L THUYT AXIT

Axit hu c
I.Cng thc - cu to - cch gi tn 1. Cng thc. Axit hu c (cn gi l axit cacboxylic l nhng hp cht c mt hay nhiu nhm cacboxyl (-COOH) lin kt vi nguyn t C hoc H.

CnH2n+22k m(COOH )m CnH 2n+ 2 2kCO2 C mH 2m 2kO2

(m= n+ 1 m 1 n 0) , ,
Vi k= 0 , m= 1 => axit no n chc CmH2mO2 hay CnH2n+1COOH (Nu bi cho CmH2mO2 => este no n chc hoc axit no n chc =>

nCO2 = nH2O )

Vi k = 1 , m = 1 => CnH2n O2 hay CnH2n-1COOH ( axit n chc c 1 lin kt trong gc ) k = 4 ,m = 1 => Dy ng ng ca axit thm no n chc => CnH2n-7COOH ( n 6 ) .k=0 ,m=2 => CnH2n(COOH)2 iaxit no 2. Cu to

Do nguyn t O ht mnh cp electron lin kt ca lin kt i C = O lm tng phn cc ca lin kt O - H. Nguyn t H tr nn linh ng, d tch ra. Do vy tnh axit y th hin mnh hn nhiu so vi phenol.

b) nh hng ca gc R n nhm - COOH: Nu R l gc ankyl c hiu ng cm ng +I (y electron) th lm gim tnh axit. Gc R cng ln hay bc cng cao. +I cng ln, th tnh axit cng yu. V d: Tnh axit gim dn trong dy sau.

Nu trong gc R c nhm th gy hiu ng cm ng I (nh F > Cl > Br > I hay NO2 > F > Cl > OH) th lm tng tnh axit. V d: Tnh axit tng theo dy sau.

Nu trong gc R c lin kt bi V d:

L THUYT AXIT .Nu c 2 nhm -COOH trong 1 phn t, do nh hng ln nhau nn cng lm tng tnh axit. c) nh hng ca nhm -COOH n gc R: Nhm -COOH ht electron gy ra hiu ng -I lm cho H nh C v tr tr nn linh ng, d b th. V d:

3. Cch gi tn a) Tn thng dng HOOC-CH2 -COOH axit malonic hay propandioic HOOC-COOH axit axit oxalic hay etandioic CH2 =CH-COOH axit acrylic hay propenoic CH2=C(CH3)-COOH axit metacrylic CH3-(CH2)7-CH=CH-(CH2)7-COOH axit oleic (c trong du m ng thc vt) CH3-(CH2)16 -COOH axit stearic C15H31COOH axit panmitic b) Danh php quc t: Tn axit = Tn hirocacbon tng ng + oic CH3 - CH2 - COOH : propanoic II. Tnh cht vt l ca axit no, mch h mt ln axit (CnH2n+1 COOH) Ba cht u dy ng ng l cht lng, c v chua, tan v hn trong nc, in li yu trong dung dch. Nhng cht sau l cht lng, ri cht rn, tan gim dn. Nhit si tng dn theo n. Gia cc phn t axit cng xy ra hin tng lin hp phn t do lin kt hiro.

Do , axit c nhit si cao hn anehit v ru tng ng III. Tnh cht ho hc 1. Phn ng nhm chc - COOH ( tnh axit) a. Trong dung dch nc in li ra ion H+ (H3O), lm giy qu (axit yu). R cng nhiu C, axit in li cng yu. b. Phn ng trung ho

c. Ho tan kim loi ng trc H trong dy Bktp. d. y mnh axit yu hn ra khi mui: 2. Phn ng do nhm OH ca - COOH

L THUYT AXIT a. Phn ng este ho vi ru: Phn ng gia axit axetic v ru etylic l phn ng thun nghch. CH3COOH + C2H5OH CH3COOC2H5 + H2O H+ ; t0 Phng trnh tng qut phn ng gia axit cacboxylic v ancol

(Chiu thun l chiu este ha , chiu nghch l phn ng thy phn). b. Phn ng to thnh anhirit axit:

