cng hc phn logistics

cng mn LOGISTIC
I. Cu h i:

Cu 1. Phn tch khi ni m logistic. Vai tr c a logistics trong n n kinh t ? Cu 2. Phn lo i logistics? Cu 3. Cc giai o n pht tri n c a logistics v xu h ng pht tri n c a logistics? Cu 4. Cc nguyn t c c b n c a ho t ng logistics? Cu 5. M i quan h logistics v v n t i? Cu 6. Chi ph logistics? Cch xc nh? Cu 7. B n ch t v quy trnh cung c p d ch v logistics? Cu 8. Cc dng logistics trn quan i m h th ng? Cu 9. Phn tch logistics container? Gi i thch ch c nng v n chuy n trong container ng bi n? Cu 10. Khi ni m, phn lo i container ng bi n? Cu 11. Khi ni m ng i kinh doanh v n t i a phng th c (MTO)? K tn cc bn tham gia v n t i a phng th c? Cu 12. Trch nhi m c a MTO i v i hng ha? Cu 13. N i dung ch ng t v n t i a phng th c? Phn bi t v i h p ng? Cu 14. Cc ch ng t lin quan n v n t i a phng th c? Cu 15. M t s d ng bi t p?

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II. Tr l i: Cu 1. Phn tch khi ni m logistic . Vai tr c a logistics trong n n kinh t ? a) Phn tch khi ni m logistics: Ngy nay, logistics l 1 trong nh ng thu t ng t nh n c cch hi u th ng nh t, v m i c nhn hay cng ty c khuynh h ng s d ng n theo cch ring c a h . M t s ng i ch nh ngha chung chung r ng logistics l h tr , trong khi 1 s khc l i a ra nh ng nh ngha chnh xc v di c trang gi y. - Theo quan ni m m r ng th logistics c hi u: logistics l vi c t ch c ho t ng th c ti n c n thi t nh m th c hi n 1 k ho ch ph c h p thnh cng khi m k ho ch lin quan n nhi u ng i v nhi u trang thi t b . - Trong lnh v c sx, logistics l 1 chu i ho t ng nh m m b o nguyn v t li u, my mc, thi t b , cc d ch v cho ho t ng c a t ch c hay c a doanh nghi p c ti n hnh lin t c, nh p nhng, c hi u qu . Bn c nh cn tham gia vo qu trnh pht tri n s n ph m m i. Gi y, 1 trong 3 h ng pht tri n quan tr ng c a qu trnh chu i cung ng l qu n tr chu i / dy chuy n cung ng. - D i gc qu n tr cung ng: logistics l qu trnh t i u ha v v tr lu tr , chu chuy n cc ngu n ti nguyn hay l y u t u vo t i m xu t pht u tin l nh cung c p, qua nh sx, ng i bn bun bn l n tay ng i tiu dng cu i cng thng qua hng lo t cc ho t ng kinh t (Theo ti li u gi ng d y c a World Maritime University, 1999). - V t ch c ho t ng th c ti n th logistics l 1 c c u l p k ho ch kinh doanh v vi c quan l v t t, d ch v , thng tin v dng v n. N bao g m vi c thng tin lin l c ph c h p ngy cng tng v h th ng ki m sot c n thi t trong mi tr ng kinh doanh hi n nay (Logistics Parrner Oy, Helsinhi, FI, 1966). Tm l i: Qua cc khi ni m u c i m chung v logistics l n lin quan n vi c lu chuy n, tch tr v x l cc ngu n l c (hng ha, d ch v v thng tin i km) t i m u n i m k t thc m khng b ch t c t n ng m ph i thng su t v p ng yu c u c a khch hng. Yu c u m logistics ph i p ng l s n ph m ph i c cung c p ng hnh thi, ng th i gian v ng a i m. Nh v y, cho n nay trn th gi i cha c s th ng nh t cao v nh ngha logistics. b) Vai tr c a logistics trong n n kinh t : - Logistics h tr cho lung chu chuy n cc giao d ch kinh t - Logistics c vai tr quan tr ng trong vi c t i u ha chu trnh lu chuy n c a s n xu t hng ha t khu u vo c a nguyn v t li u, ph ki n t i s n ph m cu i cng n tay khch hng s d ng. - Lm tng kh nng h i nh p kinh t . - Tng tnh c nh tranh c a 1 qu c gia trn th gi i

