CHEMISTRY 110 LECTURE

EXAM II Material
I. The Atom - history:
A. Democritus (approx. 400 BC) - Matter is made of minute indivisible, invisible particles called atoms B. Daltons atomic theory (approx. 1800 AD)- Experimentally based: Atoms are the building blocks of matter. a. Each element is made of tiny individual particles called atoms b. Atoms are indivisible and invisible. They cannot be created or destroyed. c. All atoms of each element are identical in every respect. d. Atoms of one element are different from atoms of any other element. e. Atoms of one element may combine with atoms of another element in the ratio of small whole numbers to form chemical compounds.

II. Subatomic Particles: -

electron Location in atom charge mass

proton

neutron

1 amu= 1.99 x 10

-23

III. Atomic number, atomic mass, Nuclear symbol and Isotopes Periodic table 14 Si
28.09
atomic number=number of protons
atomic mass=weighted average of all isotopes

A Z
A. 1. Atomic number, ,, equals the number of protons 2. Mass number, , equals the sum of protons and neutron (nucleons). That is, the number of subatomic particles that contribute substantially to the mass of the atom 3.

X is the symbol of the element

The number of electrons, , equals the number of protons in a neutral atom

4. Isotopes are atoms with the same number of protons but different number of neutrons Isotopes of Silicon: 28 Nuclear symbols 14 Si-28 29 30

Si

14 Si-29

Si

14 Si-30

Si

Number of protons Number of electrons Number of neutrons Isotopic atomic mas 27.9769 amu abundance 92.21%

28.9765 amu 4.69%

29.9737 amu 3.10 %

C. IONS-Ions are atoms ( or a group of atoms) with a charge Na atom 23 protons 23 electrons Cl atom 35 protons 35 electrons

Ion-Problem 1. a. Calculate the number of protons, electrons and neutrons of an O-16 atom that has a -2 charge. b. How many subatomic particles does this ion have?

IV. Principal levels and sublevels

A. Model of an atom: Electrons in the atoms are found in principal energy levels (n) also called shells. The shells are represented here by concentric spheres around the nucleus. The shell closest to the nucleus has the lowest potential energy. Each principal level is subdivided into sublevels designated as: s-,p-,d-,and f sublevels. Each sublevel contains orbitals Maximum number of electrons that can occupy a principal energy level = 2n2

potential energy increases

n= n=4 _________32 en=3___________18en=2 ___________8 en=1 ___________2 e-

Sublevels: The s-, p-, d-, and f-sublevels have one- , three-, five-, and seven -orbitals respectively. . Each orbital may be occupied by no more than two electrons. Therefore, a filled s-, p-, d-, and f- sublevels may be designated as s2, p6, d10, and f14 respectively. ___________ f _____ ______d_____ ____p __ _s

The Electronic Configuration (Distribution of Electrons among Sublevels)

Electrons will fill the sublevels of lower potential energy before proceeding to those of higher energy

a) Using TheTriangular Array: 1s 2s 3s 4s 5s 6s 7s 8s

2p 3p 4p 5p 6p 7p

3d 4d 5d 6d

4f 5f

Exercise: Write the electron configuration for : i) Co (Z=27)

ii) S (Z= 16)

iii) Ca (Z= 20) iv) S (Z =16) b) Using The Periodic Chart: 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 5s 6s 7s 3d 4p 4d 5p 5d 6p 6d 7p 4f 5f 1s

2-

Why do elements in the same group (A-groups) have similar properties?

