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CHNG I. ESTE - LIPIT A- MT S VN L THUYT CN NM VNG 1. Khi nim v dn xut ca axit cacboxylic - Dn xut ca axit cacboxylic l nhng sn phm to ra khi thay th nhm hiroxyl OH trong nhm cacboxyl -COOH bng nguyn t hay nhm nguyn t khc: -COOH COZ (vi Z: OR', NH2, OCOR, halogen, ) - Este l dn xut ca axit cacboxylic. Khi thay th nhm OH nhm cacboxyl ca axit cacboxylic bng nhm OR' th c este. - Halogenua axit (quan trng nht l clorua axit RCOCl). to ra halogenua axit c th dng cc tc nhn nh PCl5 (photpho pentaclorua), PCl3 (photpho triclorua), COCl2 (photgen), SOCl2 (thionyl clorua), RCOOH + PCl5 RCOCl + POCl3 + HCl 3RCOOH + PCl3 3RCOCl + H3PO3 RCOOH + SOCl2 RCOCl + SO2 + HCl RCOOH + COCl2 RCOCl + CO2 + HCl - Anhirit axit, c 2 loi: i xng (dng (RCO)2O hoc (ArCO)2O; gi tn bng cch thay t axit bng anhirit (CH3CO)2O l anhirit axetic), v khng cn i (sinh ra t hai axit monocacboxylic khc nhau nh CH3CO-O-OCC6H5; gi tn bng t anhirit cng vi tn ca hai axit - anhirit axetic benzoic). to thnh anhirit axit c th s dng nhiu phng php khc nhau nh dng tc nhn ht nc P2O5 hay tc dng ca nhit, 2. Cng thc tng qut ca este a/ Trng hp n gin: l este khng cha nhm chc no khc, ta c cc cng thc nh sau : - To bi axit cacboxylic n chc RCOOH v ancol n chc R'OH: RCOOR'. - To bi axit cacboxylic a chc R(COOH)a v ancol n chc R'OH: R(COOR')a. - To bi axit cacboxylic n chc RCOOH v ancol a chc R'(OH)b: (RCOO)bR'. - To bi axit cacboxylic a chc R(COOH)a v ancol a chc R'(OH)b: Rb(COO)abR'a. Trong , R v R' l gc hirocacbon (no, khng no hoc thm); trng hp c bit, R c th l H ( l este ca axit fomic H-COOH). b/ Trng hp phc tp: l trng hp este cn cha nhm OH (hiroxi este) hoc este cn cha nhm COOH (este - axit) hoc cc este vng ni phn t Este trong trng hp ny s phi xt c th m khng th c CTTQ chung c. V d vi glixerol v axit axetic c th c cc hiroxi este nh HOC3H5(OOCCH3)2 hoc (HO)2C3H5OOCCH3; hoc vi axit oxalic v metanol c th c este - axit l HOOC-COOCH3. c/ Cng thc tng qut dng phn t ca este khng cha nhm chc khc Nn s dng CTTQ dng Cn H 2n + 22 O 2a (trong n l s cacbon trong phn t este n 2, nguyn; l tng s lin kt v s vng trong phn t 1, nguyn; a l s nhm chc este a 1, nguyn), vit phn ng chy hoc thit lp cng thc theo phn trm khi lng ca nguyn t c th. 3. Tnh cht ho hc ca este a/ Phn ng thu phn este Tnh cht ho hc quan trng nht ca este l phn ng thu phn. S thu phn este (v c bn, cha xt cc trng hp c bit) l :
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Ti liu n thi i hc

(este)

(nc)

(axit)

(ancol) Thu phn chnh l qu trnh nghch ca ca phn ng este ho. Phn ng thu phn c th xy ra trong mi trng axit hoc mi trng baz. - Phn ng thu phn trong mi trng kim c gi l phn ng x phng ho. c im ca phn ng thu phn este: - Phn ng thu phn este trong mi trng axit l phn ng thun nghch. Sn phm ca phn ng trong iu kin ny lun c axit cacboxylic. chuyn dch cn bng v pha to axit v ancol, ta dng lng d nc. - Phn ng thu phn este khng nhng thun nghch m cn rt chm. tng tc phn ng thu phn ta un nng hn hp phn ng vi vi cht xc tc axit (H2SO4, HCl). - Phn ng x phng ho ch xy ra mt chiu, sn phm thu c lun c mui ca axit cacboxylic.