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Cu 2. Phn lo i logistics? 1. Theo hnh th c ho t ng, c 5 lo i nh sau: - Logistics t c p (1PL First Party logistics): Ng i ch s h u hng ha t mnh t ch c v th c hi n cc ho t ng L p ng nhu c u c a b n thn. - Cung c p d ch v logistics ((LSP) hay (2PL) Second Party logistis): Ng i cung c p d ch v cho ho t ng n l trong chu i ho t ng logistics p ng nhu c u c a ch hng, cha tch h p ho t ng logistics. - Cung c p d ch v logistics th 3 (3PL Third Party logistics) hay logistics h p ng: Ng i thay m t cho ch hng qu n l v th c hi n cc d ch v logistics cho t ng b ph n ch c nng. - Cung c p d ch v logistics th 4 (4PL Fourth Party logistics) hay logistics chu i phn ph i, hay nh cung c p ch o (LPL): Ng i tch h p, g n k t cc ngung l c ti m nng v c s v t ch t khoa h c k thu t c a mnh v i cc t ch c khc thi t k , xy d ng v v n hnh cc gi i php chu i logistics. 4 PL h ng n qu n tr c qu trnh logistics, c lin quan v c pht tri n trn n n t ng c a 3PL nhng bao g m cc lnh v c r ng hn. - Cung c p d ch v L th 5 (5PL): Pht tri n ph c v cho thng m i i n t . 2. Theo tnh chuyn mn ha cung c p d ch v logistics, g m cc lo i cng ty sau: - Cng ty cung c p d ch v v n t i. - Cng ty cung c p d ch v phn ph i . - Cng ty cung c p d ch v hng ha. - Cng ty cung c p d ch v logistics chuyn ngnh. 3. Theo kh nng ti chnh, g m cc lo i cng ty sau: - Cng ty cung c p d ch v logistics c ti s n. - Cng ty cung c p d ch v logistics khng c ti s n. 4. Theo lnh v c ho t ng, logistics c phn chia thnh 4 lo i sau: - Logistics trong lnh v c sx kinh doanh (Business logistics). - Logistics qun s (Millitary logistics). - Logistics s ki n (Event logistics). - Logistics d ch v (Service logistics). Cu 3. Cc giai o n pht tri n c a logistics v xu h ng pht tri n c a logistics? a) Cc giai o n pht tri n c a logistiscs: Theo ESCAP th logistics pht tri n qua 3 giai o n: - Giai o n 1: Phn ph i v t ch t. Vo nh ng nm 60, 70 c a th k 20 th cung ng s n ph m v t ch t, hay cn g i l logistics u ra. Cc ho t ng bao g m: V n t i; Phn ph i; B o qu n hng ha; Qu n l t n kho; Bao b ng gi; Phn lo i; Dn nhn - Giai o n 2: Qu n l dy chuy n cung ng. Vo nh ng nm 80, 90 c a th k 20 th k t h p c 2 m t u vo (cung ng v t t), u ra (cung ng s n ph m) ti t ki m chi ph, tng hi u qu . y g i l qu trnh logistics. - Giai o n 3: Qu n tr dy chuy n cung ng. Nh ng nm cu i th k 20. y l 1 khi ni m thng m i mang tnh chi n l c qu n tr chu i n i ti p cc ho t ng t cung c p n ng i s n xu t, k ho ch tiu th s n ph m cng v i vi c l p cc ch ng t c lin quan, h th ng theo di ki m tra, lm tng thm gi tr s n ph m.
