EE341 2 Chapter 7

Chapter 7
Electromagnetics Wave and Antenna
Prof. Seong-Ook Park
2009. Feb. 19
ICE2341 Electromagnetics Wave
7. Time-varying fields and Maxwells Equations (contents)

7-1 Introduction 7-2 Faradays Law of Electromagnetic Induction
Fundamental postulate for electromagnetic induction
7-2.1 A Stationary Circuit in a Time-Varying Magnetic Field

transformer emf (electromotive force), Lenzs law
7-2.2 Transformers
ideal transformer, real transformer, coefficient of coupling, eddy current
7-2.3 A Moving Conductor in a Static Magnetic Field

flux cutting emf or motional emf
7-2.4 A moving Circuit in a Time-Varying Magnetic Field

general forms of Faradays law
7-3 Maxwells Equations

Displacement current, Maxwells Equation
7-4 Potential Functions 7-5 Electromagnetic Boundary Conditions

general statements, interface between two lossless medias, interface between dielectric and conductor
7-6 Wave Equations and Their Solutions 7-7 Time-Harmonic Fields

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Maxwells Equation
Fundamental EM field quantities: 1. 2. 3. 4. Electric field intensity Electric flux density Magnetic flux density Magnetic field intensity E D B H
(V / m )
(C / m 2 ) (T )
(A / m )
The principal objective of studying electromagnetism is to understand the interaction between charges and currents at a distance. We have fundamental postulates relating E, D, B, H and the source quantities J and r.
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Electrostatic postulates
v v v cE dl = 0 or E = 0 v v v s D d s = Q or D = r
Magnetostatic postulates
v v v s B ds = 0 or B = 0 v v v v cH dl = I or H = J
Constitutive relations (linear and isotropic media) : D = E = r0 : permittivity 0 : 1/36 x 10-9 (F/m) B = H = r0 : permeability 0 = 4 x 10-7 (H/m)
Faradays law of Electromagnetic Induction: v v B differential form E = t v v d v v integral form cE d l = - dt s B ds

2009. Feb. 19
v v dB c E dl = - s dt ds v V = E dl c v dB f = - ds s dt df V =dt
= =
emf induced in circuit with contour C (V) magnetic flux crossing surface S (Wb)
Faradays law of electromagnetic induction: Electromagnetic force induced in a stationary closed circuit is equal to the negative rate of increasing of magnetic flux linking the circuit
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In the time-varying case, Maxwell initially considered the following 4 postulates: v v v v B (1) (2) H = J E = t v v (3) (4) B = 0 D = r Maxwell equation can express in integral form : v
v dB c E dl = - s dt ds (1) v (3) D ds = Q
s
v s H dl = I v B ds = 0
s
(2) (4)
I: Q:
Total current through S. Total charge contained in volume V bounded by Surface S

2009. Feb. 19
Static Field to Time-Varying Field and Wave

Table 7-1 Fundamental relations for electrostatic and magnetostatic models Fundamental relations Electrostatic model Magnetostatic model
Governing equations
ur E = 0 ur g D = r
u r g B = 0 uu u r r H = J
Constitutive relations (linear and isotropic media)
ur ur D =eE
uu 1 u r r H= B
In the static case, electric field vectors E and D and magnetic field vectors B and H form separate and independent pairs. They are related in this chapter by Faradays law and introduction of displacement current by J. C. Maxwell.
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Fundamental Postulate for Electromagnetic Induction

u r ur B E = t u r ur B r C E gdl = - S t gd s
DS j
(7.1) (7.2)
where S is open surface, ds is differential surface area vector normal to the surface (p.22,(2-34)), C is contour bounding the surface, and dl is differential line vector along the contour. Eq.(7.2) is reduced from Eq.(7.1), applying Stokess theorem (p.59,(2-143)) Eq.(7.1) reduces to the equation in static case. The postulate (7.2) reduces to Faradays law of electromagnetic induction. This is considered as a postulate because of experimental law.
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Reduction of Postulate to Faradays Law

DS u r ur B r (7-2) C E gdl = - S t gd s C ur r d u r S (7-3) C E gdl = - dt S Bgd s ur V = E gdl = emf induced in circuit with contour C (V) (7-4) C r d u r = magnetic flux crossing surface S (Wb) (7-5) F = Bgd s dt S dF = transformer emf (V) (7-6) V =dt
j
Eq.(7.6) is expression of Faradays law of electromagnetic induction: The electromagnetic force induced in a stationary closed circuit is equal to the negative rate of increase of magnetic flux linking the circuit. Lenzs law: The induced emf will cause a current to flow in the closed loop in such a direction to oppose the change in the linking magnetic flux.
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Time-Varying Field and Wave

The electric field and magnetic field are related by Faradays law and the governing equations come to be as follows. Are they a complete set to represent the time-varying fields? Fundamental relations Electric field
B t
Magnetic field
Governing equations
E = gD = r
(7-47a) (7-47c)
H = J (7-47b) gB = 0 (7-47d)
Constitutive relations (linear and isotropic media)
D = e E (3-102)
H=
B (6-80b)
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Displacement Current Density (1)

When conditions are changed from static to non-static, what changes arise on the electromagnetic equations? One of such changes is expressed by Faradays law. Another is displacement current to satisfy the equation of continuity. Equation of continuity
r J = t
+ f (t ) ?
(7-48)
Governing equation (7-47b) for magnetostatic model does not satisfy the equation of continuity (7-48) as follows:
H = J ( H ) = 0 = J,
( 7-47b ) ( 7-47b )
Something time-dependent term f(t) is missing in (7-47b).

Maxwell began by consdering these known laws and expressing them as differential eq. He then noticed that there was something strange about eq. (7-47b). If one takes the divergence of this equation, the lefthand slide will be zero, because the divergence of a curl is always zero. But if the divergence of j is zero, then the total flus of current out of any closed surface is also zero.
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Displacement Current Density (2)

In order to satisfy both null identity and the equation of continuity,
( H ) = 0 = J +
r t
( 7-50 )
Putting Gausss law (7-47c) into (7-50), generalized Amperes circuital law (7-51) is obtained and reduces to (7-52).
D ( H ) = 0 = J + , t
( 7-51)
D H = J + , t
Displacement current density introduces by J. C. Maxwell
( 7-52 )
gJ = r t
The flux of current from a closed surface is the decrease of the charge inside the surface. This certainly cannot in general be zero because we know that the charges can be moved from one place to another. Maxwell appreciated this difficulty and proposed that it could be avoided by adding the term to the right-hand side of eq 7-52. If we take away the scaffolding he used to build it, we find the Maxwells beautiful edifice stands on its own. He brought together all of the laws of the electricity and Magnetism and made one complete and beautiful theory. 2009. Feb. 19
How the new term works

E
As our first example, we consider that happens with a spherically symmetric radical distribution of current. Suppose we imagine a little sphere with Radioactive material on it. This radioactive material is squirting out some charged particles. We would have a current that is everywhere radically outward. We will assume E that is has the same magnitude in all directions.
j
G
v r = J t
: equation of continuity
B?
Q(r ) = - 4p r 2 j (r ) t
The electric field at the radius r must be E = 4pe r 2 , so long as the charge 0 is symmetrically distributed, as we assume. It is radial, and its rate of changes is then
Q(r )
j
What is the magnetic field of a spherically symmetric current?
( H ) =
D H = j + t (e 0 E )
j+ t
E 1 Q(r ) = t 4pe 0 r 2 t
dQ(r ) 2 E 1 dt = 1 -4p r j (r ) = - j (r ) = t 4pe 0 r 2 4pe 0 r2 e0

