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Gio trnh
L THUYT HM GREEN
Trong Vt L
TS. V Quang Tuyn
B mn Vt l l thuyt, Khoa Vt l
i hc Khoa hc t nhin tp. HCM
2009
2
Hm Green (HG) c khai sinh bi nh ton hc Anh George Green nm
1828. Sau HG c ng dng bi ton in t v tr thnh mt cng c ton
hc rt c lc v ph bin gii nhng phng trnh vi phn khng ng nht
trong ton cng nh trong vt l. Trong vt l lng t, nht l trong vt l cht rn,
HG v ang l mt mt cng c rt quan trng nghin cu nhng h tng tc
phc tp.
Hc phn l thuyt HG ny s trnh by HG nh l mt phng php (ton hc)
nghin cu vt l. Hai chng s trnh by phng php HG cho bi ton phng
trnh vi phn tuyn tnh khng ng nht- l lp phng trnh vi phn thng gp
trong vt l. Hu ht cc v d, bi ton c a vo trong nhng chng ny u
c ni kt vi cc bi ton vt l.
T chng 3 chng ti s tp trung gii thiu phng php HG trong vt l
lng t, c bit trong trng thi rn. S gii hn HG cn bng nhit 0. Trong
thc t cc th nghim c thc hin nhit khc khng. Tuy nhin mt cch
gn ng ta c th s dng HG cho nhng th nghim nhit thp hoc nhng th
nghim c cc i lng ta quan tm khng thay i nhanh theo nhit Thc t
cho thy HG nhit 0 c s dng tnh ton v gii thch thnh cng nhiu
qu trnh vt l nhit hu hn.
Nu cn xt n nh hng ca nhit , ngi ta cng c th s dng HG nhit
hu hn Matsubara. i vi h khng cn bng th cn n HG khng cn bng.
Chng ti s ch trnh by mt s tng chnh ca cc loi HG ny sinh vin
(bc c nhn) nm c hng pht trin/m rng ca HG trong vt l lng t.
Hc phn ny nhm gip sinh vin nm c i) phng php cn bn ca HG
trong bi ton phng trnh vi phn khng ng nht, ii) phng php tm HG bng
hm ring v tr ring, iii) nh ngha v v ngha ca HG trong vt l lng t, iv)
phng php trin khai nhiu lon ca HG v mt s cch tnh gn ng ca HG v)
phng php gin Feynman cho HG.
3
Ti liu tham kho
* Hm Green v phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh :
Duffy G. D. (2001): Greens Function with Applications (Chapman & Hall/CRC)
Tang K. T. (2006): Mathematical Methods for Engineers and Scientists (Springer,
Berlin)
Michio Masujima (2005) : Applied Mathematical Methods in Theoretical Physics
(Wiley)
* Hm Green v ng dng vo vt l lng t:
Abrikosov A. A., Gorkov L. P. Dzyaloshinski I. E. (1975) : Methods of Quantum
Field Theory in Statistical Physics (Dover Publ., New York)
Doniach S., Sondheimer E. H. (1998) : Greens Functions for Solid State Physicists
(Imperial College Press, London)
Economou E. N. (2006): Greens Functions in Quantum Physics (Springer-Verlag
Berlin)
Enz C. P. (1992) : A Course on Many-Body Theory Applied tp Solid-State Physics
(World Scientific, Singapore)
Fetter A. L., Walecka J. D. (1971) : Quantum Theory of Many-Particle Systems
(McGraw-Hill, New York)
Kadanoff L. P., Baym G. (1962): Quantum Statistical Mechanics (Benjamin, Berlin)
Mahan G. D. (1981) : Many-particle Physics (Plenum, New York)
Nguyn Vn Lin (2003): Hm Green trong Vt L Cht Rn (i Hc QG H Ni)
* L thuyt in t c in:
Jackson J. D. (1999) : Classical Electrodynamics (Wiley, New York)
4
Chng 1
1Dn nhp vo HG
Sinh vin vt l thng hay t hi ti sao cn hc HG, u l l do vt l cho
vic hc ny, ? thy c vai tr cng nh ngha ca HG, trong chng ny
s im li vai tr ca HG trong mt s bi ton ph bin trong vt l (c in); ng
thi cng cho thy trc mi tng quan trc tip ca HG vi nhng i lng vt l
c th o c trong th nghim, qua gip cho sinh vin, ngay t u, cm nhn
c vai tr v ng dng thit thc ca HG trong vt l (lng t).
1.1 HG trong vt l c in (HG c in) :
1.1.1 Th Coulomb :
HG c s dng ph bin trong bi ton th Coulomb to bi in tch im.
in tch e nh v ti im c vector v tr ' r
s to ra th in ( ) r o
ti im r
c tnh nh sau :
0
( )
4 | ' |
e
r
r r
o
tc
=
. (1.1.1)
Ta c th m rng cho trng hp nhiu in tch im hoc trng hp phn b
lin tc vi hm phn b in tch ( ) r p
. Trong trng hp sau, th nng l
3
0
( ')
( ) '
4 | ' |
r
r d r
r r
p
o
tc
=
. (1.1.2)
Th ny tha mn phong trnh Poisson
2
0
( ) ( ) / r r o p c V =
. (1.1.3)
Ta a vo HG c nh ngha nh sau :
0
1
( )
4
G R
R tc
= vi | ' | R r r =
. (1.1.4)
5
HG ny tha phng trnh Poisson i vi in tch im v th Coulomb c tnh
qua HG nh sau :
( ) ' ( ) ( ') r dr G R r o p =
. (1.1.5)
1.1.2 Phng trnh in t trng (Maxwell) :
Xt phng trnh Maxwell cho th in t :
2
2
2 2
1
( , ) ( , ) A A r t j r t
c t
u
c
V =
c
2
2
0 2 2
1
( , ) ( , ) / r t r t
c t
o o p c
c
V =
c
. (1.1.6)
Ngi ta c th gii hai phng trnh trn bng cch dng HG ( , ) G R T
tha phng
trnh
( ', ') ( ') ( ') ( ) ( ) G r r t t r r t t R T o o o o =
(1.1.7)
v nghim ca phng trnh (1.6) c xc nh qua HG di dng
0
1
( ) ' ' ( , ') ( ', ') r dr dt G R t t r t o p
c
=
(1.1.8)
Xt mt trng hp c bit : 0
G
G
T
c
= =
c
ti T=0. Khi ta thu c HG c dng
{ }
( )
( , ) ( ) ( )
4
c T
G R T R cT R cT
R
u
o o
t
= + (1.1.9)
Bi v R v T dng, s hng cui bng 0 v c
( , ) ( )
4
c
G R T R cT
R
o
t
= . (1.1.10)
Th in tr thnh
0
( ) ' ( ', / ) /
4
c
r dr r t R c R o p
tc
=
(1.1.11)
v y chnh l dng quen thuc ca th tr trong in ng lc hc.
6
1.2 H lng t :
y ch tm tt mt s mi lin h gia HG v nhng i lng vt l c th
o c trc tip hay gin tip trong thc nghim.
- ng nng, th nng v nng lng ton phn c tnh trc tip qua HG
- HG cho thng tin trc tip v mt ht
( ) ( ) ( ) n x x x v v = , mt dng, mt
spin,
- HG cho thng tin trc tip v cc hm tng quan
- Cc thng tin v tnh cht ph (nng lng), mt trng thi, tit din tn x
c bao gm trong HG tr.
-
Ngoi ra HG cho mt l thuyt nhiu lon rt h thng.
7
Chng 2
2Hm Green trong phng trnh
vi phn tuyn tnh
Phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh khng ng nht l mt bi ton rt thng gp
trong ton l. Phng trnh th Coulomb, phng trnh sng, phng trnh truyn
nhit,... thuc v dng ton trn. V th gii nghim ca phng trnh ny l mt vic
rt quan trng trong vy l ton v HG chng t l mt cng c rt hiu qu.
Chng ny s trnh by phng php HG trong vic gii phng trnh vi phn tuyn
tnh.
2.1 Phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh :
Kho st cc bi ton vt l thng dn n phng trnh vi phn c dng thc
nh sau :
( ) Lu f x = . (2.1.1)
Trong L l ton t vi phn, f(x) l hm bit v u l nghim cn tm. Vi ci
nhn vt l ta c th xem hm f(x) bn v phi ca phng trnh biu din lc-
tc ng ln h, v nghim u(x) ca phng trnh biu din s phn hi ca h.
* Ta ch xt ton t tuyn tnh, tc l L phi tha mn
( ) L f g Lf Lg o | o | + = + , (2.1.2)
y o v | l nhng s phc, f v g l hai hm trong khng gian hm.
Vi v d ton t tuyn tnh L:
i) nhn bi mt hng s v hng a: Lu au =
ii) o hm bc n ca mt hm (u) :
n
n
d
Lu u
dx
= hoc
n
n
d
L
dx
= gi l ton t
vi phn.
8
* Ngoi tnh tuyn tnh ta cng ch xt n nhng ton t Hermite (cn gi l ton
t self-adjoint), tc l L L
+
= . y L
+
c gi l ton t lin hp ca ton t L
v c nh ngha:
| | f Lg L f g
+
( , = ( , (2.1.3)
Ch ta s dng nh ngha tch trong:
*
| ( ) ( )
b
a
f g f x g x dx ( ,
vi f v g l
nhng hm xc nh trn [a,b], f* l lin hip phc ca f .
Thc t,
V d : Tm ton t lin hip ca
2 2
/ L d dx = :
2 2
2 2
| * *
d d d d
f Lg f g f gdx f g dx
dx dx dx dx
( , = = =
Tch phn tng phn
2
2
*
* *
d d dg df dg dg df d
f g dx f dx f g f gdx
dx dx dx dx dx dx dx dx
= = +
2
2
dg df d
f g f g
dx dx dx
= +
Vi iu kin , 0 f g khi x th ton t lin hip ca
2
2
d
L
dx
= l
2
2
d
L
dx
+
=
tha mn nh ngha (2.1.3).
Nhn xt: trong trng hp ton t vi phn, thng gp phi vn pht sinh do bi
iu kin bin. Thc vy, nh thy trong v d trn, v phi ca phng trnh (2.1.3)
c th c nhng s hng b sung lin quan n cc iu kin bin ca f v g. Nu f v
g c cng iu kin bin th cc s hng bin s kh nhau.
