VN N NG BIN

GVHD: Ths.PHAN CHUNG THU

GII THIU CHUNG V VN TI NG BIN Vn ti ng bin ra i kh sm so vi cc phng thc vn ti khc. Ngay t th k th V trc cng nguyn con ngi bit li dng bin lm cc tuyn ng giao thng giao lu cc vng cc min, cc quc gia vi nhau trn th gii. Cho n nay vn ti bin c pht trin mnh v tr thnh ngnh vn ti hin i trong h thng vn ti quc t. * c im kinh t k thut ca vn ti ng bin: -Vn ti ng bin c th phc v chuyn ch tt c cc loi hng ho trong bun bn quc t. -Cc tuyn ng vn ti trn bin hu ht l nhng tuyn ng giao thng t nhin. - Nng lc chuyn ch ca vn ti ng bin rt ln. Nhn chung nng lc chuyn ch ca cng c vn ti ng bin (tu bin) khng b hn ch nh cc cng c ca cc phng thc vn ti khc. - u im ni bt ca vn ti ng bin l gi thnh thp, nng lc vn chuyn ln, c th chy nhiu tu cng mt lc, cng mt tuyn ng, thi gian nm ch ti cc cng gim nh s dng container v cc phng tin xp d hin i; thch hp vn chuyn hu ht cc loi hng ha, nht l hng c khi lng ln, gi tr thp nh than , qung, ng cc..., ph vn ti khng cao. Cnh , chi ph u t xy dng cc tuyn ng hng hi thp do hu ht tn dng nhng tuyn giao thng t nhin.
* T nhng c im kinh t k thut ni trn ca vn ti ng bin, ta c th rt ra kt lun mt cch tng qut v phm vi p dng nh sau: - Vn ti ng bin thch hp vi chuyn ch hng ho trong bun bn quc t. - Vn ti ng bin thch hp vi chuyn ch hng ho c khi lng ln, chuyn ch trn c ly di nhng khng i hi thi gian giao hng nhanh chng. * Tc dng ca vn ti ng bin i vi bun bn quc t. - Vn ti ng bin l yu t khng tch ri bun bn quc t. - Vn ti ng bin thc y bun bn quc t pht trin. - Vn ti ng bin pht trin gp phn lm thay i c cu hng ho v c cu th trng trong bun bn quc t. - Vn ti ng bin tc ng ti cn cn thanh ton quc t.

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Trong thanh ton quc t , chng t vn ti l chng t quan trng nht v n xc nhn quyn s hu hng ha v c dng lm chng t ch yu nhn hng ni n .Ty theo phng thc vn ti m c chng t vn ti khc nhau. Trn thc t, vic vn chuyn hng ha xut nhp khu ch yu bng ng bin nn vn n ng bin c s dng ph bin nht.

I.

NH NGHA VN N NG BIN (Marine Bill of Lading / Ocean Bill of Lading).

L chng t do ngi chuyn ch (ch tu, thuyn trng) cp cho ngi gi hng nhm xc nhn vic hng ha c tip nhn vn chuyn. Tuy mi hng tu u c mu vn n ring, nhng v ni dung chng c nhng im chung. mt trc ca B/L c ghi r tn ngi gi, ngi nhn (hoc "theo lnh" ...), tn tu, cng bc hng, cng d hng, tn hng, k m hiu, s lng kin, trng lng, gi c, tng tr gi, cch tr cc (cc tr trc hay tr ti cng n), tnh hnh xp hng, s bn gc lp, ngy thng cp vn n .v.v.. M t sau ghi cc iu kin chuyn ch. Khi chuyn ch hng va c hp ng va c vn n th quan h gia ngi vn ti v ngi nhn hng do vn n iu chnh, cn quan h gia ngi gi hng v ngi vn ti do hp ng thu tu iu chnh. Vn n ng bin tuy v danh ngha do nh ngi vn ti cp,nhng trong thc t cng tc,ngi gi hng phi chun b sn trn c s mu chng t do hng tu cp.Thuyn trng ch cn c vo bin lai thuyn ph k vo vn n ng bin v ph ch nu thy cn. Vn n ng bin c lp thnh mt s bn gc. Trn cc bn gc, ngi ta in hoc ng du cc ch "Original". Ngoi b vn n gc, cn c mt s bn sao, trn ghi ch "Copy". Ch c bn gc ca B/L mi c chc nng nu trn, cn cc bn sao khng c gi tr php l nh bn gc, chng ch dng trong cc trng hp: thng bo giao hng, kim tra * Tc dng ca vn n: Vn n ng bin c nhng tc dng ch yu sau y: - Th nht, vn n l c s php l iu chnh mi quan h gia ngi xp hng, nhn hng v ngi chuyn ch. - Th hai, vn n l cn c khai hi quan v lm th tc xut nhp khu hng ho. - Th ba, vn n l cn c nhn hng v xc nh s lng hng ho ngi bn gi cho ngi mua v da vo ghi s, thng k, theo di xem ngi bn (ngi chuyn ch) hoc khng hon thnh trch nhim ca mnh nh quy nh trong hp
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ng mua bn ngoi thng (vn n). - Th t, vn n cng cc chng t khc ca hng ho lp thnh b chng t thanh ton tin hng. - Th nm, vn n l chng t quan trng trong b chng t khiu ni ngi bo him, hay nhng ngi khc c lin quan. - Th su, vn n cn c s dng lm chng t cm c, mua bn, chuyn nhng hng ho ghi tren vn n . II. BA CHC NNG C BN: - L mt bin lai ca ngi chuyn ch xc nhn l h nhn hng ch. Vn n l bng chng hin nhin ca vic ngi chuyn ch nhn hng ch.Vn n l bng chng chng minh cho s lng , khi lng,tnh trng ca bn hng ho uc giao.Ti cng n ,ngi chuyn ch cng phi giao cho ngi nhn theo ng trng lng ,khi lung ,tnh trng ca hng ho nh lc nhn cng i ,khi ngi nhn xut trnh vn n ph hp. - L mt bng chng v nhng iu khon ca mt hp ng vn ti ng bin (Contract of Carriage) .Mc d bn thn vn n ng bin khng phi l mt hp ng vn ti , v n ch c ch k ca mt bn nhng vn n c gi tr nh mt hp ng vn ti ng bin. N khng nhng iu chnh mi quan h gia ngi chuyn ch v ngi nhn hng hoc ngi cm vn n. Ni dung ca vn n khng ch c th hin bng nhng iu khon trn m cn b chi phi bi cc cng c quc t v vn n v vn ti ng bin. - L mt chng t s hu hng ha (Document of Title), quy nh hng ha s giao cho ai cng ch, do cho php mua bn hng ha bng cch chuyn nhng B/L. Ai c vn n trong tay ,ngi c quyn s hu hng ho ghi trn . Do c tnh cht s hu nn vn n l chng t lu thng c (Negotiable). Ngi ta c th mua bn , chuyn nhng hng ho ghi trn vn n bng cch mua bn, chuyn nhng vn n. III. PHN LOI : 1) Nu xt theo du hiu trn vn n c ghi ch xu v hng ha hay khng, th vn n c chia lm hai loi: - Vn n hon ho (Clean B/L) l vn n khng c ghi ch khim khuyt ca hng ha hay bao b.Hay ni mt cch khc , trn vn n khng c nhng ghi ch , nhng nhn xt xu hoc nhng bo lu v tnh trng bn ngoi ca hng ho.
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Nhng iu ghi chung chung nh : "ngi gi hng xp v m , nim phong v kp ch", "khng bit v s lng , phm cht , ni dung bn trong", "bao b dng li , thng c"khng lm mt tnh hon ho ca vn n. Mt vn n v ngi chuyn ch hay i din ca h khng ghi ch g th cng coi l vn n hon ho. Ly c mt vn n hon ho c y ngha rt quan trng trong thng mi quc t.Ngi mua cng nh ngn hng u yu cu phi c vn n hon ho, vn n hon ho l bng chng hin nhin ca vic xp hng tt. Mun ly c vn n hon ho th khi xp hng ln tu phi m bo hng khng b h hng v , bao b khng b rch , khng b t, ngha l phi c mt bin lai Thuyn ph (Mate's Receipt) sch. Trong trng hp bin lai Thuyn ph khng sch , ngi gi hng c th xut trnh th bo m ( Letter of Indemnity) cam kt chu mi hu qu xy ra yu cu Thuyn trng cp vn n hon ho. Tuy nhin th m bo khng c gi tr php l , khng c cc to n tha nhn, nn cc Thuyn trng khn ngoan thng khng chp nhn - Vn n khng hon ho (Unclean B/L) ngc vi vn n hon ho l loi vn n trn ngi chuyn ch c ghi ch xu v tnh trng hng ha hay bao b. V d : Vn n b Thuyn trng ghi ch : K m hiu khng r , mt s bao b b rch , thng chyVn n khng hon ho khng c ngn hng chp nhn thanh ton tin hng. 2) Nu xt theo du hiu ngi vn ti nhn hng khi hng c xp ln tu hay cha, th B/L c chia lm hai loi: - Vn n xp hng (Shipped on board B/L) ngha l vn n c cp khi hng ha nm trn tu. y l loi vn n c dng ph bin v ngi mua khi yu cu xut trnh b chng t thanh ton tin hng thng yu cu xut trnh vn n xp hng ,tc l hng ho thc s c xp ln tu . Vic xp hng ln tu ( On Board) c th hin trn vn n nh sau: + Nu trn vn n ( gc di bn phi) c ch in sn "Nhn xp" (Received for Shipment hoc Taken in Charge), th khi Thuyn trng k vn n , phi ghi thm ch " xp hng ln tu , ngy thng nm " chng minh cho vic d xp hng, th hin bng ting Anh l "Laden on Board 5 October 1997" hoc "Shipped on Board 5 October 1997" v ngy l ngy giao hng.