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LOOP G1
I
LOOP G1
I
S1
S1
r
B
LOOP G 2
++ + + + + + + + +
S2
--- - - - - - -
e B
(a)
(b )
Fig. The magnetic field near a charging capacitor.
As our first example, we consider the magnetic field of a wire used to charge a parallel-plate condenser.
H = J,
2p r H = I ,
H=
I 2p r
Suppose however, that we now slowly move the curve G downward. We get always the same result until we draw even with the plates of the condenser. Then the current I goes to zero. Does the magnetic field disappear? That would be quite strange.
From our discussion so far of Maxwells new term, you may have the impression that it doesnt add much that it just fixes up the equations to agree with what we already expect. It is true that if we just consider D H = J + t by itself, nothing particularly new comes out. The words by itself are, however, all important.
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Maxwells re-analysis of Gausss and Amperes laws:

E dA =
area
Q 0
B ds = 0 I
line
Note that
dQ IQ = dt
Q E dA = 0 area
d 1 dQ I Q = E dA = dt area 0 dt 0
Maxwell-Ampere law:
B ds = 0 (I + I Q ) = 0 I + 0 0
line
d E dA dt area
0 I + 0 0
dF E dt
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z
dS
a
z
dS dl
EXAMPLE: A Van de Graaff generator with a spherical bowl of radius R is charged at a constant rate with a current I. find the magnetic induction field at a point above the sphere. (Assume the current enters at the bottom of the bowl.) Solution: As charge accumulates on the bowl, the electric field will increase at the following rate:
dl
dQ a E 1 dt r I ar = = 2 t 4pe 0 r 2 4pe 0 r
Drawing a loop of radius a about the z axis above the sphere, we have
B dl = m0e 0
I I
Figure. The surface enclosed by the loop can be taken to be either the flat surface on the left, on the spherical cap on the right.
E dS t m I ar 2p aBj = 0 2 dS 4p r
The surface integral can be evaluated easily either over the flat surface included by the loop or alternatively over a spherical cap concentric with the sphere, as shown in Figure.
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(a) For the flat surface, we need the z component of r in order to compute rdS. Calling the cylindrical radial coordinate r , ( r ) z = cos q = z r , and r = r 2 + z 2 , we find
(b) The element of surface area for the spherical cap on the right of Figure is dS = ar r 2 d W 2 = 2p ar r sin q dq , leading to
m0 I a z Bj ( z ) = 2 3 2pr d r 8p a 0 r mI a z z = 0 rd r dS 4p a 0 z 2 + r 2 3
m0 I sin Bj = 2 8p a 0
-1
( a r ) ar
2p ar r 2 sin q dq r2
-1
dl
m0 I - z = 4p a z 2 + r 2
=
sin m0 I sin ( a r ) m0 I = sin q dq = ( - cos q ) 0 0 4p a 4p a z dS m0 I z = 1 - 2 2 4p a z +a dl

-1
a z 2 + a2
m0 I z 1 4p a z 2 + a2
v v v D H = J + t
I
When we added a new term to the equation for the curl of E,we found that a whole new class of phenomena was described. We shall see that Maxwells little addition to the equation for also has far-reaching consequences. We can touch on only a few of them.
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Parallel-Plate Capacitor connected to ac Voltage Source

Example 7-5 An a-c voltage source of amplitude V0 and angular frequency , vc = V0sint, is connected across a parallel-plate capacitor C1, as shown in Fig. 7-7. (a) Verify that the displacement current in the capacitor is the same as the conduction current in the wires. (b) Determine the magnetic field intensity at a distance r from the wire. parallel plate capacitor with area A, S2 separation d, and dielectric media of e. ic C1 S1
C1 = e
A d
vc vc = V0 sin wt
S1 is a planar disk surface crossing the wire (no displacement current). S2 is curved surface passing through the dielectric medium (no conduction current).
Generalized Ampere's circuital law D H gdl = J + g ds C S t conduction current displacement current

2009. Feb. 19
Parallel-Plate Capacitor connected to ac Voltage Source (Trace the equations!)

a) The conduction current in the connecting wire is
ic = C1
dvc = C1V0w cos wt dt
(A)
For a parallel-plate capacitor with area A, plate separation d, and a dielectric medium of permittivity the capacitance is
C1 = e
A . d
With a voltage vc appearing between the plates, the uniform electric field intensity E in the dielectric is equal to (neglecting fringing effects) E=vc/d, whence
D =eE =e
V0 sin wt. d
The displacement current is then
iD =
D A ds = e V0w cos wt A t d = C1V0w cos wt = ic .
Q.E.D.
2009. Feb. 19
Parallel-Plate Capacitor connected to ac Voltage Source (Trace the equations!)

b) the magnetic field intensity at a distance r from the conducting wire can be found by applying the generalized Amperes circuital law, Eq.(7-54b), to contour C in Fig. 7-7. Two typical open surfaces with rim C may be chosen: (1) a planar disk surface S1, or (2) a curved surface S2 passing through the dielectrc medium. Symmetry around the wire ensures a constant H along the con tour C. The line integral on the left side of Eq. (7-54b) is
H d l = 2p rHf
For the surface S1, only the first term on the right side of Eq. (7-54b) is nonzero because on charges are deposited along the wire and , consequently, D=0.
S1
J ds = ic = C1V0w cos wt
since the surface S2 passes through the dielectric medium, no conduction current flows through S2. If the second surface integral were not there, the right side of Eq.(7-54b) would be wero. This would result in a contradiction. The inclusion of the displacement-current term by Maxwell eliminates this contradiction. As we have shown in part (a), id=ic. Hence we obtain the same result whether surface S1 or surface S2 is chosen. Equating the weo previous integrals, we find that
Hf =
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C1V0 w cos wt 2p r
( A / m)
D H dl = J + gds (7-54b) C S t
Maxwells Equations
Differential Form Integral Form Significance Faradays law Amperes circuital law Gausss law No isolated magnetic charge
B t D H = J + t E = -
E dl = -
dF dt
D ds S t
H dl = I +
D = r
B = 0
D ds = Q
B ds = 0
The above four Maxwells equations, together with following equation of continuity (7-48) and Lorentzs force equation (6-5) form the foundation of electromagnetic theory.
J = -
r t
( 7-48)
F = q ( E + u B)
( 6-5)
D = e E and H = B/m
Pairs of E, D and B, H are related by constitutive relations:
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Maxwells Equations: Comparison with Static Models

Maxwells equations
Faradays law Amperes circuital law Gausss law No isolated magnetic charge
Time-varying
E ( R, t ) = B ( R, t ) t D ( R, t ) t
Static
E(R) = 0
H ( R, t ) = J ( R, t ) +
H (R) = J (R) gD ( R ) = r ( R ) gB ( R ) = 0
D(R) = eE(R)
gD ( R, t ) = r ( R, t ) gB ( R , t ) = 0 D ( R, t ) = e E ( R, t )
H ( R, t ) = 1
Constitutive relations Equation of continuity Lorentzs force equation
B ( R, t ) r ( R, t ) t
H (R) =
B (R) r ( R, t ) t
gJ ( R, t ) = -
gJ ( R ) = -
F ( R, t ) = q ( E ( R, t ) + u B ( R, t ) )
F ( R ) = q (E ( R ) + u B ( R ))
R = ax x + a y y + az z
(Radius vector to represent the position)
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Maxwells Equations: All Independent?