Group I A ( All have one valence electron) 1 H (Z=1) 1s 2 1 Li (Z=3) 1s 2s 2 2 6 1 Na (Z= 11) 1s 2s 2p 3s 2 2 6 2 6 1 K (Z= 19) 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 2 2 6 2 6 2 10 6 1 Rb (Z=37) 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d 4p 5s 2 2 6 2 6 2 10 6 2 10 6 1 Cs (Z=55) 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d 4p 5s 4d 5p 6s Group II A ( All have 2 valence electrons) 2 2 Be (Z=4) 1s 2s 2 2 6 2 Mg (Z= 12) 1s 2s 2p 3s 2 2 6 2 6 2 Ca (Z= 20) 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 2 2 6 2 6 2 10 6 2 Sr (Z=38) 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d 4p 5s 2 2 6 2 6 2 10 6 2 10 6 2 Ba (Z=56) 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d 4p 5s 4d 5p 6s Group VII A ( All have 7 valence electrons) 2 2 5 F (Z=9) 1s 2s 2p 2 2 6 2 5 Cl (Z= 17) 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 2 2 6 2 6 2 5 Br (Z= 35) 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 4p 2 2 6 2 6 2 10 6 2 5 I (Z=53) 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d 4p 5s 5p 2 2 6 2 6 2 10 6 2 10 6 2 5 At (Z=85) 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d 4p 5s 4d 5p 6s 6p Valence shell= Outermost occupied shell of a particular atom. The Rare Gases ( Inert Gases, Noble Gases) Group VII IA ( All have 8 valence electrons) 2 He (Z=2) 1s 2 2 6 Ne (Z=10) 1s 2s 2p 2 2 6 2 6 Ar (Z= 18) 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 2 2 6 2 6 2 6 Kr (Z= 36) 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 4p 2 2 6 2 6 2 10 6 2 6 Xe (Z=54) 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d 4p 5s 5p 2 2 6 2 6 2 10 6 2 10 6 2 6 Rn (Z=86) 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d 4p 5s 4d 5p 6s 6p

Valence electrons
These are the electrons in the Valence Shell (outermost shell). Valence electrons are involved in reactions. Note: # valence e- = the group number for the "A" elements. Exercise: Write the electron configuration for each of the following : 1. O (Z= 8) (Representative element, A-Group) 2. Ni (Z= 28)(Transitional element, B-Group)

3. Na+ (Z= 11)

4. S2- (Z= 16)

5. Co (Z= 27) (Transitional element, B-Group) Lewis Electron- dot Structure for the Representative Elements( A-Groups) The valence electrons are represented by dots N VI) O S Al Cl Xe

THE VARIATION OF PROPERTIES A) ATOMIC SIZE: Atoms are very tiny, they have diameters of about 10 -10 meter.

1) As we proceed down within a group, the size of atoms, generally, increases and that as we proceed from left to right across a period, a gradual decrease in size is observed. 2) The factors that determine the size of the atoms are: i) The order of the outer shell.

ii) The amount of nuclear charge that the outer electrons feel.

B) IONIC SIZE: In general positive ions are smaller than the neutral atoms from which they are formed, while negative ions are larger than neutral atoms. The decrease in size that accompanies the creation of a positive ion is often a result of the removal of all electrons from the outer shell of the atom. Example:

When negative ions are produced from neutral atoms, electrons are added to the outer shell without any change to the nuclear charge. The effective nuclear charge felt by any one electron in the outer shell decreases.

B) IONIZATION POTENTIAL (ENERGY): It is defined as the energy required to remove an

electron from an isolated gaseous atom. First ionization energy: Second ionization energy:

The variation of the first ionization energy across periods and down groups, parallels the trends in atomic size. Thus as we proceed down within a group, the increase in size that occurs is accompanied by a decrease in ionization energy. As we move across a period, from left to right, the increased effective nuclear charge experienced by the outer shell electrons causes the shell to shrink in size and also makes it more difficult to remove an electron, hence an increase in the ionization potential is observed.

C) ELECTRON AFFINITY: It is the energy that is released or absorbed when an electron is

added to a neutral gaseous atom . Example:

As with the ionization energy, the variations in electron affinity generally parallel the variations in atomic size. Therefore atoms that are very small and have outer shells that experience a high effective nuclear charge have very large electron affinities (elements in the upper right of the periodic table). On the other hand, atoms that are large and whose outer shells feel the effect of a small effective nuclear charge have small electron affinity (elements in the bottom left of the periodic table).

The Octet Rule: Atoms react to obtain an "octet" ( 8 valence e-) Elements achieve an octet by: 1)sharing valence electrons with other atoms forming covalent bond. 2) losing or gaining valence electrons forming ionic bond.

A. Covalent Bond
1. A covalent bond is a pair of electrons shared between two nonmetal atoms 2. Each of the bonding atoms will complete its valence shell and achieve an octet by sharing electrons. 3. Each atom will have eight electrons around it, except if it is: a. hydrogen ( will have only 2 electrons, forming a duet) b. an element in the third or lower period on the periodic table that occupies the center of a molecule (may have more than 8 electrons).

