a <
i) Nu 0 b th (1) ( ) f x c ngha.
159
ii) Nu 0 b > th:
+ Trng hp 1: 1 a >
(1) ( ) log
a
f x b >
+ Trng hp 2: 0 1 a < <
(1) ( ) log
a
f x b <
1 2 1 2
7 7 7 5 5 5 (1)
x x x x x x + + + +
+ + < + +
Gii.
( ) ( ) (1) 7 1 7 49 5 1 5 25
x x
+ + < + +
7
5
57.7 31.5
7 31 31
log .
5 57 57
x x
x
x
<
| |
< <
|
\

Vy, bt phng trnh cho c nghim l
5
7
31
log .
57
x <

( )
2
2
2
1 1 (1)
x x
x x
+
+
Gii.
Nhn xt:
2
1 0 x x + > vi mi x . Ta xt 3 trng hp sau
Trng hp 1:
2
0
1 1
1
x
x x
x
=
+ =
=
, cc gi tr 0, 1 x x = = l nghim ca bt phng trnh

(1) v thay vo (1) ta c 1 1 (ng).
Trng hp 2:
2 2
1 1 0 x x x x + > >

0
1
x
x
<

>

Khi
2
2
2 2
1
(1) log ( 1) 0
x x
x x
x x
+
+
+

2
2 0 2 0 x x x +
Kt hp vi iu kin
0
1
x
x
<
>
ta c 2 0. x
Trng hp 3:
2
0 1 1 x x < + <
2
2
0
0 1
1 0
x x
x
x x
<
< <
+ >

160
2
0
(1) 2 0
2.
x
x x
x

+

Kt hp vi iu kin ang xt, ta chn nghim l 0 1. x < <
Vy, nghim ca bt phng trnh cho l 2 1. x
1
2 2 1
0 (1)
2 1
x x
x

Gii.
t 2 0
x
t = > , (1) tr thnh
1
2 2 1
0
1
t t
t

2
2
0
( 1)
t t
t t
+ +

Lp bng xt du v tri ta nhn c
0 1
2.
t
t
< <

T suy ra
0 2 1 0
1
2 2
x
x
x
x
< < <

0
1.
x
x
<

5.36 2.81 3.16 0 (1)
x x x

Gii.
36 16
(1) 5. 2 3. 0
81 81
x x
| | | |

| |
\ \

2
4 4
5. 2 3. 0
9 9
x x
| | | |

| |
\ \

t
4
0
9
x
t
| |
= >
|
\
, ta c bt phng trnh theo n t
161
2
2
3
3 5 2 0
1.
t
t t
t

Nh vy, ta c
4 2
0
1
9 3
2
4
0
1
9
x
x
x
x
| |
<
|

\
| |

|
\

1
2
0.
x
x

4
4 (1)
4 3
x
x x
<

Gii.
4
(1) 4 0
4 3
x
x x
<

3.4 4.3
0
4 3
3
3 4
4
0.
3
1
4
x x
x x
x
x
+
<
| |
+
|
\
<
| |
|
\

t
3
0
4
x
t
| |
= >
|
\
, ta c bt phng trnh
3
4 3
4
0
1
1
t
t
t
t
<

>
>
,
Suy ra
3 3
0
3
4 4 0
4
3
1
1
4
x
x
t
t
| |
< <
|
< <
\
| |
>
>
|
\

1
0.
x
x
>

<

162
1
0.
x
x
>
<

( ) ( )
( ) 5 21 5 21 5.2 1
x x
x
+ +
Gii.
Chia hai v cho 2 0
x
> ta c

5 21 5 21
5
2 2
x x
| | | |
+
+
| |
| |
\ \

t
5 21
0
2
x
t
| |
+
= >
|
|
\
, ta c bt phng trnh

2
1
5 5 1 0
5 21 5 21
2 2
5 21 5 21 5 21
2 2 2
1 1
x
t t t
t
t
x
+ +
+

| |
+ +

|
|
\

Vy, nghim ca bt phng trnh l 1 1 x .
( )
2 3 6 3 5
2 15.2 2 1
x x x x + +
+ <
Gii.
Chia hai v ca bt phng trnh (1) cho 2 0,
x
> ta c bt phng trnh
( )
2 3 2 6 3 5
2 3 3
3 3
2 15.2 1
4.2 15.2 4 0
x x x x
x x
x x
+ +
+
+
+ <
+ <

t
3 3
2 0
x x
t
+
= > , ta c bt phng trnh
( ) ( )
2
4 15 4 0
4 4 1 0
1
4
4
t t
t t
t
+ <
+ <
< <

V 0 t > nn ta chn
1
0 ,
4
t < < nh vy ta c
( )
3 3
2
2
1
0 2
4
3 3 2
3 1
1 0 1
3 0 3 1.
2 0
3 1
x x
x x
x x
x x
x x x
x x
x x
+
< <
+ <
+ < +
+ > >

+ >

+ >
+ < +

163
Vy, nghim ca bt phng trnh l 1 x > .

( )
2 2
6 2 4.3 2 1
x x x x +
+ > +
Gii.
t
3 0
2 0
x
x
u
v
= >
= >
, ta c bt phng trnh

( ) ( )
2
. 4 4 0
4 0
3 2 3 2
4 4 2 4 2 4
0 0
2 0.
2 2
x x x x
x x
u v v u v
u v v
u v u v
v v
x x
x x
x x
+ >
>
> < > <

> < > <

> <
> <

> <

Vy, nghim ca bt phng trnh l 2 0. x x > <
C hai hng p dng nh sau
1. Bin i bt phng trnh v dng
( ) (1) f x k > ( k l hng s)
Nu hm s ( ) f x n iu trn khong ( ; ) a b (gi s ng bin).
Khi ta c nhn xt: Gi s
0
x thuc ( ; ) a b l nghim ca phng trnh ( ) , f x k = th
Vi
0 0
( ) ( ) (1) x x f x f x k = v nghim.
Vi
0 0
( ) ( ) x x f x f x k > > = (1) nghim ng.
0
. x x >
2. Bin i bt phng trnh v dng
( ) ( ) (2) f u f v <
Xt hm s ( ), y f x = gi s hm s ng bin trn khong ( ; ) a b , khi
( ) ( ) ; , ( , ). f u f v u v u v a b < <
2.2 3.3 6 1(1)
x x x
+ >
Gii.
Chia hai v ca bt phng trnh (1) cho 6 0,
x
> ta c
2 3 1
1.
3 2 6
x x x
+ + >
Xt hm s
2 3 1
( ) ,
3 2 6
x x x
y f x = = + + l hm s nghch bin trn ton trc s v (2) 1. f =
164
Ta c nhn xt:
+ Vi 2, x th ( ) (2) 1 f x f = (1) khng nghim ng.
+ Vi 2, x < th ( ) (2) 1 f x f > = (1) ng.
Vy, nghim ca bt phng trnh cho l 2. x <
2( 1) 1 2
3 3 4 3 (1)
x x
x x
+
+
Gii.
iu kin: 1. x (*)
Vit li bt phng trnh di dng
( )
2( 1) 1 2
2
2( 1) 1 ( 1) 1
3 2( 1) 3 2 1
3 2( 1) 3 1 (2)
x x
x x
x x x
x x
+
+ +
+ + +
+ +

Xt hm s
1 2
( ) 3 ,
x
y f x x
+
= = + hm s ny ng bin trn [1; ). + Khi ta c
( )
2
2
(2) ( 2( 1) ( 1) 2( 1) 1
2( 1) 1
2 2 2 1
f x f x x x
x x
x x x

+

2
4 3 0 x x +
3
1.
x
x

Kt hp vi iu kin (*) ta c nghim ca bt phng trnh cho l 3 1. x x =
3.4. Mt s v d khc
V d 1. Tm m bt phng trnh
2 2 2
sin cos sin
2 3 .3
x x x
m + (1)
c nghim.
Gii.
Chia hai v ca bt phng trnh (1) cho
2
sin
3 0
x
> ta c
2
2
2
2
2
2
2 2
sin
cos
sin
sin
1 sin
sin
sin sin
2 3
3
3
2 3
3
3
2 1
3. .
3 9
x
x
x
x
x
x
x x
m
m
m
| |
+
|
\
| |
+
|
\
| | | |
+
| |
\ \

165
Xt hm s
2 2
sin sin
2 1
3.
3 9
x x
y
| | | |
= +
| |
\ \

Cc hm s
2 2
sin sin
2 1
( ) , ( )
3 9
x x
y g x y h x
| | | |
= = = =
| |
\ \
nghch bin trn ton trc s, nn hm s

2 2
sin sin
2 1
3. ( ) 3 ( )
3 9
x x
y g x h x
| | | |
= + = +
| |
\ \
l mt hm nghch bin trn ton trc s, do vy ta c
2 2
1 1 sin sin 0 0
2
2 1 2 1 2 1
0 sin 1 3. 3. 3.
3 9 3 9 3 9
x x
x
| | | | | | | | | | | |
+ + +
| | | | | |
\ \ \ \ \ \

1 4. y
Nh vy, 4. Maxy = T , bt phng trnh (1) c nghim khi v ch khi 4. m
V d 2. Tm a bt phng trnh
( )
2
.4 1 2 1 0
x x
a a a
+
+ + > (1)
nghim ng vi mi x.
Gii.
t 2 0,
x
t = > khi ta c bt phng trnh ( )
2
4 1 1 0(2). at a t a + + >
Yu cu bi ton c tha khi v ch khi bt phng trnh (2) ng vi mi 0. t > Ta c
( )
2
4 1 1 0 at a t a + + >
2
4 1
( )
4 1
t
a g t
t t
+
> =
+ +

Nh vy (2) ng vi mi 0 t >
2
4 1
( ), 0.
4 1
t
a g t t
t t
+
> = >
+ +

2
2 2
4 2
( ) 0, 0.
( 4 1)
t t
g t t
t t

= < >
+ +
Lp bng bin thin ca hm s ( ), (0; ), g t t + ta c min
gi tr (0;1).
g
T = Vy gi tr cn tm l 1. a
V d 3. Tm m mi nghim ca bt phng trnh ( )
2 1
1
1 1
3 12 1
3 3
x x
+
| | | |
+ >
| |
\ \
cng l
nghim ca bt phng trnh ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2
2
2 3 6 1 0 2 . m x m x m + <
Gii.
t ( )
1
2
3
1
0 1 12 0
3
4.
x
t
t t t
t
>
| |
= > + >
|
\
<

Nh vy , ta c
166
1
1
1 1
3
3 3
1
1
1
0
1 0.
x
t
x
x
x
x
| | | |
= > =
| |
\ \
<
+
<
< <

Nu 2 m = , ( )
1
2 12 3 0 ,
4
x x < < tha mn yu cu bi ton
Nu 2, m khi yu cu bi ton c tha
( )
( )
1 0
1 5; 2.
0 0
f
m m
f

Vy, gi tr m cn tm l 1 5. m
2 1 2
4 3 3 2.3 2 6
x x x
x x x x
+
+ + < + + (1)
Gii. (1)
( )( )
2
2 3 3 2 0.(2)
x
x x >
Ta c
2
3
3 2 0 log 2 0,
x
x > > nn ta c (2) tng ng vi
( )( )( )
2
3
2
3
0 log 2
0
3
1 2 3 log 2 0
.
2
x
x
x x x
x
<

+ >
>

3. PHNG TRNH, BT PHNG TRNH LOGARIT
1. nh ngha. Phng trnh, bt phng trnh logarit l phng trnh, bt phng trnh c n
cha trong biu thc di du logarit.
Trong mt s trng hp c xt c n cha c s ca logarit, khi ta phi xt hai
trng hp ca c s: 1 a > v 0 1. a < <
2. Mt s phng php gii phng trnh logarit
2.1. Phng php m ha
Cc dng c bn