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b) Xu h ng pht tri n c a logistics: ng d ng cng ngh thng tin, thng m i i n t ngy cng ph bi n v su r ng trong lnh v c logistics. - Phng php qu n l logistics ko ngy cng pht tri n m nh m v d n thay th cho phng php y theo truy n th ng. - Thu d ch v logistics t cc cng ty logistics chuyn nghi p ngy cng ph bi n. Cu 4. Cc nguyn t c c b n c a ho t ng logistics? 1. Nguyn t c ti p c n h th ng (System approach): - H th ng l s t p h p b i cc th c th ( i t ng khc nhau) c s tng tc v i nhau. S bi n i c a 1 th c th ny c th nh h ng n s bi n i c a 1 ho c nhi u th c th khc v ng c l i v cu i cng lm cho h thng bi n i. - Ti p c n h th ng l phng php kh ph bi n trong khoa h c. Theo phng php ny th nghin c u v n c n t n vo mi tr ng m n t n t i. Ni cch khc, l xem xt n nh l 1 b ph n c a t ng th l n hn, m ta th ng g i l mi tr ng bn ngoi. - Logistics trong ho t ng kinh doanh c coi l 1 h th ng l n. H th ng g m 3 h th ng nh tng tc v i nhau, l h th ng cung ng v t t, h th ng phn ph i thnh ph m, v h th ng thu h i (ti ch v ti s d ng). 2. Nguyn t c xem xt t ng chi ph (Total cost approach): - Nguyn t c ny c xy d ng trn c s l t t c cc ch c nng lin quan trong logistics c coi nh ton b , khng ring l . Cc ho t ng trong khu v c ch c nng c a logistics u ph i n m trong ci t ng chi ph c a logistics. 3. Nguyn t c trnh t i u ha c c b (The avoidance of suboptimization): - Theo nguyn t c ny, cc v n c xem xt ton b . - V d : 1 dy chuy n sx g m cc cng o n khc nhau, l m i cng o n ny l i l 1 b ph n c tnh c l p tng i, ngha l c th xem xt nh 1 i t ng i u khi n c l p. Nh v y, n c th c t i u ha ring (t i u ha c c b ). T i u ha c c b c th a n 2 tnh hu ng: thc y ho c km hm tnh t i u ton h th ng. V v y, nguyn t c ny ch ra r ng khi t i u ha c c b khng t o c k t qu t i u cho ton h th ng th khng nn t i u ha c c b . 4. Nguyn t c b tr (Cost trade offs): - 1 nguyn t c quan tr ng c hnh thnh t nguyn t c t ng chi ph v h tr cho nguyn t c t ng chi ph l nguyn t c b tr chi ph. Nguyn t c ny c hi u l s thay i cc ho t ng ch c nng c a h th ng lu thng phn ph i s lm cho 1 s chi ph tng ln, 1 s chi ph gi m xu ng. - V d : Nh sx mu n t n d ng gi c c v n chuy n ng bi n th p th ph i tch t 1 s l ng hng ha l n v i u ny d n n chi ph t n tr tng ln. Ng c l i, nh sx giao hng b ng my bay th gi c c v n chuy n s cao hn r t nhi u so v i ng bi n nhng chi ph t n tr th p. Tuy nhin, hi u qu th c s c a nguyn t c ny s l t ng chi ph gi m xung tng ng v i m c ch ph c v khch hng c xc nh.

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Cu 5. M i quan h logistics v v n t i? 1. H p l ha t ch c v n t i: - i v i cc l hng nh v yu c u v n chuy n th ng xuyn t ra nh ng i h i m i i v i v n t i. M t m t, v n t i ph i p ng c nhu c u v vi c v n chuy n cc l hng nh , u n. M t khc ph i m b o chi ph v n t i chi m 1 t l h p l trong gi bn c a hng ha. i u ny d n n 1 h qu t t y u l t ch c v n t i ph i thay i theo. - Phng php v n chuy n tr c ti p s c thay i b ng phng php v n chuy n qua cc i m trung chuy n c hi u qu hn. 2. Logistics t o n n t ng cho pht tri n v n t i a phng th c: - Ngy nay, cng tc t ch c v n t i ph i th ng nh t, v thng su t trong ton b dy chuy n v n t i. l v n t i a phng th c. Ton b ho t ng v n t i c th c th c hi n theo 1 h p ng v n t i a phng th c duy nh t v s ph i h p m i chu chuy n hng ha do 1 ng i t ch c d ch v v n t i a phng th c m nh n. 3. Logistics t o ti n hon thi n ch t l ng v n t i v d ch v : - Ng i s d ng d ch v v n t i (ch hng) c th ch n 1 d ch v ho c s ph i h p gi a cc d ch v sao cho m b o c s cn b ng t t nh t gi a cc d ch v v gi c d ch v . Ng i s d ng d ch v v n t i c th xem xt l a ch n d ch v v n t i no thch h p theo cc ch