Lewis Electron-dot Structure for covalent molecules:

a. Diatomic elements H2 Cl2

O2

N2 *There are never more than 3 covalent bonds between two atoms

b. Binary covalent compounds (Nonmetal-nonmetal compounds) Lewis electron-dot struc H2O CO2 CCl4 NH3 Lewis electron-dot struc

CH4

EXCEPTIONS TO THE OCTET RULE: 1) ELECTRON DEFICIENT MOLECULES: central atom belongs to group IIIA. Example: This is typical of molecules where the

2) EXPANDED VALENCE SHELL: This is typical of molecules where the central atom belongs to the third, fourth, fifth, sixth or seventh period. Example:

3) ODD MOLECULES: This is typical of molecules where the total number of valence electrons is an odd number.

B) RULES FOR DRAWING LEWIS STRUCTURE:

1) Count all the valence electrons for the atoms. ( If the species is an ion, add an additional electron for each negative charge or subtract an electron for each positive charge.) 2) Place one pair of electrons for each bond. 3) Complete the octets of the atoms bonded to the central atom. (Remember that the valence shell of any hydrogen atom is complete with only two electrons.) 4) Place any additional electrons on the central atom in pairs. 5) If the central atom still has less than an octet, you must form multiple bonds so that each atom has an octet.

C) PRACTICE: Draw a Lewis structure (Electron-dot structure) for each of the following:
1) SCl4 2) SO2

3) NH4+

4) ICl4 -

5) ClF3

6) NO3 -

7) CO32-

8) CO2

9) HCN

10) SO2

11) SF4

12) BrF5

13) NH3

14) H2O

B.

Ionic Bond

Ionic bond is the electrostatic attraction between positive and negative ions. Examples of ionic compounds (metal-nonmetal compounds): Write the chemical formula for the following ionic compounds 1) sodium chloride

2) calcium chloride

3) aluminum oxide

Periodic Table: Simple Cations and Anions

IA H

+ IIA + + IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA 2+ 2+ IB IIB 2+ 3+ 2+ 3+ 2+ 3+ 2+ 3+ 2+ 3+ + 2+ 2+ 2+ 2+ 2+ 2+ 3+ 333+ 2-

Li

Be

N Al

O S

Na K
+

Mg Ca

22-

Cl Br F

2+

Cr Cr

Mn Mn

Fe Fe

Co Co

Ni Ni

Cu Cu Ag Au Au

Zn

Rb Cs

Sr

2+ 2+

+ + 3+

Cd Hg

Ba

Hg2

Sn 4+ Sn 2+ Pb 4+ Pb

As 5+ As 3+ Sb 5+ Sb 3+ BI 5+ BI

Se Te

2-

Monoatomic IONS 1. Non-metal Ions

H hydrogen
+

Group VA 3N nitride 3P nitride

Group VIA 2O oxide 2S sulfide

Group VIIA F fluoride Cl chloride Br bromide I iodide

10

2. Metal Ions that exhibit a fixed charge

Group IA + Li lithium + Na sodium + K potassium Group IIA 2+ Mg magnesium 2+ Ca calcium 2+ Sr strontium 2+ Ba barium Group IIIA 3+ Al aluminum B-Group + Ag silver 2+ Zn zinc 2+ Cd cadmium

Metal Ions that exhibit variable charges Use the Roman Numeral or the Classical common name
Group IVA 2+ Pb lead (II) (plumbous)
2+

Pb lead(IV) (plumbic)
4+

4+

Group VA 3+ Sb antimony(III) As
3+

Sb
5+

3+

antimony(III)

Sn tin(IV) Sn tin(II) (stannic) Group IB + Cu copper(I) (cuprous)

+ 2+

arsenic(III) As

arsenic(V) (stannous)

Cu copper(II) (cupric)
3+

Au gold(I) (aurous)

Au gold(III) (auric)