0, 1
log ( )
( )
a
b
a a
f x b
f x a
>
=

=

167

0, 1
log ( ) log ( ) ( ) 0, ( ( ) 0)
( ) ( )
a a
a a
f x g x f x g x
f x g x
>
= > >

( ) ( ) ( )
1 1 1
2 2 2
log 1 log 1 2log 7 1 (1) x x x + + =
Gii.
iu kin:
1 0
1 0 1 7
7 0
x
x x
x
>
+ > < <
>
(*)
( ) ( )
2
1 1
2 2
(1) log 1 2log 7 1. x x =
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2
2
1 1
2 2
2 2
1 2 2
2
2
log 1 log 7 1
1 1 1
log 1
2
7 7
3
14 51 0
17
x x
x x
x x
x
x x
x
=

= =

=
+ =
=

Kt hp vi iu kin (*) ta c nghim ca phng trnh cho l 3. x =
( ) ( )
2
3
3
log 1 log 2 1 2 (1) x x + =
Gii.
iu kin:
1
1 0
1
2 1 0
2
x
x
x x

> >

(*)
( )
3 3
(1) 2log 1 2log 2 1 2 x x + =

( )
( )
( )
3 3
3
log 1 log 2 1 1
log 1 2 1 1
1 2 1 3 (2)
x x
x x
x x
+ =
=

=

. Xt
1
1
2
x < <
( )( ) (2) 1 2 1 3 x x =
168
2
2 3 4 0 x x + = (Phng trnh v nghim).
. Xt 1 x >
( ) ( )
2
(2) 1 2 1 3 2 3 2 0 x x x x = =
2
1
.
2
x
x
=

So vi iu kin (*) ta nhn 2. x =
( )
4 2
2 1
1 1
log 1 log 2 (1)
log 4 2
x
x x
+
+ = + +
Gii. iu kin:
1
1 0
2
2 0
1.
1
2 1 0
2
2 1 1
0
x
x
x
x
x
x x
x
x
>
>

>
+ >

>

+ > >

+
(*)
Vi iu kin 1, x > ta c
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
1 1 1 1
(1) log 1 log 2 1 log 2
2 2 2 2
x x x + + = + +
( ) ( ) ( )
( )( ) ( )
( )( )
2 2 2
2 2
2
2
log 1 log 2 1 1 log 2
log 1 2 1 log 2 4
1 2 1 2 4
2 2 1 2 4 0
1
2 3 5 0
5
2
x x x
x x x
x x x
x x x x
x
x x
x
+ + = + +
+ = +

+ = +
+ =
=

So vi iu kin ta c
5
2
x = l nghim ca phng trnh cho.
( )
( )
( )
2
9 3 3
2 log log log 2 1 1 1 x x x

= +

Gii.
(*)
169
iu kin:
0
0
0
1
2 1 0 0.
2 1 1 2
2 1 1 0
2 1 1
x
x
x
x x x
x
x
x
>
>
>
+ > > >

+ >

+ >

+ >

Vi iu kin 0, x > ta c
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
2
3 3 3
2
3 3 3
3 3 3
3
2
3 3
2
2
1
1 2 log log log 2 1 1
2
1
log log log 2 1 1
2
log log 2log 2 1 1 0
log 0
1
log log 2 1 1 0 2 1 2 2 1 1
1 1
4 2 1 2 2 2 1 2, ( 0)
1
4 0
x x x
x x x
x x x
x
x
x x x x x
x x
x x x x x
x
x x
| |

= +
|

\

= +

+ =

=
=

+ = = + + +
= =

+ = + + = + >

=
1
0
4
x
x
x
=

V 0 x > nn nghim ca phng trnh l 1 x = , 4 x = .
( ) ( ) ( )
2 3
4 8
2
log 1 2 log 4 log 4 1 x x x + + = + +
Gii.
iu kin: ( )
1 0 1
1
4 0 4
4 4
4 0 4
x x
x
x x
x
x x
+

> <

< <

+ > >

( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
2 2 2
2 2 2 2
2
2 2
2
2 2
2 2
1 log 1 2 2log 4 log ( 4)
log 1 log 4 log 4 log 4
log 4 1 log 16
4 1 16
4 1 16 4 12 0
4 1 16 4 20 0
x x x
x x x
x x
x x
x x x x
x x x x
+ + = + +
+ + = + +
+ =
+ =
+ = + =

+ = =

6
2
2 2 6
2 2 6
x
x
x
x
=
= +

So vi iu kin ( ) th nghim ca phng trnh l 2, 2 2 6. x x = =
170
( ) ( )
2
2 3 2 3 7 4 3
log 3 2 log 1 log 2 1 x x x x
+
+ + = +
Gii.
iu kin:
2
3 2 0 1 2
1 0 1 2.
2 0 2
x x x x
x x x
x x
+ > < >

> > >

+ > >

Ta c nhn xt rng
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
1
2
2 3 2 3 1 2 3 2 3
7 4 3 2 3
+ = + =
=

Do
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( )
2
2 3 2 3 2 3
2
2 3 2 3 2 3
2 2 3 2 3
2 2
1
1 log 3 2 log 1 log 2
2
1 1 1
log 3 2 log 1 log 2
2 2 2
1
log log 2
3 2
1
2
2
4 1 5 5 2
x x x x
x x x x
x
x
x x
x
x
x x x do x

+ + = +
+ + = +
= +
+
= +
= = = >

Vy, phng trnh c mt nghim 5. x =
( )
( ) ( )
2
2
2
2 2 2
log log .log 2 0 1
x x
x x x
x

+ =

Gii.
iu kin: ( )
2
0
1
0
x
x
x x
>
>
>

Ta c
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
2 2
2 2 2 2
2 2
2 2 2
2
2 2
2
2
2
2
1 2log log log .log 2 0
2 log 1 log 1 .log 0
log 1 log 2 0
1
2
log 1 0
2
1
log 2 0
1
4
4
x x x x x x
x x x x x
x x x
x
x x
x x
x
x
x
x

+ =

+ =

+ =

=
=
=
+ =

So vi iu kin ( ) ta nhn 2 x = .
Vy, phng trnh c mt nghim l 2. x =
171
( ) ( )
1
3 3
log 3 1 .log 3 3 6 (1)
x x+
=
Gii.
iu kin: 3 1 0 0
x
x > >
( ) ( )
3 3
(1) log 3 1 .log 3 3 1 6
x x

=

( ) ( )
( ) ( )
3 3
2
3 3
log 3 1 1 log 3 1 6
log 3 1 log 3 1 6 0
x x
x x

+ =

+ =

t
( )
3
log 3 1 ,
x
t = ta c phng trnh
2
2
6 0
3
t
t t
t
=
+ =
=

( )
( )
3
3
3
3
3 1 9
log 3 1 2
1
3 1
log 3 1 3
27
log 10 3 10
28 28
3 log .
27 27
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
=
=
=

= =

= =

C hai gi tr trn u tha iu kin 0 x > nn l nghim ca phng trnh cho.
( )
2
2 2
log 1 log 2 6 0 (1) x x x x + + =
Gii.
t
2
log t x =
(1) tr thnh ( )
2
1 2 6 0 t x t x + + =
( )
( )( ) ( )
2
6 2 0
2 3 2 0
t t x t
t t x t
+ + =
+ + + =

( )( ) 2 3 0
2
3 .
t t x
t
t x
+ + =
=

=

Vi 2 t = , ta c
2
1
log 2
4
x x = =
Vi 3 t x = , ta c
2
log 3 (*) x x = +
Hm s
2
log y x = ng bin trn ( ) 0; + .
172
Hm s 3 y x = + nghch bin trn .
Do , trn ( ) 0; + phng trnh (*) c nhiu nht mt nghim, ta th c 2 x = tha
phng trnh (*) nn l nghim.
Vy, phng trnh cho c hai nghim
1
2.
4
x x = =
( ) ( )
2
2
2 1 1
log 2 1 log 2 1 4 (1)
x x
x x x
+
+ + =
Gii.
iu kin:
2
2 1 0
2 1 0
1
2
2 1 1
1
1 0
1 1
x x
x
x
x
x
x
x
+ >
>
>

+ >
(*)
( )( )
2 1 1
(1) log 1 2 1 2log 2 1 4
x x
x x x
+
+ + =
( )( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2 1 1
2 1 1
2
1 1
1
log 1 2 1 2log 2 1 4. 2 1 2 1
2
1 log 1 2log 2 1 4
2log 2 1 3log 2 1 1 0
x x
x x
x x
x x x x x x
x x
x x
+
+
+ +
| |
+ + = > =
|
\
+ + + =
+ =

t ( )
1
log 2 1 ,
x
t x
+
= ta c phng trnh
2
1
2 3 1 0
1
.
2
t
t t
t
=
+ =

( )
1
log 2 1 1 2 1 1 2.
x
x x x x
+
= = + =

2
1
1
log (2 1) 2 1 1 (2 1) 1
2
x
x x x x x
+
= = + = +
2
0
4 5 0
5
4
x
x x
x
=

So vi iu kin (*) th nghim ca phng trnh cho l
5
2 .
4
x x = =
173
2 2
2 2
log ( 1) 3log ( 1) 2 x x x x + + = (1)
Gii. Trc ht ta c iu kin sau
2
2
2
1 0
1 0 1.(*)
1 0
x
x x x
x x

>
+ >

t
2
2
2
2
log ( 1)
log ( 1)
u x x
v x x
= +

Nhn xt rng
2 2
2 2
2 2
2
2
log ( 1) log ( 1)
log [( 1).( 1)]
log 1 0.
u v x x x x
x x x x
+ = + +
= +
= =

Khi phng trnh (1) c chuyn thnh h phng trnh
2
2
2
2
log ( 1) 1 0 1
3 2 1 1
log ( 1) 1
x x u v u v u
u v v v
x x
= + = = =

+ = = =

+ =

2
2
1
1
5
2 .
4
1 2
x x
x
x x
+ =

5
4
x = tha iu kin (*). Vy, phng trnh cho c mt nghim duy nht l
5
.
4
x =
2
2 2
log ( 4) log [8( 2)] x x x + = +
Gii.
iu kin:
2
4 0
2.
2 0
x
x
x
>
>
+ >


2
2
2 2 2
2
4
log ( 4) log ( 2) 3 log 3
2
log ( 2) 3 (*)
x
x x x x
x
x x
+ = =
+
=

Hm s
2
log ( 2) y x = ng bin trn khong (2; ), + cng trn khong hm s
3 y x = nghch bin. Do phng trnh (*) c nhiu nht mt nghim, ta thy rng 3 x =
tha phng trnh (*).
174
Vy, phng trnh cho c nghim duy nht 3. x =
6
log
3 6
log ( 3 ) log
x
x x + = (1)
Gii. iu kin:
6
log
3 0
0.
0
x
x
x
x
+ >
>
>

t
6
log 6 .
t
t x x = =
2
3
log (6 3 ) 6 3 2 3 1(2)
2
t
t t t t t t
t
| |
+ = + = + =
|
\

Hm s
3
3
2
t
t
y
| |
= +
|
\
ng bin trn nn (2) nu c nghim th c nghim duy nht, ta
th c 1 t = tha phng trnh (2). Vy ta c
6
1
log 1 .
6
x x = =
Vy, phng trnh cho c mt nghim duy nht l
1
.
6
x =
4
2 2
2
5
log ( 2 3) 2log ( 2 4)(1) x x x x =
Gii.
iu kin:
2
2
2 3 0 1 5
(*)
2 4 0
1 5
x x x
x x
x
> <

>
> +

2 2
2
5
2 2
5 4
log ( 2 3) log ( 2 4)
log ( 2 3) log ( 2 4) (2)
x x x x
x x x x
=
=

t
2
2 4 t x x =
(2) c a v dng
5 4
log ( 1) log (3). t t + =
t
4
log 4 ,
y
y t t = = (3) c chuyn thnh h
4
4 1
4 1 5 5 1
5 5
1 5
y
y y
y y
y
t
y
t
=
| | | |
+ = + = =
| |
\ \
+ =
(do hm s
4 1
5 5
y y
f
| | | |
= +
| |
\ \
nghch
bin).
Vi
2 2
4
1 4 2 4 4 2 8 0
2
x
y t x x x x
x
=
= = = =
=