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+Nu trn vn n c ghi sn ch "Shipped on Board", th khng cn ghi thm g chng minh cho vic xp ,m ngy k vn n chnh l ngy xp hng ln tu cng l ngy giao hng. - Vn n nhn hng xp (Received for shipment B/L) l vn n c cp trc khi hng ha c xp ln tu. Trn B/L khng ghi r ngy, thng c xp xung tu. Sau khi xp hng xung tu, ngi gi hng c th i ly vn n xp hng. Loi vn n ny c th b ngn hng t chi thanh ton tr khi th tn dng (L/C) quy nh cho php .Khi hng thc s xp ln tu, c th ng du hoc ghi thm ch " xp" bin thnh vn n xp hng. 3) Nu xt theo du hiu qui nh ngi nhn hng s c cc loi vn n: - Vn n theo lnh (B/L to order) l vn n trn khng ghi r h tn , a ch ca ngi nhn hng m ghi ch :"Theo lnh" (to order) hoc c ghi tn ngi nhn hng ng thi ghi thm ch "Hoc theo lnh" (or order) .Trn vn n theo lnh c th ghi r theo lnh ca ngi gi hng, ca ngi nhn , ca ngn hng .Nu khng ghi r theo lnh ca ai th hiu l theo lnh ca ngi gi hng. Vn n theo lnh c c im c th chuyn nhng c cho ngi khc bng cch k hu (Endorsement) .Nu l vn n theo lnh ca ngi gi hng, th ngi gi hng phi k hu ngi nhn hng mi nhn c hng.C th k hu trng ( in Blank), k hu cho mt ngi c th hay theo lnh ca mt ngi no . Nu khng k hu, ch ngi gi hng mi nhn c hng. Vn n k pht theo lnh ca mt ngn hng trong trng hp ngn hng mun khng ch hng ho ca ngi nhp khu(ngi nhp khu vay tin ca ngn hng mua hng). nhn c hng phi c k hu chuyn nhng ca ngn hng vo vn n. Vn n theo lnh c s dng rng ri trong bun bn quc t bi v n l mt chng t c th lu thng c. - Vn n ch danh (B/L to named person) or (straight B/ L) l B/L trong c ghi r tn v a ch ngi nhn hng, do hng ch c th giao c cho ngi c tn trong B/L. Loi vn n ny khng th chuyn nhng c bng cch k hu. - Vn n xut trnh (Bearer B/L) hay vn n v danh, l vn n trong khng ghi r tn ngi nhn hng, cng khng ghi r theo lnh ca ai. Ngi chuyn ch s giao hng cho ngi cm vn n xut trnh cho h. Vn n ny thng c chuyn nhng bng cch trao tay.

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4) Nu theo du hiu hng ha c chuyn bng mt hay nhiu tu th c cc loi vn n: - Vn n i thng (Direct B/L) cp cho hng ha c chuyn ch bng mt con tu i t cng xp n cng ch, ngha l tu ch i t cng n cng - Vn n i sut (Through B/L) l B/L dng trong trng hp chuyn ch hng ha gia cc cng bng hai hoc nhiu tu thuc hai hay nhiu ch khc nhau. Ngi cp vn n i sut phi chu trch nhim v hng ha trn chng ng t cng xp n cng d cui cng. - Vn n a ht (Local B/L) l B/L do cc tu tham gia chuyn ch cp, loi B/L ny ch c chc nng l bin lai nhn hng ha m thi. - Vn n a phng thc (vn ti lin hp ) : Vn n vn ti a phng thc (Multimodal Transport B/L) hay vn n vn ti lin hp (Combined Transport B/L) l vn n c s dng trong trng hp hng ho c chuyn ch t ni i n ni n bng hai hay nhiu phng thc vn ti khc nhau. Vn n ny c c im: + Trn vn n thng ghi r ni nhn hng ch v ni giao hng, ngi cp B/L ny phi l ngi chuyn ch . +Ghi r vic c php chuyn ti, cc phng thc vn ti tham gia v ni chuyn ti. +Ngi cp vn n ny phi chu trch nhim v hng ho t ni nhn hng ch ( c th nm su trong ni a ) n ni giao hng (c th nm su trong ni a ca nc n) * Ngoi cc loi B/L c bn k trn, trong thc t cn gp cc loi B/L khc nh: - Vn n theo hp ng thu tu (Charter party B/L) l loi B/L do thuyn trng cp. Loi ny ch in mt mt, cn mt sau trng (nn cn c tn gi l B/L lng trng - Blank back B/L). Tr khi c quy nh ring trong L/C, cc ngn hng s t chi cc loi vn n ny. - Vn n hn hp (Combined B/L) l loi vn n ch hng bng nhiu loi phng tin vn ti khc nhau, trong c vn ti bng ng bin. Loi vn n ny c phng Thng mi Quc t tha nhn trong khun kh Hip hi nhng ngi vn ti FIATA nn c gi l FIATA combined B/L.

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- Vn n rt gn (Short B/L) l loi vn n tm tt nhng iu khon ch yu. - Vn n n chm (Stale B/L) : Trong trng hp hng ho c chuyn ch trn tu chuyn , khi nhn hng , ngi vn ti cp cho ch hng mt vn n theo hp ng thu tu. Thng thng trong mt vn n ny khng bao gm mc " C s php l ca vn n " v cc iu khon v trch nhim v min trch nhim ca ngi vn ti. V nhng vn ny, ngi ta vn chiu n hp ng thu tu v n cng c Bruxelles. Vn n theo hp ng thu tu mun c tc dng y phi c hp ng thu tu km theo (v trn vn n phi dn chng n cc iu khon ca hp ng km theo). - Vn n theo hp ng thu tu (Charter Party B/L) : l vn n c pht hnh trong trng hp hng ho c chuyn ch theo mt hp ng thu tu chuyn v trn c ghi cu " Ph thuc vo hp ng thu tu" hoc cu "S dng vi hp ng thu tu" (to used with Charter Party). V d vn n CONGEBILL c pht hnh s dng km hp ng thu tu mu GENCON, c ghi cu: All Terms and condition as Overleaf are herewith Incorporate" (tt c iu kin , iu khon mt sau c gn lin theo y). - Vn n xut trnh ti cng gi (B/L Surrendered): Thng thng mun nhn hng ti cng n , ngi nhn hng phi xut trnh vn n gc. Trong thc t c nhiu trng hp hng n nhng vn n cha n do khng nhn c hng. khc phc tnh trng ny v tit kim chi ph gi vn n gc ,trong nhng nm gn y ngi ta dng mt loi vn n gi l vn n xut trnh ti cng gi. y l loi vn n thng thng , ch khc l khi cp vn n ny , ngi chuyn ch hoc i l ng thm du " xut trnh" (Surrendered), ng thi in bo "Express Release" cho i l ti cng n bit i l giao hng cho ngi nhn m khng cn xut trnh B/L gc.Ngi gi hng ch cn Fax bng vn n ny n ngi nhn l ngi nhn c th nhn c hng. - Giy gi hng ng bin (Sea Waybill): Do s tin b v khoa hc k thut trong ngnh vn ti nn tc a hng trong thng mi quc t rt nhanh chng.Nh ni trn, nhiu trng hp hng n cng ch nhng vn n gi qua ngn hng hoc bu in vn cha n.Ngi nhn khng nhn c hng. Hn na cuc cch mng thng tin trong nhng nm qua , vic s dng rng ri mng vi tnh tt c cc nc trn th gii to ra mt kh nng bun bn thng qua trao i d liu in t( EDI) m khng cn chng t k c vn n ng bin.Vn n ng bin cng vi mt lot giy t, chng t khc trong thng mi quc t tr

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thnh tr ngi v tn km.V vy ngi ta ngh s dng mt chng t khng lu thng (Non-Negotible) thay th vn n truyn thng l "Giy gi ng bin". Giy gi ng bin ny c u im l ngi nhn c th nhn hng khi xut trnh giy t , chng t nhn dng , ch khng cn xut trnh bn thn "Giy gi hng ng bin". Nhc im ca n l khng th dng khng khng ch hng ho , v vy hin ti " Giy gi hng ng bin" ch mi c dng gi cc dng c gia nh, hng mu .hng trin lm,hng phi mu dch v trong bun bn theo phng thc ghi s vi bn hng tin cy. - Vn n bn th ba (Third Party B/L): l vn n m trn ghi ngi hng li L/C khng phi l ngi gi hng (Shipper) m l ngi khc. Vn n ny s dng trong trng hp khi mt nh my hay x nghip xut khu u thc qua mt n v xut nhp khu. Nu L/C c quy nh chp nhn c vn n bn th ba th c ngha l vn n v chng t gi hng khc c php ghi tn ngi gi hng khng phi l ngi hng li L/C,ch khng lin quan n ngi k pht chng t. - Vn n c th thay i (Switch B/L) l vn n cho php thay i mt s chi tit trn B/L nh cng xp hng,cng d hng, s lng hng, ngi gi,ngy k v.v.. IV. NI DUNG CA VN N: Theo quy tc Hamburg, vn n ng bin, ngoi cc chi tit khc phi c cc chi tit sau y: - Tnh cht chung ca hng ho, nhng m hiu chnh nhn dng hng ho, tnh cht nguy him ca hng ho (nu c), s lng, trng lng ca hng ho, cc chi tit khc do ngi gi hng cung cp. - Tnh trng bn ngoi ca hng ho. - Tn v tr s kinh doanh chnh ca ngi chuyn ch. - Tn ngi gi hng. - Tn ngi nhn hng nu do ngi gi hng ch nh. - Cng xp hng theo hp ng vn ti ng bin v ngy m ngi chuyn ch nhn hng ch. - Cng d hng. - S lng bn vn n gc.