Group IIB 2+ 2+ Hg2 mercury(I) Hg mercury(II) (mercurous) (mercuric) Other B- Groups 2+ Cr chromium(II) (chromous) Mn manganese(II) (manganous) Fe iron(II) (ferrous) Co cobalt(II) (cobaltous) Ni nickel(II) (nickelous)
2+ 2+ 2+ 2+ 3+

Cr chromium(III) (chromic) Mn manganese(III) (manganic) Fe iron(III) (ferric) Co cobalt(III) (cobaltic) Ni nickel(III) (nickelic)
3+ 3+ 3+ 3+

Writing Chemical Formulas and Nomenclature of Ionic Compounds Containing Monoatomic Ions Practice:

11

Polyatomic Ions: A group of atoms bonded together to form an ion

*(Memorize the list of polyatomic ions given below) + NH4 ammonium OH CN
-

hydroxide cyanide
-

OCN

cyanate

SCN

thiocyanate

C2H3O2

acetate

12

MnO4

permanganate

C2O4 oxalate --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------22Cr2O7 dichromate CrO4 chromate ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------2carbonate HCO3 hydrogen carbonate, or bicarbonate CO3 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------NO2 nitrite NO3 nitrate ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------22sulfite SO4 sulfate SO3 HSO3 hydrogensulfite, or bisulfite HSO4 hydrogensulfate, bisulfate 2S2O3 thiosulfate ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------PO3
3-

2-

phosphite

PO4 phosphate 2HPO4 monohydrogenphosphate H2PO4 dihydrogenphosphate

3-

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ClO hypochlorite ClO2 chlorite ClO3 chlorate ClO4 perchlorate

-

BrO hypobromite BrO2 bromite BrO3 bromate BrO4 perbromate

IO hypobromite IO2 bromite IO3 iodate IO4 periodate

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Prefixes and suffixes -ite = one less oxygen atom than ate per- =one more oxygen atom than ate hypo- = one less oxygen atom than ite thio- = one oxygen atom is replaced by S + bi- = one H added to divalent anion di- = two

13

Writing Chemical Formulas and Nomenclature of Ionic Compounds Containing Polyatomic Ions
Practice:

14

Practice Chemical Formulas Write chemical formulas for the ionic compounds made from each set of ions: Name of cation 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 sodium calcium aluminum calcium calcium sodium potassium calcium magnesium barium ammonium aluminum potassium potassium aluminum aluminum calcium potassium magnesium sodium sodium sodium lithium lithium lithium lithium aluminum Name of anion chloride chloride chloride nitrite sulfate phosphate bromide bicarbonate bisulfate nitrate bromide phosphate phosphate sulfate bicarbonate bisulfate hydroxide chlorate chlorate nitride nitrite nitrate sulfide sulfite sulfate hydroxide hydroxide formula of cation Na + Ca 2+ Al 3+ Ca 2+ Ca 2+ Na + K+ Ca2+ Mg 2+ Ba 2+ NH4 + Al 3+ K+ K+ Al 3+ Al 3+ Ca 2+ K+ Mg 2+ Na + Na + Na + Li + Li + Li + Li + Al 3+ Formula of anion Cl Cl Cl NO2 SO4 2PO4 3Br HCO3 HSO4 NO3 Br PO4 3PO43SO4 2HCO3 HSO4 OH ClO3ClO3 N 3NO2 NO3 S 2SO3 2SO4 2OH OH Formula of compound number of ions

15

Name of cation 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 aluminum strontium strontium strontium strontium sodium sodium barium aluminum aluminum ammonium ammonium ammonium ammonium ammonium ammonium strontium silver silver zinc zinc cobalt (II) cobalt (III) nickel (II) nickel (III) iron (II)

Name of anion carbonate carbonate nitrate nitrite nitride acetate oxalate oxalate phosphide phosphate iodide phosphate acetate oxalate sulfite bicarbonate bisulfate chloride sulfate bromide phosphate chloride chloride bromide perchlorate nitrate

