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Dates of Indian astronomy Texts

-Arun Kumar Upadhyay, Cuttack, (M) 9437034172

1. Reasons of error
(1) Racial superiority war After colonial rule of Europeans, only research in history is to warshow racial superiority of Greeko-Roman civilization whose successors were these countries-Britain, France etc. (2) Biblical date of creation creation-(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Ussher)-James Ussher (sometimes spelled Usher) (4 January 1581 21 March 1656) was Church of Ireland Archbishop of Armagh and Primate of All Ireland between 162556. He was a prolific scholar, who most famously published a chronology that purported to establish the time and date of the creation as the night preceding Sunday, 23 October 4004 BC, according to the proleptic Julian calendar. Till today, history of world is being fitted after that, though it is well known that earth was created about 4.5 billions years ago and current human species is at least 1.5 million years old. (3) Deliberate post dating of Indian history history-Declared aim of Boden chair at Oxford University in 1831 was to destroy Vedic culture so that Indians can be shown light of Christianity. For that, many distortions were done-(1) All kings who started a calendar were declared fictitious, though there are voluminous records of them. (2) Everything in Vedas or old literature was declared to be works f illiterates by persons who themselves were ignorant of those subjects. (3) All Indian texts are considered false. Though entire old history is solely from puras, their chronology is arbitrarily changed. Only Indus valley inscriptions are considered authentic though they have not been read till today. (4) Change of texts and dates dates tes-12 examples of British forgery are given below--(1) All quotes from Megasthenes are totally false and opposite to his writings. Palibothri was a town on bank of Yamun, downstream from Delhi having pillar (Kutub-minar), but it was called Patna. He has described army of ndhra kings as he had come after them in rule of their servants (ndhra-Bhtya) called Guptas. But he was tagged with Maurya Chandragupta of 1534 BC. He has written as all Greek writers have that India is only country where all people are indigenous. As India was self sufficient in food, it did not colonize any country since 15,000 years (the years omitted, replaced by never). Then, the first attack was 154 generations before Chandragupta-1 in 6777 BC. At least from that time, Indian history was continuous. But Vedic culture was started with Aryan migration to India in 1500 BC about which no Greek had ever heard in 700-500 BC. (2) Pargiter changed the word 1500 to 1050 years as gap from Parkita to Nanda ( , //)

I.e. 1500 years passed from birth of Parkita to coronation of Nanda. Here (+500) was changed to (+50). (3) George Buhler fond out the verse of Rjatarangi about start of Laukika era from death of Yudhihira in Kali year 25, then omitted it in printed version and claimed it to be his research by changing the verse. Two verses were inserted to shift date of Mahbhrata by 690 years. () I.e Yudhihira etc. went to heavens when 25 years passed in Kali. This was changed to This means that in Kali year 25 Saptaris went to heavens. This is meaningless as Saptaris are always in sky. That was only to facilitate manipulation. (4) Col James Todd broke all inscriptions of Rajsthan kings as none fitted his theory of their

Ha or aka origin. One of his destruction of Ra Kumbhs plate of Kumbhalgarh was


detected by G.N. Sharma from Kumbhs introduction to his commentary on Gta-govinda (Indian History Congress, 1951, quoted by Kota Venkatachalam in Age of Mahbhrata

War). That indicated that his ancestor Bapp Rval was originally a Brhmaa but took up
arms to defend the country on orders of Gorakhantha. But that period is to be shown as of

ankarchrya in history. Same students, however, read in literature paper that it was period
of Gorarakhantha who started literature of local languages. (5) George Hulze, Epigrapher of Madras (now Chennai) in 1909, read in Rjatarangi that 43rd Kashmir king Gonanda (1440-1400 BC) became Bauddha due to which Bauddhas of central Asia destroyed his kingdom. This story was fitted to Maurya Ashoka (1472-1436 BC) and both shifted to 269 BC to fit his grandfather with Maegasthenes. (6) Sewel, S.B. Dixit, Kielhorn studied all the Indian eras. But all insisted that livhana

aka of 78 AD was only aka and was linked with Kashmir king Kanika of 1294-1234 BC.
Thus, dates of all astronomers born much before that were interpreted in that era only. (7) Abul Fazal had given date of start of Din-elahi in all earlier eras starting with Yudhihira (17-12-3139 BC), rhara (456 BC), Vikrama (57 BC) and livhana (78 AD). To destroy history, all these were declared fictitious after studying their calendars in detail. (8) William Jones changed date of ryabhaya from 360 Kali to 3600 Kali which was obeyed by Sudhakara Dwivedi to become Principal of Queens Sanskrit college, Varanasi in his translation. But it was never explained why he chose the base year of start of kali in stead of at least 12 eras starting up to 3600 Kali. (9) In stead of era of 456 BC, dates of Nepal kings Anuvarman (103-33 BC), his grandson

Brahmagupta, Varhamihira etc was calculated either in livhana aka of 78 AD or era of Harshavardhana (605-646 AD) who had never started any era.

(10) There is no reference of Kalinga war or Buddhism in Hthgumph inscription at Dhauli visited by 200 persons daily on way to Puri. But Vincent Smith planted stories of 10.5 lakh deaths (more than present strength of Indian army or population of old Kalinga) and conversion of Ashoka to Buddhism to renounce violence. Thus, hindus were declared violent killing 10 lakh persons to hide 10 lakh murders in Orissa time of William Jones for revenue collection in 1790 and 35 lakh deaths in 1865 in Orissa by Ravenshaw who was made originator of Oriya culture. Actually, Buddhism is only sect in India which permits hermits to take meat and on protest against this, Devadatta was expelled from Sangha by Buddha.

Bauddha text Divyvadna, chapter Aokvadna tells that Ashoka had ordered killing of
12000 Jaina monks to celebrate victory over Kalinga. (11) Pandit Sundar Lal had written Indian version of Indian History. That was seized by British Govt and a case was started in 1920. The case continued till hi death in 1982 as no error could be found in that by Govt scholars (Rajnish Bible, vol. 3). Indian Historical Research Institute was set up not for free research but to accept British forgeries without any thought. (12) Ibn Batutas diary in Arabic was translated by a professor of Delhi and he sought grant from this research institute for its publication. Its Director Irfan Habib claimed that only a muslim like him can translate from Arabic and took a grant of Rs. 15 lakh in his name. When, proof reader commented that it has mentioned in chapter 4 that Kutub Minar was built 1500 years before Kutub-ud-Din Aibak, the entire manuscript was burnt. But the grant was not returned (AG Audit, 2001, published in Indian Express). Even Sir Saiyad Ahmed had written a book in 1911 that it was a Hindu structure built before Megasthenes who has called it pillar of Hercules. The synopsis of Ibn batuta was published by National Book Trust in English and Hindi. In revised edition of that too, Kutub Minar date was omitted.

