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CHNG I. ESTE - LIPIT A- MT S VN L THUYT CN NM VNG 1. Khi nim v dn xut ca axit cacboxylic - Dn xut ca axit cacboxylic l nhng sn phm to ra khi thay th nhm hiroxyl OH trong nhm cacboxyl -COOH bng nguyn t hay nhm nguyn t khc: -COOH COZ (vi Z: OR', NH2, OCOR, halogen, ) - Este l dn xut ca axit cacboxylic. Khi thay th nhm OH nhm cacboxyl ca axit cacboxylic bng nhm OR' th c este. - Halogenua axit (quan trng nht l clorua axit RCOCl). to ra halogenua axit c th dng cc tc nhn nh PCl5 (photpho pentaclorua), PCl3 (photpho triclorua), COCl2 (photgen), SOCl2 (thionyl clorua), RCOOH + PCl5 RCOCl + POCl3 + HCl 3RCOOH + PCl3 3RCOCl + H3PO3 RCOOH + SOCl2 RCOCl + SO2 + HCl RCOOH + COCl2 RCOCl + CO2 + HCl - Anhirit axit, c 2 loi: i xng (dng (RCO)2O hoc (ArCO)2O; gi tn bng cch thay t axit bng anhirit (CH3CO)2O l anhirit axetic), v khng cn i (sinh ra t hai axit monocacboxylic khc nhau nh CH3CO-O-OCC6H5; gi tn bng t anhirit cng vi tn ca hai axit - anhirit axetic benzoic). to thnh anhirit axit c th s dng nhiu phng php khc nhau nh dng tc nhn ht nc P2O5 hay tc dng ca nhit, 2. Cng thc tng qut ca este a/ Trng hp n gin: l este khng cha nhm chc no khc, ta c cc cng thc nh sau : - To bi axit cacboxylic n chc RCOOH v ancol n chc R'OH: RCOOR'. - To bi axit cacboxylic a chc R(COOH)a v ancol n chc R'OH: R(COOR')a. - To bi axit cacboxylic n chc RCOOH v ancol a chc R'(OH)b: (RCOO)bR'. - To bi axit cacboxylic a chc R(COOH)a v ancol a chc R'(OH)b: Rb(COO)abR'a. Trong , R v R' l gc hirocacbon (no, khng no hoc thm); trng hp c bit, R c th l H ( l este ca axit fomic H-COOH). b/ Trng hp phc tp: l trng hp este cn cha nhm OH (hiroxi este) hoc este cn cha nhm COOH (este - axit) hoc cc este vng ni phn t Este trong trng hp ny s phi xt c th m khng th c CTTQ chung c. V d vi glixerol v axit axetic c th c cc hiroxi este nh HOC3H5(OOCCH3)2 hoc (HO)2C3H5OOCCH3; hoc vi axit oxalic v metanol c th c este - axit l HOOC-COOCH3. c/ Cng thc tng qut dng phn t ca este khng cha nhm chc khc Nn s dng CTTQ dng Cn H 2n + 22 O 2a (trong n l s cacbon trong phn t este n 2, nguyn; l tng s lin kt v s vng trong phn t 1, nguyn; a l s nhm chc este a 1, nguyn), vit phn ng chy hoc thit lp cng thc theo phn trm khi lng ca nguyn t c th. 3. Tnh cht ho hc ca este a/ Phn ng thu phn este Tnh cht ho hc quan trng nht ca este l phn ng thu phn. S thu phn este (v c bn, cha xt cc trng hp c bit) l :
ThS. Nguyn Th Phng Ly
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Ti liu n thi i hc
(este)
(nc)
(axit)
(ancol) Thu phn chnh l qu trnh nghch ca ca phn ng este ho. Phn ng thu phn c th xy ra trong mi trng axit hoc mi trng baz. - Phn ng thu phn trong mi trng kim c gi l phn ng x phng ho. c im ca phn ng thu phn este: - Phn ng thu phn este trong mi trng axit l phn ng thun nghch. Sn phm ca phn ng trong iu kin ny lun c axit cacboxylic. chuyn dch cn bng v pha to axit v ancol, ta dng lng d nc. - Phn ng thu phn este khng nhng thun nghch m cn rt chm. tng tc phn ng thu phn ta un nng hn hp phn ng vi vi cht xc tc axit (H2SO4, HCl). - Phn ng x phng ho ch xy ra mt chiu, sn phm thu c lun c mui ca axit cacboxylic.