C hai gi tr trn u tha iu kin (*) nn l nghim ca phng trnh cho.
175
Sau y ta gii mt s h phng trnh lgarit.
2 2
2 3
4 2
log (2 ) log (2 ) 1
x y
x y x y
=
+ =

Gii.
iu kin:
2 0
2 0
x y
x y
+ >
>
(*)
T phng trnh th nht ca h phng trnh, ly logarit c s 2 hai v, ta c
2 2
2 2 2
2 2
log (4 ) 1 log (2 ) log (2 ) 1
log (2 ) 1 log (2 )
x y x y x y
x y x y
= + + =
+ =

Th vo phng trnh th hai, ta c
2 3 2
3 2
2
1 log (2 ) log 2.log (2 ) 1
(1 log 2) log (2 ) 0
log (2 ) 0 2 1.
x y x y
x y
x y x y
=
+ =
= =

Vy, ta c h phng trnh mi
2 2
3
2 2 4 2
4
2 1 1 2 1
.
2
x
x y x y
x y x y
y
+ = =

= =

=

C hai gi tr trn tha iu kin (*) nn h phng trnh cho c nghim l
3 1
( ; ).
4 2

2
2
ln( ) ln 1
ln( ) ln 1
xy x
xy y
= +
= +

Gii. iu kin: 0; 0(*) x y > >
t
ln
ln
u x
v y
=

H phng trnh cho c bin i v dng
2
2
1
1
u v v
v u u
= +
= +

Tr tng v ca hai phng trnh ta c
176
2 2 2 2
( ) ( ) 0
u v
u v u v u v u v
u v
=
= + =
=

Khi h phng trnh tng ng vi
2 2
2 1 0 1 0
u v u v
u u u
= =

+ = + =

1 ln 1
1 ln 1 .
u x x e
v y y e
= = =

= = =

C hai gi tr trn tha iu kin (*) nn h phng trnh cho c nghim l ( ; ). e e
2 2
3
2 2
2 2
log ( 3) 1
log (4 1) log (2 1)
x x
x y x y
x y y x
+ +
+ = +
= +

Gii.
iu kin:
2
2
3 0
4 1 0 (*)
2 1 0
x y
x y
y x
+ >
>
+ >

Xt phng trnh th nht ca h phng trnh vi php i bin 3 0, t x y = + > ta c
3
log 4 t t = (**).
Nhn xt:
V tri ca (**) l biu thc ca mt hm s ng bin trn (0; ), + cng trn khong , v
phi l biu thc ca mt hm s nghch bin, do phng trnh (**) c nhiu nht mt
nghim. Ta thy ngay 3 t = l nghim ca phng trnh (**). Khi ta c
3 3 . x y x y + = =
Vy, h phng trnh c vit li di dng
2 2
2 2
2 2
2
log (4 1) log (2 1)
0
0
0
0 1
1
1.
x x
x y
x y y x
x
x y
y x y
x
x x x
x
y
+ +
=
= +
= =

=

= =

=

So vi iu kin (*) th h phng trnh cho c mt nghim l (1;1).
177
3 3
4 32
log ( ) 1 log ( )
x y
y x
x y x y
+
=
= +

Gii. iu kin:
0
0(*)
, 0
x y
x y
x y
>
+ >

H phng trnh cho c bin i v dng
2 2 2 2
3
2( ) 5 2( ) 5 (1)
log ( ) 1 3 (2)
x y x y
y x y x
x y x y

+ = + =

= =

Gii (1)
t
1
.
x y
t
y x t
= =
Ta c (1)
2
2
2
1
2( ) 5 2 5 2 0
1
2
2
t
x y
t t t
t
y x t
=
=
+ = + =
= =

Vi
2 2
1 2
2 , (2) 4 3
1 2
y x
x y y y
y x
= =
= =
= =

Ta nhn 2; 1. x y = =
Vi
2 2 2
2 , (2) 4 3 1. y x x x x = = = V nghim.
Vy, h phng trnh cho c mt nghim (2;1).
3. Mt s phng php gii bt phng trnh logarit
3.1. Phng php m ha
Cc dng c bn

1 0 1
log ( )
0 ( ) ( )
a
b b
a a
f x b
f x a f x a
> < <

<

< < >

1
( )
log ( )
0 1
0 ( )
b
a
b
a
f x a
f x b
a
f x a
>
>
>

< <

< <

178

1 0 1
log ( ) log ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) 0 ( ) 0
a a
a a
f x g x f x g x f x g x
g x f x
> < <

> > <

> >

( ) 9
16
2
3
log log 4 3 0 (1) x x

+

Gii.
( )
( )
( )
2
9
16
2
9
16
log 4 3 1
1
log 4 3 0
x x
x x
+ >

2 2
2
2
9
4 3 16 64 39 0
16
4 2 0
4 3 1
x x x x
x x
x x
+ +

+ <
+ <

3
3 13
2 2
4
4 4
13
2 2 2 2 2 2
4
x
x x
x x
<

< + < < +

3
2 2
4
13
2 2.
4
x
x
<
< +

( )
1
log 2 2 (1)
x
x
+
>
Gii.
iu kin:
2 0
1 0
1 0; 1 1
x
x
x x
>
< <
+ > +

Khi ( )
2
2
(1) 2 1 4 1 0 x x x x < + + + >
2 3
2 3.
x
x
<
> +

So vi iu kin (*) th nghim ca bt phng trnh cho l 2 3 0. x + < <
( )
2
2
1 2
2
1 1
log 2 3 1 log 1 (1)
2 2
x x x + +
179
Gii.
iu kin:
2
1
2 3 1 0
2
1 0
1
x x x
x
x
< + >

>

( ) ( )
2
2
2 2
1 1 1
(1) log 2 3 1 log 1
2 2 2
x x x + +
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2
2
2 2
2
2
2 2
1 log 2 3 1 log 1
log 2 2 3 1 log 1
x x x
x x x
+ +

+

( ) ( )
2
2
2
2 2 3 1 1
1
3 4 1 0 1
3
x x x
x x x
+
+

So vi iu kin (*), ta c nghim ca bt phng trnh cho l
1 1
.
3 2
x <
( )
2
log 5 8 3 2(1)
x
x x + >
Gii.
Xt 1 x >
2 2 2
(1) 5 8 3 4 8 3 0 x x x x x + > + >
3
2
1
2
x
x
>
<

Ta nhn
3
.
2
x >
Xt 0 1 x < <
2 2 2
2 2
5 8 3 4 8 3 0
(1)
5 8 3 0 5 8 3 0
x x x x x
x x x x
+ < + <

+ > + >

1 3
1 3
2 2
2 5
1
3
1 .
3
2
5
x
x
x
x
x
< <

< <

>

< <

<

180
Ta nhn
1 3
.
2 5
x < <
1 3 3
.
2 5 2
x x < < >
( )
2
4 2
log 8 log log 2 0 (1)
x
x x +
Gii.
iu kin: 0 1.(*) x <
( )
2 2
1
(1) 3log 2 log (1 log ) 0
2
x
x x + +
( )
2 2
2
3
log 1 log 0
log
x x
x
| |
+ +
|
\

t ( )
2
log 0 , t x t = ta c
( ) ( )
2
3 3
1 0 1 0
1
1
0
0
t
t t t
t t
t
t
t
t
| | + | |
+ + +
| |
\
\

+

>

2
2
1
log 1 0
2
log 0
1.
x x
x
x
<

>

>

So vi iu kin (*) ta c nghim ca bt phng trnh cho l
1
0
2
1.
x
x
<
>

3
2
3 9
81
1 1
(log ) log 3 0
log 3 log 3
x
x
x + > (1)
Gii.
iu kin:
0
1
1
9
x
x
x
>

181
(1) tng ng vi
2
3 3
3
log 3log 4
0
log 2
x x
x
+
>
+

t
3
log , t x = bt phng trnh tr thnh
2
4 2
3 4
0
2
1
t
t t
t
t
< <
+
>
+
>
3
3
1 1
4 log 2
81 9
log 1
3.
x x
x
x
< < < <

>

>

1 1
81 9
3.
x
x
< <
>

2 2
2 2
log 2( 1) log 2 0 (1) x m x m m + + +
Tm m bt phng trnh nghim ng vi [1; 2]. x
Gii.
iu kin: 0. x >
t
2
log , t x = khi bt phng trnh (1) tr thnh
2 2
( ) 2( 1) 2 0. (2) f t t m t m m = + + +
Vi [1; 2], x ta c bin i
2 2 2
1 2 log 1 log log 2 0 1. x x t
Vy (1) nghim ng vi [1; 2] x khi v ch khi (2) nghim ng vi [0;1] t
( ) 0 f t = c hai nghim
1 2
, t t tha mn
1 2
1 2 t t <
2
2
(0) 0
(1) 0
2 0
1 0
1 1.
af
af
m m
m
m

3
2 2
log log (1) x m x
a) Gii bt phng trnh khi 2; m =
b) Tm m tp hp nghim ca bt phng trnh l on [2;8].
Gii.
a) t
2
log , t x = khi bt phng trnh (1) tr thnh 3 (2). t m t Ta c
182
2
2
0
0
3 0
3 3
0
0
3
( ) 3 0
t
t
m
t m t
t m t
t
t
t m t
f t t t m

>
>

= +

Vi 2, m = ta c
2
2
0
2
0
3 1 log 2 2 4.
1 2
0
3 2 0
t
t
t
x x
t
t
t t

>

>
+

Vy, khi 2, m = bt phng trnh (1) c nghim l 2 4. x
b) Vi
2 2 2
2 8 log 2 log log 8 1 3. x x t
Tp hp nghim ca bt phng trnh (1) l on [2;8] khi v ch khi tp hp nghim ca
bt phng trnh (2) l on [1;3].
2
( ) 3 f t t t m = + c hai nghim phn bit
1 2
1; 3. t t = =
(1) 0 2
(3) 0 0
f m
f m
= =

= =

(v nghim)
Vy, khng tn ti m tha bi.
2
2
2
2
log
(1)
log 1
x
m
x

Tm m bt phng trnh (1) nghim ng vi 0. x >
Gii.
t
2
2
log , t x = iu kin: 1. t >
Khi (1) tr thnh .
1
t
m
t
(2). t ( ) ,
1
t
y f t
t
= =
ta c
(1) nghim ng vi 0 x > khi v ch khi (2) nghim ng vi 1 t >
(1; )
( ) .
t
Min f t m
+

( )
3
2
( ) ,
1
t
f t
t
( ) 0 2 (1; ). f t t = = + Ta nhn thy c

(1; )
( ) (2) 1.
t
Min f t f
+
= =
Vy, gi tr m cn tm l 1. m
183
2
log 1 (1) x x + >
Gii.
iu kin: 0. x >
Hm s
2
( ) log y f x x x = = + ng bin trn (0; ). D = +
Ta c (1) 1, f = do
+ Nu 1, x > th
2
( ) (1) log 1 f x f x x > + > 1 x > l nghim ca (1).
+ Nu 0 1, x < th
2
( ) (1) log 1 0 1 f x f x x x + < khng phi l nghim ca bt
phng trnh cho.
Vy, nghim ca bt phng trnh cho l 1. x >
2
2
3
12
log 7 12
7
x x
x x x
x

+
(1)
Gii.
iu kin:
2
2
12 0
4 7
12
3
0
7
x x
x
x x
x
x

< <

<
>

(*)
Vit li bt phng trnh di dng
2 2
3 3
log 12 12 log (7 ) 7 . x x x x x x + + (2)
Xt hm s
3
( ) log , f x x x = + hm s ny ng bin trn tng khong xc nh ca bt
phng trnh (1). Khi (2) tng ng vi
( )
2
2
2
2 2
12 7
12 7
12 49 14
13 61
61
.
13
x x x
x x x
x x x x
x
x