Maxwells equations (43=12 equations)
E = B D , H = J + , g D = r , gB = 0 t t
Constitutive relations (23=6 equations) 1 D = e E, H = B Equation of continuity (3 equations) r gJ = t Total number of scalar equations is 21 equations. Total number of unknowns is 43= 12.

E, B, H, D
Considering the constitutive relation, number of unknown is 6. The two curl equations are sufficient to determine the E and H. The two divergence equations of Maxwells can be derived from the two curl equations by making use of the equation of continuity. (Prob. P.7-11)
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Potential Functions
Magnetic flux density B and electric field intensity E can be expressed by a magnetic potential A and the electric potential V:
B = A
( T ) . ( 7-55)
E = -V -
A t
( V/m ) . ( 7-57 )
due to charge distribution
due to time-varying current J (this term is zero in static case)
Eq.(7-57) can be reduced from (7-55) and Faradays law (7-1):
B . ( 7-1) t E = - ( A ) t E = -
or
A E + =0 t
To be consistent with the definition of the scalar electric potential V for electrostatics, we write
E+
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A = -V t
Potential Functions: Comparison with Static Field

In the static case, B and E can be expressed independently by a A and V:
B = A (6-15)
From the Gausss law and (3-43),
A E = -V t
(3-43)
r E = - V = - V = e
2
Poissons Equation => solution
V=
From the Amperes law and (6-15),
4pe
r
R
V'
dv '
B = A = ( A ) - 2 A = - 2 A = m J
vector Poissons Equation => solution A is related only to B which is purely rotational and its divergence is zero.But in time-varying case, A is related to both of B and E, and is not purely rotational.
m A= 4p
J V ' R dv '
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Nonhomogeneous Wave Equation for A

2A A - me 2 = - m J t
2
( 7-63)
The wave equation for vector potential A is obtained by substituting B and E expressed by potentials into one of Maxwell equations, and by applying Lorentz condition (Lorentz gauge) for potentials (7-62):
H = J + D t A = m J + me
2
A -V t t
2A V ( A ) - A = m J - me - me 2 t t
2
2A V A - me 2 = - m J + A + me t t
V = 0, ( 7-62 ) t In order to define a vector, specifications are necessary both for curl and divergence. The curl of A is specified by (7-55) and there remains liberality of divergence. The Lorentz condition is specification of the divergence. The Lorentz condition is consistent with static condition A=0 and the equation of continuity. (Prob. P.7-12) A + me
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Nonhomogeneous Wave Equation for V

2V r V - me 2 = t e
2
( 7-65)
The wave equation for scalar potential V is obtained by substituting E expressed by potentials into Gausss law, and by applying Lorentz condition for potentials (7-62) as follows: (Gausss law) D = r
A - e V + = r, t
2V +
r ( A ) = t e V A + me = 0, t
( 7-62 )
The Lorentz condition uncouples the wave equations for A and V. (Each wave equation includes only A or V) The inhomogeneous wave equations reduce to Poissons equations in static cases. Nonhomogeneous indicates a type of differential equation, and is also used to indicate a type of a medium. Confusing!
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Potential functions Consider

v B = 0
v v from the identity ( A) 0, we may define a vector A by v v B = A A: vector magnetic potential
Substitute into the Faradays law: v v B E = t v A or = - t
v v A E + =0 t
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from the identity (V) 0, we may define a scalar V by v v A E+ = -V t (this definition is consistent with the electrostatic case) Hence, we have v v A E = -V t Wave equations v v v D H = J + t v v v 1 E B = J + e m t
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v v v A ( A) = mJ + me - V t t v 2 v v v me V - me A 2 ( A) - A = mJ - t t2 v 2 v v v A A + me V 2 A - me 2 = -mJ + t t
(*)
To simply (*), we choose

v V A = -me t
Lorentz condition (Lorentz gauge) for potentials

- Relation between A and V
v (note: a vector A is well defined if both its curl
and divergence are specified)
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As a result, we have
v 2 v v A 2 A - me 2 = -mJ t
v non-homogeneous wave equation for vector potential A

Notes : 1. Wave equation : wave traveling with a velocity equal to v 2. In static case, Lorentz gauge reduces to A = 0
1
me
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Electromagnetic Boundary Conditions: Medium

Medium (Oxford Dictionary) 1. a way of communicating information, etc. to people 2. something that is used for a particular purpose 3. the material or the form that an artist, a writer or musician uses 4. (biology) a substance that something exists or grow in or it travels through 5. a person who claims to be able to communicate with the spirits of dead people. Medium for an electromagnetic wave is expressed by e, m, and s. simple medium (linear, isotropic, and homogeneous) linear medium nonlinear medium e ( E ) isotropic medium anisotropic medium e x e y e z homogeneous medium inhomogeneous medium e ( x, y, z ) nonconductive medium conductive medium e = e '- je " lossless (good) dielectric perfect (good) conductor => Appendix B contiguous: touching or next to something (Oxford Dictionary) continuous: extending without abrupt change (My opinion)
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Electromagnetic Boundary Conditions

Boundary conditions are derived applying the integral form of Maxwells equations to small region at an interface of two media in manners similar to those used in obtaining the boundary conditions for static fields. As the result, they are exactly the same as those for static fields.
a n2 ( H1 - H 2 ) = J 3 ( A/m ) . ( 7 - 66b ) ( V/m ) ; ( 7 - 66a ) a n2 ( D1 - D 2 ) = r3 ( C/m 2 ) . ( 7 - 66c ) B1n = B2 n ( T ) . ( 7 - 66d ) E1t = E2t
1. The tangential component of an E field is continuous across an interface. 2. The tangential component of an H field is discontinuous across an interface where a surface current exists, the amount of discontinuity being determined by Eq. (7-66b) 3. The normal component of a D field is discontinuous across an interface where a surface charge exists, the amount of discontinuity being determined cy Eq. (766c). 4. The normal component of a B field is continuous across an interface.
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Boundary Conditions For problem involving contiguous regions of different m & e, we need to know the boundary conditions: From the integral forms of Maxwells equations, we get For tangential components,
E1t = E 2 t v v v n 2 (H1 - H 2 ) = Js a
medium 1
n2 a
For normal components

v v n 2 (D1 - D 2 ) = rs a B1n = B2 n
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medium 2
From Maxwells equations: (1) Faradays Law

v v B E = t v E3 w v v E y E x Bz =x y t v v v v v E4 - E3 E1 - E2 Bz =l w t v v v v v B E - E3 E2 - E1 = w - z - 4 t l
y E1 z x
m1 , e1
E4
E2
medium 1 medium 2 m2 , e 2
When w tends to 0, E1t=E2t Tangential E-field is continuous across an interface
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From Maxwells equations: (2) Amperes Law

v v v Dz H = Jz + t v H1 v v H y H x v Dz H3 w = Jz + x y t l v v v v v H2 H 4 - H 3 H1 - H 2 v Dz = Jz + l w t v v v v v v Dz H 3 - H 4 w H 2 - H1 = J z w + t + l
y z H4 x
m1 , e1
When w tends to 0, Jzw Js , Ht2 Ht1 = Js