(este)
(kim)
(mui)
) b/ Phn ng ca gc hirocacbon Este khng no (este ca axit khng no hoc ancol khng no) c kh nng tham gia phn ng cng v phn ng trng hp y l tnh cht do lin kt quy nh (tng t nh hirocacbon tng ng). Mt s phn ng thuc loi ny c ng dng quan trng l : - Phn ng chuyn ho du (cht bo lng) thnh m (cht bo rn) Ni, t , p (C17H33COO)3C3H5 + 3H2 (C17H35COO)3C3H5 (Triolein) (Tristearin) - Phn ng trng hp vinyl axetat thnh poli(vinyl axetat)
0
nCH2
CH OCOCH3
xt, to, p
CH CH2 n OCOCH3
- Phn ng trng gng ca este ca axit fomic (xem li anehit). 4. Phn ng kh este bi lti-nhm hirua LiAlH4 thnh ancol bc I 1) LiAlH RCOOR' RCH2OH + R'OH 2) H O
4 + 3
(Ch : anhirit axit, halogenua axit cng b lti-nhm hirua kh tng t). 5. Mt s phn ng thu phn c bit ca este Cn c vo s phn ng x phng ho hay phn ng thu phn este ta c th cn c vo sn phm to thnh suy on cu to ca este ban u. Khng nht thit sn phm cui cng phi c ancol, tu thuc vo vic nhm OH nh vo gc hirocacbon c cu to nh th no m s c cc phn ng tip theo xy ra
ThS. Nguyn Th Phng Ly
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Ti liu n thi i hc
c sn phm cui cng hon ton khc nhau, hoc na l do cu to bt thng ca este gy nn. Mt s trng hp thu phn c bit ca este (khng cha halogen) thng gp trong bi ton nh lng l : Este + NaOH 1 mui + 1 anehit Este n chc c gc ancol dng cng thc R-CH=CHTh d CH3COOCH=CH-CH3 Este + NaOH 1 mui + 1 xeton Este n chc vi dng cng thc R COO C(R)=C(R)R Th d : CH3-COO-C(CH3)= CH2 to axeton khi thu phn. Este + NaOH 1 mui + 1 ancol + H2O Este- axit : HOOC-R-COOR Este + NaOH 2 mui + H2O Este ca phenol: C6H5OOC-R Este + NaOH 1 mui + anehit + H2O Hiroxi- este: RCOOCH(OH)-R Este + NaOH 1 mui + xeton + H2O Hiroxi- este: RCOOC(R)(OH)-R Este + NaOH 1 sn phm duy nht hoc m RN = mESTE + mNaOH. Este vng (c to bi hiroxi axit) Este + NaOH C MSP = MEste + MNaOH y chnh l este vng nhng c nhn di gc khc m thi
Ch cc kt lun in nghing ngay di mi trng hp trn y ch l mt th d n gin nht, cc em ch c vn dng khi khng c du hiu cho php xc nh c th s nhm chc este trc . 6. Mt s phng php iu ch este a/ Phn ng ca ancol vi axit cacboxylic v dn xut nh clorua axit, anhirit axit, to ra este. - Phn ng ca ancol vi axit cacboxylic (xem axit). H ,t RCOOH + R'OH RCOOR' + H2O
+ 0
- Phn ng ca ancol vi anhirit axit hoc clorua axit th phn ng xy ra nhanh hn v mt chiu (khng thun nghch nh khi tc dng vi axit) (CH3CO)2O + C2H5OH CH3COOC2H5 + CH3COOH CH3COCl + C2H5OH CH3COOC2H5 + HCl b/ Phn ng ca phenol vi anhirit axit hoc clorua axit (phenol khng tc dng vi axit cacboxylic) to este ca phenol. V d: phn ng to phenyl axetat (CH3CO)2O + C6H5OH CH3COOC6H5 + CH3COOH CH3COCl + C6H5OH CH3COOC6H5 + HCl