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Ni pht hnh vn n. Ch k ca ngi chuyn ch hoc ngi thay mt ngi chuyn ch. Khon cc do ngi nhn tr. iu ni v vic p dng Cng c. iu ni v vic hng s hoc c th ch trn boong. Ngy hoc thi hn giao hng ti cng d, nu c tho thun gia cc bn. Tho thun tng thm gii hn trch nhim(nu c). V mt hnh thc, vn n ca cc hng tu thng mt khun mu tng i ging nhau. Cc vn n u gm hai mt. Mt trc c chia thnh tng v c cc chi tit, theo th t t trn xung di l: Tn hng tu, ngi gi hng, ngi nhn hng, bn thng bo, tn tu, cng xp, cng d, s vn n, s phiu lu cc tham chiu xut khu, i l giao nhn, ni xut x ca hng ho, nhng chi tit do ngi gi hng cung cp (tn hng, k m hiu, trng lng, s lng, th tch, s container), cc ph, ph ph, trc tr trc hay sau, s lng bn gc, ngy pht hnh vn n, ngy xp hng hay ngy nhn hng, ch k Mt sau ca vn n in sn cc iu kin, iu khon chuyn ch (terms and Condition of Carriage) nh: cc nh ngha, iu khon ti cao, cc ph v phc ph, trch nhim ca ngi chuyn ch, i thu li, thng bo tn tht v thi hn khiu ni, giao hng, kim tra hng ha, container do ngi gi hng ng, hng d v, hng nguy him, cm gi hng, tn tht chung, gii quyt tranh chp; iu khon hai tu m va nhau u c li, iu khon New Jason V. NGUN LUT IU CHNH CA VN N NG BIN. Vn n ca cc hng tu c th khc nhau v hnh thc v ni dung chi tit cc iu khon. Nhng tt c cc vn n c pht hnh lin quan n vn chuyn hng ho bng ng bin quc t u do mt ngun lc duy nht iu chnh l cc Cng c quc t v vn n v vn ti ng bin. Cc quy phm php lut quc t ny quy nh nhng vn quan trng trong chuyn ch hng ho bng ng bin nh: Trch nhim ca ngi chuyn ch, ngi gi hng, hnh thc v ni dung vn n, thng bo tn tht, kiu ni v kin tng

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Hin nay c 2 ngun lut quc t chnh v vn ti bin, l: - Cng c quc t thng nht mt s th l v vn n ng bin, gi tt l Cng c Brussels 1924 v hai Ngh nh th sa i Cng c Brussels 1924 l : + Ngh nh th sa i Cng c Brussels 1924 gi tt l ngh nh th 1968. (Visby Rules - 1968) Ngh nh th nm 1978 - Cng c ca Lin hp quc v vn chuyn hng ho bng ng bin, gi tt l Cng c Hamburg 1978. Nhng lu khi s dng vn n ng bin Vn n ng bin l mt chng t quan trng trong giao nhn vn chuyn, bo him, thanh ton v khiu ni (nu c). Trong thc tin s dng vn n pht sinh nhiu tranh chp gy nh hng n cc bn lin quan do cc bn cha thc s hiu hoc c nhng cch hiu khc nhau v gi tr php l ca vn n, v ni dung v hnh thc ca vn n B lut Hng hi Vit Nam. Ti Vit Nam, ngun lut iu chnh vn n ng bin l Lut Hng hi Vit Nam c ban hnh vo ngy 30 thng 06 nm 1990 v c hiu lc vo ngy 01 thng 01 nm 1991. V c bn, Lut Hng hi ging Qui tc Hague- Visby Gi tr php l ca vn n: Theo thng l Hng hi Quc t (cng c Brussels 1924, iu 1 khon b) v B lut Hng hi Vit nam (iu 81 khon 3) th vn n l c s php l iu chnh quan h gia ngi nhn hng v ngi chuyn ch. Khi xy ra thiu ht, h hng, tn tht. vi hng ho cng n th ngi nhn hng phi ng ra gii quyt vi ngi chuyn ch cn c vo vn n. Trn l thuyt th nh vy nhng trong thc t c rt nhiu tranh chp pht sinh xung quanh vn ny. C th l: Trong thng mi hng hi quc t thng lu hnh ph bin 2 loi vn n: vn n loi thng thng (gi l Conline bill) v vn n cp theo hp ng thu tu (gi l Congen bill). im khc nhau c bn ca 2 loi vn n ny l: Conline bill chc y mi quy nh iu chnh quan h gia ngi nhn hng v ngi chuyn ch nh phm vi trch nhin, min trch, thi hiu t tng, ni gii quyt tranh chp v lut p dng, mc gii hn bi thng, cc quy nh v chuyn ti, gii quyt tn tht chung, nhng trng hp bt kh khng. Thng thng loi vn n ny c y 3 chc nng nh iu 81 B lut Hng hi Vit nam quy nh. Ngc li, Congen bill c cp pht theo mt hp ng thu tu chuyn no . Loi ny thng ch c chc nng l mt bin nhn ca ngi chuyn ch xc nhn