v v v \ an 2 ( H1 - H 2 ) = J s
Tangential H-field is discontinuous across an interface where a free surface current exists
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From Maxwells equations: (3) Gausss Law
v D = r v v v SD dS = (D1 an 2 + D2 an1 ) v v an 2 (D1 - D2 ) DS = r s DS v v \ an 2 (D1 - D2 ) = r s v v (D1n - D2 n ) = r s
D1
a2 n
m1 , e1
r s DS
a1n
D2
Normal component of D field is discontinuous across an interface where a surface charge exists. The amount of discontinuity being equal to the surface charge density
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From Maxwells equations: (4)
v B = 0 v SB dS = 0 v v an 2 (B1 - B2 ) DS = 0 v v an 2 (B1 - B2 ) = 0 v v B1n = B2 n m1 H1n = m 2 H 2 n
B1
a2 n
m1 , e1
a1n
B2
Normal component of B field is continuous across an interface
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* To solve a practical problem, only the tangential components of E and H are sufficient in considering the boundary conditions. Special Cases (1) Interface between 2 lossless linear media, No free charges and no surface currents at interface between two lossless media \ J s = 0, r s = 0 v v v v v v B1t m1 D1t e1 H1t = H 2 t v = E1t = E2 t v = B2t m 2 D2t e 2 v v v v v v v v B1n = B2 n m1 H1n = m 2 H 2 n D1n = D2 n e1 E1n = e 2 E2 n (2) Interface between a dielectric and a perfect conductor
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Conductivities of materials (s) s = 6.17 107 silver copper gold aluminum

s = 5.80 107 s = 4.10 107 s = 3.54 107
iron seawater
s = 107
s=4
s = 2 10 -4 distilled water s = 10 -11 transformer oil
s = 1.57 107 brass In solving field problems, good conductors are often considered as perfect conductors in regard to boundary conditions. Interior of a perfect conductor,
E=0 ( otherwise J = sE
). Therefore, D=0
Interrelationship between (E, D) and (B, H) from Maxwells, B=H=0 * the charges can only reside on the surface.
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n2 a
1 dielectric 2 perfect conductor
Medium 1 E1 t = 0 v v n 2 H1 = J s a v n 2 D1 = rs a B1n = 0
Medium 2 E 2t = 0 H2t = 0 D2n = 0 B2 n = 0
rs 1 ++++++++++
E1n
n2 a
1 2
H1t
Js
H1 t = J s
2
E1n =
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rs e1
Interface between Two Lossless Linear Media

A lossless linear media can be specified by a permittivity e and permeability m with s = 0. And then, rs = 0 and Js = 0.
E1t = E2t , a n 2 ( H1 - H 2 ) = J s = 0, a n 2 g( D1 - D2 ) = r s = 0, B1n = B2 n

Table 7-3 Boundary Conditions between Two Lossless Media
E1t = E2t H1t = H 2t
D1t e1 = D2t e 2 B m 1t = 1 B2t m2
( 7 - 67a ) ( 7 - 67b ) ( 7 - 67c ) ( 7 - 67d )

D1n = D2 n e1 E1n = e 2 E2 n B1n = B2 n m1 H1n = m2 H 2 n
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Interface between Dielectric and Perfect Conductor

A perfect conductor is one with an infinite conductivity. Good conductors such as silver, copper, gold and aluminum with conductivities of the order of 107 (S/m) are approximately perfect one. Table 7-4 Boundary Conditions between a Dielectric (Medium 1) and a Perfect Conductor (Medium 2) (Time-varying Case) On the Side of Medium 1 On the side of Medium 2
E1t = 0 a n 2 H1 = J 3 a n 2 D1 = r3 B1n = 0
E1
Medium 1 (dielectric) Medium 2 (perfect conductor)
E2t = 0 H 2t = 0 D2n = 0 B2 n = 0
E1
Medium 1 (dielectric) Medium 2 (perfect conductor)
( 7 - 68a ) ( 7 - 68b ) ( 7 - 68c ) ( 7 - 68d )

J 3Medium 1
(dielectric) Medium 2 (perfect conductor)
a n2
E1 = E1n =
H1
r3 e1
( 7 - 69 ) ( 7 - 70 )
H1 = H1t = J 3
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Additional Boundary Condition
If medium #1 is a very good condition
(s we ) ? 1
J s ; n H2
Et 2 = Z s J s = n H 2
jwm1 Zs = = hs s 1 + jwe1
(s we ) 2 ? 1
wm1 (1 + j ) 2s 1
wm1 Z s ; (1 + j ) 2s 1
2009. Feb. 19
Additional Boundary Condition
s1 = :
n H 2 = J s
y
(2)
(s 1 we 1 ) ?
J s ; n H 2
e2
e
m2 s 2
Z S = RS + jX S
z (1) 1(s large) 1
m1s 1
x E 2 H2 D2 B2 E1 H
1
D1
B1
wm1 E t 2 = Z s J s = n H 2 (1 + j ) 2s 1
2009. Feb. 19
Boundary Condition: Time-Harmonic Fields

Example based on Fig.1-6
E = ax E x + az E z
E x and E z are continuous. Also

ax E = (ax E x + az E z ) = x E z ay 0 0
E x E x E z E z , , , are continuous. x z x z
az E E = ax (0) + a y ( x - z ) + az (0) z z x Ez
E x E z E = ax (0) + a y ( ) + az (0) = - jwm H = - jwm (ax H x + a y H y + az H z ) z x

- jwmH y = ( E x E z 1 E x E z ) Hy = ( ) z x jwm z x
2009. Feb. 19
Significance of Boundary Conditions

In this section we have discussed the relations that field vectors must satisfy at an interface between different media. Boundary conditions are of basic importance in the solution of electromagnetic problems because general solutions of Maxwells equations carry little meaning until they are adapted to physical problems each with a given region and associated boundary conditions. Maxwells equations are partial differential equations. Their solutions will contain integration constants that are determined from the additional information supplied by boundary conditions so that each solution will be unique for each given problem. particular solution
2009. Feb. 19
ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS AT BOUNDARIES

Maxwells Equations Integral Form Differential Form
$ D nda= dv
s v
D = B =0 E =- B t
Gausss Law Gausss Law
$ B nda=0
s
E ds=
c
dt $ B nda d A
Faradays Law
d $ $ H ds= J nda + D nda dt c A A

n
H = J + D t Amperes Law
ds
da
S
2009. Feb. 19
da
n
dv
C
GAUSSS LAW - EXAMPLES

E
point charge: q
n
da
$ D nda = dv
V
z
df
q
r sin qdf
0 0
$ $ Er r nr 2 sindqdf = q
r sin q
rdq
r
Er 4r 2 =q Er =
q 4r 2
2
volume charge density: o

(coulombs/m3)
ro
Ro
$ $2 Er r nr sinddf =
0 0 3
p 2p
r 2
r sindrddf
o 0 0 0
4r 2Er = 4
surface e charge density: s e

(coulombs/m3)
E
ss
r r o o Er = (for r < Ro ) ( D = o ) 3 3 Ro3 o Er = 2 (for r > Ro ) ( D = 0) 3r
$ 2 E nda= o dv= s da
S V Ss
2 En A= s A En =
1 s 2
E There is no free magnetic charge of any kind, so

2009. Feb. 19
B nda = 0 $
s
always
FIELDS PERPENDICULAR TO BOUNDARIES

$ Using Gausss Law ( S Dnda = V dv ) :
D1 e1
D nda =
S
dv
(limd 0)
e2
D2
(D1n - D2n )A= S A 1E1n - 2E2n = S

surface charge density ss
surface S
$ n (D1 - D2 ) = S More formally: $ n (E - E ) =