Formula of cation Al3+ Sr 2+ Sr 2+ Sr 2+ Sr 2+ Na + Na + Ba 2+ Al 3+ Al 3+ NH4 + NH4 + NH4 + NH4 + NH4 + NH4 + Sr 2+ Ag + Ag + Zn 2+ Zn 2+ Co 2+ Co 3+ Ni 2+ Ni 3+ Fe 2+

formula of anion CO32CO3 2NO3 NO2 N 3C2H3O2 C2O4 2C2O4 2P 3PO4 3IPO4 3C2H3O2 C2O4 2SO3 2HCO3 HSO4 Cl SO4 2Br PO4 3Cl Cl Br ClO4 NO3 -

formula of compound

number of ions

16

54

copper (I)

carbonate

Cu +

CO3 2-

Name of cation 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 copper (II) tin (II) tin (IV) gold (I) gold (III) lead (II) lead (IV)

Name of anion carbonate hydroxide hydroxide bromide bromide sulfite sulfite

Formula of cation Cu 2+ Sn 2+ Sn 4+ Au + Au 3+ Pb 2+ Pb 4+

Formula of anion CO3 2OH OH Br Br SO3 2SO3 2-

Formula of compound

number of ions

17

Practice: Give the name for each of the following ionic compounds:
1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) 9) 10) 11) 12) 13) 14) 15) 16) 17) 18) 19) 20) 21) 22) 23) 24) 25) Formula of compound NaCl CaCl2 AlCl3 Ca(NO2)2 CaSO4 Na3PO4 KBr Ca(HCO3)2 Mg(HSO4)2 Ba(NO3)2 NH4Br AlPO4 K3PO4 K2SO4 Al(HCO3)3 Al(HSO4)3 Ca(OH)2 KClO3 Mg(ClO3)2 Na3N NaNO2 NaNO3 Li2S Li2SO3 Li2SO4 Name of compound

18

26) 27)

LiOH Al(OH)3 Chemical formula Al2(CO3)3 SrCO3 Sr(NO3)2 Sr(NO2)2 Sr3N2 NaC2H3O2 Na2C2O4 BaC2O4 AlP AlPO4 NH4I (NH4)3PO4 NH4C2H3O2 (NH4)2C2O4 (NH4)2SO3 NH4HCO3 Sr(HSO4)2 AgCl Ag2SO4 ZnBr2 Zn3(PO4)2 CoCl2 CoCl3 NiBr2 Ni(ClO4)3 Name of compound

28) 29) 30) 31) 32) 33) 34) 35) 36) 37) 38) 39) 40) 41) 42) 43) 44) 45) 46) 47) 48) 49) 50) 51) 52)

19

53) 54) 55)

Fe(NO3)2 Cu2CO3 CuCO3 Formula of compound Sn(OH)2 Sn(OH)4 AuBr AuBr3 PbSO3 Pb(SO3)2 Name of compound

56) 57) 58) 59) 60) 61)

20

Exercise: Write a chemical formula for each of the following Ionic compounds: 1. Sodium sulfide 2. Aluminum oxide 3. Nickel (II) chloride 4. Nickel (III) chloride 5. Cobalt (II) nitride 6. Cobalt (III) nitride 7. Potassium phosphate 8. Iron (III) sulfate 9. Calcium carbonate 10. Ammonium acetate 1. ____________________ 2. ____________________ 3. ____________________ 4. ____________________ 5. ____________________ 6. ____________________ 7. ___________________ 8. ____________________ 9. ___________________ 10. __________________

Exercise: Give the Name for each of the following Ionic compounds 1. Cu2S 2. Mg(ClO2)2 3. Zn3N2 4. Al(OH)3 5. Mn3(PO4)2 6. Cu(H2PO4)2 7. Co(CN)2 8. Sn(SO3)2 9. (NH4)2CrO4 10. Cr(BrO3)2 1. ____________________ 2. ____________________ 3. ___________________ 4. ___________________ 5. ___________________ 6. ___________________ 7. __________________ 8. ___________________ 9. ___________________ 10. ____________________

21

Nomenclature of Binary Covalent Compounds (Nonmetal-Nonmetal) The chemical formula of any covalent compound always starts with a nonmetal
a. Keep the name of the first element the same. b. Change the ending of the second element by adding the suffix, ide. c. Indicate the number of atoms of each element in the compound using the following Greek prefixes. (Memorize the following prefixes) Numbe hexar 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Prefix MonoDiTriTetraPentaHexaHeptaOctaEnnea-/NonaDeca-

= 6

Apply the above Greek prefixes only to binary covalent compounds.