Ti sao quan tm ton t Hermit ? Ta ang xt bi ton vt l. Trong vt l lng
t mt i lng kho st c biu din bi ton t O v gi tr k vng ca i
lng ny c xc nh bi | O v v ( , trong v l hm sng m t trng thi ca h
ang xt. Nh vy | O v v ( , phi thc, tc l
| * | O O v v v v ( , = ( ,
Bi v
| * | O O v v v v ( , = ( , (tnh cht ca bra-ket : | | * o v v o ( , = ( , )
ta c : | | O O v v v v ( , = ( ,
Nh th ton t biu din mt i lng quan st c phi l Hermite.
9
Tng t nh trong bi ton tr ring ca ma trn, ta cng c bi ton tr ring
ca ton t vi phn :
n n n
Lo o = , (2.1.4)
vi
n
l mt hng s. Vi mt chn trc, hm s o tha mn (2.1.4) v iu kin
bin c gi l hm ring tng ng vi ; c gi l tr ring. i vi mt
ton t Hermite, cc tr ring l s thc v cc hm ring to thnh h trc giao
(
,
|
n m n m
o o o ( , = ) v y ( | | 1
k k
k
o o ,( =
).
2.2 Hm Green v phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh :
2.2.1 Phng php HG cho phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh:
Trong phn ny chng ta s trnh by cch dng HG tm nghim phng trnh
vi phn tuyn tnh khng ng nht. Phng php HG c th p dng cho nhng lp
phng trnh vi phn ph bin gm c phng trnh vi phn thng v phng trnh
o hm ring phn (xem v d Duffy D. (2001)).
Gi s chng ta mun gii phng trnh vi phn
( ) ( ) Lu x f x = , (2.2.1)
trn min xc nh xeO, tha iu kin bin cho trc v L l ton t vi phn tuyn
tnh Hermite. Nhn hm G(x,x) (hm cha bit, nhng y chnh l HG ta s tnh sau
ny) vo hai v ca (2.2.1) v ly tch phn theo x trn min O(tc l ta ang thc
hin tch trong ( | *( ) ( ) f g f x g x dx ( , =
= . (2.3.7)
V chn g tha phng trnh
12
( , ') ( ') Lg x x x x o = . (2.3.8)
T (2.3.6) ta tm c :
0
0
(0, ')
( ') (0, ') '(0) (0) ( , ') ( )
(0, ')
(0, ') ( , ') ( )
dg x
x g x g x x f x dx
dx
dg x
bg x a g x x f x dx
dx
m m m
= +
= +
(2.3.9)
Tm nghim HG g(x,x) : vit li phng trnh cho HG di dng :
2
2
2
( , ') ( , ')
d
k g x x x x
dx
o
+ =
(2.3.10)
trn (0, ) x e vi ' (0, ) x e v iu kin bin :
( , ') 0 g x = (2.3.11)
( , ')
0
dg x
dx
= . (2.3.12)
i vi ' x x < ta c :
( , ') sin( ) cos( ) g x x A kx B kx = + . (2.3.13)
Khi ' x x > :
( , ') sin( ) cos( ) g x x C kx D kx = + . (2.3.14)
S dng cc iu kin bin (2.3.11) v (2.3.12) cho : 0 C D = = . Vy
( , ') 0 g x x = vi ' x x > . (2.3.15)
Ly tich phn hai v ca (2.3.10) theo x t ' x c n ' x c + v ly gii hn 0 c :
' ' 2
2
2
0 0
' '
lim ( , ') lim ( , ')
x x
x x
d
k g x x dx x x dx
dx
c c
c c
c c
o
+ +
+ =
. (2.3.16)
Vi i hi tnh lin tc ca ( , ') g x x khi qua ' x ta c :
( ' , ') ( ' , ') g x x g x x c c + = (2.3.17)
v
( ' , ') ( ' , ')
1
dg x x dg x x
dx dx
c c +
= . (2.3.18)
Ly 0 c
+
ta c h phng trnh xc nh h s A v B trong (2.3.13) :
sin ' cos ' 0
cos ' sin ' 1/ .
A kx B kx
A kx B kx k
+ =
+ =
(2.3.19)
H ny cho kt qu :
cos ' kx
A
k
= v
sin ' kx
B
k
= (2.3.20)
v HG cn tm l:
13
sin ( ')
( , ')
k x x
g x x
k
. (2.3.22)
Ta c th vit li hmm cn tm vi ( ) ( ) ( ) f x U x x m = nh sau :
0
sin sin ( )
( ) cos ( ) ( )
x
kx k x
x a kx b U d
k k
c
m c m c c
= + +
. (2.3.23)
Nhn xt: phng trnh (2.3.23) l phng trnh tch phn Volterra loi hai.
2.3.2 HG khng ph thuc thi gian II:
Gi s phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh khng ng nht (2.2.1) c dng
| |
( ) ( , ) ( ) r r f r m =
L (2.3.24)
trong ( ) f r
tha mn
iu kin bin trn S thuc min Ocha r
v ' r
. ( ) r
,( ,(
= +
(2.3.29)
hoc trong r
-biu din:
* *
( ) ( ') ( ) ( ')
( , ', )
n n E E
n
n
r r r r
G r r dE
E E
o o o o
= +
. (2.3.30)
Nghim ( , ) r m
(2.3.31)
ii) Xt trng hp thuc ph tr ring ca L . Ti nhng im
n
E = hm
Green ( , ', ) G r r
khng xc nh. Khi phng trnh (2.3.24) khng c li gii
ngai tr trng hp hm ( ) f r
m , = , L , (2.3.32)
nhn |
n
o ( vi hai v v ly tch phn theo r
ta c
| | | |
| | | |
n n n n n n
E E E f
o m o m o ( , = ( , = ( , L . (2.3.33)
phng trnh c nghim ta cn |
n
f o ( , phi bng 0 vi mi |
n
o ( , tc l ( ) f r
trc
giao vi tt c cc hm ring.
i vi ph lin tc, ( ) G khng xc nh trn min E = , nhng lun gii
tch ti ln cn trn E i c = + v ln cn di E i c = vi mi 0 c > . Ta a vo
hm gii hn c nh ngha
0
( , ', ) lim ( , ', ) G r r E G r r E i
c
c
+
+
= +
, (2.3.34)
0
( , ', ) lim ( , ', ) G r r E G r r E i
c
c
+
=
. (2.3.35)
Nhng gii hn trn lun tn ti. Khi trng vi tr ring E trong min ph lin tc,
nghim ca phng trnh vi phn khng thun nht c xc nh qua hm gii hn
G
nh sau :
0
( , ) ( , ) ( , ', ) ( ') ' r r G r r f r dr m m
= +
, (2.3.36)
trong
0
m l nghim ca phng trnh vi phn thun nht
| |
0
( ) ( , ) 0 r r m =
L .
2.3.3 Tnh cht v ngha ca HG:
- T (2.3.30) ta tm li tnh cht o ca HG:
15
* *
( , ', ) ( ', , ) G r r G r r =
(2.3.37)
V ngha vt l, iu ny cho thy phn hi ti r
i vi ngun im ti
' r
i vi ngun im ti r
.
- Tr ring ca ton t Hermite L l thc HG ( , ', ) G r r
gii tch khp trn
mt phng phc ngai tr nhng im (min) k d trn trc thc c
trng vi tr ring E
n
(E) ca L . Ti nhng im trn trc thc khng
trng vi tr ring ca L , HG ( , ', ) G r r
l Hermite v t (2.3.37) ta c
*
( , ', ) ( ', , ) G r r G r r =
; v khi ( , , ) G r r
l thc.
- Cc cc ca HG xc nh ph tr ring gin an ca ton t L .
- Thng d ca HG ti cc cc n cho thng tin v hm ring ca L :
{ }
*
( , ', ) | ( ) ( ')
n
E n n
Res G r r r r o o =
, (2.3.38)
{ }
2
( , , ) | | ( ) |
n
E n
Res G r r r o =
. (2.3.39)
- Trong trng hp ph lin lc ca L : G
+
khc G
v nh vy tn ti mt
ct nhnh dc theo trc thc m t ph lin tc ng vi trng thi lan truyn.
- Hm gii hn c mi lin h sau :
*
( , ', ) ( ', , ) G r r E G r r E
+
=
, (2.3.40)
tc l
Re ( , ', ) Re ( ', , ) G r r E G r r E
+
=
, (2.3.41)
Im ( , ', ) Im ( ', , ) G r r E G r r E
+
=
, (2.3.42)
Ngi ta cng quan tm n hm
~
G nh ngha nh sau :
~
( , ', ) ( , ', ) ( , ', ) G r r E G r r E G r r E
+
=
(2.3.43)
khi :
~
( , ', ) 2 Im ( , ', ) 2 Im ( , ', ) G r r E i G r r E i G r r E
+
= =
. (2.3.44)
- Gi N(E) l mt trng thi (s trng thi trong mt n v nng lng,
( ) ( )
n
n
N E E E o =
) v ( , ) r E p
l mt trng thi trn mt n v th
tch ( ( , ) ( ) r E dr N E p =
). Nh s thy di y, cc hm G
v
~
G cho ta
thng tin v N(E) v ( , ) r E p
.
S dng ng nht thc Dirac
16
0
0 0
1 1
( )
0
P i x x
x x i x x
to
+
| |
=
|
\ .
) (2.3.45)
cho G
(ch n (2.3.28)) ta c :
*
*
( ) ( ')
( , ', ) ( ) ( ) ( ')
n n
n n n
n n
n
r r
G r r E P i E E r r
E E
o o
t o o o
) (2.3.46)
v
~
*
( , ', ) 2 ( ) ( ) ( ')
n n n
n
G r r E i E E r r t o o o =
. (2.3.47)
Ly vt (trace, k kiu Tr) ca cc yu t cho ( , , ) G r r E
ca (2.3.46) cho :
1
( ) | ( ) | ( )
n n n
n n n
n
TrG E G E P i E E
E E
o o t o
= ( , =
) (2.3.48)
hay
1
( ) Im Tr ( ) N E G E
t
=
) . (2.3.49)
Hm mt trng thi c th vit di dng :
*
( , ) ( ) ( ) ( )
n n n
n
r E E E r r p o o o =
(2.3.50)
Khi ta c
1
( , ) Im ( , , ) r E G r r E p
t
=
) (2.3.51)
Hoc
~
1
( , ) ( , , )
2
r E G r r E
i
p
t
=
) . (2.3.52)
- HG G c th c biu din qua
~
G hoc ( , ) r E p
:
* *
( ) ( ') ( ) ( ')
( , ', ) ( )
n n n n
n
n n
n
r r r r
G r r dE E E
E E
o o o o
o
= =
~
( , ', )
2
i G r r E
dE
E t
=
(2.3.53)
v
( , )
( , , )
r E
G r r dE
E
p
(2.3.54)
17
2.3.4 V d:
Xt ton t
2
= V L trn V l
3
R . iu kin bin l cc hm ring ca L phi
hu hn v cng. Ta s tm HG cho phng trnh vi phn (2.3.25) vi ton t trn.