tiu ch t l ng, l: Gi c v n t i Th i gian v n t i M c r i ro, m t mt i v i hng ha. - V v y, v n t i ph i p ng nhu c u a d ng c a ng i s d ng d ch v v n t i theo cc tiu ch nu trn. Cu 6. Chi ph logistics? Cch xc nh? a) Khi ni m chi ph logistics: - Nh ng chi ph g n li n v i lu chuy n v phn ph i nguyn v t li u v hng ha th ng g i l chi ph logistics. - Cc n i dung v phng php tnh ton chi ph logistics l khc nhau ty thu c vo lo i hnh v lnh v c kinh doanh. Ngay c khi cc lo i hnh v lnh v c kinh doanh nh nhau - tng t , ph m vi v cch tnh ton s khc nhau ty thu c vo cc m c tiu quan l. b) Cch xc nh chi ph logistics: - Logistics g n b ch t ch v l 1 ho t ng c lin quan t i t i u ha v th c thi qu trnh lu chuy n lu thng , phn ph i c a nguyn v t li u ph c v cho s n xu t cng nh hng ha thnh ph m cho t i khi n tay ng i tiu dng. y chnh l c s xc nh chi ph ny thu c v chi ph logistics. - Logistics l 1 chu i tch h p nhi u ho t ng kinh t nh m t i u ha v tr v qu trnh chu chuy n, d tr hng ha t i m u t i i m cu i ng i tiu dng cu i cng. C bao nhiu lo i hnh ho t ng logistics th cng c b y nhiu th chi ph. - Trong th c ti n kinh doanh, c nh ng chi ph d dng c xc nh l chi ph logistics, song cng c nh ng chi ph n m vi c xc nh chng kh kh khn. - Pht hi n chi ph n ph i lm r nh ng chi ph no thu c chi ph logistics v khng thu c chi ph logistics. Bn c nh nh ng chi ph d dng nh n bi t thu c v chi ph logistics nh ph v n chuy n, ph
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lu kho thng m i. Cn c nh ng chi ph khng d dng xc nh c thu c v ph logistics hay khng nh chi ph lu kho ring, chi ph do thi u v b p cho hng b v , chi ph ki m sot phn ph i C nh ng chi ph pht sinh do phn ph i v t li u sau khi hon thnh s n ph m v n m ngoi vi c ki m sot c a ng i mua, ki m sot s n xu t. l nh ng chi ph phn ph i v t t v khng ph i l chi ph logistics. - Trong th c t , vi c tnh ton cc chi ph nh c c ph v n chuy n, ph lu kho v nh ng chi ph bn ngoi khc c xc nh 1 cch d dng nhng chi ph logistics t i nh my th khng n gin v r rng. Nh ng chi ph ny ln c phn lo i t nhi u m c khc nhau c a ti chnh k ton, ho c phn chia ph h p v i kh i l ng cng vi c v t l lin quan. - pht hi n chi ph n, ng i ta theo thuy t t ng bng tri. Thuy t t ng bng tri cho php hnh dung nh ng chi ph logistics ta d dng nh n th y nh ph n n i c a t ng bng cn ph n chi ph n nh ph n chm c a t ng bng . Vi c xc nh r cc kho n chi ph logistics l v cng c n thi t v n gp ph n ch ra cc bi n php gi m thi u chi ph, c bi t l chi ph lu thng. Cu 7. B n ch t v quy trnh cung c p d ch v logistics? a) B n ch t kinh t c a logistics: - V i nh sx: M c tiu quan tr ng l bn hng t i ng i tiu dng v i gi r nh t nh m tng kh nng c nh tranh c a s n ph m. y chnh l b n ch t kinh t c a logistics. Gi bn hng ha n ng i tiu dng ph i m b o b p cc chi ph sau: Gi thnh sx ra hng ha (c s cho vi c xc nh gi EXW) g i l C1 Chi ph ho t ng Marketting C2 Chi v n t i C3 Chi ph c h i cho v n v cho hng t n tr C4 Chi ph b o qu n hng ha C5. - V i cc nh cung c p d ch v : M c tiu quan tr ng l bn s n ph m d ch v t i ng i s d ng d ch v v i gi r nh t v i th i gian k p th i nh t. b) Quy trnh cung c p d ch v logistics: - B n ch t c a nh ng cng ty logistics hng u trn th gi i nh Maersk logistics, APL logistics, NYK logistics, CargoSmart l nh m cung c p d ch v qu n l chu i cung ng t i u cho khch hng. Chu i cung ng ny g m nhi u d ch v gi tr gia tng nh qu n l n giao hng, giao nh n hng t n ni, kho bi v thay i ty theo quy m v yu c u c a khch hng cng nh c a chnh kh nng c a nh cung c p d ch v . - Tuy nhin, m i cng ty logistics c nh ng c i m khc nhau khi p d ng quy trnh khai thc, trong ch ng m c no . D i y l nh ng i m chung nh t v hi n ang c a s p d ng t i Vi t Nam i v i v n