2. Errors in astronomy
(1) Texts are assumed to be as per jain, Vedic and siddhnta faiths. Even if Jaina faith is opposed to Vedas (it is not), units of measure, calendar and measurement of earth and sky will not be different. (2) So called scientific investigators assume that astronomy measures are by each local civilization specially of Greece and Sumeria, but do not want to think how these were measured. Devotees of Indian tradition think that, but consider measures by meditation or

yaja, thought to be sacrifice in fire. Meditation can be useful in understanding a theory or


concept, but it cannot measure even our own height. (3) All research is attributed to individuals who wrote text books or clay tablets found in excavations. Actually, it is collective wisdom of world which starts with survey and mapping of whole world which also needs spherical trigonometry, calculus, and accurate instruments.

Firstly, location of cardinal points on earth were fixed-there are 2 sets of towns separated by 900 longitude-earlier ones are in puras and later set is in srya-siddhnta etc. Then, by parallax, distance of moon is calculated. Next stages are distance of sun and star-like planets, measure of solar system, spiral arm, galaxy and visible universe which are given accurately in Vedas, puras and astronomy texts. An individual writer merely sums up existing material with some of his own methods and corrections. Distance of sun-moon does not depend on faith or individual wisdom. It differs in each era as shown by Sri

Sacchidananda Mishra (his book on Ayanma) etc


(4) While western writers limit their world history after 4004 BC, devotees of Indian tradition think only about largest yugas. Yugas have many types ranging from 4, 5, 12, 18, 19, 60, 720, 2700, 5100, 12000, 26000 and 4320000 years. Similarly there are 7 different measures of length and 9 units of time.

Mahbh 3. Mahbhrata period


This is landmark in Indian history. All astronomy texts start calculation of pachnga from start of Kali era which was only 36 years after Mahbhrata war. Approximately, kali era is also called Mahbhrata or Bhrata period. (/)- , , , , , ()- ( , /) () () ( , ) (//)- (//) - (/)- - ( /)- () There are 4 major year counts in this period-(1) Yudhihira aka-5 days after his coronation, ,

Bhma died on Mgh ukla 8 when north motion of sun (uttaryaa) had just started. After
his 36 years rule, kali had started on 17/18-2-3102 BC, so his death was on 22-12-3139 BC and coronation of Yudhihira was on 17-1-3139 BC. Bhma was on bed of arrows for 58 days and fought war for 10 days, so Mahbhrata had started 68 days before Mgh ukla 8 on amvsy day (of krttika) on 16-10-3139 BC. Parkita was born slightly before death of

Bhma which has frequently quoted in puras.


, (/)- (/)

(/) (/)- (2) Kaliyuga started on 17/18-2-3102 BC Ujjain midnight Friday, with Vijaya samvatsara by

srya-siddhnta (mean motion of Guru), and Pramth as per Pitmaha-siddhnta followed


in south India. (3) Jaybhyudaya-aka-6months 11 days after demise of Ka, Yudhihira crowned

Parkita, grand-son of Arjuna and all went to Himlaya. On that day, Jaya samvatsara had
started and Pavas went for Abhyudaya (emancipation), so it was called Jaybhyudaya-

aka. This has been used by Janamejaya, son of Parkita who gave many grants as
repentance for mass-murder of Ngas as retaliation of murder of his father by Takaka

Nga. Many were on 27-11-3014 BC on occasion of solar eclipse on Paua amvsy


(Jaybhyudaya-aka or Kali year 89). The following 2 were published in Indian Antiquary, June 1901-(a) Grant at Muni-Vndraka on Tungabhadr bank () - - .. () (?) ( , ) (b) Grant at Kedrantha- () , , , , (4) Saptari or Laukika era-After 25 years of leaving kingdom, Yudhihira expired when

saptaris left Magh nakatra after 100 years stay in that. Then in kali year 25 = 3076 BC, Laukika or Saptari era started which is still followed in Kashmir.
() ( )

Mahbh 4. Calendar in Mahbhrata period


There was dispute whether Pavas had completed 13 years in forest-last year being incognito. That was not due to different calendars. There is a rule in smti that extra month is

counted as separate month for a count of 1 year-if it is counted part of main month, then there will be 384 days in that year. But any contract for 2 years or more counts extra month as part of main month. Similar rule is below (/) , , Thus, the 13 year period in forest taken as single agreement will count all 13 months in last year including extra month. If last year is taken separately, then only 12 months will be counted-not with extra month. If each year is taken separately, then all years of 354 days will be counted. Thus in 13 years there will be 13x11+ 30 days extra month = 163 days extra. So, Bhma had said that 5 months 12 days extra (30x5+12) have passed, though

Duryodhana was counting 1 days less.


, (/-)- (/-)- Actually 2 types of views were current in Mahbhrata period-older system of Svyambhuva

Manu called rya-mata and later system of Vivasvn (father of Vaivasvata Manu) whose Srya-siddhnta was corrected after long lapse of time by Maya-asura at Romaka-pattana,
131 (alpa) years before end of satya-yuga. This was explained by Maitreya (follower of Mitra or sun) to Parara in Viu pura, so it was called Parara-mata by ryabhaa-2 in

Mahsiddhnta (2/2-3). To preserve earlier theory, ryabhaa-1 wrote ryabhaya in Kali


360 year (changed to 3600 years) - - () , , , , -

(/)- ( )

Thus, Vednga jyotia was not in use in Mahbhrata or ryabhaa-1 period. Current version of Vednga jyotia indicates that north motion of sun started from Mgha ukla which was also start of year and yuga. Then sun and moon both were in Dhanih. (, ,) (-) However, from time of Vivasvn and his son Vaivasvata Manu (13902 BC= 4800+ 3600 +2400 years before start of Kali in 3102 BC), year is starting with Chaitra month when sun and moon both join in Avin. Start of year with Dhanih was prior to that in time of

Krttikeya. Then, Abhijit had fallen from pole position in about 16000 BC. That was period of
rains when sun was in Dhanih. Thus, year started with var (rains), so it was called

vara. That was continuation of Asura tradition to start year with south motion of sun which
has been called day of Asuras in Srya-siddhnta. Exact period of Krttikeya will be 15800 BC when south motion of sun started with its entry in Dhanih. Prior to Abhijit period, year started from Rohi. , (/-)

5. aka and Samvatsara


aka is considered related to aka tribe or the akadvpa (continent) which surrounds or is
adjacent to Jamb-dvpa as per puras. Another misconception is that it was started by

Kua (a branch of aka-tribe) king Kanika. This assumption has 3 fallacies-(a) As per Rjatarangi of Kalhaa, three Turkistan chieftains Huka, Juka, and Kanika ruled from
1294 to 1234 BC. They were Buddhists, but they had not started any calendar.(b)

livhana-aka started in 78 AD long after period of Kanika whose period is shifted by


1200 years to make it tally with this era. (c) livhana is not the only aka- there are akas in name of Yudhihira starting on 17-12-3139 BC, draka in 756 BC, r Hara aka in 456 BC, Kalchuri or Chedi aka in 248 AD, and various local akas started by local kings in Nepal (Newar in 889 AD, claimed unification in 1769 AD), Shivaji aka in 1673 AD,

Kapilendra aka in Orissa 1426 etc. None of these kings are of aka tribe. Even Siddhrtha Buddha (1886-1805 BC as per puras) is called kyamuni though he was descendant of Sryavam Rmachandra, not of aka tribe.
Similarly, only the following years are called Samvat-