1 2 2
The jump in normal D is equal to the free surface charge density
Likewise:
$ n (B1 - B2 ) = 0 $ (B1n - B2n )A = 0 n (m H1 - m H2 ) = 0 1 2 (B1n - B2n ) = 0

S
$ B nda = 0
Normal B is continuous
2009. Feb. 19
AMPERES LAW - EXAMPLES

$ H ds =
c s
$ J nda
line current: I
(amps)
Hf
Hf 2r = I Hf = I 2r
r 2p
Jo
Hj 2pr =
r
Hf
Ro
0 0
r2 Jo zrdrdf = Jo 2p 2
current density: J
(amps/m2)
Jo r (for r < Ro ) ( H=Jo ) 2 Jo pRo 2 Hf = (for r > Ro ) ( H = 0) 2pr Hf =
H
surface current density: Js
(amps/m)
Js
H ds = Js 2
J nda
H 2L = JsL H=
H
2009. Feb. 19
BOUNDARY CONDITIONS FOR PARALLEL FIELDS

Using Faradays Law:
E ds = -
Egds = -
d dt
Bgnda
E1P
L
d
d c A B nda dt (E1P - E 2P )L = 0 (A 0 as d 0) Therefore E1P = E2P and
E1
n
e1
na
ds
n (E1 - E2 ) = 0
e2
c
A
E2P
E2
Using Amperes Law:
Hgds =
Jgda +
d Dgda dt A
d Dgda c A dt A (H1P - H2P )L = (Js na )L (lim d 0)
Hgds =
Jgda +
(There is no sheet displacement current.)
Therefore: n (H1 - H2 ) = Js
2009. Feb. 19
FIELDS INSIDE PERFECT CONDUCTORS

Electric Fields Inside Perfect conductors
If s and E 0 : But if J : But if H : But w m cannot : Since E = 0 inside :
Then J = sE Then H since H = J + D t Then Wm = mH2 2 and w m Therefore E = 0 inside perfect conductors
Therefore r = 0 inside since eE = r
Magnetic Fields Inside Perfect Conductors Since E = 0 and E = - B t, therefore And therefore: B = 0 inside
B t = 0
(unless constant and there since the beginning of time)
perfect conductors
2009. Feb. 19
BOUNDARY COMDITIONS, PERFECT CONDUCTORS

General Boundary Condition:
n (D1 - D2 ) = ss n (B1 - B2 ) = 0
n (E1 - E2 ) = 0
n (H1 - H2 ) = Js
D2 = B2 = E2 = 0 inside = :
E1,D1
H1,B1
ss
Js
s
H2 ,B2
E2 ,D2
n D1 = ss n B1 = 0 n E1 = 0 n H1 = Js
2009. Feb. 19
H is parallel to perfect conductors E is perpendicular to perfect conductors

Only surface charges and surface currents
PLANE WAVE ELECTROMAGNETICS

v v 2 Plane wave in lossless media : 2 E + k o E = 0
Free-space wavenumber : k o = w m oe o In Cartesian coordinates: 2 2 2 2 2 + 2 + 2 E x + k o E x = 0 x y z Consider a uniform plane wave which is independent of x and y, i.e., 2E x 2E x = =0 2 2 x y we have
d 2 Ex 2 + koEx = 0 dz 2 + \ E x (z ) = E o e - jk oz + E -o e jk oz
2009. Feb. 19
Consider the term
E x+ ( z ) = Eo+ e -jk o z
in the real situation E + (z , t ) = Re[E + (z )e jwt ] x x + = E o cos(wt - k o z ) which represents a wave propagating to the +z-direction. For a particular point, we may calculate the phase velocity (velocity of propagation of an equip-hase front) as follows:
wt - k o z = constant dz w w up = = = =c dt k o w m o e o
2009. Feb. 19
c: velocity of light
E + (z , t ) = Re[E + (z )e jwt ] x x
+ = E o cos(wt - k o z )
wt - k o z = constant
2009. Feb. 19
note:
w 2pf 2p k o = w moeo = = = c c lo
2p \ lo = ko 2p l= k
v - jk0 z E0 e
l0 = free space wavelength l = wavelength traveling in lossless media
Co-sinusoidal wave traveling in z direction with same velocity c. * E- = 0 if concerned only wave traveling in +z direction only * In discontinuities medium, reflected waves in opposite direction must considered.
2009. Feb. 19
For the magnetic field: v v E = -jwm o H

x 0 E + (z ) x y z 0 = -jwm o ( H + + H + + H + ) x x y y z z z 0 0
H x+ = 0 j E x+ ( z ) j + - jk o z + Hy = = Eo e wm o z wm o z
H z+ = 0
2009. Feb. 19
H = =
+ y
ko
wm o
1
Eo+ e - jk o z E x+ ( z )
mo eo
+ y
\ H (z ) =
ho
E x+ ( z )
mo 120p 377(W ) eo ho : intrinsic impedance of the free space v Instantaneous expression for H : v + H ( z , t ) = y Re[ H y ( z )e jwt ] + Eo = y cos(wt - k o z ) (A/m) ho ho =
2009. Feb. 19
A uniform plane wave is an electromagnetic wave in which the electric and magnetic fields and the direction of propagation are mutually orthogonal, and their amplitudes and phases are constant over planes perpendicular to the direction of propagation Let us examine a possible plane wave solution given by E + (z , t ) = Re[E + (z )e jwt ]
x x
+ = E o cos(wt - k o z )
2009. Feb. 19
note:
v v E^H r v E and H are transverse to the propagation direction . z \ the uniform plane wave is a transverse electromagnetic v wave or TEM wave. E
General form of TEM wave v v - jk x x - jk y y- jk z z E(x , y ,z ) = E o e with Define:

2 k2 + k2 + k2 = ko x y z
n
v H
wavenumber vector v k = xk x + yk y + zk z = kn v r = xx + yy + zz
2009. Feb. 19
v v v v -jkv v -jknv \ E (r ) = Eo e r = Eo e r v v v v - jknv 1 1 H (r ) = E (r ) = (n Eo )e r jwm h
Intrinsic impedance of the medium : wm m h= = k e
Similarly,
v v v v -jkv v -jknv H (r ) = H o e r = H o e r v v v 1 E (r ) = H (r ) jwe v 1 (- jk )n H (r ) = jwe v = -hn H (r )
2009. Feb. 19
k ^E k ^H
2009. Feb. 19
Uniform Plane Wave Solutions

Strictly speaking, uniform plane waves can be produced only by sources of infinite extent. However, point sources create spherical waves. Locally, a spherical wave looks like a plane wave. Thus, an understanding of plane waves is very important in the study of electromagnetics.
2009. Feb. 19
7-6 Wave Equations and Their Solutions

Maxwells equations give a complete description of the relation between electromagnetic fields and charge and current distributions. Their solutions provide the answer to all electromagnetic problems, even though in some cases the solution are difficult to obtain. Special analytical and numerical techniques may be devised to aid in the solution procedure; but they do not add to or refine the fundamental structure. Such is the importance of Maxwells equations. For a given charge and current distributions, r and J, we first solve the nonhomogeneous wave equations, (7-63) and (7-65), for potentials A and V. With A and V determined, E and B can be found from Eqs. (7-57) and (7-55), respectively, by differentiations.
2A 2V r 2 A - me 2 = - m J (7-63), V - me 2 = t t e A E = -V (7-57), B = A (7-55) t