chuy n ng bi n: Gi a ng i mua hng v cng ty logistics sau khi t c th a thu n v d ch v c cung c p, bn cung c p d ch v s xy d ng ln quy trnh logistics, trong th hi n r m i yu c u v d ch v c a ng i mua hng m theo cng ty logistics c b n ph n ph i th c hi n ng. Quy trnh ny c tn l quy trnh logistics hi n hnh (Working Logistics Procedure) hay quy trnh khai thc tiu chu n (Standard Operating Procedure). y chnh l kim ch nam m cc cng ty logistics t i Vi t Nam ph i tun th ch t ch theo cam k t d ch v c a khch hng. Quy trnh logistics bao g m nh ng b c sau: L p Booking
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Giao hng L p ch ng t . Cu 8. Cc dng logistics trn quan i m h th ng? 1. Dng logistics i vo (Inbound logistics): - Dng ny bao g m ton b qu trnh d ch chuy n v t t, nguyn v t li u v cc b ph n c u thnh nn s n ph m t cc nh cung c p khc nhau v qua nhi u cng o n khc nhau. Nh sx c n ph i ki m sot dng d ch chuy n ny, khng ch m b o cung c p y cc y u t nh p l ng h u hnh cho qu trnh sx c ti n hnh tri ch y m cn ph i m b o s d ng v n t nh t v chi ph th p nh t t o ra cc xu t l ng (thnh ph m) v i gi thnh r nh m p ng y v k p th i nhu c u c a khch hng. Ki m sot dng d ch chuy n ny cn g i l logistics u vo. 2. Dng logistics u ra (Outbound logistics): - Dng logistics u ra lin quan n vi c d ch chuy n hng ha t i m cu i cng c a d y chuy n sx n khch hng. S chu chuy n c a hng ha t nh my thng qua cc knh phn ph i (tr c ti p ho c gin ti p) r i n tay ng i tiu dng. 3. Dng thu h i ti ch v ti s d ng (Return logistics): - Cc ho t ng logistics trong lnh v c kinh doanh th ng t p trung vo dng v t ch t thu n chi u (dng v t t, nguyn v t li u i vo nh my v dng s n ph m t nh my i ra, v n khch hng cu i cng), nhng th c t cn c 1 dng v t ch t i ng c v i dng v t ch t thu n chi u nu trn c n ph i c quan tm l p k ho ch v ki m sot chng. Dng v t ch t ng c chi u c hnh thnh do ph i thu h i cc s n ph m khng bn c nng c p; ho c thu h i cc s n ph m c nh ng khuy t t t s a ch a; thu h i s n ph m s d ng tho d ti s d ng 1 ph n; thu h i v ti s d ng bao b. - Thu h i cc s n ph m khng bn c ho c cc s n ph m b khuy t t t: Cc s n ph m c a vo th tr ng no kh lu nhng khng bn c v khng c nhu c u ho c nhu c u bo ha c th c thu h i chuy n sang bn th tr ng khc ang c nhu c u. Cc s n ph m a vo th tr ng nhng cng d ng, mu s c, ki u dng, tnh nng c a s n ph m cha p ng c nhu c u c a khch hng nn khng tiu th c s n ph m c n ph i thu h i nng c p, thay i ki u dng, m u m r i sau l i c ti p t c a vo m ng phn ph i 1 th tr ng khc. Cc s n ph m c tung ra th tr ng nhng c nh ng khuy t t t ho c l i no ln nh sx ph i thu h i s a ch a v sau l i ti p t c a vo th tr ng tiu th . Tm l i, khi thu h i cc s n ph m khng bn c, ho c cc s n ph m b khuy t t t, nh sx ph i gnh ch u thm chi ph. V v y, c n ph i t ch c v ki m sot t t cc ho t ng c lin quan n dng thu h i v n ny. - Thu h i tho d cc s n ph m qua s d ng: Khi s n ph m h t th i h n s d ng, khch hng th i h i chng. Vi c th i h i cc s n ph m ny c th nh h ng n mi tr ng. V v y, nh sx c trch nhi m (t nguy n ho c b t bu c c a chnh quy n) i v i vi c b o v mi tr ng nn s n ph m c t ch c thu h i x l, tiu h y chng an ton. M t khc, nh sx c th thu h i v ti s d ng 1 s b ph n c a s n ph m. - Thu h i v ti s d ng cc bao b s n ph m: M t s l ng bao b c a hng ha khi khch hng s d ng cc s n ph m c th i h i ph i c thu gom l i ti s d ng theo phung cch no c a nh sx nh m gi m chi ph, ho c d i p l c c a c ng ng, c a chnh quy n ho c x h i bu c nh sx ph i thu gom tiu h y chng theo cch an ton
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nh t cho mi tr ng. V n t ra y l t ch c thu gom nh th no m b o ph c v cho vi c ng hng y , k p th i v i chi ph th p hn chi ph sx m i.