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nhn ln tu s hng ho c thu ch nh ghi trn . Ni dung ca loi vn n ny rt ngn gn v bao gi cng phi ghi r: phi s dng cng vi hp ng thu tu (to be used with charter parties). Ngoi ra trong vn n loi ny bao gi cng c cu: mi iu khon, mi quy nh min trch nhim cho ngi chuyn ch ghi trong hp ng thu tu k c cc iu khon lut p dng v trng ti phi c p dng cho vn n (All terms and conditions, leberties and exceptions of the charter party, dated as overleaf, including the law and abitration clause, are herewwith incorporated). * Theo quy nh ca UCP 600, nhng vn cn quan tm ti chng t chuyn ch hng ha bng ng bin c th nh sau: Cc loi chng t chuyn ch hng ha bng ng bin UCP 600 chia chng t chuyn ch hng ha bng ng bin thnh 3 loi: - Vn n ng bin (Bill of Lading) - Giy gi hng bng ng bin khng lu thng (Non-Negotiable Seawaybill) - Vn n theo hp ng thu tu (Charter Pary Bill of Lading) Nh vy khi gi hng bng ng bin, ty theo yu cu ca tn dng chng t, cc loi chng t trn y u c ngn hng coi l chng t chuyn ch hng ha bng ng bin v chp nhn thanh ton. * Hnh thc ca chng t chuyn ch hng ha bng ng bin Chng t chuyn ch hng ha bng ng bin c th pht hnh di hai hnh thc: - Chng t giy: i vi chng t giy th bao gm 2 mt: mt 1 s cha ng nhng ni dung theo quy nh, mt 2 cha ng cc iu kin v iu khon chuyn ch. - Chng t in t: i vi chng t in t, UCP 600 khng cp trong ni dung, m s c bn ph trng hng dn c th km theo. Nu pht hnh di dng in t th khng bao gm 2 mt m bao gm 2 b phn hp thnh: b phn th nht gi l chng t vn n in t (Electronic Bill of Lading text) v b phn th hai gi l trang ng k chuyn i. Song pht hnh di hnh thc no cng phi m bo nhng ni dung c quy nh trong UCP 600. * Ni dung ca chng t chuyn ch hng ha bng ng bin Tn gi ca chng t Chng t chuyn ch hng ha bng ng bin cho d c gi nh th no, UCP 600 khng quan tm, min l ni dung ca chng t p ng nhng quy nh ca UCP. V d: Mt chng t khi xut trnh ti ngn hng c tiu : "Bill of Lading or Seawaybill for Combined transport Shipment or port to port Shipment" cha phi l
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c s ngn hng chp nhn hay t chi, m vic chp nhn hay t chi s ph thuc vo ni dung chng t th hin theo quy nh. Ngi pht hnh v ngi k chng t + Ngi pht hnh chng t: i vi vn n ng bin v giy gi hng bng ng bin, phi ch r tn ngi chuyn ch (indicate the name of the carrier), nhng khng c th hin v ghi l ph thuc vo hp ng thu tu (contain no indication that it is subject to a charter party). i vi vn n theo hp ng thu tu, khng cn ch r tn ngi chuyn ch, nhng c ghi l ph thuc vo hp ng thu tu (containing an indication that it is subject to charter party). + Ngi k chng t: Theo UCP 600, ngi k cc chng t chuyn ch hng ha bng ng bin c th nh sau: i vi vn n ng bin v giy gi hng bng ng bin, ngi k chng t c th l ngi chuyn ch hay i l hoc ngi thay mt ngi chuyn ch; thuyn trng hay i l hoc ngi thay mt thuyn trng. i vi vn n theo hp ng thu tu, ngi k chng t c khc i cht so vi ngi k chng t trn vn n ng bin v giy gi hng bng ng bin. C th, ngi k vn n theo hp ng thu tu c th l thuyn trng hay i l hoc ngi thay mt thuyn trng; ch tu hay i l hoc ngi thay mt ch tu; ngi thu tu hay i l hoc ngi thay mt ngi thu tu (ngi thu tu thng gi l ngi chuyn ch). Ngi k chng t, khi k phi th hin r t cch php l ca mnh. Ring i vi i l, khi k, ngoi vic th hin l i l, cn phi ghi r i l cho ai, ngha l phi ghi r tn ca ngi m mnh l i l cho h. * Xp hng ln tu Trn cc chng t chuyn ch hng ha bng ng bin, UCP 600 quy nh rt c th v hng xp ln tu. Chng t vn chuyn phi ch r hng ha c xp ln con tu ch nh ti cng giao hng quy nh trong th tn dng (indicate that the goods have been shipped on board a name vessel at the port of loading stated in the credit). Ni dung ny trn chng t c th c th hin bng hai cch, hoc l mt cm t in sn (pre-printed wording) hoc l mt ghi ch l hng c xp ln tu v c ghi ngy xp hng ln tu (an onboard notation indicating the date on wich the goods have been shipped in board). * Ngy giao hng Theo quy nh ca UCP 600 th ngy pht hnh vn n s c coi l ngy giao hng (the date of issuance of the Bill of Lading will be deemed to be the date of
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shipment), tr khi trn chng t vn chuyn c ghi ch ngy xp hng ln tu th ngy xp hng ln tu s c coi l ngy giao hng (the date stated in the on board notation will be deemed to be the date of shipment). Nh vy, theo quy nh ca UCP 600, ngy xp hng ln tu chnh l ngy giao hng. Cn ngy pht hnh chng t vn chuyn s c coi nh ngy giao hng nu trn chng t khng c ghi ch khc v ngy xp hng ln tu. Trn thc t cng c nhng trng hp ngy pht hnh chng t vn chuyn c th trc hoc sau ngy xp hng ln tu Trong nhng trng hp ny khng c coi ngy pht hnh chng t vn chuyn l ngy giao hng. * Hnh trnh ca hng ha Theo UCP 600, hnh trnh ca hng ha phi c th hin c th trn chng t chuyn ch hng ha bng ng bin. Ngha l trn chng t vn chuyn phi ch r chuyn hng c giao t cng xp hng ti cng d hng c quy nh trong th tn dng (indicate shipment from the port of loading to the port of discharge state in the credit). Cn trng hp trn chng t vn chuyn cha xc nh r c cng xp hoc ghi cng d nh xp hng th khi xp hng ln tu phi ghi ch r tn cng xp nh quy nh trong tn dng, ngy xp hng ln tu v tn tu hng xp ln. * Chuyn ti Vn chuyn ti c UCP 600 cp i vi vn n ng bin v giy gi hng bng ng bin, cn khng cp i vi vn n theo hp ng thu tu. iu 20 v 21 ca UCP 600, khon b v c sau khi a ra khi nim v chuyn ti, quy nh l trn chng t vn chuyn c th ghi hng ha s hoc c th chuyn ti min l ton b hnh trnh vn chuyn ch s dng mt v cng mt chng t. Nu hng ha c giao bng container, xe moc hoc s lan tu LASH ghi trn chng t, th ngay c khi tn dng th cm chuyn ti (even if the credit prohibits transhipment) cc ngn hng vn c th chp nhn mt chng t vn chuyn ghi vic chuyn ti s hoc c th xy ra (transhipment will of may take place). * Chng t vn chuyn gc Trong chuyn ch hng ha bng ng bin, khi nhn hng ch, ngi nhn hng ch thng pht hnh cho ngi gi hng 01 hoc 01 b chng t vn chuyn gc - ni dung ny, UCP 600 cng quy nh c th: Khi xut trnh chng t vn chuyn gc ti ngn hng c th xut trnh mt bn gc duy nht nu pht hnh mt bn gc, cn pht hnh mt b th phi xut trnh trn b chng t gc pht hnh. * iu kin v iu khon chuyn ch Vi iu kin v iu khon chuyn ch, UCP 600 ch cp i vi vn n ng bin v giy gi hng bng ng bin, cn khng cp i vi vn n theo hp
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ng thu tu: + i vi vn n ng bin v giy gi hng bng ng bin, UCP 600 quy nh "khng th hin ph thuc vo hp ng thu tu". V vy, trong ni dung ca hai chng t ny phi "cha ng cc iu kin v iu khon chuyn ch hoc phi dn chiu ti cc ngun khc cha ng nhng iu kin v iu khon chuyn ch (trng hp vn n hay giy gi hng mt sau trng). V ni dung ca cc iu kin v iu khon chuyn ch, theo quy nh ca UCP 600, th cc ngn hng khng c trch nhim kim tra, xem xt. + i vi vn n theo hp ng thu tu, UCP 600 quy nh c ghi trn l ph thuc vo hp ng thu tu, m hp ng thu tu y cc iu kin v iu khon chuyn ch, cho nn UCP 600 khng cp ti iu kin v iu khon chuyn ch trn vn n. V ni dung ca hp ng thu tu, cc ngn hng cng khng c trch nhim kim tra v xem xt ngay c khi hp ng thu tu phi xut trnh theo yu cu ca th tn dng Trn y l nhng quy nh v chng t chuyn ch hng ha bng ng bin v nhng ni dung c bn cn quan tm trong chng t vn chuyn ng bin khi xut trnh ti ngn hng theo UCP 600. VI. KH KHN CA VN N NG BIN: - Tc gi vn n gc chm hn hng ha : Ngy nay, do s tin b v khoa hc k thut trong ngnh vn ti bin, c bit l s pht trin mnh m ca vn ti container nn tc chuyn ch hng ho trong thng mi quc t rt nhanh chng. Trong rt nhiu trng hp, hnh trnh ca vn n theo ng hng khng hay ng bu in chm hn rt nhiu so vi hnh trnh trn bin ca hng ha. Do , ngi nhn hng khng c vn n nhn hng, ng thi phi mt thm chi phi lu kho, lu bi. Trong mt s trng hp ngi nhn hng mun nhanh chng ly hng do tnh thi v ca hng ho th h phi n ngn hng xin bo lnh c nhn hng. c th c bo lnh, ngi nhn hng phi t cc hay vay ngn hng tin, do vy, h li phi chu thm chi ph vay tin bo lnh. Nh vy, i khi, vn n li cn tr, lm chm li s pht trin ca thng mi quc t. -Ph thuc nhiu vo thin nhin, iu kin hng hi, gp nhiu ri ro nh mc cn, m, chy, m va nhau, va phi ngm, mt tch, cp bin... Theo thng k ca cc cng ty bo him, trung bnh hng thng trn th gii c khong 300 tu bin b cc tai nn trn bin, trong c nhiu trng hp tn tht ton b.