ThS. Nguyn Th Phng Ly
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Ti liu n thi i hc
c/ Phn ng cng vo hirocacbon khng no ca axit cacboxylic V d: phn ng to vinyl axetat xt, t CH3COOH + CHCH CH3COOCH=CH2 d/ Phn ng ankyl halogenua v mui bc hay cacboxylat ca kim loi kim RCOOAg + R'I RCOOR' + AgI RCOONa + RI RCOOR' + NaI 7. Lipit - Lipit l nhng hp cht hu c c trong t bo sng. Lipit bao gm cht bo, sp, sterit, photpholipit, hu ht chng u l cc este phc tp. - Cht bo l trieste ca glixerol vi cc axit monocacboxylic c s chn nguyn t C (thng t 12C n 24C) khng phn nhnh, gi chung l triglixerit. Khi thu phn cht bo th thu c glixerol v axit bo. - Khi un nng cht bo vi dung dch kim th to ra glixerol v hn hp mui ca cc axit bo. Mui natri (hoc kali) ca cc axit bo chnh l x phng. Phn ng ca cht bo vi cht kim c gi l phn ng x phng ho. Phn ng x phng ho xy ra nhanh hn phn ng thu phn trong mi trng axit v khng thun nghch. - Ch s axit: l s mg KOH cn trung ho axit bo t do c trong 1g cht bo. - Ch s x phng ho l tng s mg KOH cn x phng ho glixerit v trung ho axit bo t do c trong 1g cht bo. - Ch s iot: l s gam iot c th cng hp vo cc lin kt bi c trong 100g cht bo. 8. X phng v cht ty ra tng hp
0
B - MT S PHN NG HO HC THNG GP
t 1. RCOOCH=CH2 + NaOH RCOONa + CH3CHO 2. RCOOC6H5 + 2NaOH C6H5ONa + H2O t 3. C3H5(OOC R )3 + 3NaOH 3 R COONa + C3H5(OH)3 H ,t 4. bR(COOH)a + aR'(OH)b Rb(COO)abR'a + abH2O
0 0
t RCOONa
0
t 5. (C17H35COO)3C3H5 + 3KOH C17H35COOK + C3H5(OH)3 6. 3CH3COOH + PCl3 3CH3COCl + H3PO3 t 7. 3CH3COOH + POCl3 3CH3COCl + H3PO4 CaO, t 8. CH3COONa(r) + NaOH(r) CH4 + Na2CO3 photpho, t 9. CH3CH2COOH + Br2 CH3CHBrCOOH + HBr 10. CH3-CO-CH3 + HCN (CH3)2C(OH)CN 11. (CH3)2C(OH)CN + 2H2O (CH3)2C(OH)COOH + NH3 12. R-Cl + KCN R-CN + KCl 13. R-CN + 2H2O R-COOH + NH3 1) O 14. C6H5-CH(CH3)2 C6H5OH + CH3COCH3 2) H O, H
0 0 0 0
2 + 2
15. RCOONa + HCl (dd long) RCOOH + NaCl t 16. 2CH3COONa(r) + 4O2 Na2CO3 + 3CO2 + 3H2O t 17. CxHy(COOM)a + O2 M2CO3 + CO2 + H2O
0 0
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Ti liu n thi i hc
(s phn ng t chy mui cacboxylat). t 18. RCOOC(CH3)=CH2 + NaOH RCOONa + CH3COCH3 CHNG II. CACBOHIRAT
0
A MT S VN L THUYT CN NM VNG 1. Cu trc phn t a) Glucoz v fructoz (C6H12O6) Glucoz l monosaccarit, cu to bi mt nhm cacbonyl C1 (l anehit) v nm nhm OH nm nguyn t cacbon cn li (l poliancol): CH2OH[CHOH]4CHO. Trong thin nhin, glucoz tn ti ch yu hai dng -glucoz v -glucoz (dng mch vng). Trong dung dch, hai dng vng ny chim u th v lun chuyn ho ln nhau theo mt cn bng qua dng mch h.