(a) Si (creation) samvat from which time planetary system of sun is moving in present manner as per Srya-siddhnta (about 198 crore years) (b) Paraurm-samvat, called Kollam (Kalamba) in Kerala, starting in 6,177 BC. (c) Kali Samvat starting on 17/18-2-3102 BC (without counting 0 AD), Ujjain mid-night. (d) Vikrama (Vikramditya of Paramra-Agni dynasty of Ujjain, 82 BC to 19 AD)- Samvat starting in 57 BC. It is surprising that even the astronomers are now using these two words - aka and

samvatsara- in same meaning due to ignoring our veda and puras and depending on
deliberately distorted and ignorant European books. livhana-aka is frequently called as aka -samvat which has no meaning. It can be either aka or samvat, and there are many other aka, as per examples shown above. Otto Neugebauer in his book- Exact Sciences of Antiquity(Harvard university,1957) has written that two systems of calendar were simultaneously in use in Egypt- one was for mathematical purpose which tallied with seasons and the other for civil purpose which was simple to use. Only other reference to double system is amali(from amal or rule of a king), and fasali(tallying with seasonal cycle of agriculture) in Persian language. To indicate year Vedas have used only samvatsara whose short form is samvat. This is further shortened to san in Persian. Samvatsara has the following derivations and meanings(i) Collection of seasons-Samvasanti tavah yasmin= in which tu (seasons) reside. This has two meanings. In the space of solar system there are 6 zones of varying energy-Zone number 0 1 2 3 4 5 location Ahargaa No.(radius of nth zone = earth radius x 2 n-3) Earth surface 26 times earth 212 times earth 218 times earth 224 times earth 230 times earth 3 (2 layers within earth as image of solar system, galaxy) 9 (sphere enclosing moon orbit) 15 (sphere extending up to 60% of venus orbit) 21sphere around sun, radius of 1000 sun diameter) 27 (maitreya or svitr maala, 1 lakh sun diameter) 33 (dyu or sky of solar system, 1 crore diameter)

Energy (pra) of these 33 ahargaa zones- 3 in earth and 30 outside- are 33 devat. In Indian scripts their signs are consonants from k to h. The scripts are thus a chiti (arrangement, city) of devas in symbols of letters- so it is called Devangar= Nagara (city) of devas. These 6 zones are called 6 Vaakra-each are further divided into 6 ahargaa spacing ( atapatha Brhmaa.1/7/2/21,11/2/2/5) Here, ahargaa is count of zones of sun field. On earth it means count of days used for calculation of planetary positions from a fixed point of time. Outside earth, zone of sun extends up to 30 dhmas (k ved 10/189/3,

Smveda 632, 1398, Atharva 6/31/3 Yajurveda 3/8). Parallel to 6 vaakra in space, there
are 6 seasons on earth, each extending to motion of sun in 2 signs (600 ).

(ii)Curved motion- Pandit Madhusudan Ojha in his Brahma-Siddhnta ( Nepal granthmala, Banaras Hindu University, 1963) has derived it from root verb tsara= to move hidingly or in curve-Pini dhtupha (1/373).It has three meanings-earth motion in its orbit is constantly changing direction, this is cause of change of seasons. Change of seasons in solar system or on earth surface is continuous, our marking of boundaries is arbitrary. (iii)Followed by all-Sam+vat+sarati, i.e. all move according to it. Thus all our activities accounts year, educational session, festivals etc. are based on samvatsara. In Jain tradition, anniversary is called Samavasaraa.

aka word is used in astronomy books for calculation purpose. This is also used in
Vedas but not in the meaning of year. This is formed of kua(straw) whose derivations are(i) kua (Pini 9/50)= to extract, test or conclude (ii) Ku or Kus (Pini 4/108) = to join, bind. (iii) Ku (earth) + ubh (Pini 6/33)= spread on earth or its beauty. (iv) Ka (Pini 4/117) = to be thin or fine

aka has 3 root verbs(i)aka (Pini 4/76) = to withstand, tolerate. (ii) akl (Pini 5/16) = to have power, able (iii) ach (Pini 1/723) = to combine. Thus a kua (straw) is a thin line shaped object symbol of smallest and root number 1.Counting of bigger numbers is by adding it, the cumulative count is aka. Countings are marked in the following manner- IIII, IIII, IIII, IIII, II .. After 4 kua are collected, they are tied with the 5th kua, thus making bundles of 5-5 kuas. By making bundle, kua becomes stronger, and is called aka (powerful).Thus total count of days (ahargaa) is called aka, and the year system starting from a point is also called aka. So in Mexico and Sumeria, historians have written that years were counted for thousands of years by adding a straw for each year to the bundle. This is only conceptual adding, otherwise straw will not last even for one year. For over thousands years even the social organizations or government will not survive to maintain this system.

Var 6. Time of Varhamihira


Varhamihira and Klidsa were among 9 jewels in court of Paramra king Vikramditya of
Ujjain (82 BC-19 AD) who started Vikrama samvata at Paupatintha in Nepal when king

Avantivarman (103-33 BC) was ruling. But they have given their times in a aka, but that is
calculated in aka started in 78 AD long after their death by livhana, grandson of

Vikramditya. He has indicated in Bhat-samhit (13/3) that he was using a aka of 612 BC
(Yudhihira aka 2526). In same Yudhihira aka of 3138 BC, he has given his date of birth as 8-3-95 BC (aka, 3042, Chaitra ukla 8) in Kuthala-majar-

- - - -- - () - (/) - - - () He has indicated his birth in Kapitthaka and later life at Avantik, then under Vikramditya- , - He has indicated start of north motion of sun from Makara sign in Bhat-samhit and equivalent yoga calculation in Pacha-siddhntik - (/-)- = Earlier books stated south motion of sun from middle of le (113020) and north motion from start of Dhanih. Now, it is from start of Karka (900) and Makara (2700) signs, which can be easily verified by observation. , ( ) () ( ) ( When sum of sun and moon sign/degrees is 3600, then it is Vaidhti yoga-when declination of sun and moon are same but in opposite directions (north-south). Adding 10 nakatras (133020), it is Vyatpta yoga, when sun-moon have same declination, but on opposite ends of ecliptic. That is possible only when south motion of sun started from middle of le (113020) which now starts from Punarvasu (Karka sign starts with its fourth quarter, 900). In his book Pacha-siddhntik, he has taken reference year as 427 aka (185 BC) , - () =On aka 427, Chaitra ukla 1 start when sun was half set at Yavanapur, it was day of

Saumya (mercury, sun of Soma = moon). Thebaut has changed Saumya to Soma (Monday).
S.B. Dixit made it Bhauma =Tuesday, so that it tallies with counting from livhana-aka starting after death of Varhamihira in 78 AD. Yavanapura is assumed to be Romaka-

pattana of Srya-siddhnta, 900 west from Ujjain. Sun is set from evening to sunrise, its
middle point is midnight. When it is midnight there, it will be sunrise in Ujjain. This aka started in year 2526 of Yudhihira aka. - (/) - - - () that king (Yudhihira), add 2526 (to current aka).