+

Kt hp vi iu kin (*) ta c nghim ca bt phng trnh cho l
61
4
13
3.
x
x
< <
<

2
2 2
(log 2) log 3 0 x x x x + + > (1)

184
Gii. iu kin: 0. x >
V tri ca (1) nu xem l tam thc bc hai i vi bin x th (1) c vit li l
2
( 1)( log 3) 0(2) x x x + + >
Do iu kin 0, x > nn (2) tng ng vi
2 2
log 3 0 log 3 x x x x + > + >
Hm s
2
( ) log y f x x x = = + ng bin trn (0; ) + v (2) 3. f =
+ Vi 2, x > th ( ) (2) 3 f x f > = 2 x > l nghim ca bt phng trnh (1).
+ Vi 0 2, x < th ( ) (2) 3 f x f = 0 2 x < khng l nghim ca bt phng trnh (1).
Vy, nghim ca bt phng trnh cho l 2. x >
BI TP CHNG V
1)
1
4 10.2 24;
x x
=
2)
2 2
4.2 6 18.3 ;
x x x
=
3)
2
3 3
log log
3 =162;
x x
x +
4)
2
log ( 2 1)
1
1
5
3
log ( 1)
9 5 ;
x
x
+
+
=
5)
2 2
5 1 5
4 12.2 8 0;
x x x x
+ =

2 2
1 2
6) 9 10.3 1 0;
x x x x + +
+ =
7) 3.4 (3 10).2 3 0;
x x
x x + + =
8)
2
(2 3) 2(1 2 ) 0;
x x
x x + + =
9)
3 1
4.3 3 1 9 ;
x x x +
=
10)
2 2 2
3 2 6 5 2 3 7
4 4 4 1;
x x x x x x + + + + +
+ = +
11)
sin
4
tan .
x
e x
| |
|
\
=
1)
2 x
4 2.5 10 0;
x x
>
2)
2
9 3 3 9;
x x x +
>
3)
4 2 4
2;
1
x
x
x
+

4)
1 1
15.2 1 2 1 2 ;
x x x + +
+ +
5)
2
2 2
(log ) log
2 4;
x x
x +
185
6) (
1 3
3 1
10 3) ( 10 3) 0;
x x
x x
+
+
+
7)
2 2 2
2 1 2
4 .2 3.2 .2 8 12;
x x x
x x x x
+
+ + > + +
8)
1 1
8 2 4 2 5;
x x x + +
+ + >
9)
2
2
1
9.
3
x
x
+
| |
>
|
\

Bi 3. Gii v bin lun phng trnh
2
6 4 3 2
2 2 (4 ) 3 6.
m x x m
m x m
+ +
= +
4 4 (2 2 1).
x x x x
m

+ = + +
1)
3 2 3
4 128
5 1;
x y
x y
+

=

2)
9
log ( 4 )
2 2
8 1
4 7.2 8;
x y
x y x y

3)
3 2
1
2 5 4
4 2
;
2 2
x
x x
x
y y
y
+
=
+
=
+

4)
2 2
log ( ) log 3
2 2
9 3 2( )
3 3 6;
xy
xy
x y x y
= +
+ = + +

5)
2
2
2
2
( )2 1
9( ) 6 ;
y x
x y
x y
x y
+ =
+ =

6)
2 2
3 3 ( )( 8)
8;
x y
y x xy
x y
= +
+ =

7)
3 3
3 3 ;
x
y
x y
y x
+ = +
+ = +

8)
2 1 2
2 2
2 3.2 2
2 3 2 2;
x x
x
y
y y
+

186
9)
3 3
log ( ) log 2
2 2
4 2 ( )
3 3 12;
xy
xy
x y x y
= +
+ =

10)
2 2
2
2 4 2
2 4 2 3;
x y
x y x y +
+ =
+ + =

11)
2 2
1 1
2
2 2 ln
3 2 3 .
x y
y
x
y y x

+ + = +

1)
( )
3
log 3 8 2 ;
x
x =
2)
1
log 3 2;
x
=
3)
( )
2
log 9 2
1;
3
x
x

4)
8
4 2
2
1 1
log ( 3) log ( 8) log (4 );
2 4
x x x + + =

( )
2 2
1
5) log 4 15.2 27 2log 0;
4.2 3
x x
x
+ + + =

6)
( ) ( )
7 7
log 2 1 log 2 7 1;
x x
+ =

( )
2 4 2
1
7) 2 log 1 log log 0;
4
x x + + =
( ) ( )
3 1
3
8) 2log 4 3 log 2 3 2; x x + + =
9)
2
3 1 1
2 2
log log 3log 5 2; x x
| |
+ =
|
\

( ) ( )
2
2
3
1 8
2
2
10) log 2 2log 4 log 8;
11) log 1 log 3 log 1 0;
x x
x
x x x
+ =
+ =

12)
( ) ( )
3 3
log 9 9 log 28 2.3 ;
x x
x + = +
13) 16log
3
2
3
27
3log 0;
x
x
x x =
14)
2 3
2 4 4
log 2 log 16 log ; x x x + =
15)
1
2 2
log (2 1) .log (2 2) 6;
x x+
+ + =

187
16)
2
2 4
2 2 2
3
4
1
log (2 ) 2 ;
log (2 2 )
x
x x
x

17) ( x +1)
2
3 3
log 4 log 16 0; x x x + =
18)
3
3 2 3 2
3 1
log .log log log ;
2 3
x
x x
x
| |
= +
|
\

19)
2
4
2 3 4
2
1
log (9 16 ) 2 ;
log (3 4 )
x
x
x
= +

20)
1
2 2 1
2
1
log (4 4) .log (4 1) log ;
8
x x +
+ + =

21)
2 2
2 2 2
9
log (2 ) .log (16 ) log ;
2
x x x =

22)
2
lg 1 3lg 1 lg 1 ; x x x + + =
23) lg(1 2 ) lg5 lg6;
x
x x + + = +
24)
2
2 1
log 1 2 ;
x
x
x
x
= +
25)
2
3 1
2
3
1
log ( 3 2 2) 2;
5
x x
x x
+
| |
+ + + =
|
\

26)
3 2
log ( 2) log ( 1); x x + = +
27)
2
3
1;
2 1 log
x
x
=
+ +

28)
2 2
2 3
2 2 3
log ( 2 2) log ( 2 3); x x x x
+
+
=
29)
3
2 lg 1 lg 1; x x =
30)
2 2
2 2
3 log ( 4 5) 2 5 log ( 4 5) 6; x x x x + + + + =
31)
2
2 2
log log 1 1. x x + + =
1)
1 1 2
2 4
log 2log ( 1) log 6 0; x x + +
2)
3
log log (9 72) 1;
x
x

3)
2
2 3
log 1;
x
x
+
<
4)
2
2
9
1
log ( 2 6) ;
2
x
x x + +
188
5)
2 1
1 1
2 2
log (4 4) log (2 3.2 );
x x x +
+
6)
2 2
3 3
log 2( 10 24) log ( 9);
x x
x x x

+

7)
2
3
9
1 1
;
log ( 1)
2log 6 9
x
x x
<
+
+ +

8)
2
2
2
(log ) 3
2;
log 3
x
x
+
>
+

9)
1
2 1
2
log (2 1) .log (2 2) 2;
x x+
>

10)
4 2
18 2
log (18 2 ) .log 1;
8
x
x

11)
4 1
4
3 1 3
log (3 1) .log ;
16 4
x
x

12)
2
log ( 9 1) 1;
x
x x
13)
2 4
1 2 16
2
log 4log 2(4 log ); x x x + <
14)
3
log 2 log 2 ;
x x
x x
15)
2
lg 3lg 3
1;
lg 1
x x
x
+
<

16)
2 3
1 1
2 3
log ( 3) log ( 3)
0;
1
x x
x
+ +
>
+

17)
3 5
5
3
(2 log ) log
log log ;
3 log
x
x x x
x
x
+ <
18)
2
2
1
2
4
0;
log ( 1)
x
x
<

19)
3
log 2 log (2 ) ;
x x
x x
20)
2 3
log log ( 1) 2; x x + + <
21)
2 3
log 1 log 9 1; x x + + + >
1)
4 2
2 2
log log 0
2 8;
x y
x y
=

189
2)
2 2
3 1
3
1
4
2
log ( 2 ) log ( 2 ) 1;
x y y
x y x y
+ = +
+ + =

3)
3
3 2 972
log ( ) 2;
x y
x y
=

4)
9 3
2 .8 2 2
1 1 1
log log (9 );
2 2
x y
y
x
+ =

5)
4 2
2 2
log log 0
5 4 0;
x y
x y
=
+ =

6)
2
1
2 2
2log 3 15
3 .log 2log 3 ;
y
y y
x
x x
+
=
= +

7)
2 4 1
2
4 2
log log 2log 4
log log 5;
x x
x y
+ =
+ =

8)
2
2log
log ( ) log
4 3;
y
x y
x
xy x
y y
=
= +

9)
1 4
4
2 2
1
log ( ) log 1
25;
y x
y
x y
+ =

10)
2 2
2
4 2
log ( ) 5
2log log 4;
x y
x y
+ =
+ =

11)
log log
2 2 3;
y x
x y
xy y
+ =

12)
3 2
3 2
log ( 2 3 5 ) 3
log ( 2 3 5 ) 3;
x
y
x x x y
y y y x
+ =
+ =

13)
4 2
4 3 0
log log 0;
x y
x y
+ =

190
14)
4
7
log log
6
16;
x
x y
xy

15)
2 2
2 4
log 2log 3
16;
x y
x y
+ =
+ =

16)
2 3
9 3
1 2 1
3log (9 ) log 3;
x y
x y
+ =

17)
2 2
ln(1 ) ln(1 )
12 20 0;
x y x y
x xy y
+ + =
+ =

18)
8 8
log log
4 4
4
log log 1;
y x
x y
x y
+ =

19)
2 3
2 3
log 3 1 log
log 3 1 log ;
x y
y x
+ = +
+ = +

20)
lg lg
lg4 lg3
3 4
(4 ) (3 ) ;
x y
x y
=

21)
( )
3
2
log 3
2 12 .3 81 ;
x
x y
y y y
+ =
+ =

22)
( ) ( )
2 2
2 2
2 2
log 1 log
3 81;
x xy y
x y xy
+
+ = +

23)
9
1
log
1
4
2
3 .
3
y
x
x
y
| |
=

Bi 9. Cho phng trnh
2 2
3 3
log log 1 2 1 0 (1) x x m + + =
1) Gii phng trnh khi m = 2;
2) Tm cc gi tr ca m phng trnh (1) c t nht mt nghim thuc on
3
[1; 3 ] .
2
2 1
2
4(log ) log 0 x x m + =
c nghim thuc khong (0;1).
191
V.11. Tm cc gi tr ca a phng trnh

2 2
1 1
25 ( 2)5 2 1 0
t t
a a

+ + + = c nghim.
Bi 12. Tm cc gi tr ca a phng trnh

2
3 3
2log log 0 x x a + = c bn nghim phn bit.
Bi 13. Chng minh rng vi mi gi tr ca 0 a > h phng trnh sau c mt nghim duy
nht
ln(1 ) ln(1 )
.
x y
e e x y
y x a
= + +

2 2
2
2 4
2 4 2
x y
x y x y
m
m
+
+ =
+ + =

Tm cc gi tr ca m h phng trnh c nghim.
1
2 2 1
2 1 1
1 2 2
x
x x
y y m
y m
+
+ +
= + + +
+ = +

2) Tm cc gi tr ca m h phng trnh c nghim;
3) Tm cc gi tr ca m h phng trnh c mt nghim duy nht.
2 2
2 2
2 4 3
x y
y x
x mx y m
=