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- Tc ca tu bin cn thp,tc ch khong 14-20 hi l/1 gi v vic tng tc khai thc ca tu bin cn b hn ch -S dng vn n ng bin rt tn km. Th nht, chi ph in n v pht hnh vn n khng nh bi vn n c in thnh nhiu bn gc v bn sao, v mi ln gi hng l mt ln pht hnh vn n.Th hai, vic in n B/L i hi nhiu cng sc v tn km bi ch in mt sau ca B/L thng rt nh, khong 0,3mm chng lm gi .Th ba, do vn n c tnh tiu chun khng cao, mi hng tu u pht hnh mt loi vn n khc nhau, do vy, s dng vn n li phi mt thm chi ph lu tr. Theo s liu ca WTO, thng gi tr kim ngch xut nhp khu nm 1996 t 10.380 t la M, trong chi ph cho vn n l gn 7 %. S dng vn n phi s dng bn gc, do khng p dng c nhng thnh tu ca cng ngh tin hc, trong khi vn chuyn hng ho bng ng bin li chim hn 80% s lng hng ha trong thng mi quc t. Do vy, vn n ng bin cng mt lot cc chng t khc trong thng mi quc t tr thnh tr ngi v tn km trong xu th nn thng mi quc t khng cn chng t. -Vic s dng B/L c th gp ri ro trong vic giao nhn hng ho (nu n v b mt cp) v B/L l chng t s hu hng ho. Nh vy mt loi chng t mi c th thay th c cho B/L v c chc nng tng t nh B/L ra i. l giy gi hng ng bin (seaway bill). S dng seaway bill c th khc phc c nhng tn ti pht sinh ca B/L. Th nht, khi s dng seaway bill ngi nhn hng c th nhn c hng ho ngy khi tu n cng d hng ho m khng nht thit phi xut trnh vn n ng bin gc v seaway bill khng phi l chng t s hu hng ho. Hng ho s c ngi chuyn ch giao cho ngi nhn hng trn c s nhng iu kin ca ngi chuyn ch hoc mt t chc qun l hng ho ti cng n. Th hai, seaway bill khng phi l chng t s hu hng ho, do ngi ta khng nht thit phi gi ngay bn gc cho ngi nhn hng cng n m c th gi bn sao qua h thng truyn s liu t ng. Nh vy ng thi vi vic xp hng ln tu, ngi xut khu c th gi ngy lp tc seaway bill cho ngi nhn hng trong vng vi pht. Ngi nhn hng cng nh ngi chuyn ch khng phi lo lng khi giao nhn m khng c chng t. Th ba, khi s dng seaway bill, vic in cc iu khon bng ch rt nh mt sau c thay th bng vic dn chiu n cc iu kin, quy nh lin quan n vn chuyn mt trc bng mt iu khon ngn gn. Mt khc ngi chuyn ch ch cn pht hnh 1 bn gc seaway bill trong khi phi pht hnh ti thiu 1 b 3 bn gc nu s dng B/L.
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Th t, seaway bill cho php giao hng cho mt ngi duy nht khi h chng minh h l ngi nhn hng hp php. iu ny gip cho cc bn hu quan hn ch c rt nhiu ri ro trong vic giao nhn hng, khng nhng th, v seaway bill khng phi l chng t s hu hng ho nn khi b mt hay tht lc th cng khng ra hu qu nghim trng no. Tuy nhin, seaway bill khng phi l khng c nhng hn ch nh seaway bill cn tr mua bn quc t (v seaway bill l rt phc tp v kh khn khi ngi chuyn ch v ngi nhn hng l nhng ngi xa l, mang quc tch khc nhau; lut quc gai ca mt s nc v cng c quc t cha tha nhn seaway bill nhu mt chng t giao nhn hng. Vit nam, vic p dng seaway bill vn cn rt mi m, mc d c c s php l p dng seaway bill. Mc C - iu 80 B lut Hng hi Vit nam quy nh. Ngi vn chuyn v ngi giao nhn hng c th tho thun vic thay th B/L bng giy gi hng hoc chng t vn chuyn hng ho tng ng v tho thun v ni dng, gi tr ca cc chng t ny theo tp qun Hng hi quc t.

VII. VN N NG BIN IN T (BOLERO). Ni dung ca Vn n Bolero (B.B/L): c ni dung c bn ging nh vn n truyn thng do ngi chuyn ch cp cho ngi gi hng. B.B/L c th b ghi ch sch hay khng sch (clean or unclean), hng xp ln tu hay nhn xp ph hp vi tp qun hng hi quc t. B.B/L c th bao gm cc iu khon v iu kin chung ca ngi chuyn ch. im khc bit so vi vn n truyn thng l B.B/L khng c phn ghi tn ngi chuyn ch, ngi gi hng, nhng ngi c chuyn nhng khc, ng thi ngi chuyn ch khng trc tip k vo B.B/L m k bng ch k k thut s vo bc thng ip trong c cha B.B/L khi ngi chuyn ch gi n trung tm x l B.B/L. Trong thng mi truyn thng, nh chng ta bit thng thng ngi gi hng s nhn c bn vn n bng giy do ngi chuyn ch pht hnh sau khi hng ho c xp ln tu hoc hng ho c nhn ch. thu tin theo phng thc th tn dng (L/C), ngi gi hng s k hu vn n cho ngn hng nc ca ngi xut khu (ngn hng thng bo, ngn hng xut trnh). Ngn hng ny thng thng l do ngn hng pht hnh tn dng th (ngn hng ca ngi nhp khu) ch nh. Sau khi kim tra vn n, ngn hng nc ngi xut khu s k

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hu cho ngn hng pht hnh ng thi vi vic nhn tin hng, v ngn hng pht hnh cui cng s chuyn vn n cho ngi mua. V vn n l mt chng t c th chuyn nhng c nn ngn hng c th gi chng t ny nh mt s bo m cho cc khon tn dng cp cho nh nhp khu. Khi hng ho ti cng n, ngi mua xut trnh vn n gc cho ngi chuyn ch nhn hng. Mc tiu ca vic thay th h thng vn hnh vn n vn t lu i vo quy c ny l phi gi c nhng chc nng truyn thng ca vn n m thay th hnh thc tn ti trn giy t ca n. Mt s chc nng ca vn n truyn thng c th d dng c thay th bi vn n in t v ch n gin l s thay i hnh thc trao i thng tin t giy t sang d liu in t. Tuy nhin, thc hin c chc nng l chng t s hu hng ho, vn n in t phi c xy dng trn mt c s k thut kh thi v ng tin cy. 1. Khi qut qu trnh ra i v pht trin ca cc chng t vn ti in t Vi nt v s ra i, pht trin, mc tiu v cc b phn ch yu ca h thng Bolero Bolero l vit tt ca Bill of Lading Electronic Registry Organization. D n Bolero c s ng h ca U ban Chu u v c thc hin trn c s s hp tc gia Society for Worldwide Interbank Finance Transaction (SWIFT) v Thorough Transport Mutual Insurance Association Ltd. (TT club). tng ca cc bn khi tin hnh d n ny l nu mt t chc chuyn thc hin vic thanh ton cc giao dch thng mi quc t v mt t chc c chc nng gim thiu ri ro cho cc nh chuyn ch trong cc giao dch ny m hp tc vi nhau xy dng v vn hnh mt h thng in t th h thng d c th trng chp nhn hn l mt h thng do nhng ngi chng c cht lin quan no n thng mi quc t to lp nn. H thng Bolero c chnh thc a vo hot ng t ngy 27 thng 9 nm 1999. Bolero bao gm hai cng ty ring bit, do i tng khc nhau s hu nhng c mi quan h ht sc mt thit vi nhau trong vic duy tr hot ng ca c h thng. Bolero Association Limited (BAL) do cc thnh vin ca n s hu. BAL c thnh lp nm 1995 v bao gm tt c cc thnh vin ca Bolero.net cng nh cc t chc ngnh ngh (cross-industry bodies) ng h mc tiu to ra mt nn thng mi in t thay th cho nn thng mi da trn giy t t trc ti nay. Bolero International Limited l mt cng ty lin doanh gia SWIFT v TT Club v l ngi cung cp cc dch v ca h thng Bolero.net. * Cc mc tiu chnh m d n Bolero theo ui bao gm: 1. m bo cc dch v do Bolero cung cp p ng c cc yu cu ca cc thnh vin; v cc dch v thng mi khc c lin quan c pht trin ng b vi cc
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dch v trn; 2. Hot ng nh mt din n lin ngnh gii quyt cc vn lin quan n thc tin thng mi in t trong thng mi quc t, tp trung vo cc vn lin quan n cc chng t c kh nng chuyn nhng v cc chng t in t tng ng; 3. To lp v ph bin cc chun mc trong thng mi in t; 4. Thit lp mt khun kh php l m bo rng cc yu cu i vi cc chng t vn ti truyn thng c th c p ng bng cc chng t in t tng ng m khng lm thay i s cn bng v ri ro c thit lp gia cc bn; 5. Lm u mi lin lc vi cc c quan qun l quc gia v quc t m bo rng cc nhu cu ca doanh nghip c cn nhc n mt cch y trong qu trnh hon thin c s php l v c s k thut phc v cho s pht trin ca thng mi. 2 .Ngun lut iu chnh vn n ng bin in t * Incoterms2000 ICC tin liu s pht trin ca EDI v a ra cc qui tc din gii mi. iu 8A v 8B Incoterms 2000 cp ti gi tr hiu lc ca thng tin in t: ni no ngi mua v ngi bn tho thun lin lc bng in t th c th dng tho thun trao i d liu in t (electronic data interchange agreement) c gi tr tng ng thay cho chng t thng thng. V th cc bn cn phi tho thun s s dng cc thng ip in t thay th cc chng t vn ti thng thng trong bao gm c vn n truyn thng. * Qui tc ca CMI i vi vn n ng bin in t im ng ch ca qui tc ny l p dng i vi vn n phi c kim tra. Nhng qui tc ny c t chc CMI son tho ti Paris vo thng 6/ 1990. V cc qui tc ca CMI khng mang tnh cht bt buc. Do vy, cc bn phi tho thun cc qui tc ny v trn c s thng nht vi hp ng chuyn ch. iu 1 nu r: Qui tc ny p dng bt k lc no cc bn chp nhn. Nu cc bn quyt nh chuyn t vn n CMI sang vn n giy t th m kho ring s mt hiu lc. im mu cht ca qui tc CMI chnh l s ra i ca vn n ng bin in t. Cc qui tc ny khng nhm mc ch iu chnh v EDI ni chung v vn n ni ring trn c s ton din. Do , cc qui tc ny khng nhm thay th lut thc cht p dng cho vn n. * Quy tc Bolero. Tu thuc vo loi vn n ng bin in t m c ngun lut iu chnh nh khi s dng vn n Bolero th s phi theo cc qui tc do Bolero International Limited a ra (Bolero rulebook - ch yu cng da trn qui tc ca CMI).