Phng trnh cho HG :
2
( , ', ) ( ') G r r r r o +V =
. (2.3.55)
Phng trnh Schrdinger ca ht t do
2 2
( / 2 ) E m v v V = h (vi nng lng
E
2
/ 2 p m = ) cho ta bit ton t
2
= V L c tr ring v hm ring
2 2 2
/ E p k = h , (2.3.56)
1
( ) |
ik r
k
r r k e
V
v
= ( , =
. (2.3.57)
HG cn tm c cho bi (2.3.30) c dng :
*
( ')
2 3 2 3 2
( ) ( ')
| | ' 1
( , ', )
(2 ) (2 )
ik r r
k k
k
r r
r k k r V e
G r r dk dk
k k k
v v
t t
( ,( ,
= = =
(2.3.58)
Ta s dng : ... ...
(2 )
D
D
k
L
dk
t
v k
th
2
cos
2 2
2
2 2
0
2 2
1
( , ', ) sin
(2 )
1
(2 )
1
4
ik
ik ik
ik
k dk
G r r d e
k
k dk e e
k ik
kdk
e
i k
p u
p p
p
u u
t
t p
t p
(2.3.59)
Trong trng hp khng thuc ph ca L , vi Im 0
>
, tch phn nh nh
l thng d cho
| '|
1 1
( , ', )
4 4 | ' |
i i r r
G r r e e
r r
p
tp t
= =
. (2.3.60)
Nu thuc ph ca L , E = , HG c xc nh qua cc hm gii hn (2.3.34)
v (2.3.35), ta c :
| '|
( , ', ) ; 0
4 | ' |
i E r r
e
G r r E E
r r t
= >
. (2.3.61)
Xt trng hp =0, phng trnh (2.3.55) chuyn v dng Laplace :
18
2
( , ') ( ') G r r r r o V =
, (2.3.62)
vi nghim l
1
( , ')
4 | ' |
G r r
r r t
=
. (2.3.63)
Phng trnh vi phn khng thun nht tng ng vi HG ny l phng trnh
Poisson cho th tnh in m :
2
( ) 4 ( ) r r m tp V =
. (2.3.64)
Th tnh c xc nh qua HG v c dng :
' ( ')
( ) 4 ' ( , ') ( ')
| ' |
dr r
r dr G r r r
r r
p
m t p = =
(2.3.65)
2.4 Hm Green cho phng trnh vi phn ph thuc thi gian:
2.4.1 Phng trnh vi phn cha o hm bc I v Hm Green
Xt phng trnh vi phn khng ng nht ph thuc thi gian c dng
( ) ( , ) ( , )
i
r r t f r t
c t
m
c
=
c
L (2.4.1)
v phng trnh ng nht tng ng
( ) ( , ) 0
i
r r t
c t
o
c
=
c
L , (2.4.2)
vi c l hng s dng v L l ton t vi phn tuyn tnh Hermite. Nghim ( , ) r t m
ca (2.4.1) c th c tnh qua HG tng ng tha phng trnh
( ) ( , ', , ') ( ') ( ')
i
r g r r t t r r t t
c t
o o
c
=
c
L . (2.4.3)
y cc hm ( , ) r t m
, ( , ) r t o
v ( , ', , ') g r r t t
tha cng iu kin bin.
Phng php chung tnh ( , ', , ') g r r t t
l chuyn phng trnh ph thuc thi
gian (2.4.3) sang dng khng ph thuc thi gian (2.3.25) bng php bin i Fourier
nh sau :
1
( ) ( )
2
i
g d e g
et
t e e
t
=
. (2.4.4)
Ta t ( ) ( ') ( , ') g g t t g t t t = ( gn cc bin , ' r r
tm thi n) v phng
trnh (2.4.3) cho thy g ph thuc hai bin thi gian di dng ' t t . Thay ( ) g t vo
(2.4.3) ta c
19
( ) ( , ', ) ( ') r g r r r r
c
e
e o
=
L . (2.4.5)
y chnh l phng trnh cho hm Green G khng ph thuc thi gian c kho
st mc trc. Nh vy
( ) ( / ) g G c e e = , (2.4.6)
trong ( ) G (vi / c e = ) l nghim ca phng trnh (2.3.25). Dng php bin
i Fourier (2.4.4) ta s tm c ( , ', ) G r r t
; v t tnh hm ( , ) r t m
. Tuy nhin
cn ch rng, tng t hm ( ) G , hm ( ) g e cng khng gii tch mt s im
gin on hay ct nhnh trn trc thc. Do khng th ly tch phn (2.4.4) trn
trc thc, tc l khng th tnh ( , ) r t m
trc tip t hm ( ) g t trn min thuc ph ca
L - min c ngha vt l v cha nhng thng tin vt l.
Nh vy ta cn n cc hm gii hn ca ( ) g t (PT. (2.4.4)) trong tch phn c
ly trn ng P
e
c gii hn n trc thc
R
P :
1
( ) lim ( / )
2 R
P P i
P P P
g d e G c
e e
e e
et
t e e
t
=
. (2.4.7)
Ta ch quan tm n hai cch chn c ngha vt l tng ng vi hai hm gii hn
G
=
, (2.4.8)
Vi
0
| |
( / ) lim
/
n n
n
n
G c
c E i
c
o o
e
e c
+
,(
=
. (2.4.9)
T mi lin h ca G
:
*
( , ', ) ( ', , ) g r r g r r t t
+
=
. (2.4.10)
V tng t hm
~
G trong (2.3.43) ta cng a ra hm
~
g c nh ngha :
~
( ) ( ) ( ) g g g t t t
+
= . (2.4.11)
Hoc s dng tnh cht (2.3.47) ca hm
~
G ta tnh c :
20
~ ~
1
( ) ( / )
2
1
( 2 ) ( / ) | |
2
| |
n
i
i
n n n
n
icE
n n
n
g d e G c
d e i c E
ic e
et
et
t
t e e
t
e t o e o o
t
o o
=
= ,(
= ,(
. (2.4.12)
Ta c th vit li (2.4.12) di dng Dirac nh sau:
~
( ) | |
( )
ic ic
n n
n
g ice ice
icU
t t
t o o
t
= ,( =
=
L L
(2.4.13)
Trong ta nh ngha
( ')
( ')
ic t t
U t t e
=
L
(2.4.14)
v chnh l ton t tin ha :
| ( ) ( ') | ( ') t U t t t o o , = , , (2.4.15)
vi | ( ) t o , l nghim ca phng trnh ng nht (2.4.2). Nh vy nghim ca
phng trnh vi phn ng nht c th c biu din qua HG
~
g , trong r
-biu din
ta c:
~
( , ) ( , ', , ') ( ', ') ' '
i
r t g r r t t r t dr dt
c
o o =
(2.4.16)
Ch rng gia
~
g v g
+
hoc g
(hoc C
+
) bn knh v hn thuc na mt phng di
(hoc trn) nu 0 t > (hoc 0 t < ) . Vi cch chn nh th tch phn trn chu tuyn
v cc bng 0. Bng vic s dng nh l thng d v nh l Cauchy m rng
nh gi tch phn chu tuyn v vi nh ngha (2.4.11) ta tm c
~
( ) ( ) ( ) g g t u t t
= , (2.4.17)
vi ( ) 1 u t = nu 0 t > v ( ) 0 u t = nu 0 t < .
Tng t (2.3.36), nghim ca phng trnh vi phn khng ng nht (2.4.1) c
tnh qua HG g
+
hoc
~
g nh sau :
( , ) ( , ) ' ' ( , ', ') ( ', ')
t
r t r t dr dt g r r t t f r t m o
+
= +
(2.4.18)
21
2.4.2 Phng trnh vi phn cha o hm bc II v Hm Green
Phn ny trnh by tm tt phng php HG ca phng trnh vi phn cha o
hm bc hai theo thi gian. Xt phng trnh khng ng nht
2
2 2
1
( ) ( , ) ( , ) r r t f r t
c t
m
c
=
c
L (2.4.19)
v phng trnh ng nht
2
2 2
1
( ) ( , ) 0 r r t
c t
o
c
=
c
L . (2.4.20)
HG tng ng tha phng trnh
2
2 2
1
( ) ( , ', , ') ( ') ( ') r g r r t t r r t t
c t
o o
c
=
c
L (2.4.21)
trong cc hm ( , ', , ') g r r t t
, ( , ) r t m
v ( , ) r t o
tha cng iu kin bin trn mt S
bao r
v ' r
.
tm ( , ', , ') g r r t t
ta dng php bin i Fourier chuyn phng trnh (2.4.21)
sang dng khng ph thuc thi gian. Ch n s ph thuc ca HG vo t-t , ta c:
1
( ) ( )
2
i
g d e g
et
t e e
t
=
. (2.4.22)
Thay vo (2.4.21) thu c :
2
2
( ) ( , ', ) ( ') r g r r r r
c
e
e o
=
L . (2.4.23)
Nh vy
2 2
( ) ( / ) g G c e e = (2.4.24)
vi ( ) G l nghim ca (2.3.26) vi
2 2
/ c e = .
Tng t ( ) G , HG ( ) g e cng khng gii tch ti nhng im trn trc thc c
2 2
/ c e trng vi tr ring E ca L . Nu 0 E < th cc cc ca ( ) g e l phc. Tuy
nhin ta ch quan tm n trng hp cc im k d thuc trc thc.
Ngi ta cng nh ngha cc hm gii hn tng t (2.4.7) v ty vo ng ly
tch phn chn ra nhng hm c ngha vt l nh sau :
* HG nhn qu :
2 2
0
1
( ) lim ( / )
2
c i
g d e G c i
et
c
t e e c
t
= +
(2.4.25)
* HG tr:
22
2 2
0
1
( ) lim ( / Sign( ))
2
r i
g d e G c i
et
c
t e e c e
t
= +
(2.4.26)
* HG sm:
2 2
0
1
( ) lim ( / Sign( ))
2
a i
g d e G c i
et
c
t e e c e
t
=
(2.4.27)
Trong
1
Sign( )
1
e
+
=
,
,
0
0
e
e
>
<
Ngoi ra ta cng nh ngha hm
~
g
~
( ) ( ) ( )
r a
g g g t t t = (2.4.28)
v tm c :
~
sin( )
( ) | |
n
n n
n
n
c E
g c
E
t
t o o = ,(
, (2.4.29)
hoc di dng ton t :
~
sin( )
( )
c
g c
t
t =
L
L
vi ' t t t = . (2.4.30)
Nghim ca phng trnh vi phn khng ng nht c biu din qua HG nh
sau :
~
( , ) ( , ) ' ' ( , ', ') ( ', ')
( , ) ' ' ( , ', ') ( ', ')
t
r
t
r t r t dr dt g r r t t f r t
r t dr dt g r r t t f r t
m o
o
= +
= +
, (2.4.31)
vi ( , ) r t o
l nghim ca phng trnh ng nht tng ng.