2) Tm cc gi tr ca m h phng trnh c ng hai nghim.
3 3
3 3
x
y
x m y
y m x
+ = +
+ = +

2) Tm cc gi tr ca m h phng trnh v nghim.
Bi 18. Tm cc gi tr ca m h phng trnh sau c mt nghim duy nht
192
2 2
2 2
17
log log .
x y
x y m
+ =
+ =

Bi 19. Tm cc gi tr ca m h phng trnh sau c nghim( ; ); 1, 4. x y x y > <
2 4
2
0
log log .
y
x y
x
m x
y
=

Bi 20. Tm cc gi tr ca m h phng trnh sau c ng bn nghim
2 2
2 2 2
4 .4 8.2
3 log log log ( ).
x y xy
x y x y m
=
+ + = + +

2
2lg 3
3lg 1
x y m
x y
+ =

1) Gii h phng trnh vi 1; m =
2) Tm cc gi tr ca m h phng trnh c nghim( ; ); 1. x y x
Bi 22. Tm cc gi tr ca m h phng trnh sau c mt nghim duy nht
2 2
lg lg 1
lg .
x y
x
m
y
+ =

CHNG VI. PHNG TRNH LNG GIC
1. CC CNG THC BIN I LNG GIC
Ta quy c cc biu thc trong cc cng thc sau u c ngha.
1. Cng thc cng
1) cos( ) cos cos sin sin
2) cos( ) cos cos sin sin
3) sin( ) sin cos cos sin
4)sin( ) sin cos cos sin
tan tan
5) tan( )
1 tan tan
tan tan
6) tan( ) .
1 tan tan
a b a b a b
a b a b a b
a b a b a b
a b a b a b
a b
a b
a b
a b
a b
a b
+ =
= +
+ = +
=
+
+ =
=
+

2. Cng thc nhn
2.1. Cng thc nhn i
193
2 2
2
1) cos 2 cos sin
2)sin 2 2sin cos
2tan
3) tan 2 .
1 tan
a a a
a a a
a
a
a
=
=
=

2.1.1. Cng thc h bc
2
2
1 cos 2
1) cos
2
1 cos 2
2)sin .
2
a
a
a
a
+
=
=

2.1.2. Cng thc tnh theo cos 2a
2
2
2
1
1) cos (1 cos 2 )
2
1
2) sin (1 cos 2 )
2
1 cos 2
3) tan .
1 cos 2
a a
a a
a
a
a
= +
=
=
+

2.1.3. Cng thc tnh theo tan
2
a
t =
2
2
1
1) cos
1
t
a
t
=
+

2
2
2
2)sin
1
2
3) tan .
1
t
a
t
t
a
t
=
+
=

2.2. Cng thc nhn ba
3
3
1) cos3 4cos 3cos
2)sin3 3sin 4sin
a a a
a a a
=
=

3
2
3tan tan
3) tan3 .
1 3tan
a a
a
a

3. Cng thc bin i tch thnh tng
1
1) cos cos [cos( ) cos( )]
2
1
2)sin sin [cos( ) cos( )]
2
1
3) sin cos [sin( ) sin( )].
2
a b a b a b
a b a b a b
a b a b a b
= + +
= +
= + +

4. Cng thc bin i tng thnh tch
194
1) cos cos 2cos cos
2 2
2) cos cos 2sin sin
2 2
3) sin sin 2sin cos
2 2
4)sin sin 2cos sin .
2 2
a b a b
a b
a b a b
a b
a b a b
a b
a b a b
a b
+
+ =
+
=
+
+ =
+
=

Mt s cng thc quen thuc
1) cos sin 2 cos( )
4
a a a

+ =
2) cos sin 2 sin( )
4
a a a

+ = +
3) cos sin 2 cos( )
4
4) cos sin 2 sin( )
4
a a a
a a a
= +
=

4 4 2 2
5) cos sin 1 2sin cos a a a a + =
6 6 2 2
6) cos sin 1 3sin cos . a a a a + =
2. PHNG TRNH LNG GIC C BN
1. Phng trnh sin x a = (1)
Nu 1 a > th phng trnh (1) v nghim.
Nu 1 a th phng trnh (1) c nghim.
Gi l s o ca gc sao cho sin a =
Ta c ( ) 1 sin sin x =
2
;
2
x k
k
x k
= +

= +

(nu cho bng radian).
Hay ( )
0
0 0
.360
1 ;
180 .360
x k
k
x k
= +

= +

(nu cho bng ).
Cc trng hp c bit
sin 1 2 , .
2
x x k k
= = +
sin 1 2 , .
2
x x k k
= = +
195
sin 0 , . x x k k = =
2. Phng trnh cos x a = (2)
Nu 1 a > th phng trnh (2) v nghim.
Nu 1 a th phng trnh (2) c nghim.
Gi l s o gc sao cho cos a =
Ta c ( ) 2 cos cos x =
2
; .
2
x k
k
x k
= +

= +

Hay ( )
0
0
.360
2 ; .
.360
x k
k
x k
= +

= +

(nu cho bng ).
Cc trng hp c bit
cos 1 2 , . x x k k = =
cos 1 2 , . x x k k = = +
cos 0 , .
2
x x k k
= = +
3. Phng trnh ( ) tan 3 x a =
(3) xc nh vi mi ,
2
x k k
+ .
Gi l s o gc sao cho tan , a = th
( ) 3 tan tan x =
, x k k = +
Hay (3)
0
.180 , . x k k = +
(nu cho bng ).
Ch . Nu phng trnh ban u dng ( ) tan tan * u v =
Th iu kin l
2
u k
+ , , .
2
v k k
+
Khi (*) , u v k k = + .
4. Phng trnh ( ) cot 4 x a =
196
(4) xc nh vi mi , x k k .
Gi l s o gc sao cho cot , a = th
( ) 4 cot cot x =
, x k k = +
Hay (4)
0
.180 , . x k k = +
(nu cho bng ).
Ch . Nu phng trnh ban u dng ( ) cot cot ** u v =
th iu kin l u k , , , v k k khi (**) , . u v k k = +
3. MT S PHNG TRNH LNG GIC THNG GP
1. Phng trnh bc nht, bc hai, bc cao i vi mt hm s lng gic
Cch gii.
+ i vi cc phng trnh bc nht i vi mt hm s lng gic ta bin i ngay v
phng trnh lng gic c bn.
+ i vi cc phng trnh bc hai, bc cao i vi mt hm s lng gic ta t n ph, sau
gii phng trnh theo n ph.
Ch . Nu t cos t x = hay sin t x = th iu kin 1. t
( )
2
5sin 2 3 1 sin tan (1) x x x =
Gii.
iu kin: cos 0
2
x x k
+ (*)
( )
2
2
sin
(1) 5sin 2 3 1 sin
cos
x
x x
x
=
( )
2
2
2
2
sin
5sin 2 3 1 sin
1 sin
3sin
5sin 2
1 sin
2sin 3sin 2 0
1
sin
2
sin 2.
x
x x
x
x
x
x
x x
x
x
=
=
+
+ =

Ta nhn
1 5
sin 2 2 , ,
2 6 6
x x k x k k

= = + = + (tha iu kin (*))
197
sin3 2cos 2 2 0. (1) x x + =
Gii.
( )
3 2
(1) 3sin 4sin 2 1 2sin 2 0 x x x + =
3 2
4sin 4sin 3sin 0 x x x + =
sin x 0
3
sinx 2 ; .
2 6
1 5
sinx 2
2 6
x k
x k k
x k

= =

= = +

= = +

2. Phng trnh bc nht i vi sin x v cos x
Phng trnh bc nht i vi sin x v cos x l phng trnh c dng
sin cos (1), , , a x b x c a b c + =
Cch gii.
Cch 1. Chia hai v ca (1) cho
2 2
, a b + ta c
( )
2 2 2 2 2 2
sin cos 2
a b c
x x
a b a b a b
+ =
+ + +

t
2 2 2 2
cos , sin
a b
a b a b
= =
+ +

Khi (2) tr thnh
2 2
cos sin sin cos
c
x x
a b
+ =
+

Hay ( ) ( )
2 2
sin 3
c
x
a b
+ =
+

(3) c nghim
2 2 2
2 2
1
c
a b c
a b
+
+

Phng trnh (3) bit cch gii trong 1.
Cch 2. Chia hai v ca (1) cho a ri t tan
b
a
=
Ta c sin tan cos
c
x x
a
+ =
sin cos sin cos cos
c
x x
a
+ =
( ) sin cos (*)
c
x
a
+ =
198
y l phng trnh xt trong 1.
Ch rng (*) c nghim khi v ch khi cos 1.
c
a

V d. Gii phng trnh
3
3sin3 3 cos9 1 4sin 3 (1) x x x = +
Gii.
Ta c (1)
3
(3sin3 4sin 3 ) 3 cos9 1 x x x =
sin9 3 cos9 1
1 3 1
sin9 cos9
2 2 2
1
sin(9 )
3 2
x x
x x
x
=
=
=

2
9 2 ,
3 6 18 9
5 7 2
9 2 , .
3 6 54 9
k
x k x k
k
x k x k

= + = +

= + = +

3. Phng trnh thun nht bc hai i vi sin x v cos x
l phng trnh dng
( )
2 2
sin sin cos cos 0 2 , , , a x b x x c x a b c + + =
Cch gii.
Xt
2
x k
= + xem c phi l mt nghim ca phng trnh khng.

Xt ,
2
x k
+ khi
2
cos 0, x chia 2 v phng trnh cho
2
cos x ta c

2
tan tan 0 a x b x c + + = .
y l phng trnh bc hai i vi tan x ta bit cch gii.
Ch .
Nu phng trnh vi v phi khc 0

2 2
sin sin cos cos a x b x x c x d + + =
Ta vit phng trnh dng

( )
2 2 2 2
sin sin cos cos cos sin a x b x x c x d x x + + = +
ri chuyn v phi sang v tri.
Cng c th gii phng trnh (2) bng cch bin i v phng trnh bc nht i vi
sin 2x v cos 2 , x nh cc cng thc
199
2
1 cos 2
cos
2
x
x
+
=
2
1 cos 2
sin
2
x
x

=
1
sin cos sin 2
2
x x x =
i vi phng trnh thun nht bc ba i vi sin x v cos x

3 2 2 3
cos cos sin sin cos sin 0 a x b x x c x x d x + + + =
Ta cng bin i a v phng trnh bc ba i vi tan . x
2 2
os 3sin2 =1+sin (1) c x x x
Gii.
V cos 0 x = khng l nghim nn chia hai v ca (1) cho
2
os 0, c x ta c
( )
2 2
2
1 2 3 tan 1 tan tan
2 tan 2 3 tan 0
x x x
x x
= + +
+ =

tan 0
, .
tan 3
3
x k
x
k
x k x
=
=

= + =


3 3 2
cos 4sin 3cos sin sin 0 (1) x x x x x + =
Gii.
V cos 0 x = khng tha phng trnh nn chia hai v ca (1) cho
3
cos 0 x ta c
( )
3 2 2
1 4tan 3tan tan 1 tan 0 x x x x + + =
( ) ( )
3 2
2
3tan 3tan tan 1 0
tan 1 3tan 1 0
x x x
x x
+ =
+ =

tan 1
4
; .
3
tan
3
6
x
x k
k
x
x k

= = +
= +

3
sin 2 sin
4
x x
| |
=
|
\
(1)
Gii.
200
( )
3
3 2 2 3
1
(1) sin cos 2 sin
2 2
sin 3sin .cos 3sin .cos os 4sin (2)
x x x
x x x x x c x x
=
+ =

V cos 0 x = khng l nghim nn chia hai v ca (2) cho
3
os 0, c x ta c
( )
3 2 2
(2) tan 3tan 3tan 1 4 tan 1 tan . x x x x x + = +
3 2
3tan 3tan tan 1 0
tan 1 , .
4
x x x
x x k k
+ + + =
= = +