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C s php l ca h thng Bolero c h thng Bolero c th hot ng tri chy cn c cc tho thun gia (i) nhng ngi s dng h thng vi Bolero v (ii) nhng ngi s dng h thng vi nhau. Vn ny c gii quyt thng qua vic ban hnh Bolero Rulebook. Tt c cc thnh vin khi gia nhp h thng Bolero s b rng buc bi Bolero Rulebook. Tuy nhin cng cn lu rng Bolero Association v Bolero International khng m bo cng nh khng chu trch nhim v bt k ngha v no m mt thnh vin phi c vi bn kia theo cc quy nh ca Bolero Rulebook hoc cc ngun lut khc. V bn cht, Bolero Rulebook quy nh cch thc cc cng ty s dng h thng Bolero pht hnh vn n in t. Bolero Rulebook chu s iu chnh ca lut Anh, v cc to n Anh s c thm quyn cc gii quyt tranh chp pht sinh c lin quan n cc quy tc ny. Ni dung ca Bolero Rulebook kh y , chi tit, bao gm ba phn chnh l: Phn 1: Cc nh ngha v gii thch Phn 2: Cc iu khon chung Phn 3: H thng ng k s hu Mt b phn khng th tch ri ca Rulebook l Ph lc quy nh c th v cc th tc vn hnh (operational procedures) ca h thng. Mc d bn quy tc ny bao qut nhiu ni dung, iu khon ct li ca n l cc thnh vin ca h thng Bolero chp nhn cc thng ip in t c gi qua h thng Bolero nh th chng c th hin trn giy v tha nhn hiu lc ca ch k in t trong h thng Bolero. 3. Quy trnh ng nhp h thng Bolero: Gm 3 bc chnh sau y: Hnh thnh hp ng: tr thnh thnh vin ca h thng Bolero, mt thnh vin phi k kt ba hp ng sau y: (1) Hp ng dch v BAL (BAL Service Contract) tr thnh thnh vin ca Hip hi Bolero (Bolero Association), (2) hp ng vi tng thnh vin khc ca h thng cam kt tun th Bolero RuleBook v (3) Hp ng tin hnh dch v (Operational Service Contract) k kt vi Bolero International s dng cc dch v ca h thng Bolero. Cung cp thng tin v cc ti liu chng minh (Providing information and supporting documentation): c th cung cp cc dch v mt cch hiu qu nht, Bolero International v Bolero Association u cn c nhng thng tin nht nh v ngi s dng nh tn cng ty, a chMt s thng tin v mt thnh vin cn cn phi c s xc nhn tin cy v tnh chnh xc cc thnh vin khc c th nhn bit
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c thnh vin v tin cy vo tnh chn thc ca cc thng ip m thnh vin gi i. Ngi xc nhn cc thng tin (hin ti l Bolero International) do phi c y chng c khng nh tnh chnh xc ca thng tin. i tng ng nhp phi cung cp cc ti liu cn thit h tr cho vic xc nhn ca Bolero International. Thit lp ti khon k thut (Technical account set-up): Khi ngi s dng tim nng k v cung cp cc thng tin cn thit xc nhn tnh chnh xc ca cc thng tin, Bolero International s m mt ti khon cho ngi s dng mi, pht hnh cc chng nhn (Certificates) s c s dng nhn din cc ch k in t, v nhp thng tin ca ngi s dng ny vo c s d liu ca ngi s dng (User Database). Bc ny ch c th c thc hin trn c s ngi s dng c s chun b y v mt k thut. Nhng cng vic lin quan n k thut cn phi hon thnh l: +Thit lp h thng ca ngi s dng: Ngi s dng phi ci t v vn hnh mt h thng ni b tip cn v s dng h thng Bolero. Bolero International khng cung cp h thng ny nhng ngi s dng c th mua ca cc nh cung cp c lit k ti a ch www.boleroassociation.org/dow_soft.htm. + Chn m nhn din ca ngi s dng (RID): M ny dng nhn din ngi s dng vi t cch mt cng ty trong h thng Bolero. Ngi s dng c th chn chnh tn thng mi ca cng ty mnh, min l tn ny khng qu ging vi RID ca mt ngi s dng khc. +Cung cp m kho cng cng (public key): m kho cng cng ny s c in vo chng nhn m Bolero cp cho mi ngi s dng. cung cp c m kho cng cng, h thng ca ngi s dng phi to ra n cng vi m kho b mt (private key) tng ng. 4. H thng ng k s hu ca Bolero( Bolero title registry) H thng ng k s hu ca Bolero l c s d liu in t trung tm lu gi cc thng tin v cc vn n Bolero. H thng ny cho php vn n Bolero c kh nng thay th c vn n trn giy truyn thng, do y nhanh dc tc ca cc giao dch. 4.1 Tnh cht ca vn n Bolero Nh chng ta bit, vn n l mt chng t do ngi chuyn ch pht hnh vi cc chc nng (1) bin lai nhn hng ch, (2) bng chng ca hp ng chuyn ch v (3) chng t s hu hng ho, cho php ngi nm gi hp php chng t c
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th nhn hng t ngi chuyn ch. Thng thng vn n s c ngi chuyn ch cp cho ngi gi hng v ngi cui cng nm gi vn n l ngi mua hng sau khi vn n c th c chuyn qua rt nhiu i tng khc v d nh cc ngn hng. Nhng ngi s hu vn n s c nhng quyn li v ngha v lin quan n vn n. Vn n Bolero vn bo m nhng chc nng ca vn n truyn thng nhng thay th hnh thc th hin trn giy t bng cc bn ghi in t (electronic records). Mt vn n Bolero bao gm cc bn ghi sau y: Vn bn vn n (BBL Text): l mt vn bn cha phn ni dung chnh ca vn n. Vn bn ny c ch k in t ca ngi chuyn ch v m nhn din vn bn (document ID) v phi m bo cc yu cu i vi vn bn ca Bolero. Vn bn vn n s c gi ti h thng Bolero thng qua Core Messaging Platform v s c lu vi m nhn din vn bn v loi vn bn l 705. Ni dung ca vn bn vn n Bolero tng t nh mt vn n truyn thng. Vn bn vn n c th l sch hoc bo lu, c th th hin l hng bc hoc c nhn xp Ngoi ra, ngi chuyn ch cng c th dn chiu n cc iu kin chuyn ch. Bn ng k s hu (Title Registry Record): H thng ng k s hu s duy tr mt bng c s d liu (database table) cho mi vn n Bolero. Bng c s d liu ny c gi l Bn ng k s hu. Bng ny s lit k RID ca cc thnh vin c vai tr nht nh lin quan n vn n cng nh mt s cc d liu khc. Cc thnh vin c th thay i thng tin trn Bn ng k s hu (tng ng vi vic ghi nhn cc giao dch lin quan n vn n) bng cch gi cc ch th n H thng ng k s hu thng qua Core Messaging Platform. Nh vy hiu mt cch n gin, vn n Bolero bao gm (1) BBL Text, mt vn bn vi nhng ni dung tng t nh vn n truyn thng v (2) mt bn ghi c s d liu c tn l Bn ghi ng k s hu trong ghi nhn cc giao dch c lin quan c lin quan n BBL Text. Thng qua cc giao dch ny m cc thnh vin ca Bolero s pht sinh cc quyn v ngha v lin quan n vn n Bolero theo quy nh ca Bolero Rulebook. 4.2- Cc bn lin quan n vn n Bolero Cc bn lin quan n mt vn n Bolero s c ghi li trn cc trng d liu (data fields) ca Bn ng k s hu (Title Registry Record). Thng qua hot ng ca H thng ng k s hu m vn n Bolero thc hin c cc chc nng truyn thng ca vn n. Trong cc trng d liu ca mt Bn ng k s hu, h thng s hu lu gi cc thng tin v trng thi ca vn n Bolero v cc quyn v ngha v ca cc thnh vin c lin quan n vn n . S sau m t mt
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cch n gin cu trc ca mt Bn ng k s hu: S 5: M hnh gin lc mt Bn ng k s hu (Ngun: Appendix to Bolero Rulebook-Operating Procedures/www.bolero.net) Mi bn lin quan n mt vn n Bolero s c th hin trn mt trng d liu bng m nhn din (RID) ca thnh vin , bao gm c cc phn m nhn din chi tit (specific identifiers) nhng khng bao gm phn m rng ca ca m nhn din. Mc d mt m nhn din c ghi trong Bn ng k s hu, bt c ai c ti khon ph (sub- account) cng s dng mt m nhn din gc (Root Indentifier) u c th gi cc ch dn n H thng ng k s hu thay i Bn ng k s hu ca vn n tr phi b gii hn bi h thng ca chnh ngi s dng . 4.2.1. Ngi chuyn ch (Originator/Carrier): Ngi chuyn ch l ngi chuyn ch theo hp ng. y chnh l ngi pht hnh vn n Bolero theo tho thun vi ngi gi hng. Vai tr ca Ngi chuyn ch trong H thng ng k s hu c th hin nh sau: C th c m nhn bi V l thuyt, bt k thnh vin no cng c th c ghi tn trong trng d liu Ngi chuyn ch. Tuy nhin trn thc t ch mt s thnh vin ca Bolero c kh nng hot ng nh nhng ngi chuyn ch. S lng Ch c mt thnh vin c ghi nhn vi vai tr l ngi chuyn ch ca mt vn n Bolero. Tnh bt buc Tt c cc vn n Bolero u phi c mt ngi chuyn ch c ch nh bi Ngi chuyn ch t ch nh chnh mnh khi pht hnh vn n. Tnh c nh Khi mt vn n Bolero c pht hnh, khng mt ngi s dng no c th ch nh mt ngi chuyn ch mi hay thay i m nhn din ca ngi chuyn ch ghi trn Bn ng k s hu. Quyn hn Ngi chuyn ch c th: - Pht hnh mt vn n Bolero cng c ngha l c quyn ch nh ngi gi hng, ngi nm gi ban u (initial Holder, bn theo lnh ban u (initial To Order Party), ngi nhn hng v cc bn khc c lin quan. - Chp thun hoc t chi ngh sa i vn n, v nu chp thun th tin hnh qu trnh sa i. 4.2.2. Bn xut trnh (Surrender Party): L mt ngi do ngi chuyn ch ch nh hon thnh vic thc hin ngha v ca ngi chuyn ch khi vn n Bolero c xut trnh (l ngi m vn n phi c xut trnh cho ngi nhn hng). Vai tr ca bn xut trnh. Vai tr ca bn xut trnh c th c tm tt nh sau: C th c m nhn bi Bt k thnh vin no ca h thng cng u c th c
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ch nh l bn xut trnh (RID ca thnh vin c ghi trong trng Bn xut trnh S lng Mi vn n Bolero ch c th c mt bn xut trnh c ch nh. Tnh bt buc Vic ch nh bn xut trnh l tu thuc vo ngi chuyn ch. Nu ngi chuyn ch khng ch nh bn xut trnh, ngi chuyn ch s t nhn vn n Bolero c xut trnh. c ch nh bi Ch c ngi chuyn ch ca mt vn n Bolero mi c th ch nh bn xut trnh ca vn n . Tnh c nh Mt khi c ch nh, H thng ng k s hu khng th thay i bn xut trnh, tuy nhin bn xut trnh c th c thay i thng qua vic ngi chuyn ch sa i vn n Quyn hn Bn xut trnh khng th thc hin bt c chc nng no thng qua H thng ng k s hu, tuy nhin bn xut trnh vn c thng bo cc thng tin lin quan n vn n nhm to iu kin cho vic thc hin ngha v giao hng khi vn n c xut trnh. 4.2.3. Ngi gi hng (Shipper) L ngi k hp ng vi ngi chuyn ch chuyn ch hng ho. Thng thng, ngi gi hng l ngi bn hay ngi xut khu. Vai tr ca ngi gi hng trong h thng ng k s hu c th hin nh sau: C th c m nhn bi Bt k thnh vin no ca h thng cng u c th c ch nh l ngi gi hng (RID ca thnh vin c ghi trong trng Ngi gi hng). S lng Mi vn n Bolero ch c th c mt ngi gi hng. Tnh bt buc Mi vn n Bolero c pht hnh u c mt ngi gi hng c ch nh. c ch nh bi Ngi chuyn ch pht hnh vn n ch nh ngi gi hng theo nh tho thun vi ngi gi hng. Tnh c nh mt khi c ch nh, khng th thay i ngi gi hng thng qua h thng ng k s hu, tuy nhin ngi gi hng c th c thay i thng qua vic ngi chuyn ch sa i vn n. 4.2.4. Ngi nhn hng (Consignee) L ngi mua hoc ngi nhp khu hng ho, l ngi s nhn hng ho c chuyn ch theo mt vn n Bolero khng th chuyn nhng. Khi mt ngi nhn hng c ch nh cho mt vn n Bolero c th chuyn nhng, vn n s tr thnh mt vn n khng th chuyn nhng. Vai tr ca ngi nhn hng trong h thng ng k s hu c th hin nh sau:
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C th c m nhn bi Bt k thnh vin no ca h thng cng u c th c ch nh l ngi nhn hng (RID ca thnh vin c ghi trong trng Ngi nhn hng. S lng Ch c mt RID duy nht c ch nh l ngi nhn hng ca mt vn n. Tnh bt buc Vic ch nh ngi nhn hng l khng bt buc c ch nh bi Trong qu trnh pht hnh vn n, ngi chuyn ch c th ch nh ngi nhn hng ca vn n, nu ngi chuyn ch khng ch nh bn theo lnh ca vn n. Sau khi bn theo lnh ca vn n c ch nh, bn theo lnh hoc ngi cm vn n v danh c th ch nh ngi nhn hng. Tnh c nh Mt khi c ch nh, khng th thay i ngi nhn hng thng qua h thng ng k s hu, tuy nhin ngi nhn hng c th c thay i thng qua vic ngi chuyn ch sa i vn n. 4.2.5. Bn theo lnh (To Order Party) L ngi c k hu (endorsee) mt vn n Bolero c th chuyn nhng. Vai tr ca bn theo lnh trong h thng ng k s hu nh sau: C th c m nhn bi Bt k thnh vin no ca h thng cng u c th c ch nh l bn theo lnh (RID ca thnh vin c ghi trong trng Bn theo lnh). S lng Ti mt thi im ch c mt RID c th c ch nh l bn theo lnh ca mt vn n Bolero. Tnh bt buc Vic ch nh bn theo lnh l khng bt buc. c ch nh bi Khi pht hnh vn n, ngi chuyn ch c th ch nh bn theo lnh ban u (initial To Order Party) (theo cc ch dn ca ngi gi hng). Ngi cm vn n v danh (Bearer Holder) cng c th ch nh bn theo lnh bng mt ch th hu b trng thi k hu b trng ca vn n v in RID ca mt thnh vin vo trng Bn theo lnh. Sau khi c ch nh, mt bn theo lnh cng c th ch nh mt bn theo lnh tip theo thng qua mt th tc tng t nh th tc k hu i vi vn n truyn thng (s c m t c th mc di y). Tnh c nh Khi mt bn theo lnh c ch nh, bn ny c b thay th theo th tc c m t trong mc di y. 4.2.6. Ngi cm vn n v danh (Bearer Holder) Ngi cm vn n v danh trong h thng Bolero cng tng t nh ngi nm gi mt vn n v danh truyn thng, loi vn n c th c chuyn nhng mt cch
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n gin bng cch trao tay. Mt ngi cm vn n v danh mi c ch nh thng qua th tc k hu b trng vn n v sau tu chn ch nh mt ngi cm vn n nh m t trong mc sau y. Do , ngi nm gi vn n v danh c th c hiu n gin l ngi cm vn n Bolero c k hu b trng. Vai tr ca ngi cm vn n v danh c th hin nh sau: C th c m nhn bi Bt k thnh vin no ca h thng cng u c th c ch nh l ngi cm vn n v danh (RID ca thnh vin c ghi trong trng Ngi cm vn n v danh). S lng Ti mt thi im ch c mt thnh vin c th c ch nh l ngi cm vn n (bao gm c ngi cm vn n v danh) ca mt vn n Bolero. Tnh bt buc Ngi cm vn n v danh ch tn ti nu vn n Bolero c k hu trng. Vic k hu trng l tu chn. c ch nh bi Ngi chuyn ch trong qu trnh pht hnh vn n hoc ngi cm vn n theo lnh hin thi (current Holder To Order) u c th k hu b trng vn n. Nhng ngi cm vn n tip theo s c ch nh nh m t trong mc. Nh cp trn, khi mt vn n Bolero c k hu trng, vic ch nh mt ngi cm vn n tng ng vi vic ch nh mt ngi cm vn n v danh.s Tnh c nh Ngi cm vn n v danh hin ti c th ch nh ngi k tip bng cch ch nh mt ngi s dng khc l ngi cm gi vn n v gi nguyn trng thi k hu b trng ca vn n. Ngi cm vn n v danh cng c th t hu b vai tr ca mnh bng cch thay i trng thi k hu b trng ca vn n v ch nh mt bn theo lnh hoc ngi gi hng. 4.2.7. Ngi nhn th chp (Pledgee) L mt t chc ti chnh (hoc t chc khc) c li ch lin quan n mt vn n Bolero trn c s cung cp ti chnh hoc m bo thanh ton cho l hng c chuyn ch. Vai tr ca ngi nhn th chp trong h thng ng k s hu c th hin nh sau: C th c m nhn bi Hin ti, bt k thnh vin no ca h thng cng u c th c ch nh l ngi nhn th chp (RID ca thnh vin c ghi trong trng Ngi nhn th chp) S lng Ti mt thi im ch c mt thnh vin c th c ch nh l ngi nhn th chp ca mt vn n Bolero. Tnh bt buc Vic ch nh ngi nhn th chp l tu chn. c ch nh bi Ngi cm vn n theo lnh hoc ngi cm vn n v danh c th ch nh mt ngi nhn th chp. Mt ngi nhn th chp cng c th ch nh
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mt ngi khc lm ngi nhn th chp k tip. Khi mt ngi nhn th chp c ch nh, ngi nhn th chp s t ng c ch nh l ngi cm vn n Bolero b th chp (pledged Bolero Bill of Lading). Min l ngi nhn th chp vn gi vai tr nhn th chp, anh ta s vn l ngi cm vn n. Ngi nhn th chp ng thi l ngi cm vn n c gi l ngi cm vn n lm ti sn th chp (Pledgee Holder). Tnh c nh Ngi nhn th chp c th ch nh mt ngi nhn th chp k tip, hoc mt ngi cm vn n mi, trong trng hp ny RID ca ngi nhn th chp trong trng ngi nhn th chp s b xo i. 4.2.8. Ngi cm vn n (Holder) L ngi c quyn nm gi vn n nu vn n Bolero c chuyn thnh vn n giy. Ngi cn vn n c vai tr nh sau: C th c m nhn bi Bt k thnh vin no ca h thng cng u c th c ch nh l ngi cm vn n (RID ca thnh vin c ghi trong trng Ngi cm vn n ). S lng Ti mt thi im ch c mt thnh vin c th c ch nh l ngi cm vn n ca mt vn n Bolero. Tnh bt buc Mi vn n Bolero mi thi im k t khi c to ra cho n khi c xut trnh u phi c ngi cm vn n. Ngi cm vn n khng th xo RID ca anh ta trong trng ngi cm vn n. c ch nh bi Ngi cm vn n hin ti c th ch nh mt thnh vin khc ca h thng l ngi cm vn n tip theo. Tnh c nh Ngi cm vn n c th thay i min l vn n cn hiu lc (t khi vn n c to ra cho dn khi n c xut trnh hoc chuyn thnh vn n trn giy).