(este)

(kim)

(mui)

(ancol, phenol, anehit

) b/ Phn ng ca gc hirocacbon Este khng no (este ca axit khng no hoc ancol khng no) c kh nng tham gia phn ng cng v phn ng trng hp y l tnh cht do lin kt quy nh (tng t nh hirocacbon tng ng). Mt s phn ng thuc loi ny c ng dng quan trng l : - Phn ng chuyn ho du (cht bo lng) thnh m (cht bo rn) Ni, t , p (C17H33COO)3C3H5 + 3H2 (C17H35COO)3C3H5 (Triolein) (Tristearin) - Phn ng trng hp vinyl axetat thnh poli(vinyl axetat)
0

nCH2

CH OCOCH3

xt, to, p

CH CH2 n OCOCH3

- Trng hp metyl metacrylat thnh poli(metyl metacrylat) thu tinh hu c plexiglas).


nCH2 CH CH3 metyl metacrylat COOCH3
xt, to, p

CH3 CH CH2 n COOCH3 poli(metyl metacrylat) (PMM)

- Phn ng trng gng ca este ca axit fomic (xem li anehit). 4. Phn ng kh este bi lti-nhm hirua LiAlH4 thnh ancol bc I 1) LiAlH RCOOR' RCH2OH + R'OH 2) H O
4 + 3

(Ch : anhirit axit, halogenua axit cng b lti-nhm hirua kh tng t). 5. Mt s phn ng thu phn c bit ca este Cn c vo s phn ng x phng ho hay phn ng thu phn este ta c th cn c vo sn phm to thnh suy on cu to ca este ban u. Khng nht thit sn phm cui cng phi c ancol, tu thuc vo vic nhm OH nh vo gc hirocacbon c cu to nh th no m s c cc phn ng tip theo xy ra
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c sn phm cui cng hon ton khc nhau, hoc na l do cu to bt thng ca este gy nn. Mt s trng hp thu phn c bit ca este (khng cha halogen) thng gp trong bi ton nh lng l : Este + NaOH 1 mui + 1 anehit Este n chc c gc ancol dng cng thc R-CH=CHTh d CH3COOCH=CH-CH3 Este + NaOH 1 mui + 1 xeton Este n chc vi dng cng thc R COO C(R)=C(R)R Th d : CH3-COO-C(CH3)= CH2 to axeton khi thu phn. Este + NaOH 1 mui + 1 ancol + H2O Este- axit : HOOC-R-COOR Este + NaOH 2 mui + H2O Este ca phenol: C6H5OOC-R Este + NaOH 1 mui + anehit + H2O Hiroxi- este: RCOOCH(OH)-R Este + NaOH 1 mui + xeton + H2O Hiroxi- este: RCOOC(R)(OH)-R Este + NaOH 1 sn phm duy nht hoc m RN = mESTE + mNaOH. Este vng (c to bi hiroxi axit) Este + NaOH C MSP = MEste + MNaOH y chnh l este vng nhng c nhn di gc khc m thi

Ch cc kt lun in nghing ngay di mi trng hp trn y ch l mt th d n gin nht, cc em ch c vn dng khi khng c du hiu cho php xc nh c th s nhm chc este trc . 6. Mt s phng php iu ch este a/ Phn ng ca ancol vi axit cacboxylic v dn xut nh clorua axit, anhirit axit, to ra este. - Phn ng ca ancol vi axit cacboxylic (xem axit). H ,t RCOOH + R'OH RCOOR' + H2O
+ 0