V du 4. Gii phng trnh
4 2 2 4
3cos 4sin cos sin 0 x x x x + = (1)
Gii. y l phng trnh thun nht bc bn i vi sin x v cos x
Do os 0 c = khng l nghim nn chia hai v ca (1) cho
4
cos 0 x
Ta c
2 4
2
2
3 4tan tan 0
tan 1
4
, .
tan 3
3
x x
x k
x
k
x
x k
+ =

= +
= +

4. Phng trnh i xng i vi sin x v cos x
Phng trnh i xng i vi sin x v cos x l phng trnh dng
( ) ( ) sin cos sin cos 0 3 , , , a x x b x x c a b c + + + =
Cch gii. t sin cos 2 sin ,
4
t x x x
| |
= + = +
|
\
iu kin 2. t
Khi
2
1 2sin cos t x x = +
Suy ra
2
1
sin cos .
2
t
x x

=
Thay vo phng trnh (3) ta c
( )
2
1
0
2
b t
at c
+ + = hay ( )
2
2 2 0. bt at c b + + = (*)
Gii phng trnh (*) tm t v chn nghim tha 2. t
Ch . Phng php gii trnh by trn cng c th p dng cho phng trnh
( ) sin cos sin cos 0 a x x b x x c + =
201
bng cch t sin cos 2 sin ,
4
t x x x
| |
= =
|
\
iu kin 2. t
Khi
2
1
sin cos .
2
t
x x

=
( ) 2 sin cos 6sin cos 2 0 (1) x x x x + + =
Gii.
t sin cos 2 sin + ,
4
t x x x
| |
= + =
|
\
iu kin 2. t
( )
2
1
(1) 2 6 2 0
2
t
t

+ =
2
3 2 5 0 t t + =
1
5
.
3
t
t
=

Ta chn
2
1 2 sin 1 sin
4 4 2
t x x
| | | |
= + = + =
| |
\ \

sin sin
4 4
2 2
4 4
,
2
2
2
4 4
x
x k x k
k
x k
x k
| |
+ =
|
\

= + = +
= +
+ = +

( ) sin 2 2 2 sin cos 3 0(1) x x x + =
Gii.
t sin cos 2 sin ,
4
t x x x
| |
= =
|
\
iu kin 2. t
(1) tr thnh
2
1 2 2 3 0 t t + =
2
2 2 2 0 2
2 sin 2
4
t t t
x
+ = =
| |
=
|
\

sin 1 2
4 4 2
x x k
| |
= = +
|
\
3
2 , .
4
x k k
= +
202
4. CC PHNG TRNH LNG GIC KHC
C nhiu phng trnh lng gic m gii chng, ta cn s dng cc php bin i
lng gic a v cc phng trnh xt trong 1 v 2.
Sau y ta xt mt s v d.
1. S dng cng thc h bc, gc nhn i, gc nhn ba
sin 2 2cos 2sin 2 0 x x x + = (1)
Gii.
(1) sin cos cos sin 1 0 x x x x + =
Xt 2 x k = + l nghim ca phng trnh.
Xt 2 ,
2 2
x
x k k
+ + t tan
2
x
t =
Phng trnh (1) tr thnh
2 2
2 2 2 2
2 1 1 2
. 1 0
1 1 1 1
t t t t
t t t t

+ =
+ + + +

2
2 1 0 1 tan 1 2 .
2 2 4 2
x x
t t t k x k

+ = = = = + = +
2 ; 2 , .
2
x k x k k
= + = +
Ch . Khi t n ph tan ,
2
x
t = nu khng xt 2 x k = + th c th b st nghim.
V d 2. Gii cc phng trnh sau
a) ( )
2 2
cos 3 cos 2 cos 0 1 x x x =
b) ( )
4 4
3
cos sin cos sin 3 0 2
4 4 2
x x x x
| | | |
+ + =
| |
\ \

Gii.
a) ( )
1 cos 6 1 cos 2
1 cos 2 0
2 2
x x
x
+ +
=
cos6 cos 2 1 0 x x =
( )
3
4 2
4cos 2 3cos 2 cos 2 1 0
4cos 2 3cos 2 1 0
x x x
x x
=
=

2
2
2
cos 2 1
cos 2 1
1
cos 2
4
x
x
x
=
sin 2 0 2 ; .
2
k
x x k x k
= = =
203
b) ( ) ( )
2
2 2 2 2
1 3
2 sin cos 2sin cos sin 4 sin 2 0
2 2 2
x x x x x x
| |
+ + + =
|
\
( )
2
1 1 3
1 sin 2 sin 2 cos 4 0
2 2 2
x x x + =
( )
2 2
1 1 1 1
sin 2 1 2sin 2 sin 2 0
2 2 2 2
x x x + =
2
sin 2 sin 2 2 0 x x + =
sin 2 1
sin 2 2
x
x
=

=
2 2 ; .
2 4
x k x k k

= + = +
V d 3. Gii cc phng trnh sau
a) ( )
3
4cos 3 2 sin 2 8cos 1 x x x + =
b) ( )( ) cos 2 cos 2 4sin 2 2 1 sin 2
4 4
x x x x
| | | |
+ + + = +
| |
\ \

Gii.
a) ( )
3
1 4cos 6 2 sin cos 8cos 0 x x x x + =
( )
( )
( )
2
2
2
cos 2cos 3 2 sin 4 0
cos 2 1 sin 3 2 sin 4 0
cos 2sin 3 2 sin 2 0
x x x
x x x
x x x
+ =

+ =

+ =

cos 0
cos 0
2
sin
2
2
sin
2
sin 2
x
x
x
x
x
=

2
2 ; .
4
3
2
4
x k
x k k
x k

= +

= +
= +

b) ( ) ( ) cos 2 cos 2 4sin 2 2 1 sin 2
4 4
x x x x
| | | |
+ + + = +
| |
\ \

( ) ( ) 2 2cos 2 cos 4sin 2 2 1 sin
4
x x x
+ = +
204
( )
2
2 2 sin 4 2 sin 2 0 x x + + =
sin 2
1
sin
1
2
sin
2
x
x
x

2
6
; .
5
2
6
x k
k
x k

= +

= +

2
4
cos cos .
3
x
x = (1)
Gii.
( )( )
3 2
2
4 1 cos 2
(1) cos
3 2
2
2cos 2 1 cos3 ; ( )
3
4cos 4cos 3cos 3 0
cos 1 4cos 3 0
x x
x
t t t
t t t
t t
+
=
= + =
+ =
=

2
cos 1 0
1 cos 2 3
cos
2 4
cos 1 3
; .
1 3
cos 2
2 4 2
t
t
t
t x k
k
k
t x
=
+
= =
= =

= = +

2
3 4
2cos 1 3cos
5 5
x x
+ = (1)
Gii.
( )( )
3 2 2
6 4 2
(1) 1 cos 1 3cos 2 cos3 3cos 2 ; ( )
5 5 5
4cos 6cos 3cos 5 0 cos 1 4cos 2cos 5 0
x x x
t t t
t t t t t t
+ + = + = =
+ = =

2
) cos 1 0 2 5 , .
5
x
a t t k x k k = = = =
205
2
1 21
cos
4
) 4cos 2cos 5 0
1 21
cos
4
t
b t t
t

1 21 5 1 21
cos arccos 5 , .
4 2 4
t x k k

= = +
4 4
1
sin cos .
4 4
x x
| |
+ + =
|
\
(1)
Gii.
( ) ( )
2
2
2 2
1 cos 2
1 cos 2 1 2
(1)
2 2 4
1 cos 2 1 sin 2 1
x
x
x x
| |
+ +
|
| |
\
+ =
|
\

+ =

sin 2 cos 2 1
2 cos 2 1
4
, .
4
x x
x
x k x k k
+ =
| |
=
|
\
= = +

( )
3 3
2
cos cos3 sin sin3 1 .
4
x x x x + =
Gii. V tri ca (1) bng
cos3 3cos sin3 3sin
cos3 sin3
4 4
x x x x
x x
+ +
+
( ) ( )
2 2
1 3
cos 3 sin 3 cos cos3 sin sin3
4 4
1 3
cos 6 cos 2
4 4
x x x x x x
x x
= + +
= +

( )
3 3
1 3
4cos 2 3cos 2 cos 2 cos 2 .
4 4
x x x x = + =
3
2 2
(1) cos 2 cos 2 , .
4 2 8
x x x k k
= = = +
206
3
2cos cos 2 sin 0 (1) x x x + + =
Gii.
( ) ( )
( ) ( )( )
( ) ( ) ( )
3 2 2
2
2
(1) 2cos cos sin sin 0
cos 2cos 1 sin 1 sin 0
1 sin 1 sin 2cos 1 sin 0
1 sin sin cos 2 sin cos 0
x x x x
x x x x
x x x x
x x x x x
+ + =
+ + =
+ + + =

+ + + =

( )( )( ) 1 sin sin cos sin cos 2 0
1 sin 0
sin cos 0
x x x x x
x
x x
+ + + =
=

+ =

sin 1
1
x
tgx
=

=

2
; .
4
x k
k
x k

= +

= +

4 6
cos cos 2 2sin 0 (1) x x x + =
Gii.
( )( ) ( )
4 2 6
2 2 2 4
(1) cos 1 2sin 2sin 0
cos 1 cos 1 2sin 1 sin 0
x x x
x x x x
+ + =
+ + + =

( ) ( )
( )
( )
2 4 2
2 4 2
4 2
sin 2 1 sin cos 1 0
sin 2sin sin 0
sin 2sin 1 0
x x x
x x x
x x

+ + =

+ =
+ =

4
sin 0 ; . x x k k = =
4cos 2cos 2 cos 4 1 x x x = (1)
Gii.
( )
2
(1) 4cos 2cos 2 cos 4 1 0 4cos 2cos 2 2cos 2 0 x x x x x x + = =
207
( )
( ) ( )
2
4cos 2cos 2 1 cos 2 0 4cos 4cos 2 cos 0
cos 1 cos 2 cos 0 cos 2 cos cos3 0
x x x x x x
x x x x x x
+ = =
= =

3
cos 0
cos 0
2
cos 1 ; .
cos 1
2
cos3 4cos 3cos 1
x
x x k
x k
x
x k
x x x
=

= = +

=

=

=

= =

( )
3
cos 2 cos 6 4 3sin 4sin 1 0 x x x x + + = (1)
Gii. Phng trnh (1) tng ng vi
( ) ( )
( )
2 2
2
2
1 cos 2 1 cos 6 4sin3 2 0
2cos 2sin 3 4sin3 2 0
2cos 2 sin3 1 0
x x x
x x x
x x
+ + + + =
+ + + =
+ + =

3
sin 1 cos 0
sin3 1 3sin 4sin 1
sin 1 2 ; .
2
x x
x x x
x x k k
= =

= =

= = +

2. Dng phn thc
Ch . Khi gii cc phng trnh c cha n di mu, ta phi t iu kin cho mu khc
khng.
6
3cos 4sin 6 (1)
3cos 4sin 1
x x
x x
+ + =
+ +

Gii. t 3cos 4sin t x x = + phng trnh (1) tr thnh
6
6.
1
t
t
+ =
+
(2)
iu kin: 1 0 1. t t +
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (2) 1 6 6 1 5 0 0 5 1 .
3 4 3
3cos 4sin 5 cos sin 5cos arccos
5 5 5
t t t t t t t t
t x x x x x
+ + = + = = =
| | | |
= + = + =
| |
\ \

3 3
) 0 cos arccos 0 arccos ; .
5 5 2
3 3
) 5 cos arccos 1 arccos 2 ; .
5 5
a t x x k k
b t x x k k
| |
= = = + +
|
\
| |
= = = +
|
\