- Dng ti s d ng container: Khi cc cng ty v n t i container m r ng ph m vi v quy m ho t ng, s l ng container cng ngy cng ph c t p hn. V i s ra i c a logistics gip cc cng ty trn c 1 s nh n th c t t hn, y hn, ton di n hn trong v n qu n l v s d ng container. Cc nguyn t c c a logistics trong lnh v c sx kinh doanh c cc cng ty v n t i container ( c bi t l cc cng ty l n p d ng). Cc hng tu container n c ngoi thi t k v t ch c cho mnh 1 h th ng logistics ring th c hi n cng vi c qu n l, i u ph i, s d ng container. Cu 9. Phn tch logistics container? Gi i thch ch c nng v n chuy n trong container ng bi n? - Khi ni m: - Khi cc cng ty v n t i m r ng ph m vi , quy m ho t ng, s n l ng container a vo khai thc ngy cng nhi u ln, vi c qu n l, ki m sot, i u ph i container cng ngy cng ph c t p. V i s ra i c a logistics gip cc cng ty trn c s nh n th c t t hn, y hn, ton di n hn trong v n qu n l v s d ng container. - Ch c nng v n chuy n trong container ng bi n: Cu 10. Khi ni m, phn lo i container ng bi n? a) Khi ni m: Theo ISO, container l 1 d ng c v n t i c cc c i m: - C hnh dng c nh, b n ch c, c s d ng nhi u l n. - C c u t o c bi t thu n ti n cho vi c chuyn ch b ng 1 ho c nhi u phng ti n v n t i, hng ha khng ph i x p d c ng d c ng. - C thi t b ring thu n ti n cho vi c x p d v thay i t cng c v n t i ny sang cng c v n t i khc. - C c u t o c bi t thu n ti n cho vi c x p d hng vo v d hng ra. 3 - C dung tch khng t hn 1 m . b) Phn lo i: 1. Theo kch th c: - Container lo i nh : Tr ng l ng nh hn 5 t n Dung tch nh hn 3 m3 . 3 - Container lo i trung bnh: Tr ng l ng 5-8 t n Dung tch 3-10 m . - Container lo i l n: Tr ng l ng l n hn 8 t n Dung tch l n hn 10 m3 . 2. Theo v t li u ng container: - Container thp; nhm; g dn; nh a t ng h p. 3. Theo c u trc container: - Container kn (Closed container) - Container m (Open container) - Container khung (France container)
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Container g p (Tilt container) Container ph ng (Flat container) Container c bnh ln (Rolling container)

4. Theo cng d ng container: - Nhm I Nhm container ch hng bch ha: g m cc container kn c c a 1 u, conainer kn c c a 1 u v cc bn, c c a trn nc, m c nh, m trn nc, m bn c nh - Nhm II Nhm container ch hng r i: l lo i dng ch hng r i nh thc h t, x bng b t i khi chuyn ch hng ha c mi ng trn mi x p hng vo v c c a container d hng ra. Ti n l i c a n l ti t ki m s c lao ng khi x p v d hng. Nhng n c i m b t l i l tr ng l ng v n ng, s c a v n p c th gp kh khn trong vi c gi an ton v kn n c cho container v n u n p nh i hng nhau s g y kh khn cho vi c x p hng c th t . - Nhm III Nhm container b o n, nng, l nh: l lo i c s n, sn, mi v c a p ch t cch nhi t h n ch s d ch nhi t gi a bn trong v bn ngoi container, nhi u khi lo i container ny c thi t b lm l nh ho c lm nng c t 1 bn u hay bn thnh container. Nhi u container l i d a vo s lm l nh h n h p. y l lo i ch a hng mau h ng (rau qu ..) v cc lo i container b nh h ng do s thay i nhi t . Tuy nhin, v ch c l p cch nhi t v n u c th tng thm ng th i l p cch i n v my lm l nh ny cng lm gi m dung tch ch a hng c a container, s b o qu n my mc cng yu c u i h i cao hn n u cc thi t b my c t trong container. - Nhm IV Nhm container thng ch a: dng ch hng nguy hi m ho c hng ng r i (th c ph m l ng, ha ch t). Nh ng thng ch a b ng thp c ch t o ph h p v i kch th c c a ISO dung tch 20 ft, hnh dng nh 1 khung s t hnh ch nh t ch a kho ng 400 galon (1540l) ty theo yu c u, lo i ny c th n p thm thi t b