Bi tp
Bng phng php HG hy tm dch chuyn ( ) u x ca si dy (hai u c
nh) di tc ng ca lc phn b ( ) f x cho trc.
Phng trnh xc nh ( ) u x cho bi
2
2
( )
( )
d u x
f x
dx
= , (0,1) xe
vi iu kin bin : (0) 0 u = v (1) 0 u =
23
Chng 3
3Hm Green trong Vt l lng t
HG trnh by chng trc ch thun li cho bi ton mt ht trong trng
(lc) ngoi, trong ta c th xc nh HG trc tip qua tr ring v hm ring (ca
ton t L -v d l ton t Hamilton H). Trong h nhiu ht thc t cn phi xt
n tng tc gia cc ht v khi v nguyn tc khng xc nh c tr v hm
ring ca H. Do cn mt hnh thc lun HG m rng hn, d nhin thng l gn
ng, khng da vo thng tin trc tip ca hm v tr ring.
Chng ny s dn ra HG c xy dng trn ton t trng trong lng t ha ln
II. chun b vic dn xut cho HG nh th, trc ht chng ta s trnh by li mt
s kin thc v cc biu din v S-ma trn.
3.1 Cc biu din :
m t s ph thuc thi gian ca cc h vt l, trong c lng t ngi ta
thng dng mt trong ba biu din, cng thng gi l bc tranh, tng ng sau:
biu din Schrdinger, biu din Heisenberg, biu din tng tc (cn gi l biu
din Dirac).
3.1.1 Biu din Schrdinger:
Trong bc tranh Schrdinger (mt s ti liu cn thm tn gi khc l bc tranh
trng thi)
ton t c lp vi thi gian : H
hm sng hay vector trng thi ph thuc vo thi gian : | ( )
S
t v ,
T c lng t ta c phng trnh chuyn ng :
24
- i vi nhng trng thi thun khit | ( )
S
t v , trong h c lng t:
| ( ) | ( )
S S
i t H t
t
v v
c
, = ,
c
h (3.1.1)
- v i vi nhng trng thi pha trn ( )
S
t p (dng cho h v m c m t
mt cch thng k):
| |
( ) ( ),
S S
i t t H
t
p p
c
=
c
h . (3.1.2)
( )
S
t p thng c gi l ma trn mt v c nhng tnh cht sau:
i) | |
S m m m
m
p p v v = ,(
, (3.1.3)
vi
m
p l xc sut h trong trng thi |
m
v , ,
ii) gi tr k vng ca i lng kho st A ( , tng ng vi ton t A c xc nh
( )
S
A Tr A p ( , = (3.1.4)
( ( ) Tr A : vt ca A. i khi ngi ta cng dng k hiu Sp thay cho Tr), v
iii) ( ) 1
S
Tr p = . (3.1.5)
Phng trnh (3.1.1) cho nghim hnh thc :
( ')
0
| ( ) | ( )
i
H t t
S S
t e t v v
, = ,
h
(3.1.6)
vi
0
t l thi im c nh no v ngi ta thng chn
0
0 t = .
3.1.2 Bc tranh Heisenberg:
Bc tranh Heisenberg (i lc cn c tn gi bc tranh ton t) m t bi ton c
lng t bng cch xt
hm sng (vector trng thi) khng i theo thi gian : |
H
v , ,
trong khi ton t ph thuc thi gian : O(t).
S ph thuc vo thi gian ca ton t c xc nh nh sau
0 0
( ) ( )
0
( ) ( )
i i
H t t H t t
H H
A t e A t e
=
h h
(3.1.7)
hoc chn
0
0 t = :
( ) (0)
i i i i
Ht Ht Ht Ht
H H S
A t e A e e A e
| |
= =
|
\ .
h h h h
. (3.1.8)
Ta cng c th vit li (3.1.8) di dng phng trnh chuyn ng :
| |
( ) ( ), i A t A t H
t
c
=
c
h . (3.1.9)
25
S tng ng gia bc tranh Schrdinger v Heisenberg : hy xt phn t ma
trn m t s chuyn di gia hai trng thi 1 v 2 :
- trong bc tranh Schrdinger phn t ma trn ca ton t A l :
1 2 1 2
( ) (0) ( ) (0) (0) (0)
i i
Ht Ht
t A t e A e v v v v
+ +
( , = ( ,
h h
, (3.1.10)
- trong bc tranh Heisenberg ta c :
1 2 1 2
(0) ( ) (0) (0) (0) (0)
i i
Ht Ht
A t e A e v v v v
+ +
( , = ( ,
h h
. (3.1.11)
Nh vy hai bc tranh cho cng phn t ma trn- chng tng ng nhau.
3.1.3 Biu din tng tc (biu din Dirac):
Biu din tng tc c xem nh lai trung gian ca hai biu din trn. Trong
biu din ny ton t v vector trng thi u ph thuc thi gian.
Xt ton t Hamilton H ca h. Ta chia ton t H thnh hai phn :
0
H H W = + . (3.1.12)
y ton t
0
H l phn khng nhiu lon v thng c chn sao cho c th gii
chnh xc. W l th tng tc ph thuc thi gian.
S ph thuc thi gian ca hm sng v ton t trong bc tranh tng tc c
xc nh nh sau :
0 0
( ) (0)
i i
H t H t
I
A t e A e
=
h h
, (3.1.13)
0
| ( ) | (0)
i i
H t Ht
I I
t e e v v
, = ,
h h
. (3.1.14)
i vi vector trng thi, ta vit li (3.1.14) di dng phng trnh chuyn ng :
0
0 0 0
0
( )
| ( )
| ( ) ( ) | (0)
| (0)
I
i i
H t Ht
I I
i i i i
H t H t H t Ht
I
V t
t
t ie H H e
t
i e Ve e e
v
v v
v
,
c
, = ,
c
= ,
h h
h h h h
.
.
Nh vy
| ( ) ( ) | ( )
I I
i t V t t
t
v v
c
, = ,
c
h . (3.1.15)
Phng trnh chuyn ng (3.1.15) cho thy th tng tc ph thuc thi gian W(t)
quy nh s thay i theo thi gian ca vector trng thi, trong khi s ph thuc thi
gian ca ton t c quyt nh bi phn Hamilton khng nhiu lon
0
H .
26
Ch rng vi tnh ph thuc thi gian (3.1.13) v (3.1.14), nu xt phn t ma trn
chuyn di gia hai trng thi
1 2
( ) ( ) ( ) t A t t v v
+
( , , s tm thy s tng ng gia
biu din tng tc v hai biu din trn.
Ton t tin ha : Trong (3.1.14) t
0
( )
i i
H t Ht
U t e e
=
h h
, (3.1.16)
ta c | ( ) ( ) | (0)
I
t U t v v , = , . Nh vy ( ) U t l mt ton t tin ha thi gian: di
tc ng ca n vector trng thi ti 0 tin sang trng thi ti t. Ton t ny c c
tnh :
(0) 1 U =
v tun theo phng trnh
( ) ( ) ( ) i U t W t U t
t
c
=
c
h . (3.1.17)
Nghim ca (3.1.17) l
1 1 1
0
( ) (0) ( ) ( )
t
i
U t U dt W t U t =
h
hoc
1 1 1
0
( ) 1 ( ) ( )
t
i
U t dt W t U t =
h
. (3.1.18)
Bng php tnh lp cho (3.1.18) ta c th biu din ( ) U t thnh chui v hn :
1
2
1 1 1 2 1 2
0 0 0
( )
1
( ) 1 ( ) ( ) ( ) ...
1 ( )
t t t
n
n
i
U t i dt W t dt dt W t W t
U t
=
| |
= + +
|
\ .
= +
h
(3.1.19)
trong
1 1
( )
1 2 1 2
1
0 0 0
( ) ... ( ) ( )... ( )
n
n
t t t
n
n n
n
i
U t dt dt dt W t W t W t
=
| |
=
|
\ .
h
(3.1.20)
(
1 2 0
...
n
t t t t t > > > > ).
Vi ton t thi trnh (ton t trnh t thi gian) T c nh ngha
| |
1 2
1 2
2 1
( ) ( ),
( ) ( )
( ) ( ),
W t W t
T W t W t
W t W t
1 2
2 1
t t
t t
>
>
(3.1.21)
hoc
| |
1 2 1 2 1 2 2 1 2 1
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) T W t W t t t W t W t t t W t W t u u = + (3.1.22)
(u l hm bc nhy), ta c th vit li chui ca ton t tin ha nh sau :
27
1 1
1
0 0
1
( ) 1 ... [ ( )... ( )]
!
n
t t
n n
n
i
U t dt dt T W t W t
n
=
| |
= +
|
\ .
h
. (3.1.23)
Chui trn l khai trin ca hm e ly tha v nh vy ta c dng vit gn ca ton t
tin ha :
1 1
0
( ) exp ( )
t
i
U t T dt W t
=
h
. (3.1.24)
3.2 S-ma trn :
S ma trn c mi lin h trc tip vi ton t tin ha va kho st trn v c
tng quan cht ch vi bin xc sut chuyn di, vi thit din tn x ca cc
tng tc khc nhau. S ma trn c nh ngha nh l ton t thay i vector trng
thi | ( ')
I
t v , thnh trng thi | ( )
I
t v , :
| ( ) ( , ') | ( ')
I I
t S t t t v v , = , . (3.1.25)
S ma trn c nhng tnh cht sau
i) ( , ') ( ) ( ') S t t U t U t
+
= (3.1.26)
(S dng nh ngha ton t tin ha
| ( ) ( ) | (0)
I I
t U t v v , = ,
cho | ( ')
I
t v , trong (3.1.25) ta c
| ( ) ( , ') ( ') | (0)
I I
t S t t U t v v , = , .