208
1 1 2
.
cos sin 2 sin 4 x x x
+ = (1)
Gii.
iu kin: sin 4 0 , (*).
4
k
x x k

( )
2
(1) 4sin cos 2 2cos 2 2 4sin cos 2 2 1 2sin 2 x x x x x x + = + =
( ) ( )
2
4sin cos 2 sin 0 sin 2sin sin 1 0 x x x x x x = + =
sin 0
sin 1
1
sin
2
x
x
x
.
So vi iu kin (*) ta chn
1
sin
2
x =
2
6
; .
5
2
6
x k
k
x k

= +

= +

3
5sin 4 cos
6sin 2cos .
2cos 2
x x
x x
x
= (1)
Gii.
iu kin: cos 2 0 , .
4 2
k
x x k

+
( )
3
3 2
(1) 6sin 2cos 5sin 2 cos
6sin 2cos 10sin cos * .
x x x x
x x x x
=
=

V cos 0 x = khng l nghim nn chia hai v ca phng trnh (*) cho
3
2cos x ta nhn c
( )
2
3tan 1 tan 1 5tan x x x + =
( )( )
( )
3 2
2
3tan 2tan 1 0 tan 1 3tan 3tan 1 0
3 1
tan 1 3 tan 0 tan 1 ; .
2 4 4
x x x x x
x x x x k k
= + + =

| |

+ + = = = +
|
|

\

209
So vi iu kin ca phng trnh th
4
x k
= + khng tha. Vy, phng trnh cho v

nghim.
3. Dng cha tan x v cot x
Ch . i vi cc phng trnh cha tan x v cot , x ta phi t iu kin cho tan x v cot x
xc nh.
cot tan sin cos (1) x x x x = +
Gii.
iu kin: sin 0 cos 0 , .
2
k
x x x k
(*)
( )
( )( )
2 2
(1) cos sin cos sin cos sin
sin cos sin cos sin cos 0
) sin cos 0 tan 1 ; .
4
x x x x x x
x x x x x x
a x x x x k k
= +
+ + =
+ = = = +

,
4
x k k
= + tha iu kin (*).

) sin cos sin cos 0. b x x x x + = t
2
1
sin cos 2 sin( ) 2; 2 sin cos .
4 2
t
t x x x x x

= = =

2
2
1
0 2 1 0 2 sin 1 2
2 4
1 2
sin
4 2
t
pt t t t t x
x
| |
+ = = = =
|
\
| |
=
|
\

1 2
arcsin 2
4 2
; .
5 1 2
arcsin 2
4 2
x k
k
x k

= + +
= +

(Tha iu kin (*)).
1
cot 2 cot 3 0.
sin sin 2 sin3
x x
x x x
+ + =
Gii.
iu kin: sin .sin 2 .sin3 0 , .
2 3
k k
x x x x x k

210
sin5 1
0 0 sin sin5 1,
sin 2 sin3 sin sin 2 sin3
x
pt x x
x x x x x
= + = = suy ra
sin 1
1 sin5 sin sin5 sin 1.1 1
sin5 1
x
x x x x
x
=
= = =

=
cos 0 sin 2 0 x x = = (loi v iu

kin). Vy phng trnh v nghim.
6tan 5cot 3 tan 2 . x x x + =
Gii.
iu kin: cos 0 cos 2 0 sin 3 0 , .
2 4 2 3
k k
x x x x k x x k

+ +
( )
( )
2 2
5cos 2 sin
5 tan cot 3 tan 2 tan
cos sin3 cos cos 2
1
5cos 2 sin sin3 cos 2 cos 4 12cos 2 cos 2 1 0
2
x x
pt x x x x
x x x x
x x x x x x x
+ = =
= = =
1 1
cos 2 cos 2
3 4
x x = = (tha mn iu kin).
1 1 1 1
arccos arccos ; .
2 3 2 4
x k x k k
| |
= + = +
|
\

( ) ( ) 2 tan sin 3 cot cos 5 0. x x x x + + =
Gii.
iu kin: sin 0 cos 0 , .
2
k
x x x k

( ) ( )
sin cos
2 sin 1 3 cos 1 0
cos sin
2 3
0 sin cos sin cos sin cos sin cos
cos sin
x x
pt x x
x x
x x x x x x x x
x x
| | | |
+ + + =
| |
\ \
= + + +

( )
2 3
0 sin cos sin cos
cos sin
x x x x
x x
| |
= + +
|
\

( )
2 3 3 3
0 tan arctan ; .
cos sin 2 2
a x x k k
x x
| |
+ = = = +
|
\
Tha iu kin.
( ) sin cos sin cos 0. b x x x x + =
t sin cos 2; 2 t x x

= +

2
1
sin cos .
2
t
x x
=
211
2
1 2
2 1 0 2 cos 1 2 cos
4 4 2
1 2
arccos 2 , .
4 2
pt t t t x x
x k k
| | | |
= = = =
| |
\ \

= + +

2
1 cos
tan (1)
1 sin
x
x
x
+
=

Gii. iu kin:
cos 0
, .(*)
2
sin 1.
x
x k k
x

+

( )( )
2
1 cos sin cos
1 cos 1 cos
(1) 0 1
1 sin 1 sin cos
2
cos 1 cos 1
; .
sin cos 0 tan 1
4
x x x
x x
x x x
x k
x x
k
x x x x k
+ +
+ | |
= =
|
+
\
= +
= =

+ = = = +

2 ,
4
x k x k k
= + = + tha iu kin (*) nn l nghim ca phng trnh cho.

3
2
3
1 cos
tan (1)
1 sin
x
x
x

Gii. iu kin:
{
3
cos 0
, . (*)
1 sin 0
2
x
x k k
x

+

( )( )
( )( )
2
2
2 2
1 cos 1 cos cos
1 cos
(1)
1 sin 1 sin 1 sin sin
x x x
x
x x x x
+ +
=
+ +

( )
( )
2
2
1 cos
1 cos cos 1 cos
. 0
1 sin 1 sin sin 1 sin
x
x x x
x x x x
| | + + +
=
|
+ + +
\

( )( )( ) 1 cos cos sin sin cos sin cos 0 x x x x x x x + + =
( ) 1 cos 0 cos 1 2 , . a x x x k k = = =
( ) cos sin 0 tan 1 , .
4
b x x x x k k
= = = +
( ) sin cos sin cos 0. c x x x x + + =
t
2
1
sin cos 2 cos( ) 2; 2 sin cos .
4 2
t
t x x x x x

= + = =

Ta c phng trnh theo n t
2
1 2
2 1 0 2 cos 1 2 arccos 2 .
4 4 2
t t t x x k
+ | |
+ = = = + = + +
|
\
. k
Cc cng thc nghim trn u tha iu kin (*) nn l nghim ca phng trnh cho.
212
4. Mt s phng trnh gii bng phng php c bit
Ngoi cc phng php c bn gii phng trnh lng gic nu cc mc trn,
chng ta cn c mt s cch gii c bit, s dng cc kt qu sau

2 2
0
0
0
A
A B
B
=
+ =

=

A m
A m
B m
B m
A B

=

=

=

1
1
1
1
1 1
A A
A A
B B
B B
A B A B

=

=

+ = +

2 2 2
1
sin sin 3 sin sin 3 (1)
4
x x x x + =
Gii.

2 2
2 2 2 2 2
2
1 1 1 1
(1) sin sin 3 sin 3 (1 sin 3 ) 0 sin sin 3 sin 6 0
2 4 2 16
1 1
sin sin 3 0 sin (1 cos 6 )
2 4
cos 6 1 cos6 1
sin6 0
x x x x x x x
x x x x
x x
x
| | | |
+ = + =
| |
\ \
| |
= =
|

\

= =
=

cos 6 1
sin 0
2
cos 6 1
6
1 5
sin 2 .
2 6
x
x k
x
x k
x
x x k
=

= +

=

= = +

Vy, phng trnh c nghim l
5
; 2 ; 2 , .
6 6
x k x k x k k

= = + = +
2
(cos 4 cos 2 ) 5 sin3 (1) x x x = +
Gii.
2 2
(1) 4sin 3 sin 5 sin3 (2) x x x = + . Do
2 2
4sin 3 sin 4
5 sin3 4
x x
x

, nn ta c

2 2
2
2 3
3 2
sin3 1
sin 3 sin 4
2 3 2
(2)
5 sin3 4 sin 1
2 2
2 , .
2
k
x x k
x
x x
x x
x l x l
x m m

= + = +
= =

+ = =

= + = +

= +

213
Vy, nghim ca phng trnh cho l 2 , .
2
x m m
= +
sin 2sin 2 sin3 2 2 (1) x x x =
Gii.
Ta c v tri ca phng trnh (1) bng
( ) ( )
2 2
2 2
2
sin 2sin 2 sin3 2cos 2 sin 2sin 2 2cos 2 2sin 2 sin 1
4(sin 1) 2 2.
x x x x x x x x x
x
= + +
= +

Vy, (1)
2
2
cos 0
sin 1
(*)
cos 2 sin 2 1 2sin 2sin cos
sin 1 sin 1
x
x
x x x x x
x x
= =

= =

H (*) v nghim. Vy, phng trnh (1) v nghim.
3 3 4
sin cos 2 sin (1) x x x + =
Gii. Ta c v tri ca (1):
3 3 2 2
3 3
sin cos sin cos sin cos 1. x x x x x x + + +
V phi ca (1):
4
2 sin 1. x
Vy,
3 2
3 2
4
cos cos
(1) sin sin sin 1 2 .
2
sin 1
x x
x x x x k
x
=

= = = +

Vy, nghim ca phng trnh cho l 2 , .
2
x k k
= +
5. Mt s phng trnh cha tham s
6 6
sin cos sin 2 (1) x x m x + =
Gii. Ta c
2
6 6 2 2
3
sin cos sin 2 1 3sin cos sin 2 1 sin 2 sin 2 (*)
4
x x m x x x m x x m x + = = =
Do sin 2 0 x = khng tha phng trnh nn
(*)
1 3
sin 2 .
sin 2 4
m x
x
= t sin 2 , 0 1. t x t = < Ta xt hm s
2
1 3 1 3
( ) , ( ) 0.
4 4
y f t t f t
t t
= = = <
0
1
lim ( ) ; (1) .
4
t
f t f
+
= + =
214
Suy ra min gi tr ca hm s ( ) f t l
1
[ ; ).
4
f
T = +
Vy, gi tr cn tm ca m phng trnh (1) c nghim l
1
.
4
m
2
2
3
3tan (tan cot ) 1 0 (1)
sin
x m x x
x
+ + + =
Gii. Ta c
2 2
2
(1) 3(1 cot ) 3tan (tan cot ) 1 0
3(tan cot ) (tan cot ) 4 0.
x x m x x
x x m x x
+ + + + =
+ + + =

t tan cot , 2, t x x t = + ta c phng trnh
2 2
3 4 0 4 3 t mt mt t + = =
2
2
4 3 4
( ), ( ) 3 0.
t
m f t f t
t t
= = = <
Suy ra hm s ( ) f t nghch bin, m lim ( ) , ( 2) 4, (2) 4.
t
f t f f
= = =
Do min gi tr ca hm s ( ) f t l ( ; 4] [4; ).
f
T = +
Vy, gi tr cn tm ca m phng trnh (1) c nghim l 4 4. m m
sin 2( ) sin(3 ) sin (1) x x m x =
Tm m phng trnh c nghim , . x k k
Gii. Ta c
3
2 2
(1) sin 2 sin3 sin 2sin cos 3sin 4sin sin
sin (2cos 3 4sin ) sin sin (4cos 2cos 1) sin
x x m x x x x x m x
x x x m x x x x m x
+ = + =
+ = + =