= Saptaris (muni) were in Magh when Yudhihira was ruling the world. To get aka of

Yudhihira aka started on day of his coronation 17-12-3139 BC. After 5 days, Bhma
expired at start of north motion of sun on 22 December. 36 years after that, Kali started on 17-2-3102 BC when Ka left world. After further 36 years, Yudhihira expired when

Saptaris left Magh after 100 year stay in that. Kota Venkatachalam takes that as start of Yudhihira aka and makes aka of Varhamihira from 550 BC to tally it with Persian king Darius-assuming him to be the great aka king. But it has been explained that aka year
has no link with tribe. Darius was not a aka, nor he ever ruled India. Then it was ndhra-

Stavhana rule, so he has called it ndhra-Stavhana aka also.


Calculation is being given for aka of 612 BC and other assumed aka as per Jagannath-

Hora software of Narasimha Rao(1)612 BC-Epoch 18-2-185 BC- Chaitra ukla 1 started on 18 at 6-11-45 hrs. But sunrise at Ujjain was at 7-8-0 hrs. So date was 17-2-185 BC, Wednesday. (2) 550 BC of Darius -Epoch 2-3-124 BC- Chaitra ukla 1 from 4-6-30. Sunrise at 6-54-42 on 1 March, Thursday. (3) Vikrama Samvat of 57 BC-This is samvat, not a aka, still calculation is done for that as the different is not understood. Chaitra ukla 1 of 427 year on 5-3-371 AD at 1-56-30. Sunrise on 4 March Thursday at 6-52-20. (4) livhana aka of 78 AD-(a) 427 current (gamya) year- Chaitra ukla 1 on 22-2-505, Sunday. It should be Saturday as sunrise was at 7 AM. (b) 427 lapsed (gata)- Chaitra ukla 1 on 13-3-506 at 0-54. Friday on 12, sunrise at 6-44-14. Thus, the aka of Varhamihira does not fit with any other year except 612 BC.

7. Time of Brahmagupta
His father Jiugupta was a contemporary of Varhamihira and Klidsa and has used the

same aka of 612 BC, calling it Chpa-aka. His father was a famous man so Brahmagupta
and others have frequently called him as son of Jiugupta. Vaevara has named only his father-for criticism. , (/) - -

() His time is indicated at end of his book (/-) Here, year of a king of Chpa-vama is followed who had started a aka. Gotra of Bhma and Pavas was Vyghrapada of Vasiha line and a seer of gveda. Main king in their line whose year was being followed is called Vyghramukha (i.e head of that line). That was one of the 4 Agni-vamas joining hand under king draka at Mount Abu in 756 BC (draka-aka). They were Chapahni, Pratihra, Paramra, Chlukya (Solanki, Slunkhe). In Chapahni clan, famous king Chhamna routed Assyria and its capital Nineve in 612 BC-which was marked by start of a aka. Thereafter, it was famous as Chauhna-the last king being Prithviraj Chauhan who was last independent king of Delhi. They were experts in archery or they were protectors of west border of India in shape of Chpa (bow) called Mlv-like a garland (ml). So, they were called Chapahni. When Sarasvat river dried up, Hastinapur was destroyed by Ganga floods and Pava king Nichaku-8 generations after

Mahbhrata had to shift to Kosambi. In same generation Prvantha (Jaina Trthankara


23) was born in ruling family of Kashi. His sanysa time is called Jaina-Yudhihira-aka of 2634 BC. That was era of 100 years without rain (in Sarasvat river region) when Chapahni kings protected west border and saved people from famine. That has been called incarnation of kambhar in Durg-saptaat, chapter 11. belonging to kambhar. , (/) (/)- (/)- - - - -- - - - So, Chauhans have been famous as

- (/-)- ( /)- (), , =, =, =, =, () () ) , - () , , -

Jiugupta at time of Vikramditya is given by Varhamihira and Klidsa- - ( ) | || || - - - . - . - . . - . Grandfather of Brahmagupta was most famous king Amuvarman (103-33 BC) of Nepal during whose time Vikramditya had started his samvat at Paupatintha in 57 BC.

Huensang has described Amuvarman as a king famous for knowledge who had written a
book on grammar. By calculating time of Amuvarman from start of Haravardhana rule (605-646 AD), his time is calculated after Huensang. Extract of Nepal chronology by Kota Venkatachalam, 1953, Vijayawada. is given belowNepal Kings- Gopla-vama-(1) Bhuktamngata Gupta (4159-4071 BC), Kings- Gopla-

Ahra-vam Ahra-vama-Three kings of India ruled for 200 years Kirta-vam Kirta-vama-(12) Yalambar,

(18) Jitedst-He died in Mahbhrata war on Pava side. This is also described in Kirta-

parva under Vana-parva of Mahbhrata and famous epic Kirtrjunyam of Da. 7 kings
ruled for 300 years (3437-3138 BC),

Soma-vama-(41) Nimia, (42) Mnka, (43) Kkavarman, (44-48)-Unknown, (49) Soma-vam Paupreka Deva-In his period many persons came from India in 1867 BC (period of Buddha and Mahvra in Bihar). These 9 kings ruled for 464 years (2319-1875 BC) , (52) Bhskaravarman-He conquered India (some adjacent parts) and without any son. He
adopted Aramna of Srya vama who became king in 1712 BC in name of Bhmivarman.

Srya vama-(53) Bhmivarman (1712-1645 BC), .. (83) Vivadevavarman (151-101 BC). vam
After him his son-in-law became king.

hkurhkur-vama-(84) Amuvarman (101-33 BC)-Paramra king Vikramditya of Ujjain came kur


in 57 BC and started his Vikrama-samvat at Paupatintha from Chaitra ukla 1st. (85)

Ktavarman (33 BC-54 AD), (86) Bhmrjuna (54-147 AD).


Inscriptions-As Vikrama samvat was started in period of Amuvarman (101-33 BC), his Inscriptions earlier inscriptions are assumed in rhara-aka (456 BC) which is wrongly related to

Haravardhana of Thaneswar (605-646 AD) who had never started any era as per his own
writings or as per his biographer Babhaa or Chinese traveller Huensang. Later inscriptions are in Vikrama-samvat. http://indepigr.narod.ru/licchavi/content81.htm (1) No. 69-Samvat 535-rvaa ukla 7 (if it is in rhara-aka of 456 BC, year will be 79 AD-long after his rule. Thus, reference is Chpa aka of 612 BC giving date of 77 BC-after start of Amuvarman rule and before Vikrama-samvat.) (2) No. 76-Samvat 29-Jyeha ukla 10. (Vikrama samvat now onwards) (3) No. Samvat 30- Jyeha ukla 6. (4) No. 78-Samvat 31-Prathama (month name missing-Paua as per next inscription)

pacham-that yea had adhika month.


(5) No. 79-Samvat 31-Dvitya Paua ukla aam. (6) No. 80-Samvat 31, Mgha ukla 13. (7) No. 81-Samvat 32, ha ukla 13. (8) No. 83-Samvat 34-Prathama Paua ukla 2-year of extra month. (9) No. 84-Samvat 36- ha ukla 12. (10) No. 85-Samvat 37-Phlguna ukla 5. (11) No. 86-Samvat 39-Vaikha ukla 10. (12) No. 87-Samvat 43-Vyatpta- Jyeha ka (date missing). (13) No. 89-Samvat 45- Jyeha ukla (date missing)

Jiugupta has 2 inscriptions in which dates are missing. His coins have been found. One is
shown on http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Licchavi_(kingdom).