- Phn ng ca ancol vi anhirit axit hoc clorua axit th phn ng xy ra nhanh hn v mt chiu (khng thun nghch nh khi tc dng vi axit) (CH3CO)2O + C2H5OH CH3COOC2H5 + CH3COOH CH3COCl + C2H5OH CH3COOC2H5 + HCl b/ Phn ng ca phenol vi anhirit axit hoc clorua axit (phenol khng tc dng vi axit cacboxylic) to este ca phenol. V d: phn ng to phenyl axetat (CH3CO)2O + C6H5OH CH3COOC6H5 + CH3COOH CH3COCl + C6H5OH CH3COOC6H5 + HCl
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c/ Phn ng cng vo hirocacbon khng no ca axit cacboxylic V d: phn ng to vinyl axetat xt, t CH3COOH + CHCH CH3COOCH=CH2 d/ Phn ng ankyl halogenua v mui bc hay cacboxylat ca kim loi kim RCOOAg + R'I RCOOR' + AgI RCOONa + RI RCOOR' + NaI 7. Lipit - Lipit l nhng hp cht hu c c trong t bo sng. Lipit bao gm cht bo, sp, sterit, photpholipit, hu ht chng u l cc este phc tp. - Cht bo l trieste ca glixerol vi cc axit monocacboxylic c s chn nguyn t C (thng t 12C n 24C) khng phn nhnh, gi chung l triglixerit. Khi thu phn cht bo th thu c glixerol v axit bo. - Khi un nng cht bo vi dung dch kim th to ra glixerol v hn hp mui ca cc axit bo. Mui natri (hoc kali) ca cc axit bo chnh l x phng. Phn ng ca cht bo vi cht kim c gi l phn ng x phng ho. Phn ng x phng ho xy ra nhanh hn phn ng thu phn trong mi trng axit v khng thun nghch. - Ch s axit: l s mg KOH cn trung ho axit bo t do c trong 1g cht bo. - Ch s x phng ho l tng s mg KOH cn x phng ho glixerit v trung ho axit bo t do c trong 1g cht bo. - Ch s iot: l s gam iot c th cng hp vo cc lin kt bi c trong 100g cht bo. 8. X phng v cht ty ra tng hp
0

B - MT S PHN NG HO HC THNG GP
t 1. RCOOCH=CH2 + NaOH RCOONa + CH3CHO 2. RCOOC6H5 + 2NaOH C6H5ONa + H2O t 3. C3H5(OOC R )3 + 3NaOH 3 R COONa + C3H5(OH)3 H ,t 4. bR(COOH)a + aR'(OH)b Rb(COO)abR'a + abH2O
0 0

t RCOONa
0

t 5. (C17H35COO)3C3H5 + 3KOH C17H35COOK + C3H5(OH)3 6. 3CH3COOH + PCl3 3CH3COCl + H3PO3 t 7. 3CH3COOH + POCl3 3CH3COCl + H3PO4 CaO, t 8. CH3COONa(r) + NaOH(r) CH4 + Na2CO3 photpho, t 9. CH3CH2COOH + Br2 CH3CHBrCOOH + HBr 10. CH3-CO-CH3 + HCN (CH3)2C(OH)CN 11. (CH3)2C(OH)CN + 2H2O (CH3)2C(OH)COOH + NH3 12. R-Cl + KCN R-CN + KCl 13. R-CN + 2H2O R-COOH + NH3 1) O 14. C6H5-CH(CH3)2 C6H5OH + CH3COCH3 2) H O, H
0 0 0 0
2 + 2

15. RCOONa + HCl (dd long) RCOOH + NaCl t 16. 2CH3COONa(r) + 4O2 Na2CO3 + 3CO2 + 3H2O t 17. CxHy(COOM)a + O2 M2CO3 + CO2 + H2O
0 0

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(s phn ng t chy mui cacboxylat). t 18. RCOOC(CH3)=CH2 + NaOH RCOONa + CH3COCH3 CHNG II. CACBOHIRAT
0

A MT S VN L THUYT CN NM VNG 1. Cu trc phn t a) Glucoz v fructoz (C6H12O6) Glucoz l monosaccarit, cu to bi mt nhm cacbonyl C1 (l anehit) v nm nhm OH nm nguyn t cacbon cn li (l poliancol): CH2OH[CHOH]4CHO. Trong thin nhin, glucoz tn ti ch yu hai dng -glucoz v -glucoz (dng mch vng). Trong dung dch, hai dng vng ny chim u th v lun chuyn ho ln nhau theo mt cn bng qua dng mch h.
H 4 OH H 6 CH2OH 5 OH 3 O H 2 OH H 1 OH H 4 OH H 6 CH2OH 5 OH 3 H O H 2 OH C 1 H