2
4cos 2cos 1 , ( ). (*) x x m x k + =
t cos , t x = do x k nn ( 1;1). t (*) tr thnh
2
4 2 1 t t m + = . Yu cu bi ton c
tha khi v ch khi m thuc min gi tr ca hm s
2
( ) 4 2 1, ( 1;1). f t t t t = +
Ta c
1
( ) 8 2 0 ( 1;1).
4
f t t t = + = =
1 5
( ) , ( 1) 1, (1) 5.
4 4
f f f = = =
Min gi tr ca hm s ( ) f t trn khong ( 1;1) l
5
[ ;5).
4
f
T = Vy, gi tr cn tm ca m l
5
5.
4
m <
2 2 2
sin 3 ( 3) sin3 4 0 (1) x m x m + + =
215
Tm m phng trnh (1) c ng bn nghim thuc on
2 4
[ ; ].
3 3

Gii. t sin3 , 1. t x t = Khi phng trnh (1) tr thnh
2 2 2
( 3) 4 0 t m t m + + =
2 2
2
2
1 sin3 1 ,
6 3
4 sin3 4
sin3 4 (2)
k
t x x k
t m x m
x m

= = = +

= =

=

Ta nhn thy rng h nghim
2
6 3
k
x

= + , c ng mt gi tr
7 2 4
[ ; ].
6 3 3
x

=
Vy, phng trnh (1) c ng bn nghim thuc on
2 4
[ ; ],
3 3

iu kin l phng trnh
(2) c ng ba nghim khc
7
6
thuc on
2 4
[ ; ].
3 3

Ta c
2 4
[ ; ] 3 [2 ; 4 ],
3 3
x x

do iu kin l
2
2
sin3 0 4 0
2
m
x m
m
=
= =
=

Khi ta c ba nghim l
2 4
.
3 3
x x x

= = =
Vy, vi 2 2 m m = = th phng trnh (1) c ng bn nghim thuc on
2 4
[ ; ].
3 3

BI TP CHNG VI
1) 3 sin x cos x = 2;
2) cos x + 2cos2 x = 1;
3) cos4 x + 2cos
2
x = 0;
4)
2
2cos x + 4cos x = 3sin
2
; x
5) cos x sin x + 3sin2 x 1 = 0;
6) 2sin2 x 3 3 (sin x + cos x ) + 3 3 = 0;
7) sin2 x + 2 sin( x
4
) = 1;
8) sin
2
x + 2sin x coss x 2cos
2
x =
1
2
;
9) cos x + sin x =
cos2
;
1 sin 2
x
x

10) sin
3
x cos
3
x = 1 + sin x cos . x
216
1) 2cos
2
x 1 = sin3 x ;
2)
1 tan
1 tan
x
x
+
= (sin x + cos x )
2
;
3) 1 + tan2 x =
2
1 sin 2
cos 2
x
x
;
4) tan3 x tan x = sin2 x ;
5) (sin x sin2 x )(sin x + sin2 x ) = sin
2
3 x ;
6) sin x + sin3 x + 4cos
3
x = 0;
7) sin2 x = 1 + 2 cos x + cos2 x ;
8) 2cos
6
x + sin
4
x + cos2 x = 0;
9)
2 2 2 2
2cos 3 cos cos 3 sin 1 0 x x x x + = .
1) sin x + cot
2
x
= 2;
2) sin2 x + cos2 x + tan x = 2;
3)
( )
2
2
3 1 tan
cos 4 + 2 = 0;
1+ tan
x
x
x

4)
tan 1
cot 2 0, (0 );
tan 1
x
x x
x
+ = < <
+

5)
3
2
1 3
tan 1 3cot( ) 3, ( );
cos 2 2
x x x
x

+ = < <
6) cos
3
x sin x sin
3
x cos x =
2
8
;
7) sin
2
3 x cos
2
4 x = sin
2
5 x cos
2
6 x ;
8) cos3 x 4cos2 x + 3cos x 4 = 0, x [0,14];
9) sin
4
x + sin
4
(
2 8
x
+ ) + cos
4
x =
1
2
sin
2
2 x ;
10)
1
2cos 2 8cos 7
cos
x x
x
+ = .
1)
cos3 sin3
5 sin cos 2 3, (0; 2 );
1 2sin 2
x x
x x x
x
+ | |
+ = +
|
+
\

2) sin 2 .cos tan3 .sin( ) cos 2 .sin
6
x x x x x x
= + ;
3)
2
cos 2 1
cot 1 sin sin 2
1 tan 2
x
x x x
x
= +
+
;
217
4)
2
sin 4 sin 2 sin9 sin3 cos x x x x x + = ;
5)
2 4
cos sin cos 2 2cos (sin cos ) 1 x x x x x x + = + ;
6) 3 cos 4 sin 4 2cos3 0 x x x + = ;
7)
2 2
4cos 2cos 2 1 cos 4 x x x = + ;
8)
2 2
2sin ( ) 2sin tan
4
x x x
= ;
9) cos3 2cos 2 1 2sin sin 2 x x x x + = ;
10) (2sin 1)(2cos sin ) sin 2 cos ; x x x x x + =
11) 3 cos5 2sin 3 cos 2 sin 0; x x x x =
12)
( )
3
sin cos sin 2 3 cos3 2 cos 4 sin . x x x x x x + + = +
1)
2
4
4
(2 sin 2 ) sin 3
tan 1
cos
x x
x
x
+ = ;
2)
4 4
sin cos 1
5sin 2 2
x x
x
+
= cot
1
2
8sin 2
x
x
;
3) 1 sin cos sin 2 cos 2 0 x x x x + + + + = ;
4)
2 2
1
2cos sin cos( ) sin(3 ) 0
4 4 2
x x x x

+ = ;
5) cot sin (1 tan tan ) 4
2
x
x x x + + = ;
6)
6 6
2(cos sin ) sin cos
0
2 2sin
x x x x
x
+
=
;
7) cos3 cos 2 cos 1 0 x x x + = ;
8) 13 18tan 6tan 3; x x =
9)
4 4
cos sin cos sin ; x x x x = +
10)
13 14
cos sin 1. x x + =
1)
2
tan cot 4cos 2 ; x x x = +
2)
2
sin 2 sin ;
4 4 2
x x
| | | |
= +
| |
\ \

3)
( ) ( )
2
3 2cos cos 2 3 2cos sin 0; x x x x + + =
4) ( )
2
1 2cos3 sin sin 2 2sin 2 ;
4
x x x x
| |
+ + = +
|
\

218
5)
2 2
1 sin sin cos sin 2cos ;
2 2 4 2
x x x
x x
| |
+ =
|
\

6)
2 2
1
cos ( ) sin ( ) 2sin ;
3 6 4
x x x

+ + + =
7)
sin3 4cos 3
6
0;
sin3 1
x x
x
| |

|
\
=

8)
3 3
2 3 2
cos3 cos sin3 sin ;
8
x x x x
+
=
9)
2
4sin3 sin 4cos 3 cos cos 2 1 0;
4 4 4
x x x x x
| | | | | |
+ + + + =
| | |
\ \ \

10) sin3 3cos3 cos 2 3sin 2 sin 3 cos ; x x x x x x + + = +
11) ( ) ( )
2
sin 1 tan 3sin cos sin 3; x x x x x + = +
12)
sin 2 cos 2
tan cot ;
cos sin
x x
x x
x x
+ =
13)
1 1 7
4sin ;
3 sin 4
sin
2
x
x
x
| |
+ =
|
| |
\
|
\

14)
3 3 2 2
sin 3 cos sin cos 3sin cos ; x x x x x x =
15) ( ) 2sin 1 cos 2 sin 2 1 2cos ; x x x x + + = +
16)
( )
( )( )
1 2sin cos
3.
1 2sin 1 sin
x x
x x
=
+

Bi 7. Tm cc gi tr ca tham s m cc phng trnh cho sau y c nghim
1)
2 2
tan cot (tan cot ) 2 0; x x m x x m + + + + =
2) (sin cos ) sin 2 1 0; m x x x m + + + =
3) 4(cos sin ) sin 2 . x x x m + =
Bi 8. Tm cc gi tr ca tham s m phng trnh sau c nghim tha
2 2
x

< <
( )
2
cos 2 cos 4 1 0. x m x m + =
Bi 9. Gii v bin lun phng trnh theo tham s m
2 2
sin 2sin cos 2cos . x x x x m + =
Bi 10. Tm cc gi tr ca tham s m phng trnh
2
cos 2 2sin 2 2 0 m x x m + = c
nghim trong khong 0; .
4
| |
|
\

219
TI LIU THAM KHO
ng Hng Thng. 1998. Phng trnh, bt phng trnh v h phng trnh. H Ni:
NXB Gio dc.
on Qunh (Tng ch bin) Nguyn Huy oan (Ch bin) Nguyn Xun Lim ng
Hng Thng Trn Vn Vung. 2008. i s 10 (Nng cao). H Ni: NXB Gio dc.
on Qunh (Tng ch bin) Nguyn Huy oan (Ch bin) Nguyn Xun Lim
Nguyn Khc Minh ng Hng Thng. 2008. i s v Gii tch 11 (Nng cao). H
Ni: NXB Gio dc.
on Qunh (Tng ch bin) Nguyn Huy oan (Ch bin) Trn Phng Dung
Nguyn Xun Lim ng Hng Thng). 2008. Gii tch 12 (Nng cao). H Ni:
NXB Gio dc.
Hong K. 1999. i s s cp. H Ni: NXB Gio dc.
Hong K. 2007. Gio trnh cn s v ton v t. H Ni: NXB Gio dc.
Nguyn Thi He. 2001. Dng n ph gii ton. H Ni: NXB Gio dc.
Nguyn Vn Mu. 2001. Phng php gii phng trnh v bt phng trnh. H Ni:
NXB Gio dc.
Phan c Chnh. 1999. Bt ng thc. H Ni: NXB Gio dc.
Phan c Chnh Nguyn Dng Thy T Mn o Tam L Thng Nht. 1996.
Cc bi ging luyn thi mn Ton Tp 2. H Ni: NXB Gio dc.
Phan Huy Khi. 2001. Phng php th bin lun h phng trnh cha tham s.
H Ni: NXB Gio dc.
Trn Phng. 1995. Phng php mi gii thi tuyn sinh mn Ton. H Ni: NXB
Gio dc.
thi tuyn sinh vo i hc, Cao ng ton quc t nm 2002 2003 n 2007
2008.
Tp ch Ton hc v Tui tr. H Ni: NXB Gio dc.
.., ..,1978.
. . .
.., .., ...1986.
. . .
V.A.Kretsmar.1978. Bi tp i s s cp Tp 1. V Dng Thy Nguyn Duy
Thun, dch. H Ni: NXB Gio dc.
V.A.Kretsmar.1978. Bi tp i s s cp Tp 2. V Dng Thy Nguyn Duy
Thun, dch. H Ni: NXB Gio dc.

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1

nghch bin trn tng khong xc nh ( ) ( ) ; 2 ; 2; . +

= l hai hm s ngc nhau.

= i xng nhau qua ng phn gic th nht . y x =

= . Hai im M v N l i xng vi nhau qua ng phn gic th

= qua ng phn gic th nht.

= bng cch a v phng trnh ( ) f x x = hoc ( )

(sang bn phi) mt on bng 2.

(sang bn tri) 2 n v ta thu c th hm

sao cho khi tnh tin th ca hm s

ta c th ca hm s cho trong cc trng hp sau y

th phng trnh (1) c nghim l ;

th phng trnh (1) c nghim l .

th phng trnh (1) c nghim l .

= (3), thay (3) vo (1), ta c

(do v phi khng m nn v tri cng khng m)

< < <

< < < <

< < <

< + > >

th , u v l nghim ca phng trnh

= Khi v tri ca phng trnh (1)

= c gi l logarit c s a ca b v k hiu l log

< < = <

, cc gi tr 0, 1 x x = = l nghim ca bt phng trnh

+ > < <

< < < <

( ) 0 2 (1; ). f t t = = + Ta nhn thy c

= + xem c phi l mt nghim ca phng trnh khng.

= + khng tha. Vy, phng trnh cho v

= + tha iu kin (*).

cos 0 sin 2 0 x x = = (loi v iu

= + = + tha iu kin (*) nn l nghim ca phng trnh cho.

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