Copper coin of Jishnu Gupta (ca. AD 622-633) of the Nepalese Licchhavi Dynasty. Obverse. The inscription above the winged horse is r Jiu Guptasya.

Time ryabha 8. Time of ryabhaa


(1) There is a serious problem in his timing that he has been quoted by both astronomers of

Vikramditya-Varhamihira and Brahmagupta. Thus, his time of 3600 Kali does not stand
any scrutiny. He cannot be 600 years after his followers. , (/)- For a short period, Jishnugupta also was king, but power was taken by other bothers. There are many inscriptions and coin by him. As he was a famous king, Brahmagupta has always called himself as son of Jiugupta. (2) It has been shown in websites below that its date of 60x6 Kali years was changed to 60x60 Kali by William Jones. http://www.scienceparkmag.com/aryabhatta.htm http://www.indicstudies.us/Mathematics/SulvaSutraera.html Original manuscript is given in www.newstodaynet.com

Original words were ayabdnm abhiryad (60x6). These were changed to airyad-

, = When 6 cycles of 60 years passed in third quarter of Yuga (Kali), then 23 years of my life has passed. Here (when 6 passed) was changed to (when 60 passed). Dr. V. Lakshmikantham, an internationally well-known mathematician and President of the International Federation of Nonlinear Analysis and Dr. J. Vasundhara Devi, another great mathematician and research scholar, in their brilliant book titled What India Should Know have remarked (Chapter 4)Was Sir William indulging in subterfuge or was he woefully incompetent that he did not recognize the difference between shasti and shabdi..from Warren Hastings in 1772 to the beginning of World War II, for example, hundreds of books were published related to the topics of Indian religion, history and culture, we will find that accounts for all of those works were maliciously falsified and manipulated according to a definite plan as desired by the British Government. William Jones laid the foundation in 1784 AD for the Western History of Ancient India. He deliberately created the problem of the two Chandra Guptas and thus reduced by 1200 years the chronology of India.The duplicity of the British is clear, first they financed Max Muller to translate the Rig Veda in a scornful manner and then employed the Indian Pundit Taranath to compile an elaborate Sanskrit Dictionary that exhibited the disgraceful meaning of certain words of the Vedic Mantras while printing the manuscript, Sudhakar Dvivedi altered the word Shadbhi to Shasti, which changes 360 years to 3600 years after Kali Yuga (Era)..

ryabhaya (1/3) mentioned that in one Mahyuga of 43,20,000 years, the Earth rotates
itself on its own axis 158,22,37,500 times and the moon revolves round 5,77,53,336 times. Thus, the number of rotations of the Earth per Lunar orbit is 27.39646936. The figures for different years are2000 A.D.27.39646289, 1604 B.C.27.39646936, 500 A.D.27.39646514 We can find that this value reduces, on the advancement of time and the ryabhaas Value 27.39646936 is very close to the value of the period 1604 B.C., rather than that of 500 A.D. Shifting of time from 2742 BC to 499 AD made Britishers (Principal George Thebaut) happy and in reward Sudhakara Dvivedi was made Principal of Queens Sanskrit College, now Sampurnananda Sanskrit University, Varanasi. They could show racial superiority of Europeans by indicating that his sign tables were copied from tables of Hipparchus, who himself had not learnt trigonometry. In Vedic Cosmography and Astronomy pages 194-199 Dr. R.L Thomson has shown fabrication by Neugebauer and David Pingree by misquoting G.J. Toomer who has shown that there was no table of Hipparchus in his book-Chord Table of Hipparchus and Early history of Greek Trigonometry.

(3) Apollonius of Tyana-edited by Mead tells very clearly that Herodotus and many others had come to India for learning. There are many references of Greek Mathematicians astronomers going outside for study but no reference anywhere that anybody had ever gone to Greece for learning. Greece was not a 'Civilized' society where any outsider could go for study. Outsider could go only as slave who were majority of the population there. In addition to India-Hipparchus, Euclid and Ptolemy had gone to Alexandria for study which is well recorded in their books. No Indian, Ezyptian or Sumerian has written that they had gone to Greece. Another quote is from Indika of Megasthenes which tells that India is quadrilateral. However, all puras tell that India is triangular in south and wide rectangle in north-Tiryak-yma. In addition to accurate shape of India and Jamb Dvpa, they also tell 4 points on globe separated by 900 longitude. Some quotes from puras with notes/translations are added below. These need advanced geodetic survey of whole world by astronomical methods. (a) http://www.sacred-texts.com/cla/aot/aot/aot04.htm Apollonius of Tyana, by G.R.S. Mead, [1901], at sacred-texts.com SECTION III-INDIA AND GREECE There is, however, another reason why Apollonius is of importance to us. He was an enthusiastic admirer of the wisdom of India. Here again a subject of wide interest opens up. What influences, if any, had Brahmanism and Buddhism on Western thought in these early years? It is strongly asserted by some that they had great influence; it is as strongly denied by others that they had any influence at all. It is, therefore, apparent that there is no really indisputable evidence on the subject. Just as some would ascribe the constitution of the Essene and Therapeut communities to Pythagorean influence, so others would ascribe their origin to Buddhist propaganda; and not only would they trace this influence in the Essene tenets and practices, but they would even refer the general teaching of the Christ to a Buddhist source in a Jewish monotheistic setting. Not only so, but some would have it that two centuries before the direct general contact of Greece with India, brought about by the conquests of Alexander, India through Pythagoras strongly and lastingly influenced all subsequent Greek thought. The question can certainly not be settled by hasty affirmation or denial; it requires not only a wide knowledge of general history and a minute study of scattered and imperfect indications of thought and practice, but also a fine appreciation of the correct value of indirect evidence, for of direct testimony there is none of a really decisive nature. To such high qualifications we can make no pretension, and our highest ambition is simply to give a few very general indications of the nature of the subject. It is plainly asserted by the ancient Greeks that Pythagoras went to India, but as the

statement is made by Neo-Pythagorean and Neo-Platonic writers subsequent to the time of Apollonius, it is objected that the travels of the Tyanean suggested not only this item in the biography of the great Samian but several others, or even that Apollonius himself in his Life of Pythagoras was father of the rumour. The close resemblance, however, between many of the features of Pythagorean discipline and doctrine and Indo-Aryan thought and practice, make us hesitate entirely to reject the possibility of Pythagoras having visited ancient

ryvarta.
(b) Megasthenes: Indika http://projectsouthasia.sdstate.edu/docs/history/primarydocs/Foreign_Views/GreekRoman/M egasthenes-Indika.htm FRAGMENT I OR AN EPITOME OF MEGASTHENES. (Diod. II. 35-42.) (35.) India, which is in shape quadrilateral, has its eastern as well as its western side bounded by the great sea, but on the northern side it is divided by Mount Hemodos from that part of Skythia which is inhabited by those Skythians who are called the Sakai, while the fourth or western side is bounded by the river called the Indus, which is perhaps the largest of all rivers in the world after the Nile. The extent of the whole country from east to west is said to be 28,000 stadia, and from north to south 32,000. (c) Universally, all puras tell the present India as Kumrik-khaa, which is triangular in south and rectangular in north (tiryak-yma). This is between Himlaya in north and ocean in south. It is called Bhrata and its people are Bhrat. Extending Himlaya line east and west almost touching oceans defines Bhrata-vara having 9 parts where Kumrik or Bhrata -

khaa is the main standard for conduct and others follow it. The 9 parts cover 900 longitude
width in north hemisphere-other 3 parts are Bhadrva in east, Ketumla in west and Kuru opposite or beyond north pole (sumeru). These are like 4 petals of earth-lotus. ( /) - -