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VIII. THC TRNG VN CHUYN HNG HA BNG NG BIN VIT NAM: Hin hng ha XNK ca Vit Nam hu nh u s dng phng tin vn ti bng tu bin v 84% tng lng hng ha XNK c nc phi thu mn cc hng tu nc ngoi, v i tu bun trong nc s lng t, trng ti nh, tui gi (bnh qun 19 nm) v chng loi khng thch hp. Thng thng cc ch hng trong nc thu tu qua cc t chc, c nhn mi gii (hiu r tng chuyn tu, c im con tu...) nn thng ch nhn c vn n t cc ch tu. Vn n ny hin c xem l mt chng t quan trng i vi cc ch hng, v c th dng th chp vay ngn hng, mua bn, lm th tc xut nhp hng ha, kin co... Bit trnh ri ro Trc nhu cu XNK hng ho ngy cng tng, nhng s hiu bit v vic thu mn tu v nhng li ch cng nh ri ro trong vic thu mn tu hng nc ngoi ca doanh nghip trong nc cha nhiu.Nu trc tip ng ra thu tu hng nc ngoi, ch hng cn nm r cc yu t quan trng nh: tn tu phi c trong cc chng t vn chuyn, phi bit r ngi chuyn ch hng ha (i khi ch tu ch cho thu tu ch khng l ngi trc tip nhn chuyn ch), quc tch tu (ni tu ng k hnh ngh), cht lng tu (tu s dng trn 20 nm l tu gi, gi cc r), trng ti tu (nh lng sc chuyn ch), mn nc ca tu ( khng tn thm chi ph bc d sang tu khc mang hng vo cng v mn nc tu thu khng vo su c mt s cng), trch nhim ca ngi ng ra nhn chuyn ch hng cho mnh... Khi thu tu nc ngoi vn chuyn hng, ch hng cn ghi r tn hng, k hiu hng ha v cc cng quc t c quyn t chi bc d hng khng c k hiu hng ha hoc k hiu khng r rng. Khng nn ghi qu chnh xc s lng hng ha m nn cng tr phn trm chnh lnh trng lng (v d: khng ghi 1.000 tn go m nn ghi 1.000 tn go cng tr %) v nn thm tn hng ph l mt mt hng khc hp php (phng h khng lng theo hp ng chnh c th th lng mt hng khc). V trng lng, ngoi n v tnh l tn (1 tn bng 1.000 kg), nhiu hng tu trn th gii cn s dng n v tn di (1 tn bng 1.016 kg), tn ngn (1 tn bng 907kg) v tn xanh (dng cho sn phm ti). Khi thu tu cng cn xem k hng tu c nm trong s en ca nc nhp khu hay khng, v nu xut hng sang M th khng th thu tu ca Cu Ba, Bc Trin Tin (M khng cho cp cng ca h). Trong cc phng thc thu tu th thnh hnh nht hin nay l thu tu ch. y l loi tu ch theo mt tuyn nht nh, gh nhng cng nht nh v theo mt l trnh nht nh (cc nht bo thng ng l
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trnh ca loi tu ny). V phi theo l trnh chnh xc, ng ngy vo, ngy ra cng nn tu ch thng c tc nhanh, c u tin cp cc bn do c lch ng k trc. D cc ph loi tu ny do ch tu quyt nh song tng i n nh, khng cao, thun li cho doanh nghip mi kinh doanh. Tuy nhin, nhc im ca loi tu ny l ch thch hp vn chuyn hng bch ha s lng nh, cu trc hm tu phc tp nhiu khoang, nhiu boong ( nhn c nhiu loi hng) v iu kin chuyn ch in sn trong vn n (ch hng ch chp nhn, khng c thng lng hay sa i) v khng cp nhng bn cng ngoi l trnh. Mt iu kh quan trng m cc ch hng cn bit l d c hp ng vn chuyn, c ngha l ch tu hon ton chu trch nhim vn chuyn hng ha an ton n cc cng, nhng theo thng l hng hi quc t, c 2 trng hp hng ha h hng m ch tu c min trnh nhim ang c p dng nhiu nc l do s sut tu m vo cu, cng (thut i bin) v trong cng tc vn hnh tu (qun tr tu) lm hng ha h hng (v d: l bm nc vo lm t hng ha). Ngoi ra, cc ph bc d cng chim chi ph kh cao trong ph vn chuyn. C 2 cch tnh loi ph ny: tnh trong n v vn chuyn v khng tnh do ch tu chu. Tuy nhin, i vi loi hng ha nh go cn thm ph sp xp bao go ngay ngn vo khoang, ph co sang trong trng hp go khng cha tng bao... Cc iu kin khc khi thu mn tu hng nc ngoi m cc doanh nghip cng nn ch l thi gian bc d hng ha tnh hay khng tnh cc ngy l quc t (quc t lao ng 1/5), l dn tc (quc khnh 2/9 ca Vit Nam)... V nu tu hng bc d khng ng thi gian hp ng phi chu ph tn do s chm tr ny gy ra (ph vn chuyn i, v kho, ph lu kho, cng bc d, c hao ht hng ha nu c...). Trong tin trnh hi nhp kinh t th gii, vic vn chuyn hng ha bng ng hng hi v cng quan trng, v th doanh nghip cn tng bc nm r nhng iu kin thu tu hng nc ngoi bt khu trung gian, gim chi ph, khng lm l vic kinh doanh. Tuy nhin, theo tin s Tin, khi c hng xut khu, cc doanh nghip nn c tranh th nhn phn vn chuyn hng ha, v nh th s ch ng c vic chn hng tu c gi cc r, to c hi cho i tu trong nc c th phn, h tr c cho cc lao v trong nc v tit kim c ngoi t.