T y ta c mi lin h gia S v U)
ii) ( , ) 1 S t t =
iii) ( , ') ( ', ) S t t S t t
+
=
iv) ( , ') ( , '') ( '', ') S t t S t t S t t =
v) S tha phng trnh :
( , ') ( ) ( ') ( ) ( ) ( ') ( ) ( , ')
i i
S t t U t U t W t U t U t W t S t t
t t
+ +
c c
= = =
c c h h
, (3.1.27)
vi) V nh vy, tng t ton t tin ha, ta c th biu din S di dng nh sau :
1 1
'
( , ') exp ( )
t
t
i
S t t T dt W t
=
h
. (3.1.28)
H thc Gell-Mann v Low. Trong phng trnh xc nh s bin i theo thi gian
ca hm sng | ( )
I
t v , (3.1.14) cng nh trong cc dn xut ra ton t tin ha v S
28
ma trn chng ta a ra hm sng ti 0 t = | (0)
I
v , . Ch rng y cng chnh l
hm sng khng ph thuc thi gian |
H
v , trong biu din Heisenberg v l hm
sng ti 0 t = | (0)
S
v , trong biu din Schrdinger ; v v vy ta gi chung l
| (0) v , . Ta cn phi tm ra mi lin no gip ta xc nh | (0) v , v n nh l iu
kin ban u t c th xc nh trng thi ti nhng thi im khc.
Trong biu din tng tc, ton t Hamilton c tch ra lm hai phn W v
0
H .
Trong phn khng nhiu lon
0
H c chn sao cho c th xc nh chnh xc h
hm ring v tr ring ca n. Gi s trng thi c bn ( bit) ca
0
H l
0
| o , . Khi
mi lin h gia
0
| o , v trng thi cha bit | (0) v , c Gell-Mann v Low
kho st v ch ra :
0
| (0) (0, ) | S v o , = , . (3.1.29)
tm hiu h thc ny, ta hy dn ra | (0) v , t nh ngha S ma trn : tc ng
(0, ) S t ln phng trnh | ( ) ( , 0) | (0) t S t v v , = , v s dng tnh cht iv) v ii) ca S
ma trn, ta c :
| (0) (0, ) | ( ) S t t v v , = , .
Ly gii hn t cho
| (0) (0, ) | ( ) S v v , = , . (3.1.30)
So snh (3.1.30) vi (3.1.29) ta c
0
| ( ) | v o , = , . V ta din t h thc Gell-Mann
v Low da trn gn ng on nhit nh sau: qu kh rt xa, lc khng c tng
tc h trng thi
0
| ( ) | v o , = , . Khi thi gian tng dn t , th tng tc W
c bt m v c a dn dn vo h cho n khi 0 t = th tng tc c a
vo hon ton vi hm sng tng ng l | (0) v , . Ni cch khc ton t (0, ) S
chuyn mt cch on nhit hm sng
0
| ( ) | v o , = , n thi im t=0 ti th
tng tc W hin din hon ton, v nh vy hm sng tng ng | (0) v , ti t=0
chnh l hm ring ca Hamilton ton phn H.
Hy xt thm trng hp h tin v tng lai xa, t + : th tng tc s c tt
i mt cch on nhit v ti + khng cn tng tc, h s tr v trng thi c bn
| ( ) v , , (gi thit rng) c lin h vi trng thi c bn
0
| o , bng mt tha s pha :
0
| ( ) |
i
e
o
v o , = , .
Nh vy ta c :
0 0
| | ( ) ( ,0) | (0) ( , ) | ( ) ( , ) |
i
e S S S
o
o v v v o , = , = , = , = , (3.1.31)
v
0 0
| ( , ) |
i
e S
o
o o = ( , (3.1.32)
29
3.3 Hm Green :
Trong phn ny chng ta s gii thiu HG trong vt l lng t v nh ni,
chng ta gii hn trng hp nhit 0.
3.3.1 nh ngha Hm Green fermion:
Chng ta bt u vi nh ngha HG electron :
( , ') | ( ) ( ') |
i
G t t Ta t a t
v
v v
+
= ( ,
h
. (3.1.33)
y v l s lng t v thng bao gm vector sng k
v spin o : ( , ) k v o =
.
|, l trng thi ca h v nhit 0 trng thi ny phi l trng thi c bn; nu
Hamilton ca h l H th |, l trng thi ring ca H. Cc ton t ph thuc thi gian
( ), ( ) a t a t
+
trong biu din Heisenberg v tin ha theo qui lut :
/ /
/ /
( )
( )
iHt iHt
iHt iHt
a t e a e
a t e a e
v v
v v
+ +
=
=
h h
h h
(3.1.34)
vi ( 0), ( 0) a a t a a t
v v
v v
+ +
= = = m t trng thi ca
0
H . T l ton t thi trnh: t
ton t c bin thi gian sm hn v bn phi (hoc d nh : tr sang tri) v ch
i vi ton t fermion cn thm du tr cho mi ln hon v; nh vy ta c th vit
li nh ngha HG nh sau :
( , ') | ( ) ( ') |
i
G t t a t a t
v
v v
+
= ( ,
h
nu ' t t > , (3.1.35)
( , ') | ( ') ( ) |
i
G t t a t a t
v
v v
+
= + ( ,
h
nu ' t t > , (3.1.36)
hoc
( , ') ( ') | ( ) ( ') | ( ' ) | ( ') ( ) |
i i
G t t t t a t a t t t a t a t
v v
v v v
u u
+ +
= ( , + ( ,
h h
, (3.1.37)
vi hm u l hm bc nhy.
ngha ca HG : t nh ngha (3.1.35) ( ' t t > ) ta thy HG m t qua 1 trnh trong
mt ht c to ra ti ' t ri truyn n t v b hy. Trong trng hp ' t t > ,
(3.1.36), HG m t qu trnh hy mt ht (tc l to 1 l trng) ti t sau ht li
c to ra (l trng b hy) ti ' t . Nh vy HG m t qu trnh truyn ht (l trng)
v v th thng gi l hm truyn.
30
S dng (3.1.34) ta c
' '
( ') ( ')
( , ') | |
| |
i i i i
Ht Ht Ht Ht
i i
E t t H t t
i
G t t e a e e a e
i
e a e a
v
v
v v
v
+
+
= ( ,
= ( ,
h h h h
h h
h
h
(3.1.38)
trong gi s E tr ring ng vi trng thi c bn ca h vi Hamilton H:
| | H E , = , . Biu thc (3.1.38) cho thy HG ph thuc vo ' t t . Tng t ta cng
c tnh cht ny i vi trng hp ' t t > .
Ngoi HG (nhn qu hay cn gi HG theo trt t thi gian) va nh ngha trn,
ngi ta cng a ra cc HG tr, sm, nh v ln nh sau :
( , ') ( ') | [ ( ), ( ')] |
( , ') ( ' ) | [ ( ), ( ')] |
( , ') | ( ') ( ) |
( , ') | ( ) ( ') |
r
a
i
G t t t t a t a t
i
G t t t t a t a t
i
G t t a t a t
i
G t t a t a t
v
v
v
v
v v
v v
v v
v v
u
u
+
< +
> +
= ( ,
= ( ,
= ( ,
= ( ,
h
h
h
h
(3.1.39)
Thc ra khi xt h cn bng, v nguyn tc, ta ch cn mt HG, v d HG nhn qu
(3.1.37), v tt c cc HG (3.1.39) c th biu din qua n. Tuy nhin ty trng hp
m mi HG c u im ring v v th i khi ngi ta vn s dng chng :
i)
,
( , ')
r a
G t t
v
c cu trc gii tch tt, cha thng tin v tnh cht ph, mt trng
thi,.
ii)
,
( , ') G t t
v
< >
c mi lin h trc tip vi nhng tnh cht ng hc nh mt
ht/hm phn b, dng.
c bit, nu xt h khng cn bng th tt c cc HG trn u quan trng v khng
th b qua.
Ngi ta cng thng s dng nh ngha HG nhit 0 nh sau
:
0 0
0 0
| ( , ) ( ', ') |
( , ; ' ')
|
T x t x t
i
G x t x t
u v
uv
v v
+
(+ + ,
=
(+ + , h
(3.1.40)
Khng t sinh vin gp lng tng trong tham kho ti liu khi gp cc nh ngha khc nhau ca HG. nh
ngha HG ny c gii thiu cng nhm gip sinh vin lm quen vi nhng tip cn khc nhau.
31
trong , u v l s lng t spin ; trong trng hp h khng nh hng t v
khng trong t trng th u v = .
0
| + , l trng thi c bn ca h bao gm tng
tc. Ta xt h ng nht, khi HG ph thuc ch vo hiu cc bin x-x, t-t.
, v v
+
l nhng ton t trng (trong biu din Heisenberg), chng c th trin khai
chuyn sang ton t sinh hy , a a
+
:
*
( , ) ( ) ( )
( , ) ( ) ( )
k k k
k k k
x t x a t
x t x a t
u
u u
u
u u
v m
v m
+ +
=
=
(3.1.41)
vi m l hm sng (mt ht), trong gn ng n gin nht l sng phng:
( )
ik x
k
e
x
V
u
u
m o
, (3.1.42)
u
o l ch s spin. Khai trin (3.1.41) chnh l php bin i Fourier chuyn t khng
gian x
( ')
( ') ( ', ')
ik x x
k
G t t dxe G x x t t
u
u
=
(3.1.43)
tng ng vi HG trong (3.1.33). Php bin i ngc li l
( ') ( ')
3
1 1
( ', ') ( ') ( ')
(2 )
ik x x ik x x
k k k
G x x t t e G t t dke G t t
V
u
u u
t
=
(3.1.44)
Ngi ta cng thng dng HG ph thuc tn s qua php bin i Fourier theo thi
gian
( ')
( ) ( ')
i t t
k k
G dte G t t
e
u u
e
(3.1.45)
v ngc li
( ')
1
( ') ( )
2
i t t
k k
G t t d e G
e
u u
e e
t
=
. (3.1.46)
Vi ton t thi trnh T ta c th vit li (3.1.40) nh sau
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
| ( , ) ( ', ') |
( , ; ' ') ( ')
|
| ( ', ') ( , ) |
( ' )
|
x t x t
i
G x t x t t t
x t x t
i
t t
u v
uv
v u
v v
u
v v
u
+
+
(+ + ,
=
(+ + ,
(+ + ,
+
(+ + ,
h
h
(3.1.47)
32
HG trong biu din tng tc. HG trong biu din Heisenberg khng thch hp cho
l thuyt nhiu lon. Ta s chuyn HG sang biu din tng tc. p dng php bin
i theo thi gian (3.1.13) cho cc ton t a
v
v a
v
+
trong (3.1.34) ta c
0 0
0 0
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
i i i i
Ht H t H t Ht
i i i i
Ht H t H t Ht
a t e e a t e e
a t e e a t e e
v v
v v
+ +
=
=
h h h h
h h h h
(3.1.48)
Vi a l ton t trong biu din tng tc. S dng nh ngha ton t tin ha
(3.1.16)
0
( )
i i
H t Ht
U t e e
=
h h
v tnh cht i) ca S ma trn ( , ') ( ) ( ') S t t U t U t
+
= cho kt
qu
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (0, ) ( ) ( , 0)
( ') ( ) ( ') ( ') (0, ') ( ') ( ', 0)
a t U t a t U t S t a t S t
a t U t a t U t S t a t S t
v v v
v v v
+
+ + + +
= =
= =
(3.1.49)
Gi
0
| o , l trng thi c bn ca Hamilton khng nhiu lon
0
H , khi trng thi c
bn ca Hamilton ton phn H cho bi (3.1.29)
0
| (0, ) | S o , = , .