H 4 OH

6 CH2OH 5 OH 3 H

O H

OH 1 H

-glucoz

glucoz

-glucoz

2 OH

Glucoz c y cc tnh cht ca ru a chc v anehit n chc. Fructoz l ng phn ca glucoz, cu to bi mt nhm cacbonyl v tr C2 (l xeton) v nm nhm OH nm nguyn t cacbon cn li (l poliancol): CH2OH[CHOH]3COCH2OH. Cng vi dng mch h fructoz c th tn ti dng mch vng 5 cnh hoc 6 cnh
H OH 2 H O OH H 5 2 O H O OH H 5 1 CH2OH 2 OH H 3 OH O OH H 5

HOCH2 3
1

OH

4 CH2OH H 6

HOCH2 3
1

OH

4 CH2OH H 6

4 CH2OH H 6

-fructoz

fructoz
OH-

-fructoz

Trong mi trng baz, fructoz c s chuyn ho thnh glucoz.


CH2OH[CHOH]3-CO-CH2OH CH2OH[CHOH]4CHO

b) Saccaroz v mantoz (C12H22O11) Saccaroz l mt isaccarit, cu to bi C1 ca gc - glucoz ni vi C2 ca gc - fructoz qua nguyn t O (C1 O C2). Trong phn t khng cn nhm OH semiaxetal, nn khng c kh nng m vng. Mantoz l ng phn ca saccaroz, cu to bi C1 ca gc - glucoz ni vi C4 ca gc - hoc - glucoz qua nguyn t O (C1 O C4). n v monosaccarit th hai c nhm OH semiaxetal t do, do c th m vng to thnh nhm anehit ( CHO). c) Tinh bt v xenluloz (C6H10O5)n Tinh bt l polisaccarit, cu to bi cc mt xch -glucoz lin kt vi nhau thnh mch xon l xo, phn t khng c nhm CHO v cc nhm OH b che lp i.

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Ti liu n thi i hc

Xenluloz l ng phn ca tinh bt, cu to bi cc mt xch -glucoz lin kt vi nhau thnh mch ko di, phn t khng c nhm CHO v mi mt xch cn 3 nhm OH t do, nn cng thc ca xenluloz cn c th vit [C6H7O2(OH)3]n. 2. Tnh cht ho hc Cacbohirat Glucoz Tnh cht T/c ca anehit + [Ag(NH3)2]OH T/c ring ca OH hemiaxetal + CH3OH/HCl T/c ca poliancol + Cu(OH)2 T/c ca ancol (P/ este ho) + (CH3CO)2O Fructoz + dd mu xanh lam + Saccaro z dd mu xanh lam + Mantoz Ag Metyl glucozit dd mu xanh lam + Tinh bt Xenluloz

Ag Metyl glucozit dd mu xanh lam +

Xenluloz triaxetat Xenluloz trinitrat

+ + HNO3/H2SO4 P/ thu phn + H2O/H+ -

P/ mu + I2

Glucoz + Glucoz Glucoz Fructoz mu xanh c trng

Glucoz

(+) c phn ng, khng yu cu vit sn phm; (-) khng c phn ng. (*) phn ng trong mi trng kim. B - MT S PHN NG HO HC THNG GP
Xt,t 1.CH2OH[CHOH]4CHO+5CH3COOH CH3COOCH2[CHOOCCH3]4CHO
0

(pentaaxetyl glucoz) + H2O 2. CH2OH[CHOH]4CHO + H2 CH2OH[CHOH]4CH2OH


Ni,t 0

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Ti liu n thi i hc

Sobit (Sobitol) 3. CH2OH[CHOH]4CHO + 2Cu(OH)2

t
0

CH2OH[CHOH]4COOH + Cu2O + +2H2O

4. CH OH[CHOH] CHO + 2[Ag(NH ) ]OH CH OH[CHOH] COONH amoni gluconat Men ru 5. C6H12O6 2C2H5OH + 2CO2 Men lactic 6. C6H12O6 2CH3CHOHCOOH Axit lactic (axit sa chua) Men 7. (C6H10O5)n + nH2O nC6H12O6 Hoac H+ (Tinh bt) (Glucoz) t 8. (C6H10O5)n + nH2O nC6H12O6 xt: H+ (Xenluloz) (Glucoz) Ca(OH)2 9. 6HCHO C6H12O6
t
o