lm l nh hay nng. y l lo i container c ch t o cho nh ng hng ha c bi t, n c u i m l s c lao ng yu c u y v ht h t l nh nh t, v c th s d ng nh kho ch a t m th i. Tuy nhin, n c nh ng m t h n ch : Gi thnh ban u v gi b o d ng cao, cc hng ha khi cho vo i h i ph i lm s ch thng ch a (m i l n cho hng ha vo l 1 l n lm s ch), kh khn trong v n chuy n nn hng b ri, tr ng l ng v cao. - Nhm V Nhm container c bi t, container ch sc v t s ng: c n p t theo ISO, c nh nh ng ngn chu ng cho sc v t v c th ho c khng th chuy n i thnh container ph h p cho m c ch ch hng bch ha. Lo i ny dng ch sc v t s ng ln nh c i m chnh l v n lm s ch gi a cc lo i hng ha. Trong nhi u qu c gia, l v n ki m d ch khi cc container r ng dng ch sc v t s ng quay l i dng ti p t c b c hng. Cu 11. Khi ni m ng i kinh doanh v n t i a phng th c (MTO)? K tn cc bn tham gia v n t i a phng th c? a) Khi ni m MTO: - Theo cng c c a LHQ v v n t i a phng th c, MTO l b t k ng i no, t mnh ho c thng qua m t ng i khc, k k t m t h p ng v n t i a phng th c v ho t ng nh 1 bn chnh v ch u trch nhi m th c hi n h p ng v n t i a phng th c. - Theo B n quy t c v ch ng t v n t i a phng th c: MTO l b t c ng i no k h p ng VTPT v ch u trch nhi m th c hi n h p ng nh 1 ng i chuyn ch . b) Cc bn tham gia v n t i a phng th c:
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MTO c tu (VO MTOs) MTO khng c tu (Non VO MTOs)

Cu 12. Trch nhi m c a MTO i v i hng ha? Trch nhi m ny c quy nh trong cng c c a LHQ v VTPT qu c t nm 1980 v trong b n quy t c c a UNCTADICC v ch ng t VTPT s xu t b n 481 g m 3 v n c b n: a) Th i h n trch nhi m (Period of Responsibility): - MTO ph i ch u trch nhi m v hng ha k t khi MTO nh n hng ch cho n khi MTO giao hng cho ng i nh n hng. - MTO coi nh nh n hng XK ch k t khi anh ta nh n hng t : Ng i g i hng, ng i thay m t ng i g i hng. 1 c quan c th m quy n ho c bn th 3 m theo lu t l ho c quy t c t i ni nh n hng ch , hng ha ph i giao qua nh ng ng i v n chuy n. - MTO coi nh xong hng khi: giao cho ng i nh n hng. t hng d i s nh o t c a ng i nh n ph h p v i h p ng VTPT ho c lu t l , t p qun bn bun m t hng t i ni giao hng, trong tr ng h p ng i nh n khng nh n hng t MTO. giao cho 1 c quan c th m quy n ho c 1 bn th 3 khc m theo lu t l ho c t p qun t i ni giao hng, hng ha ph i giao cho h . b) C s trch nhi m (Basis of Liability): - MTO ph i ch u trch nhi m v nh ng thi t h i do m t mt ho c do h h ng hng ha, cng nh h u qu t vi c giao ch m hng n u gy ra m t mt, h h ng khi hng ha cn thu c trch nhi m c a MTO, tr khi MTO ch ng minh c r ng anh ta ng i lm cng ho c i l c a anh ta p d ng m i bi n php h p l, c n thi t ngn ng a s c x y ra v h u qu c a n. c) Gi i h n trch nhim: - Theo cng c v VTPT th gi i h n trch nhi m c a MTO l 920 SDR cho m i ki n hay n v ho c 2,75 SDR cho m i kg hng ha c b b m t ty theo cch tnh no cao hn. - tnh ton s ti n no cao hn, p d ng cc quy t c: N u hnh trnh VTPT khng g m v n t i ng bi n hay th y n i a th trch nhi m c a MTO khng v t qu 8,33 SDR cho m i kg c b hng ha b m t mt, h h ng. V i vi c giao ch m hng th trch nhi m c a MTO s l 1 s ti n tng ng 2,5 l n ti n c c c a s hng giao ch m nhng khng v t qu t ng s ti n c c theo h p ng VTPT. - Gi i h n trch nhi m c a MTO theo B n quy t c c a UNCTAD/ICC: 666,67 SDR cho m i ki n hng hay n v ho c 2,0 SDR cho m i kg hng c b b m t mt, h h ng. - Theo quy nh c a Cng c v B n quy t c g i l ch trch nhi m th ng nh t th ch c 1 ch trch nhi m p d ng cho nhi u phng th c v n t i khc nhau trong 1 hnh trnh v n t i.