2
2009. Feb. 19
(7-65)
Solutions for Wave Equations for Potentials

At first, the solution of V for an elemental point charge at time t, r(t)Dv, located at the origin of the coordinates is obtained and then summing the effects of all the charge element in a given region. Spherical coordinates are convenient for the spherically symmetric system. The scalar potential V depends only on radial distance R and time t. Except at the origin, V satisfies the following homogenous equations:
1 2 V 2V R - me 2 = 0 R 2 R R t
V ( R, t ) = 1 U ( R, t ) , R 2U 2U - me 2 = 0, 2 R t
( 7-71)
2V V - me 2 = 0 t
2
( 7-72 ) introduction of new variable 7-73) (

( 7-74 )
( 7-75)
Any twice differential function of t R me is solution of (7-73).
U ( R, t ) = f t - R me ,
1 V ( R, t ) = f ( t - R / u ) , R
2009. Feb. 19
P.7-20 Proof of Solutions for Homogeneous Equation

2U 2U - me 2 = 0 (7-73) 2 R t
2U t R me R 2
)=
t R me U ' t - R me me = U ' t R me R R R
)(
t R me = me U " t R me = me U ' t R me = me U " t R me R R
2U t R me t 2
) = U ' t R ( t
me 1 =
U ' t R me = U " t R me R
dU ( x ) d 2U ( x ) where U ' ( x ) = , U "( x ) = dx dx 2
2U 2U \ - me 2 = me U "- me U " = 0 R 2 t
2009. Feb. 19

U ( R + DR, t + Dt ) = f t + Dt - ( R + DR ) me = f t - R me = U ( R, t )
The function retain its form if
Dt = DR me = DR u
where
u =1
me
is the velocity of propagation (a characteristic of the media)
2009. Feb. 19

V ( R, t ) = A ( R, t ) = 4pe 1
r (t - R / u )
R J (t - R / u )
V'
dv '
(V) ( Wb/m )
( 7-77 ) ( 7-78)
R Eq.(7-77) is obtained by comparing the former result (7-75) and static scalar potential equation (7-76) for a point charge, and then summing the effects of all the charge element in a given region.
V'
m 4p
dv '
V ( R, t ) =
1 f ( t - R /u ) R
( 7-75)
DV ( R ) =
r ( t ) Dv ' 4pe R
( 7-76 )
r ( t - R / u ) Dv ' Df ( t - R /u ) = 4pe
In the time varying case, V is a function of R and t, and t in r is replaced by universal wave parameter t-R/u.
2009. Feb. 19
Homogeneous Vector Wave Equations

In source free region where r and J are both zero, and with a simple (linear, isotropic, and homogeneous) nonconducting medium, the wave equations are given directly to E and H. In this region with medium, Maxwell equations reduce to
1 2E E - 2 2 = 0. u t
2
( 7-81)
1 2H H - 2 2 = 0. u t
2
( 7-82 )
with u = 1/ me ,
B t D H = J + t E = -
E = -m
H , t E H = e , t
D = r
B = 0
E = 0
H = 0
2E E - me 2 = 0; t
2
2E Vector identity: E = - m ( H ) = - me t t 2
E = ( E ) - 2 E = - 2 E
2009. Feb. 19
Time Harmonic Fields

Maxwell's equations and all the equations derived from them so far in this chapter hold for electromagnetic quantities with an arbitrary time-dependence. The actual type of time functions that the Held quantities assume depends on the source functions and J. In engineering, sinusoidal time functions occupy a unique position. They are easy to generate; arbitrary periodic time functions can be expanded into Fourier series of harmonic sinusoidal components; and transient nonperiodic functions can be expressed as Fourier integrals. Since Maxwell's equations are linear differential equations, sinusoidal time variations of source functions of a given frequency will produce sinusoidal variations of E and H with the same frequency in the steady state. For source functions with an arbitrary time dependence, electrodynamic fields can be determined in terms of those caused by the various frequency components of the source functions. The application of the principle of superposition will give us the total fields. In this section we examine time-harmonic (steady-state sinusoidal) field relationships.
2009. Feb. 19
Electromagnetic wave is usually considered in Frequency Domain

Arbitrary periodic time functions can be expanded into Fourier series of harmonic sinusoidal components; and transient non-periodic functions can be expressed as Fourier integrals.We have seen that there are solutions of the wave equation which correspond to plane wave, and that any electromagnetic wave can be described as a superposition of many plane waves.
Propagation Direction Equi-phase Plane
E (k x , k y , z ) = E( x , y , z ) =
- -
E( x , y , z ) e
jk x x + jk y y
dx dy dk x dk y
(2p )
2
- -
E ( k x , k y , z )e
- jk x x - jk y y
kx , k y
E (k x , k y , z )
: x , y wave number : Angular spectrum of E(x,y,z)
Fig. Plane wave with the direction of k

2009. Feb. 19
Use of Phasor
Obtain i ( t ) = I cos (wt + f ) , in a series RLC circuit with applied voltage e ( t ) = E cos wt
di 1 + Ri + idt = e ( t ) . dt C Instantaneous expression of loop equation for the circuit

loop equation for a series RLC circuit
1 I -w L sin (wt + f ) + R cos (wt + f ) + sin (wt + f ) = E cos wt. wC

e ( t ) = E cos wt = Re Ee j 0 e jwt
= Re Es e jwt
)
jwt
Es = Ee j 0 = E
phasors
i ( t ) = Re Ie
jf
= Re I s e jwt
)e )
I s = Ie
jf
di = Re jw I s e jwt , dt
Phasor expression of the loop equation (much simpler)

R + 1 j wL I = Es , wc s
I idt = Re s e jwt . jw
2009. Feb. 19
Convenience of Phasor Usage

EXAMPLE 7-6 Express 3cos wt - 4sin wt as first (a) A1 cos (wt + q1 ) ,and then (b) A2 sin (wt + q 2 ) . Determine
A1 , q1 , A2 , and q 2 .
Solution We can conveniently use phasors to solve this problem a) To express 3cos wt - 4sin wtas A1 cos (wt + q1 ) , use cos wtas the reference and consider the sum of the we jp / 2 two phasors 3 and -4e ( = j 4 ) , since sin wt = cos (wt - p / 2 ) lags behind cos wt by p / 2 rad:
= 5e j 53.1 jwt Taking the real part of the product of this phasors and e , we have
3 + j 4 = 5e j tan
-1
( 4 / 3)
3cos wt - 4sin wt = Re 5e j 53.1 e jwt

= 5cos (wt + 53.1 ) . So, A1 = 5, and q1 = 53.1 = 0.927 ( rad ) .
( 7 - 92a )
b) To express 3cos wt - 4sin wt as A1 cos (wt + q1 ) ,we use sin wt as the reference and consider the sum of the two phasors 3e jp / 2 ( = j 3) and -4
j 3 - 4 = 5e j tan
-1
( 3/ - 4 )
= 5e j143.1
(The reader should note that the angle above is 143.1, not -36.9.) Now we take the imaginary part of the product of the phasor above and e jwt to obtain the desired answer:
3cos wt - 4sin wt = Im 5e j143.1 e jwt

= 5sin (wt + 143.1 ) .
( 7 - 92b )
Hance, A2 = 5, and q 2 = 143.1 = 2.50 ( rad ) .