- (d) 4 names of Bhrata-(1) Seen from south ocean, it is triangular. A triangle with vertex down (south) is called akti-trikoa (female triangle). As source of conduct and knowledge, it is root or first female form called Kumr or Kumrik. (2) Seen from north, it is bounded by

Himlayas in shape of crescent moon. Huensang (translated by Beal) has written that Bhrata is called Indu (moon) due to 3 reasons-it is in shape of moon in north end, it is cool
like moon and it spreads light of knowledge to world like moon spreads light. Greeks called Indu as Inde which has become India. (3) As a natural division of Jamb-dvpa bound by

Himlaya, it was called Himavat vara. Both have north boundary in shape of bow
(dhanua). Only Kumrik-khaa has moon like boundary, all 9 regions have 2 moons joined in bow shape. (4) Manu or rulers of this country always fed the world (written by all Greek writers also), so they were called Bharata and the country as Bhrata. Bhrata name became more famous after rule of abhadevaji whose son was chakravart Bharata. Texts of astronomy have given cardinal points on earth separated from Lank or Ujjain at intervals of 900 each. Yama-koi-pattana is 900 east (Yama Dvpa = Antarctica, Yama is lord of south, yama = 2, Yama-koi dvpa is nearest twin island Newzealand, its south western tip is 900 east), Romaka-pattana is 900 west (Konacry = Korka or some place west of Rabat = place of sun)-both are ports (pattana). 1800 east (or west) is Siddhapura where Brahm had constructed a dvra to mark the end of east direction (Rmyaa, Kikindh ka 40/54, 64)-that is place of greatest Pyramid in Mexico. This was not a pattana or a coastal town. (, , /) ( /-) () () ( /-)

( , , , ) , (e) Puras give 4 cardinal towns of Indra-Vasvaukasr, Soma-Vibhvar (900 east),

Varua-Sukh (1800 east), and Yama-Sanyaman (900 west) separated by 900 longitude.
These could be at junction of Talas or could be earlier division at time of Svyambhuva

Manu.
(/)- -

9. Other evidences
(1) ryabhaa or Brahmagupta had no means for going to 4 parts of globe or on north and south poles. He has written that north pole is in water, surrounded by land mass. South pole is on land surrounded by ocean. North pole was physically visited by Admiral Peary in 1909 via Greenland. But in same year Bal Gangadhar Tilak wrte Arctic Home in Vedas. Amundsen of Norway was the first to reach south pole in 1931, but only in 1985, it was learnt by echo-sounding that it is actually on land mass and not on the water channel between two land masses as it was covered with 2 km. thick ice. (2) If we assume research by for 3600 years after Kali, then we have to assume continuous observation at Patna for 3600 years and a govt to support it. Oxford followers are starting Vedic civilization from 1500 BC and Vednga jyotia is fixed around 1100 BC. There was no such govt. at Patna in 499 AD. Even if such institute existed, it is impossible even with

present Calendar software of NASA to calculate with such a long base year. Currently, we are changing base point each year at middle of year (1 July). Earlier, it was 1850, then 1900 by Simon & Newcomb, then 1950 and 1985. Current method of NASA gives error of about 70 hours for 3100 BC and even after 10 models of correction, it gives error of at least 22 hours. Difference in time due to slowing down of earth rotation by tidal friction is called T (Delta T) and can be calculated with alternate correction models at website given belowhttp://www.staff.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/deltat/deltat.htm Other references can be seen onhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94T http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tidal_acceleration (3) It is clearly written by ryabhaa that he was following methods of Svyambhuva Manu and his commentator Bhskara-1 that he was merely quoting important results from 4 texts existing in Mahbhrata period-Praa (Integral calculus), Ptana (rectification of curves, surfaces -differential calculus), Maskari (algorithms) and Mudgal (discrete mathematics). , - , (/)- -- - ,

, - -- current in Mahbhrata period-

ryabhaa-2 also has stated in Mah-siddhnta (2/1-2) that this was one of 2 methods
- - () (4) Even Bhskara-2 in Siddhnta-iromai has stated that he was following old tradition (gama) and does not know reason of correction in cycle of 12000 years (historic yuga) -, , (-) () () () () () () () () - () () - (5) Mapping of whole world with longitude references of global towns needs accurate astronomical survey by advanced instruments and mathematics-spherical trigonometry, calculus etc. Measurement of planets is more difficult and beyond anything which existed anywhere in world in 499 AD. If ryabhaa wanted to measure distance of moon, simultaneous observation was needed from 2 far away points-say Patna and Kanyakumari.

They should have been under same rule, but Oxford theory tells that Bharata was not a country and was united only by British. Even Maurya or Gupta empires did not exist in 499 AD. Moreover, accurate latitude and longitude of both places was needed which was possible only by national survey under national govt (Chakravartt). If accurate location on map was known by advanced survey, linear distance between 2 places can be known only from spherical trigonometry-not from Greek sine tables. How simultaneous time was knownnot the local time, but in standard time? With quartz watch of today, there will be error of 1 minute at each place after we tally them from TV broadcast. There will be parallax of only 1/8 part of a degree, but naked eye can detect only 1/2 degree. (6) Measurement of other planet is more difficult. Solar system has not been measured so far in modern astronomy. In 2001, my articles about measurement of worlds were published in 3 govt institutes at Melkote (Karnataka), Sandipani Veda-vidya Pitha, Ujjain and Ganganath Jha institute, Allahabad. That gave 3 measures unknown in modern astronomy then. These were in book Snkhya-siddhnta also published by Nag Publishers, Delhi in 2006. Out of that, 2 were known by Uranus probe of NASA in 2007-(a) Solar wind extends up to Uranus orbit, (b) There are 70000 Plutonic bodies of above 100 km diameter at distance between 45-65 AU from sun. Measure of solar system is still unknown and farthest object is Woort cloud estimated between 75 to 150 thousand AU from sun. In Indian texts, solar wind has been called in Yajurveda (1/1) and its measure is 6000

yojanas (yojana here is diameter of sun), i.e. about 30 AU on both sides of sun. Measure of
solar system is given in k veda (10/189/3) - ( , //) Up to 30 Dhma, brightness is more (than background of Galaxy), which is understood as

Vk = field of Patanga = sun. Each Vasta (location) of Dyu (sky) is measured in Ahar. Ahar
and vasta both mean day. Dhma and yojana both words have been used in gveda (1/123/8) for measure of U (twilight) ( , //)

They (U) are same today and will be same tomorrow. They spread towards place of

Varua, one by one. Dhma of Varua are 30 without break. They are ahead of Kratu = sun
by 30 Yojanas. Measure of Dhma here is not defined. Here measuring rod is earth itself as in Srya-siddhnta (1600 part of its diameter is yojana) , .. ( , //, , /) Measure of loka has started in Taittirya upaniad (2/8) from Earth-called Manuya-loka.