H 4 OH H 6 CH2OH 5 OH 3 O H 2 OH H 1 OH H 4 OH H 6 CH2OH 5 OH 3 H O H 2 OH C 1 H
H 4 OH
6 CH2OH 5 OH 3 H
O H
OH 1 H
-glucoz
glucoz
-glucoz
2 OH
Glucoz c y cc tnh cht ca ru a chc v anehit n chc. Fructoz l ng phn ca glucoz, cu to bi mt nhm cacbonyl v tr C2 (l xeton) v nm nhm OH nm nguyn t cacbon cn li (l poliancol): CH2OH[CHOH]3COCH2OH. Cng vi dng mch h fructoz c th tn ti dng mch vng 5 cnh hoc 6 cnh
H OH 2 H O OH H 5 2 O H O OH H 5 1 CH2OH 2 OH H 3 OH O OH H 5
HOCH2 3
1
OH
4 CH2OH H 6
HOCH2 3
1
OH
4 CH2OH H 6
4 CH2OH H 6
-fructoz
fructoz
OH-
-fructoz
b) Saccaroz v mantoz (C12H22O11) Saccaroz l mt isaccarit, cu to bi C1 ca gc - glucoz ni vi C2 ca gc - fructoz qua nguyn t O (C1 O C2). Trong phn t khng cn nhm OH semiaxetal, nn khng c kh nng m vng. Mantoz l ng phn ca saccaroz, cu to bi C1 ca gc - glucoz ni vi C4 ca gc - hoc - glucoz qua nguyn t O (C1 O C4). n v monosaccarit th hai c nhm OH semiaxetal t do, do c th m vng to thnh nhm anehit ( CHO). c) Tinh bt v xenluloz (C6H10O5)n Tinh bt l polisaccarit, cu to bi cc mt xch -glucoz lin kt vi nhau thnh mch xon l xo, phn t khng c nhm CHO v cc nhm OH b che lp i.
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Ti liu n thi i hc
Xenluloz l ng phn ca tinh bt, cu to bi cc mt xch -glucoz lin kt vi nhau thnh mch ko di, phn t khng c nhm CHO v mi mt xch cn 3 nhm OH t do, nn cng thc ca xenluloz cn c th vit [C6H7O2(OH)3]n. 2. Tnh cht ho hc Cacbohirat Glucoz Tnh cht T/c ca anehit + [Ag(NH3)2]OH T/c ring ca OH hemiaxetal + CH3OH/HCl T/c ca poliancol + Cu(OH)2 T/c ca ancol (P/ este ho) + (CH3CO)2O Fructoz + dd mu xanh lam + Saccaro z dd mu xanh lam + Mantoz Ag Metyl glucozit dd mu xanh lam + Tinh bt Xenluloz
P/ mu + I2
Glucoz
(+) c phn ng, khng yu cu vit sn phm; (-) khng c phn ng. (*) phn ng trong mi trng kim. B - MT S PHN NG HO HC THNG GP
Xt,t 1.CH2OH[CHOH]4CHO+5CH3COOH CH3COOCH2[CHOOCCH3]4CHO
0
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Ti liu n thi i hc
t
0
4. CH OH[CHOH] CHO + 2[Ag(NH ) ]OH CH OH[CHOH] COONH amoni gluconat Men ru 5. C6H12O6 2C2H5OH + 2CO2 Men lactic 6. C6H12O6 2CH3CHOHCOOH Axit lactic (axit sa chua) Men 7. (C6H10O5)n + nH2O nC6H12O6 Hoac H+ (Tinh bt) (Glucoz) t 8. (C6H10O5)n + nH2O nC6H12O6 xt: H+ (Xenluloz) (Glucoz) Ca(OH)2 9. 6HCHO C6H12O6
t
o
3 2
+ 2Ag +3NH3 + H 2O
glucoz
6 CH2OH H 4 OH 5 OH 3 H O H 2 OH
OH
6 CH2OH H 1 OH H 5 OH 3 H O H 2 OH H 1
+ HOCH3
HCl
4 OH
+ H2O
OCH3
10.