3 2

+ 2Ag +3NH3 + H 2O

glucoz

6 CH2OH H 4 OH 5 OH 3 H O H 2 OH
OH

6 CH2OH H 1 OH H 5 OH 3 H O H 2 OH H 1

+ HOCH3

HCl

4 OH

+ H2O

OCH3

10.

metyl -glucozit 11. CH2OH[CHOH]3COCH2OH CH2OH[CHOH]4CHO 12. CH2OH[CHOH]4CHO + Br2 + H2O CH2OH[CHOH]4COOH + 2HBr 3+ 13. CH2OH[CHOH]4COOH + Fe to phc mu vng xanh. H2SO4 loang 14. C12H22O11 + H2O C6H12O6(Glucoz) + C6H12O6(Fructoz) 15. C12H22O11 + Ca(OH)2 + H2O C12H22O11.CaO.2H2O 16. C12H22O11.CaO.2H2O + CO2 C12H22O11 + CaCO3+ 2H2O Axit vo c loang, t nC6H12O6 17. (C6H10O5)n + nH2O hoac men tinh bt glucoz Diep luc 18. 6nCO2 + 5nH2O (C6H10O5)n a/s mat tri
0

19. (C6H10O5)n + nH2O nC6H12O6 xenluloz glucoz H2SO4 , t 20. [C6H7O2(OH)3]n + 3nHONO2 [C6H7O2(ONO2)3]n + 3nH2O (HNO3) xenluloz trinitrat CHNG III. AMIN AMINO AXIT PROTEIN
0

Axit vo c loang, t 0

A MT S VN L THUYT CN NM VNG 1. Cu to phn t: Cc nhm c trng

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Ti liu n thi i hc
R NH2; R CH NH2 COOH; H2N CH 1 R CO ... NH CH n R COOH

amin

- amino axit

peptit

2. Tnh cht a) Tnh cht ca nhm NH2 + Tnh baz


R NH2 + H2O [R NH3]+ + OH-

Tc dng vi axit cho mui:


R NH2 + HCl [R NH 3]+Cl-

Lu : Mi yu t lm tng mt electron nguyn t nit trong phn t amin trung ho ni chung u lm tng tnh baz (tr trng hp chu nh hng ca hiu ng che chn khng gian v kh nng solvat ho trong dung mi nc). Nhng nhm y electron, chng hn cc gc ankyl c hiu ng +I, s lm cho tnh baz tng ln. Ngc li nhm phenyl c hiu ng C ht electron, s lm tnh baz yu i. V vy cc amin mch h c tnh baz mnh hn (dung dch trong nc ca chng c th lm xanh giy qu) so vi amin thm (Anilin khng lm xanh giy qu). iu ny c gii thch l: Amin thm cha vng benzen ht electron, ng thi trong phn t xut hin hiu ng lin hp p - theo chiu chuyn dch electron hng vo vng benzen, lm gim mt in tch m nguyn t N, do kh nng nhn proton ca anilin gim. V nguyn tc, cng thay th nhiu nguyn t H trong phn t NH3 bng nhng nhm c hiu ng y electron +I tnh baz cng tng, ngc li cng c nhiu nhm gy hiu ng C tnh baz s cng gim. V vy, ta c th vit: (CH3)2NH > CH3NH2 > NH3 > C6H5NH2 > (C6H5)2NH > (C6H5)3N. + Tc dng vi HNO2 Da vo kh nng phn ng khc nhau i vi HNO2 ca cc amin mi bc, ngi ta c th phn bit c chng. Thc t HNO2 khng bn, nn phi dng hn hp (NaNO2 + HCl). Amin bc 1 Amin bo bc 1 Tc dng vi axit nitr to ancol tng ng v gii phng kh nit (hin tng si bt kh).
R NH2 + HONO HCl R OH + N2 + H2O
NaNO + HCl 2 Th d: C2H5NH2 + HONO C2H5OH + N2 + H2O Amin thm bc 1 Tc dng vi axit nitr trong mi trng axit nhit thp to mui iazoni, un nng dung dch mui iazoni s to ra phenol v gii phng nit.