2009. Feb. 19
Time Harmonic Maxwells Equations

Instantaneous expression B E = t D H = J + t Phasor expression
E = - jwm H,
H = J + jwe E,
( 7 - 94a )
( 7 - 94b )
( 7 - 94c )
D = r
B = 0
E = r/e
H = 0
E ( x, y, z , t ) = Re E ( x, y, z ) e jwt ,
( 7 - 94d )
Vector of real number that depends on location and time.
Vector phasor (vector of complex number) that contains information on direction, magnitude, and phase, and is independent of time.
2009. Feb. 19
Time Harmonic Maxwells Equations

Instantaneous expression Phasor expression
2V r V - me 2 = t e
2
2V + k 2V = -
r e
( 7 - 95) ( 7 - 96 )
2 A A - me 2 = - m J. t
2
2 A + k 2 A = - m J.
k = w me =
w
u
where k is wavenumber
These equations are referred to as Nonhomogeneous Helmholtzs equation
2009. Feb. 19
Retarded Scalar and Vector Potentials

Instantaneous expression r (t - R / u ) 1 V ( R, t ) = V ' R dv ' 4pe
m A ( R, t ) = 4p
J (t - R / u ) R
V'
dv '
Phasor expression
V ( R) =
4pe
r e - jkR
R
V'
dv '
(V), ( Wb/m )
( 7 - 99 ) ( 7 - 100 )
m A( R) = 4p
Je - jkR V ' R dv '
k = w me =
w
u
2009. Feb. 19
Procedure for Determining Electromagnetic Fields

The formal procedure for determining the electric and magnetic fields sue to timeharmonic charge and current distributions is as follows: 1. Find phasors V(R) and A(R) from Eqs. (7-99) and (7-100). 2. Find phasors E ( R ) = -V - jw A and B ( R ) = A. 3. Find instantaneous E ( R, t ) = Re E ( R ) e cosine reference.
jwt
and B ( R, t ) = Re B ( R ) e jwt for a
The degree of difficulty of a problem depends on how difficult it is to perform the integrations in Step 1.
2009. Feb. 19
Source Free Fields in Simple Media

Instantaneous expression H E = -m t E H = e t Phasor expression
E = - jwm H,
H = jwe E,
( 7 - 104a ) ( 7 - 104b )
E = 0
E = 0
( 7 - 104c ) ( 7 - 104d ) ( 7 - 105)

( 7 - 106 )
w
u
H = 0
Wave equations
H = 0
Homogeneous vector Helmholtzs equations
1 2E E - 2 2 = 0. u t
2
2E + k 2E = 0
2 H + k 2 H = 0.
1 2H H - 2 2 = 0. u t
2
u = 1/ me ,
k = w me =
2009. Feb. 19
Principle of Duality
EXAMPLE 7-7 Show that if (E,H) are solutions of source-free Maxwells equations in a simple medium characterized by and , then so also are (E', H'), where
E' = h H E H' = - . h
( 7 - 107a )
( 7 - 107b )
In the, above equation, h = m/e is called the intrinsic impedance of the medium Solution We prove the statement by taking the curl and the divergence of E and H and using Eqs. (7-104 a, b, c, and d):
E ' = h ( H ) = h ( jwe E )
E = - jweh 2 - = - jwe H ' h 1 1 H ' = - ( E ) = - ( - jwe H )
( 7 - 108a )
= jwm
( 7 - 108b )
jwe E '
h2
(h H ) =
E ' = h ( H ) = 0
( 7 - 108c ) ( 7 - 108d )
H' = -
( E ) = 0
Equations ( 7-108 a, b, c, and d) are source-free Maxwells equations in E and H

2009. Feb. 19
Duality Theorem
Duality Electric Sources (J0, M=0) Magnetic Sources (J=0,M0)
E A = - jwm H A H A = J + jwe E A 2A + b 2A = -m J
H F = jwe E F - E F = M + jwm H F 2 F + b 2 F = -e M
m A= 4p
e - jBR J R dv ' V
1
e F= 4p
e - jBR M R dv ' V
HA =
E A = - jw A - j
2009. Feb. 19
1 EF = - F
wme
( A )
H F = - jw F - j
wme
( F)
Duality Theorem
Dual quantities Eelectric Sources (J0, M=0) Magnetic Sources (J=0,M0)
EA
HA
HF
- EF
J A
M F
e
m
b
h 1/h
2009. Feb. 19
m
e
b
1/h
h
Lossy Media
If the simple medium is conducting ( 0 ), a current J=E will flow, and Eq. (7-104b) should be changed to
s H = (s + jwe ) E = jw e + E jw = jwe c E
with
ec = e - j
complex permittivity equivalent conductivity loss tangent, loss angle complex permeability complex wavenumber good conductor if good insulator if
s w
( F/m ) .
e c = e '- je ''
( F/m ) . (S/m ) .
s = we ''
tan d c =
e '' s @ . e ' we m = m '- j m ''.
kc = w me c = w m ( e '- je '')
s >> we , we >> s ,
2009. Feb. 19
Lossy Media
J c = s E = ax T b E0s e -a 2 z e - j b2 z 1 3 2
J c = s E = a x J 0 e -a 2 z e - j b 2 z
J c = a x J 0 e -a 2 z e - j b 2 z = J 0 e -a 2 z J s = J c dz = J 0 e
0 0 -a 2 z
J0
A/m 2
J 0 e -a z = J 0 e - z / d
dz = J 0 e - z / d 2 dz
0
0 + E x ( z , t = 0)
A
Ae -1 0.368 A
0
= J 0 ( -d 2 ) e
0
- z /d2
dz - z /d2 - = -d 2 J 0 e d2
A/m
d
e -az
J s = -d 2 J 0 [ 0 - 1] = d 2 J 0
-A
1 d= = a pfms
2009. Feb. 19
bz
0
2p
3p
4p
Power Dissipation in Lossy Media

Example 7-8 A sinusoidal electric intensity of amplitude 250 (V/m) and frequency 1 (GHz) exists in a lossy dielectric medium that has a relative permittivity of 2.5 and a loss tangent of 0.001. Find the average power dissipated in the medium per cubic mater. Solution First we must find the effective conductivity of the lossy medium: s tan d c = 0.001 = , we 0e r
10-9 s = 0.001 2p 10 ( 2.5 ) 36p
= 1.39 10-4 ( S/m ) .
The average power dissipated per unit volume is

p= 1 1 JE = s E 2 2 2
1 = 1.39 10-4 2502 = 4.34 2
( W/m ) .
3
2009. Feb. 19
Electromagnetic Spectrum (1)

Wavelength (m) Frequency f (Hz) Application and Classification Photon Energy hf (eV)
10
-15
1024
g -ray
( GeV )
109
10
o
-12
1021
X-ray
( MeV )
( keV )
106
(A) 10-10 1018 ( EHz ) ( nm )10-9
Ultraviolet
103
( m m )10-6 ( mm )10-3 ( cm )10-2

2009. Feb. 19
1015 ( PHz )
Infrared 1012 ( THz ) mm wave
EHF ( 30-300 Ghz )
( eV )
( meV )
10-3
Electromagnetic Spectrum (2)