metyl -glucozit 11. CH2OH[CHOH]3COCH2OH CH2OH[CHOH]4CHO 12. CH2OH[CHOH]4CHO + Br2 + H2O CH2OH[CHOH]4COOH + 2HBr 3+ 13. CH2OH[CHOH]4COOH + Fe to phc mu vng xanh. H2SO4 loang 14. C12H22O11 + H2O C6H12O6(Glucoz) + C6H12O6(Fructoz) 15. C12H22O11 + Ca(OH)2 + H2O C12H22O11.CaO.2H2O 16. C12H22O11.CaO.2H2O + CO2 C12H22O11 + CaCO3+ 2H2O Axit vo c loang, t nC6H12O6 17. (C6H10O5)n + nH2O hoac men tinh bt glucoz Diep luc 18. 6nCO2 + 5nH2O (C6H10O5)n a/s mat tri
0
19. (C6H10O5)n + nH2O nC6H12O6 xenluloz glucoz H2SO4 , t 20. [C6H7O2(OH)3]n + 3nHONO2 [C6H7O2(ONO2)3]n + 3nH2O (HNO3) xenluloz trinitrat CHNG III. AMIN AMINO AXIT PROTEIN
0
Axit vo c loang, t 0
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Ti liu n thi i hc
R NH2; R CH NH2 COOH; H2N CH 1 R CO ... NH CH n R COOH
amin
- amino axit
peptit
Lu : Mi yu t lm tng mt electron nguyn t nit trong phn t amin trung ho ni chung u lm tng tnh baz (tr trng hp chu nh hng ca hiu ng che chn khng gian v kh nng solvat ho trong dung mi nc). Nhng nhm y electron, chng hn cc gc ankyl c hiu ng +I, s lm cho tnh baz tng ln. Ngc li nhm phenyl c hiu ng C ht electron, s lm tnh baz yu i. V vy cc amin mch h c tnh baz mnh hn (dung dch trong nc ca chng c th lm xanh giy qu) so vi amin thm (Anilin khng lm xanh giy qu). iu ny c gii thch l: Amin thm cha vng benzen ht electron, ng thi trong phn t xut hin hiu ng lin hp p - theo chiu chuyn dch electron hng vo vng benzen, lm gim mt in tch m nguyn t N, do kh nng nhn proton ca anilin gim. V nguyn tc, cng thay th nhiu nguyn t H trong phn t NH3 bng nhng nhm c hiu ng y electron +I tnh baz cng tng, ngc li cng c nhiu nhm gy hiu ng C tnh baz s cng gim. V vy, ta c th vit: (CH3)2NH > CH3NH2 > NH3 > C6H5NH2 > (C6H5)2NH > (C6H5)3N. + Tc dng vi HNO2 Da vo kh nng phn ng khc nhau i vi HNO2 ca cc amin mi bc, ngi ta c th phn bit c chng. Thc t HNO2 khng bn, nn phi dng hn hp (NaNO2 + HCl). Amin bc 1 Amin bo bc 1 Tc dng vi axit nitr to ancol tng ng v gii phng kh nit (hin tng si bt kh).
R NH2 + HONO HCl R OH + N2 + H2O
NaNO + HCl 2 Th d: C2H5NH2 + HONO C2H5OH + N2 + H2O Amin thm bc 1 Tc dng vi axit nitr trong mi trng axit nhit thp to mui iazoni, un nng dung dch mui iazoni s to ra phenol v gii phng nit.
0-5oC -2H2O
(anilin)
ThS. Nguyn Th Phng Ly
(phenyliazoni clorua)
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Ti liu n thi i hc
(2*)
Lu : Trong cng thc phn t khng cn vit cc phn ng (1* v 2*), ch cn nu hin tng. Amin bc 2 Cc amin bc 2 thuc dy thm hay dy bo u d dng phn ng vi HNO2 to thnh nitrozamin (Nitroso) mu vng: R(R)N H +HO N=O R(R)N N =O + H2O (Nitroso mu vng) Amin bc 3: Khng phn ng (khng c hin tng g). + Tc dng vi dn xut halogen:
R NH2 + CH3I R NHCH3 + HI
c) Amino axit c phn ng gia nhm COOH v nhm NH2 To mui ni (ion lng cc):
H 3N + CH R
to
COO-
H2 N
CH R
COOH
CO HN CH R1
CH
CO
HN CH R2
CH
CO
... NH CH R3
CH
H SO
R2 COOH + H2N
R3 COOH + H2N
CH2 Rn
COOH
+ Phn ng mu vi Cu(OH)2 cho dung dch mu xanh tm (dng nhn bit protein). e) Anilin v nhiu protein c phn ng th d dng nguyn t H ca vng benzen
NH2 Br NH2 Br
(dd)
+ 3Br2(dd)
Br
+ 3HBr(dd)
(trng)
B - MT S PHN NG HO HC THNG GP
2 1. C2H5NH2 + HONO C2H5OH + N2 + H2O NaNO + HCl
NaNO + HCl 2 2. C6H5NH2+HONO+HCl C6H5 N N Cl +2H2O
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Ti liu n thi i hc
3.