ArNH2 + HNO2 + HCl

0-5oC -2H2O

ArN2+Cl- hay ArN2Cl


+ -

NaNO + HCl 2 Th d: C6H5NH2+HONO+HCl C6H5 N N Cl +2H2O (1*)

(anilin)
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(phenyliazoni clorua)
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Ti liu n thi i hc

un nng dung dch mui iazoni:


+ C6 H N N Cl 5
t + H2O C6H5OH + N2+ HCl
0

(2*)

Lu : Trong cng thc phn t khng cn vit cc phn ng (1* v 2*), ch cn nu hin tng. Amin bc 2 Cc amin bc 2 thuc dy thm hay dy bo u d dng phn ng vi HNO2 to thnh nitrozamin (Nitroso) mu vng: R(R)N H +HO N=O R(R)N N =O + H2O (Nitroso mu vng) Amin bc 3: Khng phn ng (khng c hin tng g). + Tc dng vi dn xut halogen:
R NH2 + CH3I R NHCH3 + HI

b) Amino axit c tnh cht ca nhm COOH Tnh axit


RCH(NH2)COOH + NaOH RCH(NH 2)COONa + H2O
H2SO4

Phn ng este ho:


RCH(NH2)COOH + R1OH RCH(NH2)COOR1 + H2O

c) Amino axit c phn ng gia nhm COOH v nhm NH2 To mui ni (ion lng cc):
H 3N + CH R
to

COO-

H2 N

CH R

COOH

Phn ng trng ngng ca cc - v - amino axit to poliamit:


nH2N [CH2]5 COOH NH [CH2]5 CO n + nH2O

d) Protein c phn ng ca nhm peptit CO-NH + Phn ng thu phn:


H2N CH
1 R H2N

CO HN CH R1

CH

CO

HN CH R2

CH

CO

... NH CH R3

CH

4 COOH + nH2O hay2 enzim

H SO

R2 COOH + H2N

R3 COOH + H2N

Rn COOH+ ... + H2N

CH2 Rn

COOH

+ Phn ng mu vi Cu(OH)2 cho dung dch mu xanh tm (dng nhn bit protein). e) Anilin v nhiu protein c phn ng th d dng nguyn t H ca vng benzen
NH2 Br NH2 Br

(dd)

+ 3Br2(dd)
Br

+ 3HBr(dd)
(trng)

B - MT S PHN NG HO HC THNG GP
2 1. C2H5NH2 + HONO C2H5OH + N2 + H2O NaNO + HCl
NaNO + HCl 2 2. C6H5NH2+HONO+HCl C6H5 N N Cl +2H2O

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Ti liu n thi i hc

3.

+ C6 H N N Cl 5

+ H2O C6H5OH + N2+ HCl


0

t 4. R(R)N H +HO N=O R(R)N N =O + H2O (nitroso mu vng) 5. CH3 NH2 + H2O CH3 NH3+ + OH 6. CH3NH2 + HCOOH HCOONH3CH3 metylamoni fomiat 7. C6H5NH2 + HCl C6H5NH3Cl phenylamoni clorua 8. CH3NH3Cl + NaOH CH3NH2 + NaCl + H2O 9. C6H5NH2 + CH3COOH CH3COONH3C6H5 10. C6H5NH2 + H2SO4 C6H5NH3HSO4 11. 2C6H5NH2 + H2SO4 [C6H5NH3]2SO4

12. 13.

H 2N

+ H2SO4

180oC

H 2N

SO3H

+ H2 O

NH2 Br

NH2 Br

(dd)

+ 3Br2(dd)
Br

+ 3HBr(dd)

14. RNO2 + 6 [H] RNH2 + 2H2O Fe + HCl 15. C6H5NO2 + 6 [H] C6H5NH2 + 2H2O Cng c th vit: 16. RNO2 + 6HCl + 3Fe RNH2 + 3FeCl2 + 2H2O Al2O3, P 17. R OH + NH3 RNH2 + H2O Al2O3, P 18. 2R OH + NH3 (R)2NH + 2H2O Al2O3, P 19. 3R OH + NH3 (R)3N + 3H2O C H OH 20. R Cl + NH3 R NH2 + HCl 100 C 21. R NH2 + HCl R NH3Cl C H OH 22. R Cl + NH3 R NH3Cl 100 C 23. R NH3Cl + NaOH R NH2 + NaCl + H2O C H OH 24. 2R Cl + NH3 (R)2NH + 2HCl 100 C C H OH 25. 3R Cl + NH3 (R)3N + 3HCl 100 C 26. H2NRCOOH H2NRCOO- + H+ H3N+R COO 27. H2NR(COOH)a + aNaOH H2N(COONa)a + aH2O 28. 2(H2N)bR(COOH)a + aBa(OH)2 [(H2N)bR(COO)a]2Baa + 2aH2O
Fe + HCl
2 5 0 2 5 0 2 5 0 2 5 0