Bhadrayaka upaniad (3/3/2)-

... ..... ( //) = 32 ahar (Plural is ahani) is measure of Deva-ratha, its double in all directions is Pthiv (enclosure of solar system), that is surrounded all around by Samudra (ocean) of twice size. Thus all measure starts from earth as measuring rod. But there are 3 Dhmas within earth, so, Dhma 3 = earth. Distance from center of measure is equal to radius of earth. Radius of

Dhma 4 = 2 x earth radius, radius of Dhma 5 = 4 x earth radius, and so on. Thus, solar
system is 30 Dhma beyond earth, i.e. it is earth x 230. (/)- = Energy in flow (vyu) is called . (//)- = In

Ratha (body or extent) of solar system, -daa is 9000 yojanas.


(//)- (//)-

60000 Blakhilyas of 1 anguha (thumb) size are at end of Kratu (creative zone of sun). They are santati (son) as they are after end of fathers period. In space, earth is Purua (man) of 96 angula (fingures). Thus, 1 angula or anguha is earth diameter (12800 km) divided by 96 = 135 kms. It is same as modern estimate of 70000 bodies of above 100 km diameter. It has been called Nakatra orbit of 60 AU radius in Srya-siddhnta (12/80). That is much smaller than orbit of stars which is stated in same chapter, verse 90. ()- - - --- -- - - -- -- - (7) Measurement of Brahma (galaxy) is gven above as 1.87 x 1016 in units of Bha-yojana = 27 earth-yojanas= 216 kms. It extends up to distance where sun will be just visible as a point-star. Its circumference has been stated as parrdha-yojana, where par = 1017 and yojana is degree on equator = 55.5 kms. This measure is given in definition of U above where it is stated that it is 30 Dhma west from place of sun-rise. In India, this zone is taken as 150 longitude (1 hour time), thus, 1 Dhma = 0.5 degree. Its length will differ for each latitude circle, but is fixed for equator (40000 kms), where it is Dhma-yojana = 40000/720 = 55.5 kms. (circle has 3600). Thus, diameter of galaxy comes to 97000 lght years. Estimate of NASA in 1990 was 100,000 and in 2005, it was 95000 LY. (//)- , Here, Sukuta loka = pious man. In space (Loka), means creation of god or cosmic creation, where created, created, material and base-all are Brahma. Parama (largest) guh (cave,

enclosure) is of parrdha size (circumference). There are 5 condensed bodies (agni) out of which 3 (solar, lunar orbit, earth) are not distinct (chiketa), i.e. effects are mixed.

Puras give same meaure as ratha of sun of 157 lakh yojanas (sun-diameter).
(//)- In Vyu-pura (6/1-24) this yojana used for solar system is clear. It tells that body of

Varha is 100 yojana high and 10 yojana wide (from sun). On its teeth, earth is just a dot.
Thus, earth should be within 100 to 110 yojanas from sun within varha. Its distance varies from 108-109 sun-diameters, thus, yojana here is equal to sun-diameter. , - - Uniform matter of universe, galaxy or solar system-all are water of different kinds-rasa, ap, salila. Creation of closed body is Bhmi of 3 levels-galaxy, solar system, earth planet. Intermediate level of creation is Varha which means cloud (mixture of water and air) or boar on earth (this moves on land and water both). Creation of earth planet in solar system took 1000 yugas, which has been called Kalpa in astronomy. When creation was on, it was night and after creation, it was day of Brahm-both equal to Kalpa. (8) Measures of structures bigger than galaxy are given in puras and Vedas. Corona of galaxy is Goloka of Brahma-vaivartta pura, prakti khaa, chapter 3. Galaxy is the great child there. The eternal Goloka (radiation field) does work, so it is called Krma. It is capable of creation, so it is called akvar. This is a chhanda of 14x4 = 56 letters. In Vedic measure, it is earth x 2 53, as 3 ahargaa are within earth. akvar also means night-that is dark region surrounding Goloka. Goloka proper is ati-jagat of 52 letters, i.e. earth x 249 which is about 7 lakh lght years wide. That is 8 times size of galaxy. Narapati jayachary, tells its size as 1018 yojana (105x 1013 or anku). Earth is 103 yojanas and solar system, galaxy are successively 107 times bigger, thus galaxy = 1017 yojana. Krma is 10 times bigger than that, in ahargaa unit it will be 52.5 exactly. , , - (///)- , - , ( - )-

(/) ( ) (/)- Still bigger structures of 60, 64, 68 units in ahargaa scale are descrbed. These were measured by Turya (4 or fourth) or Turya yantra mentioned in gveda. Tya

mahbrhmaa names 4 colours of Avi= sunrays which always move straight like Avi (ram).
Thus, it could mean telescope using 4 aspects of light coming from stars-intensity, frequency spectrum, polarisation, coding or Dopplar shift. The heavy instrument and its foundation are called Grvaa (heavy machine, grinder). (/)- , (//)- , (9) Later books-Astronomical measures of earth and space were achievements of very ancient world. Measure of solar system zones was done by Priyavrata, son of Svyambhuva

Manu. Bhgavata pura, skandha 5 calls the zones formed by planetary motion as 7 dvpa
and oceans with same names as of continents on earth. That is called disc shaped earth of 100 crore yojana diameter. The zones of oceans are formed by Ratha of Priyavrata-i.e they were measured by him. (/)- ... - - - -- After Mahbhrata, the civilization was destroyed and ancient literature was preserved and compiled in institute of aunaka for about 200 years till time of king Adhismaka.

ryabhaa also wrote ryabhaya to preserve older tradition of Svyambhuva Manu which
was popular in Kusumapura (Paliputra had not been established long after him by Udyi, grandson of Ajtaatru in1749 BC ). Last revision of puras was done under Vikramditya as it should have been by Sta at end of Dvpara-so the kings upto Gupta era before him are mentioned in puras and time of north or south motion of sun matches beginning of