+ C6 H N N Cl 5
t 4. R(R)N H +HO N=O R(R)N N =O + H2O (nitroso mu vng) 5. CH3 NH2 + H2O CH3 NH3+ + OH 6. CH3NH2 + HCOOH HCOONH3CH3 metylamoni fomiat 7. C6H5NH2 + HCl C6H5NH3Cl phenylamoni clorua 8. CH3NH3Cl + NaOH CH3NH2 + NaCl + H2O 9. C6H5NH2 + CH3COOH CH3COONH3C6H5 10. C6H5NH2 + H2SO4 C6H5NH3HSO4 11. 2C6H5NH2 + H2SO4 [C6H5NH3]2SO4
12. 13.
H 2N
+ H2SO4
180oC
H 2N
SO3H
+ H2 O
NH2 Br
NH2 Br
(dd)
+ 3Br2(dd)
Br
+ 3HBr(dd)
14. RNO2 + 6 [H] RNH2 + 2H2O Fe + HCl 15. C6H5NO2 + 6 [H] C6H5NH2 + 2H2O Cng c th vit: 16. RNO2 + 6HCl + 3Fe RNH2 + 3FeCl2 + 2H2O Al2O3, P 17. R OH + NH3 RNH2 + H2O Al2O3, P 18. 2R OH + NH3 (R)2NH + 2H2O Al2O3, P 19. 3R OH + NH3 (R)3N + 3H2O C H OH 20. R Cl + NH3 R NH2 + HCl 100 C 21. R NH2 + HCl R NH3Cl C H OH 22. R Cl + NH3 R NH3Cl 100 C 23. R NH3Cl + NaOH R NH2 + NaCl + H2O C H OH 24. 2R Cl + NH3 (R)2NH + 2HCl 100 C C H OH 25. 3R Cl + NH3 (R)3N + 3HCl 100 C 26. H2NRCOOH H2NRCOO- + H+ H3N+R COO 27. H2NR(COOH)a + aNaOH H2N(COONa)a + aH2O 28. 2(H2N)bR(COOH)a + aBa(OH)2 [(H2N)bR(COO)a]2Baa + 2aH2O
Fe + HCl
2 5 0 2 5 0 2 5 0 2 5 0
1 H2 2
a 2
H2
31. 2(H2N)bR(COOH)a + aNa2O 2(H2N)b R(COONa)a + aH2O HCl 32. H2NRCOOH + ROH H2NRCOOR + H2O
ThS. Nguyn Th Phng Ly
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Ti liu n thi i hc
HCl
[H3N+RCOOR]Cl- + H2O
34. [H3N+RCOOR]Cl- + NH3 H2NRCOOR + NH4Cl 35. H2NRCOOH + HCl ClH3NRCOOH 36. 2(H2N)bR(COOH)a + bH2SO4 [(H3N)bR(COOH)a]2(SO4)b 37. ClH3NRCOOH + 2NaOH H2NRCOONa + NaCl + H2O HCl 38. H2NRCOOH + HONO HORCOOH + N2 + H2O 39.
nH2N[CH2]5COOH
xt, to, p
NH[CH2]5CO n + nH2O
xt, to, p
HN[CH2]6CO n + nH2O
A- MT S VN L THUYT CN NM VNG 1. Khi nim v polime Polime l cc hp cht c phn t khi rt ln do nhiu n v nh gi l mt xch lin kt vi nhau to nn. - S mt xch (n) trong phn t polime c gi l h s polime ho hay polime ho. - Theo ngun gc, ta phn bit polime thin nhin, polime tng hp, polime nhn to (bn tng hp). - Theo phn ng polime ho, ta phn bit polime trng hp v polime trng ngng. Phn ng Trng hp Mc so snh L qu trnh kt hp nhiu phn t nh thnh phn t ln (polime), ng thi gii phng nhng phn t nh (nh H2O,) n Monome Polime n Monome Polime+ nH2O Polime trng hp Polime trng ngng n.M = M.n n.M = M.n + n.18 C lin kt i hoc vng khng C hai nhm chc c kh nng bn phn ng tr ln L qu trnh kt hp nhiu phn t nh ging nhau hoc tng t nhau (monome) thnh phn t ln (polime) Trng ngng
nh ngha
- Phn t polime c th tn ti dng mch khng phn nhnh, dng mch phn nhnh v dng mch khng gian.