29. H2NRCOOH + Na H2NRCOONa +

1 H2 2
a 2

30. (H2N)b R (COOH)a + aNa (H2N)bR(COONa)a +

H2

31. 2(H2N)bR(COOH)a + aNa2O 2(H2N)b R(COONa)a + aH2O HCl 32. H2NRCOOH + ROH H2NRCOOR + H2O
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Ti liu n thi i hc

33. H2NRCOOH + ROH + HCl

HCl

[H3N+RCOOR]Cl- + H2O

34. [H3N+RCOOR]Cl- + NH3 H2NRCOOR + NH4Cl 35. H2NRCOOH + HCl ClH3NRCOOH 36. 2(H2N)bR(COOH)a + bH2SO4 [(H3N)bR(COOH)a]2(SO4)b 37. ClH3NRCOOH + 2NaOH H2NRCOONa + NaCl + H2O HCl 38. H2NRCOOH + HONO HORCOOH + N2 + H2O 39.
nH2N[CH2]5COOH
xt, to, p

NH[CH2]5CO n + nH2O

nH2N[CH2]6COOH 40. 41. CH3CH(Br)COOH + 3NH3

xt, to, p

HN[CH2]6CO n + nH2O

CH3CH(NH2)COONH4 + NH4Br CHNG IV. POLIME

A- MT S VN L THUYT CN NM VNG 1. Khi nim v polime Polime l cc hp cht c phn t khi rt ln do nhiu n v nh gi l mt xch lin kt vi nhau to nn. - S mt xch (n) trong phn t polime c gi l h s polime ho hay polime ho. - Theo ngun gc, ta phn bit polime thin nhin, polime tng hp, polime nhn to (bn tng hp). - Theo phn ng polime ho, ta phn bit polime trng hp v polime trng ngng. Phn ng Trng hp Mc so snh L qu trnh kt hp nhiu phn t nh thnh phn t ln (polime), ng thi gii phng nhng phn t nh (nh H2O,) n Monome Polime n Monome Polime+ nH2O Polime trng hp Polime trng ngng n.M = M.n n.M = M.n + n.18 C lin kt i hoc vng khng C hai nhm chc c kh nng bn phn ng tr ln L qu trnh kt hp nhiu phn t nh ging nhau hoc tng t nhau (monome) thnh phn t ln (polime) Trng ngng

nh ngha

Qu trnh Sn phm Khi lung iu kin ca monome 2. Cu trc

- Phn t polime c th tn ti dng mch khng phn nhnh, dng mch phn nhnh v dng mch khng gian.

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Ti liu n thi i hc

- Phn t polime c th c cu to iu ho (nu cc mt xch ni vi nhau theo mt trt t xc nh) v khng iu ho (nu cc mt xch ni vi nhau khng theo mt trt t no c). 3. Tnh cht a) Tnh cht vt l Hu ht polime l cht rn, khng bay hi, khng c nhit nng chy xc nh, mt s tan trong cc dung mi hu c. a s polime c tnh do; mt s polime c tnh n hi, mt s c tnh dai, bn, c th ko thnh si. b) Tnh cht ho hc: c 3 loi phn ng - Phn ng ct mch polime: Polime b gii trng nhit thch hp. Polime c nhm chc trong mch nh CO-NH, -COOCH2- d b thu phn khi c mt axit hay baz. - Phn ng gi nguyn mch polime: Phn ng cng vo lin kt i hoc thay th cc nhm chc ngoi mch. Th d:
CH2 n + nNaOH OCOCH3 CH
to