Thay kt qu ny v (3.1.49) vo (3.1.37) ta c :
0
0
0
0
( , ') ( ') | ( , 0) (0, ) ( ) ( , 0)
(0, ') ( ') ( ', 0) (0, ) |
( ' ) | ( , 0) (0, ') ( ') ( ', 0)
(0, ) ( ) ( , 0) (0, ) |
i
G t t t t S S t a t S t
S t a t S t S
i
t t S S t a t S t
S t a t S t S
v
v
v v
v
u o
o
u o
o
+
+
= (
,
+ (
,
h
h
(3.1.50)
V
0 0
(0, ) | (0, ) |
i
S S e
o
o o , = , v vi (3.1.32) ta c
0
0 0
0 0
| ( , 0)
| ( , 0) | ( , 0)
| ( , ) |
i
S
S e S
S
o
o
o o
o o
(
( = ( =
( ,
.
S dng ng thc ny v cc tnh cht ca S ma trn, HG (3.1.50) c dng :
0 0
0 0
0 0
1
( , ')
| ( , ) |
[ ( ') | ( , ) ( ) ( , ') ( ') ( ', ) |
( ' ) | ( , ') ( ') ( ', ) ( ) ( , ) | ]
i
G t t
S
t t S t a t S t t a t S t
t t S t a t S t t a t S t
v
v
v
v
v
o o
u o o
u o o
+
+
=
( ,
( ,
( ,
h
(3.1.51)
S dng ton t thi trnh T cho phn trong [], v d s hng u, ta c
0 0
0 0
( ') | ( , ) ( ) ( , ') ( ') ( ', ) |
( ') | ( ) ( ') ( , ) |
t t S t a t S t t a t S t
t t Ta t a t S
v
v
v
v
u o o
u o o
+
+
( ,
= ( ,
33
Tht vy, ton t ( , ) S gm ba ton t tc ng trn ba khong thi gian ( , ) t ,
( , ') t t v ( ', ) t . Ton t thi trnh T s t ng sp xp chng theo ng trnh t
cn thit : i t tri (tr : t) sang phi (sm : t) th ( , ) S t bn tri ( ) a t , ri n
( , ') S t t , k l ( ) a t
+
v sau cng l ( ', ) S t . Nh vy ta c c dng n gin
ca HG trong biu din tng tc :
0 0
0 0
| ( ) ( ') ( , ) |
( ')
| ( , ) |
Ta t a t S
i
G t t
S
v
v
v
o o
o o
+
( ,
=
( , h
. (3.1.52)
Xt trng hp c bit khng c tng tc, W=0, v v th S=1. Khi HG c
dng
0, 0 0
( ') | ( ) ( ') |
i
G t t Ta t a t
v
v v
o o
+
= ( ,
h
. (3.1.53)
HG ny m t ht khng tng tc v thng c gi l HG t do hay HG khng
nhiu lon. N c vai tr quan trng v qua n ta c th tnh cc HG c tng tc nh
s thy trong phn khai trin nhiu lon ca HG.
3.3.2 Phng trnh chuyn ng ca HG :
By gi ta ly o hm HG theo thi gian t dn ra phng trnh chuyn ng
ca HG. Chng ta chn HG c nh ngha trong khng gian x (3.1.47) v mun c
s so snh vi phng trnh HG trong bi ton phng trnh vi phn khng ng
nht. Vi ( ') / ( ') t t t t t u o c c = v ( ' ) / ( ') t t t t t u o c c = v gi s trng thi c
bn
0
| + , chun ha cng nh tm b qua cc ch s spin ta c
0 0
0 0
( , ; ', ') ( ') | [ ( , ), ( ', )] |
( , )
| ( ', ') |
i G x t x t t t x t x t
t
i x t
Ti x t
t
o v v
v
v
+
+
c
= (+ + ,
c
c
(+ + ,
c
h
h
h
(3.1.54)
Trong (3.1.54) ta dng ton t T gp cc s hng cho gn. S dng h thc
phn giao hon
[ ( , ), ( ', )] ( ') x t x t x x v v o
+
=
cho ta
0 0
( , )
( , ; ', ') ( ') ( ') | ( ', ') | .
i x t
i G x t x t t t x x Ti x t
t t
v
o o v
+
c c
= (+ + ,
c c
h h
h
(3.1.55)
Ch vi s hng u bn v phi ta c c phng trnh HG tng ng vi phng
trnh vi phn tuyn tnh khng ng nht kho st trong chng trc. Nhng
34
nhn chung s hng th hai trong v phi khc 0 v cng thng phc tp ; v vy ni
chung HG trong vt l lng t khng c ngha ton hc nh HG trong phng
trnh vi phn tuyn tnh.
Ta hy xt trng hp (c bit) ht t do. Phng trnh chuyn ng ca hm sng
cho bi phng trnh Heisenberg :
2 2
( , )
[ ( , ), ] ( , )
2
x
x t
i x t H x t
t m
v
v v
V c
= =
c
h
h . (3.1.56)
Thay vo phng trnh (3.1.55) ta c phng trnh chuyn ng cho HG t do
0
G :
2 2
0
( , ; ', ') ( ') ( ')
2
i G x t x t t t x x
t m
o o
c V
+ =
c
h
h . (3.1.57)
Nh vy phng trnh vi phn cho HG ht t do l phng trnh Schrdinger khng
ng nht, thuc lp phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh khng ng nht ph thuc thi
gian (qua o hm bc I) chng ta bn ti trong chng 2.
3.3.3 Mi lin h gia HG v mt s i lng vt l :
Cu hi thng c t ra : nhng HG tru tng trn c vai tr nh th no
i vi cc i lng c th o lng (trong thc nghim) ? Di y ta s ch ra mt
s tng quan in hnh gia HG v cc i lng c th kho st trong thc nghim.
Mt ht c cho bi ( ) ( ) ( ) n x x x v v
+
( , = ( , . Ta thy ngay i lng ny c
lin h trc tip vi HG (xem (3.1.40)):
( ) ( , ; , ) n x i G x t x t
+
( , = h (3.1.58)
trong
0
lim( ) t t
o
o
+
+
h
h
h
h (3.1.59)
2 2
' '
limlim ( , ; ', ')
2 2
x x t t
i
E H dx i G x t x t
t m
+
c V
= ( , =
c
h h
h ; (3.1.60)
chuyn sang khng gian Fourier vi (3.1.44) v (3.1.46)
35
2 2
( ') ( ')
4
' '
2 2
4
0
1
limlim ( )
(2 ) 2
V
lim ( ) ,
(2 ) 2
i t t ik x x
k
x x t t
i
k
T i dx dkd e e G
m
k
i dk d e G
m
e
ec
c
e e
t
e e
t
+
+
V
( , =
=
h
h
h
h (3.1.61)
2 2
( ') ( ')
4
' '
2 2
4
0
1
limlim ( )
(2 ) 2
V
lim ( ) .
(2 ) 2
i t t ik x x
k
x x t t
i
k
E i dx dkd i e e G
t m
k
i dk d e G
m
e
ec
c
e e
t
e e e
t
+
+
c V
=
c
= +
h
h h
h
h h (3.1.62)
Ngoi ra ngi ta cng c th tnh mt spin, mt dng ht, qua HG.
36
Chng 4
4Khai trin nhiu lan ca hm Green
HG trong biu din tng tc (3.1.52) ph thuc vo S-ma trn ( , ) S ; ma trn
ny l chui v hn ca tng tc W:
1 1
1 1
1
( , ) exp ( )
1
1 ... [ ( )... ( )]
!
n
n n
n
i
S T dt W t
i
dt dt T W t W t
n
=
=
| |
= +
|
\ .
h
h
(3.1.63)
Nh vy HG cng l mt chui v hn ca nhng s hng ph thuc vo th tng
tc.
4.1 Khai trin nhiu lon v nh l Wick
kho st HG, trc ht ta vit t s ca HG di dng chui ny, khi :
1
1 1
0
| ( ) ( ') ( , ) |
( ')
| ( , ) |
1 1
... | [ ( )... ( ) ( ) ( ')] |
| ( , ) | !
n
n n
n
Ta t a t S
i
G t t
S
i
dt dt T W t W t a t a t
S n
v
v
v
v
v
+
+
+
=
( ,
=
( ,
| |
= ( ,
|
( ,
\ .
h
h
(3.1.64)
Nh vy ta c mt phc nhiu lon cho HG.
Chng ta hy xt ring phn t s ca HG. Phn t cn quan tm l
1
| [ ( )... ( ) ( ) ( ')] |
n
T W t W t a t a t
v
v
+
( , (3.1.65)
c cu trc c xc nh qua th tng tc. Hy xt hai tng tc in hnh l tng
tc e-e (qua th Coulomb) v tng tc e-phonon.
Tng tc ht tch in qua th tng tc Coulomb c dng:
0 '
, ,
1
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2
k q k q k k
k k q
W t V q a t a t a t a t
+ +
+
'
=
, (3.1.66)
vi
2
0 2
0
4
( )
e
V q
v q
t
c
= .
Tng tc e-phonon:
, ,
( ) ( ) ( )[ ( ) ( )] ( ) ( ) ( )
q k q k q q q k q k q
k q k q
W t M a t a t b t b t M a t a t B t
+ + +
+ +
= + =
(3.1.67)
37
Mi loi tng tc cha 3 hay 4 tan t trng, trong s ton t trng fermion l
chn v s ton t sinh bng s ton t hy. V vy ta cn nh gi nhng s hng
kiu nh
1 2 3
1 2 3
| [ ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )] |
k k k k
T a t a t a t a t
+ +
( , , (3.1.68)
v cc s hng tng t bc cao hn.
lm vic ny ngi ta dng nh l Wick: Biu thc (3.1.68) (trung bnh T-tch
(tc ton t thi trnh)) l tng cc bt cp kh d.