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Cu 13. N i dung ch ng t v n t i a phng th c? Phn bi t v i h p ng? a) N i dung ch ng t VTPT: - Khi ni m: Ch ng t VTPT l 1 ch ng t ch ng minh cho 1 h p ng VTPT, cho vi c nh n hng ch c a MTO, v cho vi c cam k t c a MTO giao hng ph h p v i cc i u ki n, i u kho n c a h p ng. - N i dung: Tnh ch t chung c a hng ha, nh ng k m hi u chnh nh n d ng hng ha. Tnh ch t nguy hi m c a hng ha n u c, s ki n, tr ng l ng c b v nh ng chi ti t khc do ng i g i hng cung c p. Tnh tr ng bn ngoi c a hng ha. Tn v tr s kinh doanh chnh c a MTO. Tn ng i g i hng. Ng i nh n hng n u do ng i g i ch nh. Ngy v ni m MTO nh n hng ch . Ni giao hng. Ngy v th i h n giao hng n u c th a thu n gi a cc bn. Ch ng t VTPT l lu thng c hay khng lu thng c. Ngy v ni c p ch ng t VTPT. Ch k c a MTO ho c ng i c MTO y quy n. Ti n c c Hnh trnh VTPT, cc phng th c v n t i tham gia v ni chuy n t i: n u c th a thu n ho c ti n c c do ng i nh n tr b) Phn bi t v i h p ng: - H p ng l 1 cam k t th a thu n gi a 2 bn hay nhi u bn (php nhn) lm ho c khng lm 1 vi c no trong khun kh php lu t. H p ng th ng g n li n v i d n, trong 1 bn th a thu n v i cc bn khc th c hi n d n hay 1 ph n d n cho mnh. V gi ng nh d n, c d n chnh tr x h i v d n kinh doanh, h p ng c th l s th a c dn s v kinh t (HKT) hay x h i. - H p ng c th th c hi n b ng vn b n hay b ng mi ng c th c ng i lm ch ng. N u vi ph m h p ng hay khng theo cam k t th 2 bn cng nhau ra ta v bn thua ph i ch u ph t n. - C u trc, n i dung c n thi t trong h p ng: Tn, thng tin a ch cc bn. Thng i p nu r s ng trn th a thu n N i dung v ph m vi cng vi c th c hi n hng ha c mua bn. Gi c v s n l ng hng ha. Phng th c giao hng
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Phng th c gi i quy t tranh ch p, lu t p d ng v ta th l n u c tranh ch p. B o m t thng tin Cc i u kho n chung v th i h n th c hi n h p ng. Cu 14. Cc ch ng t lin quan n v n t i a phng th c? 1. FIATA Negotiable Multimodal Transport Bill of Lading (FBL): - L lo i do hi p h i giao nh n qu c t so n th o, g i t t l v n n h n h p FBL 2. COMBIDOC: - L do cng h i hng h i BIMCO so n th o C 2 lo i trn u c xy d n d a trn b n quy t c th ng nh t v ch ng t VTPT c a phng thng m i qu c t (ICC) c UNCTAD ch p nh n v c hi u l c ngy 01/01/1999. 3. MULTIDOC (Ch ng t VTPT): - L ch ng t m ng i chuyn ch PT (Combined Transport Operator) k pht cho ng i g i hng theo yu c u c a ng i ny. N c ch c nng giao d ch c a 1 ch ng t v n t i y php l: Bin lai giao nh n hng Ch ng t xc nh n quy n s h u hng B ng ch ng 1 h p ng v n t i k k t. 4. Combile Transport B/L (V n n v n t i ph i h p hay v n n v n t i a phng th c: - L lo i v n n ch su t m hng ha c chuyn ch t ni g i (ni b c hng) n ni n b ng phng ti n c a cc phng ti n v n t i khc nhau. V n n ny do ng i khai thc VTPT k k t v i ng i g i hng hay ch hng trn danh ngha l ng i chuyn ch theo h p ng. V n n VTPT c nhi u i u kho n v i u ki n chuyn ch khc xa so v i v n n ng bi n thng th ng nhng n cng c ch c nng l bin lai giao nh n hng, gi y xc nh n quy n s h u v b ng ch ng c a 1 h p ng VTPT c k k t.

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