Exercise Name the following binary covalent compounds: 1. _______________________ 1. SO3 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. BrF5 S2Cl7 NO N2S5 H2O NH3 2. _______________________ 3. ______________________ 4. _______________________ 5. ______________________ 6. ______________________
(use common name)

7. ______________________
(use common name)

Exercise Write formulas for the following covalent compounds: 1. diphosphorus pentoxide 2. dinitrogen trioxide 3. carbon tetrachloride 4. tetraphosphorus decoxide 1. _____________________ 2. _____________________ 3. ______________________ 4. ______________________

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Nomenclature of Acids

Formula starts with a "H".

[H2O is excluded]

All acids must be dissolved in water to exhibit their properties

a. Binary Acids
1. HF 2. HCl 3. HBr 4. Hl 5. H2S 6.* HCN (not binary) 1. ____________________ 2. ____________________ 3. ____________________ 4. ___________________ 5. __________________ 6. hydrocyanic acid_____ *exception

b. Oxy- Acids (Ternary Acids)

Polyatomic ion NO2 NO3 SO3 SO4 PO3 PO3 ClO
-

Name of ion nitrite nitrate

Formula of acid HNO2 HNO3

Name of acid nitrous acid nitric acid

2-

2-

3-

3-

ClO2 ClO3 ClO4 CO3

2-

C 2 H 3 O2

Lewis Structure of Oxy Acids (Ternary Acids) a) HNO3

b) H2SO4 Page 23

Summary: Naming Compounds Ionic Compounds

Chemical formula starts with a metal ion + or NH4 ion.

Molecular Compounds
Need to use prefixes: mono,di,tri..etc

Acids
Chemical formula starts with H

Fixed charge metal + 2+ Example: Na ,Ca

variable charge metal 2+ 3+ Example: Fe and Fe

Binary Acids Example: HCl

Oxyacids Example: H2SO4

Molecular compounds versus ionic compounds: Molecular compounds are made of molecules. Ionic compounds are made of ions

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I. Atomic mass/ Molecular mass/Formula mass:

THE MOLE

Avogadro's number

13 Al 26.98
Atomic mass 26.98 amu {1 atom} Molar mass 26.98 g = 1mole of Al atoms = 6.02 x 1023 Al atoms

II. MOLAR MASS

a. Consider Cl2O7 : 2 atoms Cl 7 atoms O = 1 molecule Cl2O7 Molecular mass of Cl2O7 =mass of one molecule = 2 moles Cl 7 moles O = 1 mole of Cl2O7 _________ amu
23

Molar mass of Cl2O7 = mass of one mole of molecules = mass of 6.02 x 10 molecules Cl2O7 = __________g b. Consider Na2SO4 2 atoms Na 1 atoms S 4 atoms O = 1 formula unit Na2SO4 2 moles Na 1 moles S 4 moles O = 1 mole of Na2SO4

Formula mass of Na2SO4 = mass of one unit of Na2SO4 =

_________ amu
23

Molar mass of Na2SO4 = mass of one mole of Na2SO4 =mass of 6.02 x 10 units of Na2SO4 = _________ g

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Exercises 1. How many Na atoms in 3.0 mole Na?

2. How many moles of H are in 44.0 moles of H3PO4? Plan: moles H3PO4 moles H

3. How many grams of O are in 25.45 moles of HClO3? Plan: moles HClO3 moles O mass O

3. How many P atoms are in 73.2 g P2O4? Plan: grams P2O4 moles P2O4 gram

moles P

atoms P

4. If 2.74x 10 atoms of an element weigh 277.5 g, find its molar mass. Plan: Need to find g/mole

24

5. Find the mass of carbon in 25.00 g C4H10O2 Plan: grams C4H10O2 mole C4H10O2

mole C

mass C

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III. Percentage Composition

Percent by mass = mass of element Mass of compound x 100

1. Find the percentage composition of Na3PO4

2. Find the percentage composition for Al(NO3)3

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IV. EMPIRICAL FORMULA

Empirical formula shows the smallest ratio of atoms in a compound. Examples: Molecular formula = C6H12O6 Empirical formula= CH2O

Calculation of Empirical Formula and Molecular Formula

Exercise: 1. Determine the empirical formula for a compound that has the following percentage composition: 43.64 % P and 56.36 % O Step 1. Express the percent as grams Assume 100 g of material.