CH2

CH n + nCH3COONa OH

- Phn ng khu mch polime: Phn ng to cu ni gia cc mch (cu -S-S- hay CH2-) thnh polime mng khng gian hoc phn ng ko di thm mch polime. 4. Khi nim v cc vt liu polime - Cht do: vt liu polime c tnh do. - T: vt liu polime hnh si, di v mnh. - Cao su: vt liu c tnh n hi. - Keo dn hu c: vt liu polime c kh nng kt ni chc chn hai mnh vt liu khc. - Vt liu compozit: vt liu t hp gm polime lm nha nn v cc vt liu v c, hu c khc. B - MT S PHN NG HO HC THNG GP 1. Nha a) Nha PE
nCH2 CH2
xt, to, p

CH2

etilen

CH2 n polietilen(PE)

b) Nha PVC
nCH2 CH Cl vinyl clorua
xt, to, p

CH2

CH n Cl

poli(vinyl clorua) (PVC)


xt, to, p

c) Nha PS
nCH C6H5 CH2 CH CH2 n C 6H 5

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Ti liu n thi i hc

d) Nha PVA
nCH2 CH OCOCH3
xt, to, p

CH CH2 n OCOCH3

Thu phn PVA trong mi trng kim:


CH CH2 n + nNaOH OCOCH3
to

CH2 CH n + nCH3COONa OH

e) Nha PMM (thu tinh hu c - plexiglas)


nCH2 CH CH3 metyl metacrylat COOCH3
xt, to, p

CH3 CH CH2 n COOCH3 poli(metyl metacrylat) (PMM)

f) Nha PPF Poli(phenol - fomanehit) (PPF) c 3 dng: nha novolac, nha rezol, nha rezit. Nha novolac: Nu d phenol v xc tc axit.
OH OH

+ nHCHO

H ,t

CH2

+ nH2O

Nha rezol: Nu d fomanehit v xc tc baz.


OH

...

CH2

CH2

CH2 CH2

OH

CH2OH

...

Nha rezit (nha bakelt): Nha rezol nng chy (150oC) v ngui thu c nha c cu trc mng li khng gian.
CH2 OH OH CH2 OH CH2 OH CH2 CH2 CH2

...

...

H2C

...

...

H2C OH

CH2

CH2 OH CH2

CH2

...

...

2. Cao su a) Cao su buna nCH2=CHCH=CH2

Na, t
0

CH 2 CH = CH CH 2

)n
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Ti liu n thi i hc

buta-1,3-ien (butaien) b) Cao su isopren

polibutaien (cao su buna)

C CH CH2 CH3 2-metylbuta-1,3-dien (isopren) c) Cao su buna S


C6H5

nCH2

xt, to, p

C CH CH2 n CH3 poliisopren (cao su isopren)

CH2

o nCH2 CH CH CH2 + nCH CH2 t , p, xt

CH2 CH CH CH2 CH CH2 C6H5

d) Cao su buna N
nCH2 CH CH
o CH2 + nCH CH2 t , p, xt

CH2

CH

CH

CH2 CH CH2 CN

CN

e) Cao su clopren

C CH2 Cl f) Cao su flopren


nCH2 C F CH CH2

nCH2

CH

to, p, xt

CH2

CH

C Cl

CH2 n

xt, to, p

CH2

C CH F

CH2 n

3. T a) T capron (nilon 6)

nH2N[CH2]5COOH
n CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 C=O NH

xt, to, p
xt, to, p

NH[CH2]5CO n + nH2O
NH[CH2]5CO n

b) T enang (nilon 7)

nH2N[CH2]6COOH
c) T nilon 6,6

xt, to, p

HN[CH2]6CO n + nH2O
xt, to, p

nNH2[CH2]6NH2 + nHOOC[CH2]4COOH
d) T clorin

NH[CH2]6NHCO[CH2]4CO n + 2nH2O

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Ti liu n thi i hc

CH2

CH Cl

CH2

CH Cl

n
2

n
2

Cl2

xt, to, p

CH2

CH Cl

CH Cl

CH Cl

n
2

n
2

HCl

e) T dacron (lapsan)
nHOOC C6H4 COOH + nHO CH2 CH2 axit terephtalic etylen glicol CO OH
xt, to, p

C6H4 CO O CH2 CH2 O n + 2nH2O poli(etylen terephtalat) (lapsan)

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Ti liu n thi i hc

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