Ch rng:
i) nhng bt cp ca tan t sinh vi sinh hoc hy vi hy khng c ng
gp:
2 2
| [ ( ) ( )] | | [ ( ) ( )] | 0 T a t a t T a t a t
u v u v
+ +
( , = ( , = , d u bng hoc khc v .
ii) v do vy ch cn nhng cp gia 1 ton t sinh v mt tan t hy kiu nh
2
2
| [ ( ) ( )] |
k k
T a t a t
+
( , ; chng s ch khc khng khi
2
k k = , tc l:
2
2
2 2
,
| [ ( ) ( )] | | [ ( ) ( )] |
k k k k
k k
T a t a t T a t a t o
+ +
( , = ( , . V nh vy nu c n ton t sinh
v n tan t hy, ta c n! cp.
iii) | ( ) | 0
k
A t ( , = v v th tt c cc T-tch c s l cc tan t u bng khng.
Do , vi tng tc e-phonon, trong chui (3.1.64) ch nhng s hng vi n
chn tn ti, nhng s hng vi n l trit tiu v s ton t trng ca phonon
l l.
Ngai ra, cn mt s nguyn tc sau:
a) Mi ln hon v tan t fermion: nhn thm (-1) nu s ln hon v l l
th thm du tr
b) Khi xt T-tch ca cp gia tan t sinh v hy
2
2
| [ ( ) ( )] |
k k
T a t a t
+
( ,
- nu hai tan t cng thi gian th tan t sinh c t bn tri:
2 2 2 2
0
, , , ,
| [ ( ) ( )] | [ ( , )]
k k k k
k k k k k k k k
T a t a t iG t t n n o o o o
+ +
( , = = ( , =
- nu khc thi gian th ton t sinh c t bn phi:
2
2 2
0
2 2
, ,
| [ ( ) ( )] | ( )
k k k
k k k k
T a t a t i G t t o o
+
( , =
c) T-tch cha cc tan t khc loi (v d electron v phonon)v giao han
nhau th c th tch thnh cc T-tch ca mi lai:
2 1 1 2
2 1 3 3 1 2 3 3
| [ ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )] | | ( ) ( ) | | ( ) ( ) |
k k k k k k k k
T a t B t a t B t Ta t a t TB t B t
+ +
( , = ( ,( ,
38
Vi nh l Wick, ta hy kho st HG trong trng hp tng tc e-phonon. S hng
vi n=1 bng khng, nh ni trn. T s ca HG c dng:
1 2 1 2 1 1 1 2 2 2
1 2 1 2
3
0
1 2
1 2 1 1 2 2
( ) ( )
( )
( ')
2!
| ( ) ( ) | | ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ') |
...
k
q q q q k k q k k q k k
q q k k
phonon electron
i
G t t dt dt
M M TB t B t Ta t a t a t a t a t a t
+ + + +
+ +
+
( , ( ,
+
. .
(3.1.69)
Phn T-tch ca ton t phonon cho:
1 2 1 2 1
0
1 2 1 2
( ) | ( ) ( ) | ( )
q q q q q
phonon i TB t B t D t t o
+
=
( , = (3.1.70)
Phn T-tch ca cc tan t electron cho 6 t hp ca cc T-tch ca cc cp:
( )
( )
1 1 1 2 2 2
1 1 1 2 2 2
2 2 2 1 1 1
1 1 2 2
1 1 2 2
2 2 1 1
( ) | ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ') |
| ( ) ( ) | | ( ) ( ) | | ( ) ( ') |
| ( ) ( ) | | ( ) ( ) | | ( ) ( ') | 2
|
1
k k q k k q k k
k k q k k q k k
k k q k k q k k
k
electron Ta t a t a t a t a t a t
Ta t a t Ta t a t Ta t a t
Ta t a t Ta t a t Ta t a t
Ta
+ + +
+ +
+ + +
+ +
+ + +
+ +
= ( ,
= ( , ( , ( ,
+( , ( , ( ,
+( ( )
( )
( )
1 1 1 2 2 2
1 1 1 2 2 2
2 2 1 1 1 2
1 1 2 2
1 1 2 2
2 1 1 2
( ) ( ) | | ( ) ( ') | | ( ) ( ) |
| ( ) ( ') | | ( ) ( ) | | ( ) ( ) |
| ( ) ( ) | | ( ) ( ) | | ( ) ( ') |
3
| ( )
4
5
k q k k k q k
k k k q k k q k
k k q k q k k k
k k
t a t Ta t a t a t a t
Ta t a t a t a t a t a t
Ta t a t a t a t Ta t a t
Ta t a
T
T T
T
+ + +
+ +
+ + +
+ +
+ + +
+ +
, ( , ( ,
+( , ( , ( ,
+( , ( , ( ,
+( ( )
1 2 2 2 1 1
1 2 2 1
( ') | | ( ) ( ) | | ( ( 6 ) ) |
k k q k k q
t Ta t a t Ta t a t
+ + +
+ +
, ( , ( ,
(3.1.71)
Hoc chuyn i sang HG t do v ton t s ht ta c:
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
1 1 2 1
2 1 1 1
1 1 2
1 2 1 2
1 2 1
2
3 0 0 0
1 1 2 2
3 0 0 0
2 2 1 1
2 0 0
0 1 1
0
0 0
2 0 0
0 2 2
3
( ) ( ) ( ')
( ) ( ) ( ')
( ) ( ')
( '
1
)
( ) ( ')
2
3
4
5
k k q k k k q k
k k q k k k q k
q k k k k k
q q k k k
q k k k k k
k
i G t t G t t G t t
i G t t G t t G t t
i n G t t G t t
i n n G t t
i n G t t G t t
i
o
o
o o
o o
o o
o
= + =
= = +
= =
= =
= =
+
+
+
+
( )
1 1 1 1 1
0 0 0
1 2 2 1
( ') ( ) ( 6 )
q k k k k q
G t t G t t G t t
= +
(3.1.72)
4.2 Gin Feynman
Phng php gin trong khai trin chui ca HG c Feynman xut v
t ra rt hu ch gip ta c mt ci nhn c th v trc quan v qu trnh tng tc.
Phng php ny theo quy tc nh sau:
39
i. HG fermion
0
( ')
k
G t t c biu din bng ng lin nt vi mi tn i t
' t n t
ii. HG phonon (boson v hng)
0
( ')
q
D t t c biu th bng ng cch nt
ni ' t v t . HG boson vect c biu th bng ng sng ni ' t v t .
iii. Th Coulomb c biu din bng ng sng hoc ziczac ni ' t v t .
iv. Mt n c biu th bng vng kn bt u v kt thc ti cng mt im
v. Bo tan xung lng ti mi nh c th hin qua hm o
40
4.3 Phng trnh Dyson
4.3.1 Kin thc h tr:
- Hamiltonian c bn:
e ion e ion ex
H H H H H
= + + + (3.1.73)
0
e e e e
H H H
= + (3.1.74)
0 0 0
ion ion ion ion ion ion ion ph
H H H H H H
= + = + + (3.1.75)
0
e ion e ion e ph
H H H
= + (3.1.76)
Phn
ion ion
H
c tch thnh 2 thnh phn:
0
ion ion
H
m t tng tc khi cc
ion v tr cn bng;
ph
H l phn hiu chnh tnh n dao ng mng
(phonon). Cng th i vi
e ion
H
- M hnh jellium: dnh cho kh electron. Trong m hnh ny ngi ta xt
cc ion nh mt nn in tch dng khng i. Khi tt c cc tng tc
lin quan n mng ion c biu th qua th mng ion
L
U :
0
e L ex
H H W U H = + + + (3.1.77)
- Hamilton kh electron
1 1 1 1
1 2 1 2 1 2 2 1
( ) ( , ) ( , )( ( , )
1
( , ) ( , ) ( ) ( , ) ( , )
2
H t dx x t h x t x t
dx dx x t x t V x x x t x t
v v
v v v v
+
+ +
=
+
(3.1.78)
y
2 2
0
1 1 1 1 1 1
( , ) ( ) ( , ) ( , ) ( , ) ( , )
2
e ex L ex L
h x t H x H x t U x t H x t U x t
m
V
= + + = + +
h
(3.1.79)
v
1 2
( ) V x x l th Coulomb.
4.3.2 Phng trnh Dyson trng hp nhiu lon khng ph thuc thi
gian: (tham kho, v d HG ca Nguyn Vn Lin trang 93-95, hoc
Greens Functions in quantum Physics ca Economou, trang 55-56)
Xt trng hp Hamiltonian
0
H H W = + khng ph thuc thi gian, ta c c:
0 0
0 0
G G GWG
G GWG
= +
= +
(3.1.80)
y c xem nh phng trnh Dyson cho HG.
Trong r-biu din:
0 1 2 0 1 1 2 2
( , ', ) ( , ', ) ( , , ) ( , ) ( , ', ) G r r G r r drdr G r r W r r G r r = +
(3.1.81)
41
v trong k-biu din:
0 0 1 1 2 2
( , ', ) ( , ', ) ( , , ) ( , ) ( , ', ) G k k G k k G k k W k k G k k = +
(3.1.82)
4.3.3 Phng trnh Dyson trng hp nhiu lon ph thuc thi gian:
- Phng trnh chuyn ng ca HG (3.1.55):
0 0
( , )
( , ; ', ') ( ') ( ') | ( ', ') | .
i x t
i G x t x t t t x x Ti x t
t t
v
o o v
+
c c
= (+ + ,
c c
h h
h
(3.1.83)
vi
( , )
[ ( , ), ( )]
x t
i x t H t
t
v
v
c
=
c
h . (3.1.84)
S dng Hamiltonian (3.1.78) ta c:
2 2 2 2
[ ( , ), ( )] ( , ) ( ) ( , ) ( , ) ( , ) x t H t h x t dx V x x x t x t x t v v v v v
+
= +
. (3.1.85)
Do vy
' ' ' ' ' '
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1
' '
2 1 2 0 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 0
( , ; , ) ( ) ( ) ( , ; , )
( ) | ( , ) ( , ) ( , ) ( , ) |
i G x t x t t t x x hG x t x t
t
i
dx V x x T x t x t x t x t
o o
v v v v
+ + +
c
= +
c
(+ + ,
h
h
(3.1.86)
1 1
t t
+
= l bo m trt t trong (3.1.85). Ta c th vit gn li vi vic t
1 1
1 ( ) x t = :
2 1
1
0 0
(1,1') (1 1') (1,1')
2 (1 2) | (2 ) (2) (1) (1') |
t t
i G hG
t
i
d V T
o
v v v v
+ + +
=
c
= +
c
(+ + ,
h
h
(3.1.87)
y ta t
2 2
t t
+
= v
1 2 1 2
(1 2) ( ) ( ) V V x x t t o = ;
2 2
2 d dx dt = .
Hoc:
2 1
2
2
1
1
0 0
(1,1') (1 1') ( ) (1,1')
2
2 (1 2) | (2 ) (2) (1) (1') |
ex L
t t
i G H U G
t m
i
d V T
o
v v v v
+ + +
=
| | c
+ V = + +
|
c
\ .