Step 2. Change the grams into moles

Step 3. Divide by the smallest number to obtain ratios as whole numbers.

Step 4. If the simplest mole ratio is not a whole number, multiply by a factor

Answer: ____________ b. If the molar mass is determined to be about 288 g/mole, find the molecular formula.

Answer: ____________ Page 28

2. Determine the empirical formula for a compound that has the following percentage composition: 29.08 % Na, 40.56 % S, and 30.36% O

3. A 0.8640 g sample of a compound made of C, H, and O is burned (reacted with O2) . The products are 1.727 g CO2 and 0.7068 g H2O only. Find the empirical formula of the compound.

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CHEMISTRY 110

100 POINTS
SHOW ALL YOUR WORK. YOUR ANSWERS MUST HAVE THE CORRECT NUMBER OF SIGNIFICANT FIGURES AND UNITS. CORRECT SPELLING MUST BE USED. __________________________________________________________ 1. COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING TABLE: ASym Number of Number of Z protons neutrons ------------------------------------------------------------------______ 16 _______ Number of electrons 18 Mass number

32

56Fe ________ _______ _______ _______ 2. Give the isotope symbol for the following: a. An anion of nitrogen with the same number of neutrons as oxygen-15 b. An iron cation with the same charge and number of subatomic particles as 58Co2+ 3. Calculate the molar mass of Na3PO4

4. How many grams of H are there in 3.0 x 1025 molecules of H2SO4?

5. Name or give the chemical formula for the following:. oxalic acid
_____________________________________

magnesium hydrogen carbonate

_____________________________________

mercurous nitride
_____________________________________

ammonium carbonate
_____________________________________

silver nitrate
_____________________________________

aurous iodide
_____________________________________

plumbic acetate
_____________________________________

iodine tribromide
_____________________________________

calcium peroxide
_____________________________________

hydrobromic acid
_____________________________________

potassium phosphide
_____________________________________

sulfurous acid
_____________________________________

nickelous permangante
_____________________________________

cobaltous sulfide
_____________________________________

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CS2
_____________________________________ Ni(NO2)2 _____________________________________ Ba3N2 _____________________________________ Ca(OH)2 _____________________________________

Co2O3 _____________________________________ Bi(NO3)3 _____________________________________ HClO3(aq) _____________________________________ N2O5 _____________________________________ Hg(HCO3)2 _____________________________________ PbO2 _____________________________________
_____________________________________ HBrO2(aq) _____________________________________

Sr(HSO3)2
_____________________________________ H2CO3(aq) _____________________________________ SO3 _____________________________________

HF
_____________________________________

HC2H3O2(aq)
_____________________________________

Au3PO4
_____________________________________

N 2 O3
_____________________________________

Cu(Cl0)2
_____________________________________

HCN(aq)
_____________________________________ KH _____________________________________

Al(OH)3
_____________________________________ _____________________________________

6. The percentage composition of a compound is 63.133% C, 8.831% H, and 28.04% O. The Molar mass = 171.21 g/mol a. What is its empirical formula?

b. What is its molecular formula?

7. The chemical formula of DDT is C14H9Cl5. In a 0.750 gram sample: a. How many moles of C14H9Cl5 are present?

b. How many grams of carbon are present?

c. What is the total number of atoms present?

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d. What is the percent hydrogen in C14H9Cl5?

8. How many grams of Na has the same number of atoms as 13.0 g N?

9. 1.450 moles of element Y weighs 0.30044 kg. a. What is the molar mass of Y?

b. What element is this? 10. For the following questions , identify the element whose atoms fit the following descriptions (Use the periodic table) a. b. c. d. e. ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ Which has d electrons? a) hydrogen b) Copper c) nitrogen A metalloid in period 5 The element in period 4, group IIIA The element with a total of 3 electrons in the 2nd main energy shell The smallest alkali metal

11.

a. Write the electron configuration of a iodine atom.

b. Write the electron configuration of tin

12. Write the electron dot structure for the following compounds H2SO3(aq)

NO3-

REMEMBER TO DO THE PROBLEMS IN THE TEXTBOOK

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