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KT LUN
Trong nhng phng thc vn chuyn hng ha nh:vn chuyn bng ng b,ng khng, vn chuyn hng hi, mt phng tin khng th thiu trong XNK hng ha,khng nhng vy,vn ti ng bin hin ng vai tr quan trng nht trong vic chuyn hng ho ngoi thng gp phn xc tin qu trnh xut nhp khu ngy cng pht trin,y nhanh s hi nhp ,pht trin ,giao thng hng ha ra nc ngoi,thc y nn kinh t ngy cng tng trng vi tc cao.c bit sau khi Vit Nam gia nhp t chc thng mi th gii (WTO) nhiu c hi cng nh th thch cho nn kinh t ni chung cng nh trong xut nhp khu ni ring.Do cc doanh nghip trong nc cn tranh th nm bt nhng c hi ,ng thi cng rt thn trng trong vic tun th ,nm bt cc quy nh ,thng l ca quc t .C nh vy chng ta mi khng b ng ,mc nhng sai lm khng ng c trong cuc chi ny. ti ny ch trnh by mt kha cnh rt nh nhng kin thc v B/L trong b chng t thanh ton,gip chng ta c ci nhn c th ,r rng hn mt s vn v B/L trong b mn thanh ton quc t .Trong qu trnh nghin cu ti khng th trnh khi s st rt mong c thng cm,ng gp lm sng t hn ti.Xin chn thnh cm n.

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DANH MC TI LIU THAM KHO 1.www.acb.com.vn 2.www.eximbank.com.vn 3. www.dpi.hochiminhcity.gov.vn/vie/category 4.www.vietnamnet.vn 5.GIO TRNH THANH TON QUC T -TRNG I HC KINH T TP H CH MINH 6. GIO TRNH GIAO NHN VN TI TRONG NGOI THNG
Kiss me ,goodbye, gone too soon I did give you my heart can* deny Hold on, let go, never sure Only can make believe all this time Coffee, cigarettes, not my style Petty faces around but not rhymed Don* cry, won* cry, I won* cry Be with you I just close my eyes So far away I can hardly make you mine So long the day you are always on my mind But in my dreams never try to hold you tight Don* wanna awake find you aren* here by my side

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