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Ti liu n thi i hc
- Phn t polime c th c cu to iu ho (nu cc mt xch ni vi nhau theo mt trt t xc nh) v khng iu ho (nu cc mt xch ni vi nhau khng theo mt trt t no c). 3. Tnh cht a) Tnh cht vt l Hu ht polime l cht rn, khng bay hi, khng c nhit nng chy xc nh, mt s tan trong cc dung mi hu c. a s polime c tnh do; mt s polime c tnh n hi, mt s c tnh dai, bn, c th ko thnh si. b) Tnh cht ho hc: c 3 loi phn ng - Phn ng ct mch polime: Polime b gii trng nhit thch hp. Polime c nhm chc trong mch nh CO-NH, -COOCH2- d b thu phn khi c mt axit hay baz. - Phn ng gi nguyn mch polime: Phn ng cng vo lin kt i hoc thay th cc nhm chc ngoi mch. Th d:
CH2 n + nNaOH OCOCH3 CH
to
CH2
CH n + nCH3COONa OH
- Phn ng khu mch polime: Phn ng to cu ni gia cc mch (cu -S-S- hay CH2-) thnh polime mng khng gian hoc phn ng ko di thm mch polime. 4. Khi nim v cc vt liu polime - Cht do: vt liu polime c tnh do. - T: vt liu polime hnh si, di v mnh. - Cao su: vt liu c tnh n hi. - Keo dn hu c: vt liu polime c kh nng kt ni chc chn hai mnh vt liu khc. - Vt liu compozit: vt liu t hp gm polime lm nha nn v cc vt liu v c, hu c khc. B - MT S PHN NG HO HC THNG GP 1. Nha a) Nha PE
nCH2 CH2
xt, to, p
CH2
etilen
CH2 n polietilen(PE)
b) Nha PVC
nCH2 CH Cl vinyl clorua
xt, to, p
CH2
CH n Cl
c) Nha PS
nCH C6H5 CH2 CH CH2 n C 6H 5
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Ti liu n thi i hc
d) Nha PVA
nCH2 CH OCOCH3
xt, to, p
CH CH2 n OCOCH3
CH2 CH n + nCH3COONa OH
f) Nha PPF Poli(phenol - fomanehit) (PPF) c 3 dng: nha novolac, nha rezol, nha rezit. Nha novolac: Nu d phenol v xc tc axit.
OH OH
+ nHCHO
H ,t
CH2
+ nH2O
...
CH2
CH2
CH2 CH2
OH
CH2OH
...
Nha rezit (nha bakelt): Nha rezol nng chy (150oC) v ngui thu c nha c cu trc mng li khng gian.
CH2 OH OH CH2 OH CH2 OH CH2 CH2 CH2
...
...
H2C
...
...
H2C OH
CH2
CH2 OH CH2
CH2
...
...
Na, t
0
CH 2 CH = CH CH 2
)n
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Ti liu n thi i hc
nCH2
xt, to, p
CH2
d) Cao su buna N
nCH2 CH CH
o CH2 + nCH CH2 t , p, xt
CH2
CH
CH
CH2 CH CH2 CN
CN
e) Cao su clopren
nCH2
CH
to, p, xt
CH2
CH
C Cl
CH2 n
xt, to, p
CH2
C CH F
CH2 n
3. T a) T capron (nilon 6)
nH2N[CH2]5COOH
n CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 C=O NH
xt, to, p
xt, to, p
NH[CH2]5CO n + nH2O
NH[CH2]5CO n
b) T enang (nilon 7)
nH2N[CH2]6COOH
c) T nilon 6,6
xt, to, p
HN[CH2]6CO n + nH2O
xt, to, p
nNH2[CH2]6NH2 + nHOOC[CH2]4COOH
d) T clorin
NH[CH2]6NHCO[CH2]4CO n + 2nH2O
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Ti liu n thi i hc
CH2
CH Cl
CH2
CH Cl
n
2
n
2
Cl2
xt, to, p
CH2
CH Cl
CH Cl
CH Cl
n
2
n
2
HCl
e) T dacron (lapsan)
nHOOC C6H4 COOH + nHO CH2 CH2 axit terephtalic etylen glicol CO OH
xt, to, p
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Ti liu n thi i hc
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