(+ + ,
h
h
h
(3.1.88)
Nu h electron c lp (khng tng tc) th ta c ngay phng trnh cho HG
t do:
2
2 0
1
1
(1,1') (1 1')
2
i G
t m
o
| | c
+ V =
|
c
\ .
h
h (3.1.89)
(HG o:
42
2
0 1 2
1
1
(1,1') (1 1')
2
G i
t m
o
| | c
= + V
|
c
\ .
h
h (3.1.90)
vi
1
0 0
2 (12) (21') (1 1') d G G o
(3.1.91)
)
- HG hai ht
i vi h tng tc, HG (1,1') G ph thuc vo thnh phn gm 4 tan t
trng. H 4 tan t ny tng ng HG hai ht
2
G c nh ngha nh sau:
' '
2 2
1
(121' 2') | (1) (2) (2 ) (1) |
( )
G T
i
v v v v
+ +
= ( ,
h
(3.1.92)
PT cho HG c th c vit li:
2 1
2
2
1
1
2
(1,1') (1 1') ( ) (1,1')
2
2 (1 2) (121' 2 )
ex L
t t
i G H U G
t m
i d V G
o
+
=
| | c
+ V = + +
|
c
\ .
h
h
h (3.1.93)
Nh vy trong trng hp c tng tc, phng trnh cho HG mt ht khng
phi l phng trnh ng! V v s tng tc, tm HG 1 ht, ta phi bit
HG 2 ht v c th ta phi bit HG n ht.
Mt s nt v HG
2
G
HG
2
G m t qu trnh truyn ca hai ht c thm (sinh) vo h ti 1' v 2' v xut
hin (hoc c di (hy) khi h) ti 1 v 2. Ni chung chuyn ng ca cc ht c
tng quan vi nhau v cc ht tng tc vi nhau. Gin cho HG
2
G :
2
(121' 2') G =
Ch : thnh thong ngi ta dng gin trn minh ha cho trng hp
' '
1 2 1 2
, t t t t = = ; v gin cho
2
G trong trng hp tng qut l
HG
2
G dng m t h hai ht tng tc vi nhau, v d exciton- ht c to thnh
do s bt cp gia electron v l trng qua tng tc Coulomb.
Gn ng cho HG
2
G
o gn ng bc nht ta c th b qua tng quan ca cc ht v xem rng cc ht
truyn qua mi trng hon tan c lp vi nhau:
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
43
2
(121' 2') G =
=
= (11') (22') (12') (21') G G G G (3.1.94)
(du + dnh cho boson, du tr dnh cho fermion)
Gn ng ny chnh l gn ng Hartree-Fock (HF). S hng th nht tng ng gn
ng Hartree, s hng th hai tng ng gn ng Fock. Trong (3.1.94) xt n
tnh ng nht ca cc ht: v cc ht ng nht nn ta khng th phn bit cc qu
trnh i) ht c thm 1 v xut hin 1 vi cc qu trnh ii) ht c thm 1 v
xut hin 2. [Gn ng HF thuc v lai gn ng trng trung bnh (mean field)]
o Gn ng bc cao hn: Gn ng thang (ladder approximation; i khi cn gi l
gn ng Bethe-Salpeter mc d gn ng BS ny tng qut hn gn ng thang)
2
(121' 2') G =
= +
=
2
(11') (22') (12') (21') 4 5 (14) (25) (45) (451' 2') G G G G i d d G G W G +
h (3.1.95)
Nu ta thc hin php lp gii phng trnh tch phn trn th s c chui v hn
cc gin thang (ladder diagram)
2
(121' 2') G = + + +
+ s hng trao i
HG trong gn ng HF
Vi gn ng HF (3.1.94) phng trnh chuyn ng ca HG (3.1.93) thnh
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
2
1
2
1 1
2
1
2
2
1
2
1
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
44
2
2
1
1
(2)
(1,1') (1 1') ( ) (1,1')
2
2 (1 2)[ (11') (22 ) (12') (21')]
(1 1') [ 2 (1 2) (22 )] (1,1') 2 (1 2) (12') (21')
ex L
Hartree Fock
ex L
n
i G H U G
t m
i d V G G G G
H U i d V G G i d V G G
o
o
+
+
| | c
+ V = + +
|
c
\ .
= + + +
h
h
h
. .
h h
.
(3.1.96)
S hng Hartree v
L
U thng kh nhau. Ta c PT:
2
2
1
1
(1,1') (1 1') (1,1') 2 (1 2) (12') (21')
2
ex
i G H G i d V G G
t m
o
| | c
+ V = + +
|
c
\ .
h
h h (3.1.97)
- Phng trnh Dyson
H PT (3.1.93) khng kn; v vy ta tm mt h phng trnh ng mt cch
hnh thc bng vic a vo ton t nng lng ring Ec xc nh nh
sau:
2
3 (1 3) (131' 3 )
2 (12) (21') 3 (1 3) (11') (33 )
i d V G
d G i d V G G
+
+
= E
h
h
(3.1.98)
Vi nh ngha ny ta c phng trnh Dyson cho HG:
2
2
1
1
(1,1') (1 1') (1,1') 2 (12) (21')
2
ex
i G H G d G
t m
o
| | c
+ V = + + E
|
c
\ .
h
h (3.1.99)
(Ta xem s hng Hartree v
L
U kh nhau.) Dng thc c th ca nng
lng ring s c tho lun sau. Vi HG o (3.1.90) c th chuyn PT
Dyson sang dng PT tch phn
0 0 0
(1,1') (1,1') 2 (1, 2) (2,1') 2 3 (1, 2) (23) (31')
ex
G G d G H G d d G G = + + E
(3.1.100)
Hoc dng gn hn:
0 0 '
(1,1') (1,1') 2 3 (1, 2) (23) (31') G G d d G G = + E
(3.1.101)
vi
(12) (12) (12) (1 2) (12)
ex
H
o
o o = E + E = + E (3.1.102)
Nng lng ring E:
Ngi ta dn ra c rng:
(12) 4 5 (51) (14) (425) i d d W G E = I
h (3.1.103)
45
Trong Ic gi l hm nh v c cho bi
(12)
(123) (1 2) (1 3) 4 5 6 7 (46) (673) (75)
(45)
d d d d G G
G
o o
cE
I = + I
c
, (3.1.104)
W l th tng tc chn
(12) (1 2) 3 4 (2 3) (34) (41) W V d d V L W = +
(3.1.105)
vi L gi l hm phn cc v c dng
(12) 3 4 (13) (342) (41 ) L i d d G G
+
= I
h (3.1.106)
Cc PT (3.1.100) - (3.1.106) to thnh mt h PT kn. gii h ny ngi ta phi
thc hin nhng gn ng khc nhau, ty cnh hung cho php.
Gn ng HF chn (SHFA):
Ch gi li s hng u ca hm nh:
(123) (1 2) (1 3) o o I = (3.1.107)
v gn ng ny gi l b qua hiu chnh nh. C khi cn gi l gn
ng HF chn (SHF- screened HF). Vi gn ng ny ta c c
(12) (21) (12) i W G E = h , (3.1.108)
(12) (1 2) 3 4 (2 3) (34) (41) W V d d V L W = +
(3.1.109)
vi
(12) (12) (21 ) L i G G
+
= h (3.1.110)
Gn ng ny cho hm phn cc L tng ng vi gn ng RPA
(Random Phase Approx.). V th thnh thong thut ng RPA v SHFA
c dng ch cng mt gn ng (trong khi RPA ch nhm n hm
phn cc L, cn SHFA th dnh cho c nng lng ring v L).
Vi h ng nht (ch ph thuc vo ta tng i ' r r p = v
' t t t = ) cc PT trn c th c vit trong khng gian xung lng; v
d PT (3.1.109) cho th chn tr thnh:
( , ) ( ) ( ) ( , ) ( , ) W q V q V q L q W q e e e = + (3.1.111)
Hay
( )
( , )
1 ( ) ( , )
V q
W q
V q L q
e
e
=
(3.1.112)
46
Khi xem xt th chn, ngi ta thng a vo khi nim hm in mi
(dielectric function) ( , ) q c e c nh ngha nh sau:
( , ) ( ) / ( , ) W k V q q e c e = (3.1.113)
T (3.1.112) ta c
( , ) 1 ( ) ( , ) q V q L q c e e = (3.1.114)
i vi kh electron, vi nh ngha ca hm phn cc, c th kh d
dng tm c:
( , )
( )
k q k
k
k q k
n n
L q
i
e
e o c c
=
+ +
h
(3.1.115)
V
( , ) 1 ( )
( )
k q k
k
k q k
n n
q V q
i
c e
e o c c
=
+ +
h
(3.1.116)
y l cng thc Lindhard cho hm in mi.
Xt kh electron 3 chiu, ngi ta ta c th dn ra kt qu, khi ly 0 e ,
2
2
( , 0) 1 q
q
k
c = + (3.1.117)
vi k gi l s sng chn
2
0
4 e n t
k
c u
c
=
c
(3.1.118)
Nh vy
2
3 2 2
0
4 1
( ) ( , 0)
s
e
V q W q
L q
t
c k
=
+
(3.1.119)
Kt qu ny cho thy th chn kh i s phn k ca th Coulomb ti 0 q . Php
bin i Fourier ca (3.1.119) cho
2 2
3 2 2
0 0
4 1
( ) ( )
iq r r
s s
q q
e e
V r V q e e
L q r
k
t
c k c
= = =
+
(3.1.120)
y l th Yukawa !
Gn ng HF
Nu b qua phn chn trong th tng tc, tc l ch gi li s hng u
trong (3.1.109) th nng lng ring c dng n gin l
(12) (2 1) (12) i V G E = h , (3.1.121)
thay vo (3.1.99) th ta c li PT HG trong gn ng HF dn ra trong
(3.1.97) .
Khng xt tng tc vi trng ngai v gi s h ng nht, ta c th
vit PT Dyson trong khng gian k nh sau:
47
2 2
( , ) 1 ( , ) ( , )
2
k
G k k G k
m
e e e e
| |
= + E
|
\ .
h
h (3.1.122)
Hay
0
1
( , )
( , )
k
G k
k
e
e c e
=
E h
(3.1.123)
(cht ch hn, mu s phi c thm io vi 0 o .) So vi trng hp
ht t do, PT (3.1.123) cho thy nng lng ht t do c thay th
bng
0
( , )
k
k c e +E do h qu ca tng tc. E r rng l mt hiu chnh
nng lng v mang tnh t thn ca h tng tc. V vy ngi ta gi l
nng lng ring.