Wavelength (m) Frequency f (Hz) Application and Classification Photon Energy hf (eV)
( mm )10-3 ( cm ) 10-2
10-1 (m) 1
1012( THz )
mm wave
EHF ( 30-300 GHz ) SHF ( 3-30 GHz ) UHF ( 300-3000 MHz ) VHF ( 30-300 MHz )
( meV )
10-3
109( GHz )
10 102 ( km )103
104
10 ( MHz )
105 ( Mm )106 107 108
103 ( kHz ) 60 ( Hz )
HF ( 3-30 MHz ) MF ( 300-3000 kHz ) LF ( 30-300 kHz ) VLF ( 3-30 kHz ) ULF ( 300-3000 Hz ) SLF ( 30-300 Hz ) ELF ( 3-30 Hz )
1 ( Hz )
2009. Feb. 19
Review Questions
R.7-28 What do we mean by a retarded potential? R.7-29 In what ways do the retardation time and the velocity of wave propagation depend on the constitutive parameters of the medium? R.7-30 Write the source-free wave equations for E and H in free space. R.7-31 What is a phasor? Is a phasor a function of t? A function of ? R.7-32 What is the difference between a phasor and a vector? R.7-33 Discuss the advantages of using phasors in electromagnetics. R.7-34 Are conduction and displacement currents in phase for time-harmonic fields? Explain. R.7-35 Write in terms of phasors the time-harmonic Maxwells equations for a simple medium. R.7-36 Define wavenumber. R.7-37 Write the expressions for time-harmonic retarded scalar and vector potentials in terms of charge and current distributions. R.7-38 Write the homogeneous vector Helmholtzs equation for E in a simple, non-conducting, source-free medium. R.7-39 Write the expression for the wavenumber of a lossy medium in terms of its permittivity and permeability. R.7-40 What is meant by the loss tangent of a medium? R.7-41 In a time-varying situation how do we define a good conductor? A lossy dielectric? R.7-42 What is the velocity of propagation of electromagnetic waves? is it the same in air an in vacuum? Explain. R.7-43 What is the wavelength range of visible light? R.7-44 Why are frequencies below the VLF range rarely used for wireless transmission?
2009. Feb. 19
Problems
P.7-24 Derive the general wave equations for E and H in a non-conducting simple medium where a charge distribution and a current distribution J exist. Convert the wave equations to Helmholtzs equations for sinusoidal time dependence. Write the general solutions for E(R, t) and H(R, t) in terms of and J. P.7-25 Given that
E = a y 0.1sin (10p x ) cos 6p 109 t - b z H = a y 2 cos (15p x ) sin 6p 109 t - b z
( V/m )
in air, find H and . P.7-26 Given that
( A/m )
in air, find E and . P.7-27 It is known that the electric field intensity of a spherical wave in free space is
E = aq
E0 sin q cos (wt - kR ) . R
Determine the magnetic field intensity H and the value of k. P.7-28 In Section 7-4 we indicated that E and B can be determined from the potentials V and A. which are related by the Lorentz condition, Eq. (7-98), in the time-harmonic case. The vector potential A was introduced through the relation B = A because of the solenoidal nature of B. In a source-free region. E = 0, we can define another type of vector potential Ar, such E = A c Assuming harmonic time dependence: a) Express H in terms of Ar. b) Show that Ac is a solution of a homogeneous Helmholzs equation.
2009. Feb. 19
Problems
P7-29 For a source-free polarized medium where =0, J=0, =0, but where there is a volume density of polarization P, a single vector potential c may be defined such that
H = jwe 0 p c .
a) Express electric field intensity E in terms of c and P. b) Show that c satisfies the non-homogeneous Helmholtzs equation
( 7 - 118)
2p c + k02p 0 = The quantity c is known as the electric hertz potential.
e0
( 7 - 119 )
P.7-30 Calculations concerning the electromagnetic effect of currents in a good conductor usually neglect the displacement current even at microwave frequencies. a) Assuming r=1 and =5.70107 (S/m) for copper, cpmpare the magnitude of the displacement current density with that of the conduction current density at 100(GHz) b) Write the governing differential equation for magnetic field intensity H in a source-free good conductor.
2009. Feb. 19

EE341 2 Chapter 7

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EE341 2 Chapter 7

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Chapter 7

Electromagnetics Wave and Antenna

Prof. Seong-Ook Park

ICE2341 Electromagnetics Wave

7. Time-varying fields and Maxwells Equations (contents)

7-2.1 A Stationary Circuit in a Time-Varying Magnetic Field

7-2.3 A Moving Conductor in a Static Magnetic Field

7-2.4 A moving Circuit in a Time-Varying Magnetic Field

7-3 Maxwells Equations

7-4 Potential Functions 7-5 Electromagnetic Boundary Conditions

7-6 Wave Equations and Their Solutions 7-7 Time-Harmonic Fields

ICE2341 Electromagnetics Wave

ICE2341 Electromagnetics Wave

Faradays law of Electromagnetic Induction: v v B differential form E = t v v d v v integral form cE d l = - dt s B ds

ICE2341 Electromagnetics Wave

ICE2341 Electromagnetics Wave

Total current through S. Total charge contained in volume V bounded by Surface S

Static Field to Time-Varying Field and Wave

Constitutive relations (linear and isotropic media)

ICE2341 Electromagnetics Wave

Fundamental Postulate for Electromagnetic Induction

ICE2341 Electromagnetics Wave

Reduction of Postulate to Faradays Law

ICE2341 Electromagnetics Wave

Time-Varying Field and Wave

Constitutive relations (linear and isotropic media)

ICE2341 Electromagnetics Wave

Displacement Current Density (1)

Something time-dependent term f(t) is missing in (7-47b).

ICE2341 Electromagnetics Wave

Displacement Current Density (2)

ICE2341 Electromagnetics Wave

How the new term works

dQ(r ) 2 E 1 dt = 1 -4p r j (r ) = - j (r ) = t 4pe 0 r 2 4pe 0 r2 e0

Fig. The magnetic field near a charging capacitor.

ICE2341 Electromagnetics Wave

Maxwells re-analysis of Gausss and Amperes laws:

ICE2341 Electromagnetics Wave

ICE2341 Electromagnetics Wave

sin m0 I sin ( a r ) m0 I = sin q dq = ( - cos q ) 0 0 4p a 4p a z dS m0 I z = 1 - 2 2 4p a z +a dl

ICE2341 Electromagnetics Wave

Parallel-Plate Capacitor connected to ac Voltage Source

Generalized Ampere's circuital law D H gdl = J + g ds C S t conduction current displacement current

Parallel-Plate Capacitor connected to ac Voltage Source (Trace the equations!)

dvc = C1V0w cos wt dt

The displacement current is then

D A ds = e V0w cos wt A t d = C1V0w cos wt = ic .

Parallel-Plate Capacitor connected to ac Voltage Source (Trace the equations!)

Pairs of E, D and B, H are related by constitutive relations:

ICE2341 Electromagnetics Wave

Maxwells Equations: Comparison with Static Models

Constitutive relations Equation of continuity Lorentzs force equation

(Radius vector to represent the position)

ICE2341 Electromagnetics Wave

Maxwells Equations: All Independent?

ICE2341 Electromagnetics Wave

due to charge distribution

due to time-varying current J (this term is zero in static case)

Eq.(7-57) can be reduced from (7-55) and Faradays law (7-1):

Potential Functions: Comparison with Static Field

Poissons Equation => solution

From the Amperes law and (6-15),

ICE2341 Electromagnetics Wave