Vikrama samvat.
, ( )- ---- -- (/)- , (/)-

(//-)- Many stories of Pthvrja time and saints up to Akbar were included to show that Akbar was his incarnation. Otherwise there was only mass destruction of books and schools in Islamic and British period. Macaulay started fresh English education to overwrite all remaining Indian knowledge with British manipulation. Many manipulations were done by William Jones, Pargiter, Buhler etc for showing that Indians were always inferior to Europeans. (10) Vkya-karaa (short sentences indicating numbers for easy calculation of planets) were based on ryabhaa, used mostly in Kerala or Tamilnadu-places of shipping where it is needed. It has been used in Selucid period (about 300 BC). See last para of 'Vkya-karaa' by K. Chandra Hari-at following site http://www.scribd.com/doc/14648958/Vakyakarana-SundararajaAncient-Astronomy (11) Huensang in 642 AD had gone from Tamralipti to China by a ship carrying 1500 persons and was surprised that it was not going along coast, but was able to find location and direction in deep sea. Even in 1492, Columbus was not able to know his place in ocean and reached America instead of India. (12) Vikramditya has maximum literature on him, next only to Rma and Ka, but it is stated that there is no mention about him in history-which was manipulated only to destroy it by Oxford where Boden chair was set up in 1831 with this purpose. All the famous kings like

draka (Mcchhakaikam), rhara (Naiadha-charita) who started calendars were omitted


from history for purpose of destroying chronology and show racial superiority of GreekRoman civilization. (13) A powerful kingdom is needed to build observatories, do detailed mapping of country and world, to arrange libraries and universities, and finally to approve the proposed method of astronomy and calendar. There was none at the distorted time of ryabhaa in 499 AD. (14) Calendar Committee report-part 3 (CSIR publication) also mentions that Vikrama

samvat has influenced start of Julian calendar in 46 BC after delay of 7 days. He intended to
start year from winter solstice, but people started 7 days later with new moon. It is assumed that 7 days after winter solstice of 46 BC was new moon-actually it was full moon of Paua after which Mgha Ka month started in Vikrama year 10 (lapsed). Vikrama samvat is only luni solar year in world which month starts with dark half. All our texts of astronomy and

puras still calculate adhika-msa on basis of lunar month starting with bright half or new
moon. To start a system opposed to general worldwide rule, it needs a powerful logic (shift of seasons by 45 days after start of kali) and a powerful king Vikramditya who influenced India and Roman empire under Julius Caesar. That is why, no oriental scholar since British rule wants to admit existence of Vikramditya and inserts fake stories in his name.

It has also indicated that Hizra era started with start of Vikrama year 679. Quoted from History of the Calendar, by M.N. Saha and N. C. Lahiri (part C of the Report of The Calendar Reforms Committee under Prof. M. N. Saha with Sri N.C. Lahiri as secretary in November 1952-Published by Council of Scientific & Industrial Research, Rafi Marg, New Delhi-110001, 1955, Second Edition 1992. Page, 168-last para-Caesar wanted to start the new year on the 25th December, the winter solstice day. But people resisted that choice because a new moon was due on January 1, 45 BC. And some people considered that the new moon was lucky. Caesar had to go along with them in their desire to start the new reckoning on a traditional lunar landmark. Importance of winter solstice was ancient and Bhma Pitmaha departed on that very day in year 3139 BC-36 years before death of r Ka. Now that day is called Christmas, though it was intended to be new year day. It has been assumed that the start was from new moon day. Actually, it was from start of Mgha month of Vikrama year 11 lapsed. Vikrama samvat is only year which starts with dark half-all other lunar years start from bright half starting with new moon. Strong following of Vikrama samvat, just 10 years after its inception in Rome against wishes of Caesar shows influence of Vikramditya. Page 180-It has been shown by Dr. Hashim Amir Ali of the Osmania University, Hyderabad, that the Mohammedan calendar was originally luni-solar in which intercalation was made when necessary, and not purely lunar. . According to this view, proper intercalation was applied in all years where necessary up to A.H. 10 and consequently the year A.H. 11 which started on March 29, 632 A.D. (Footnote)-Initial epoch of the Hejira era thus arrived at is the evening of March 19, 622 A.D., Friday, the day following the vernal equinox. Thus, Hejira era also started with start of year in India-it was start of Vikrama year 679. Vedic ROOTS of pre-Islamic Arabia and the Kaaba The text of the crucial Vikramditya inscription, found inscribed on a gold dish hung inside the Kaaba shrine in Mecca, is found recorded on page 315 of a volume known as Sayar-ulOkul treasured in the Makhtab-e-Sultania library in Istanbul, Turkey. Rendered in free English the inscription says: "Fortunate are those who were born (and lived) during king Vikrams reign. He was a noble, generous dutiful ruler, devoted to the welfare of his subjects. But at that time we Arabs, oblivious of God, were lost in sensual pleasures. Plotting and torture were rampant. The darkness of ignorance had enveloped our country. Like the lamb struggling for her life in the cruel paws of a wolf we Arabs were caught up in ignorance. The entire country was enveloped in a darkness so intense as on a new moon night. But the present dawn and

pleasant sunshine of education is the result of the favour of the noble king Vikramaditya whose benevolent supervision did not lose sight of us- foreigners as we were. He spread his sacred religion amongst us and sent scholars whose brilliance shone like that of the sun from his country to ours. These scholars and preceptors through whose benevolence we were once again made cognisant of the presence of God, introduced to His sacred existence and put on the road of Truth, had come to our country to preach their religion and impart education at king Vikramadityas behest." http://www.guardiansofdarkness.com/GoD/muslims.pdf (15) Destruction of Nineve has been described in detail in Bible and other literature of west Asia. Nineveh was the strongest of several fortress-cities which were built in the triangular territory between the Tigris and the upper Zab. .... Nineveh seems to have been made the capital of the whole of Assyria by Shalmaneser I. (c. 1300 B.C.) and to have retained the honor under several of the later kings.... The Aryan Medes who had attained to organized Medes, power east and northeast of Nineveh, repeatedly invaded Assyria proper, and in 607 succeeded in destroying the city.

Bibliography-Layard, Nineveh and Its Remains, 1849; idem, Monuments of Nineveh, 184953; Botta and Flandin, Monuments de Ninive, 1847-50; Place, Ninive et l'Assyrie, 1866-69; George Smith, Assyrian Discoveries, 1875; Billerbeck and Jeremias, Der Untergang Nineves, in Delitzsch and Haupt, Beitrge zur Assyriologie, iii. 1 (has valuable maps and plates); Johns, Nineveh, in Cheyne and Black, Encyc. Bibl. This entry includes text from the Jewish Encyclopedia, 1906. Retrieved from http://bible.tmtm.com/wiki/NINEVEH_%28Jewish_Encyclopedia%29 MediaMedia-From BibleWiki (Redirected from Medes)- They appear to have been a branch of the Indus. Aryans, who came from the east bank of the Indus The "cities of the Medes" are first mentioned in connection with the deportation of the Israelites on the destruction of Samaria (2Kg 17:6; 18:11). Soon afterwards Isaiah (13:17; 21:2) speaks of the part taken by the Medes in the destruction of Babylon (comp. Jer 51:11, 28). (14) ryabhaa does not know about any of calendars between Kali and 499 AD-Buddha (31-3-1887 BC) or Mahvra (11-3-1905 BC), Nanda coronation 1504 years after birth of

Parkita (1634 BC), draka (756 BC), Chhamna (612 BC), rhara (456 BC), Vikrama
(57 BC), livhana (78 AD), Kalachuri or Chedi (248 AD), Valabh-bhanga (319 AD-end of last remains of later Guptas in Valabh of Gujrat. These has been noted by all (//)- - - ( , . ) () ()

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