3. Phn ng gc R D th halogen v tr

IV. iu ch a. Trong phng th nghim i t dn xut Halogen ta c th iu ch c hu ht tt c cc axit cacboxylic R-X R-CN RCOOH + 0 KCN H3O ,t Oh hirocacbon, ancol C6H5-CH3 C6H5COOK C6H5COOH 0 KMnO4,H2O,t H3O+ b. Trong cng nghip : Ngi ta sn xut axit axetic bng cch ln men dm : C2H5OH + O2 CH3COOH + H2O men dm,25-300C Oxy ha anehit axetic CH3CHO + 1/2O2 CH3COOH x t,t0 i t metanol v cacbon oxit : CH3OH + CO CH3COOH x t,t0 Gii thiu mt s axit 1. Axit fomic H - COOH L cht lng, khng mu, tan nhiu trong nc, c mi xc, nhit si = 100,5oC. Trong phn t c nhm chc anehit -CHO nn c tnh kh mnh ca anehit. V d:

iu ch: c th iu ch t CO v NaOH (cho CO i qua kim nng)

L THUYT AXIT

2. Axit axetic CH3 - COOH L cht lng, khng mu, tan nhiu trong nc, c mi chua, xc, nhit si = 118,5oC. Dung dch 5 - 8% l gim n. iu ch : ngoi cc phng php chung, axit axetic cn c iu ch bng nhng cch sau. i t axetilen.

Cho ru etylic ln men gim. Chng kh g: trong lp nc c 10% CH3COOH. Trung ho bng vi thnh (CH3COO)2Ca. Tch mui ra ri ch ho bng H2SO4 thu axit axetic. Axit axetic c dng trong cng nghip thc phm, trong cng nghip dc phm v k ngh sn xut cht do v t nhn to. 3. Axit bo c KLPT ln. Quan trng nht l C15H31COOH C17H35COOH (axit panmitic) (axit stearic) C hai u c cu to mch thng, khng phn nhnh. L nhng cht rn nh sp, khng mu. Khng tan trong nc nhng tan nhiu trong dung mi hu c. Phn ng vi kim v tan trong dung dch kim. Mui ca cc axit ny vi Mg v kim loi kim th (Ca, Ba, ) khng tan trong nc.

L THUYT AXIT

Phng php gii bi tp

1. 1 naxit th l axit n chc. 2 Nu cho hai cht hu c X v Y tc dng vi NaHCO3d m thu c nCO2 = nhh th trong phn t mi cht hu c cha mt nhm ( - COOH). Cho hai cht hu c X v Y: X v Y + NaHCO3 (d) nCO = nhh Cho mt axit hu c tc dng vi kim loi hot ng mnh m sinh ra nH 2 =
2

X v Y + Na (d)

nhh < nH 2 < nhh 2

=> X, Y u c cha 1 nhm (-COOH) v mt trong hai cht X hoc Y phi c cha nhm (- OH). 2.
nOH - phan ng = x x la nhom so chc axt ( - COOH) naxt

VD1: Trung ha hon ton 1,76 gam mt axit n chc hu c X bng dung dch NaOH va ri c cn dung dch sau phn ng thu c 2,2 gam mui khan. Tm X . HD gii: CTTQ ca X l CxHyCOOH CxHyCOOH + NaOH CxHyCOONa + H2O (12x + y + 45) gam (12x + y + 67) gam 1,76 gam 2,2 gam 12x +y +45 12x +y +67 = 12 x + y = 43 y = 43 12x Ta c t l: 1,76 2,2 Lp bng bin thin: x 1 2 3 4 y 31 19 7 m nhn Vy X l C3H7COOH VD2 : Trung ha hon ton 11,25 gam mt axit hu c cn 500 ml NaOH 0,5M. X l : HD gii: CTTQ ca X l R(COOH)x 500 = 0, 25 mol S mol NaOH l = CM.V = 0,5 1000 R(COOH)x + xNaOH R(COONa)x + xH2O (R + 45x) gam x mol 11,25 gam 0,25 mol R +45x x = R = 0, x phi l 2 Ta c t l: 11,25 0, 25 Vy X c CT l (COOH)2: axit oxalic VD3 : Trung ha a mol mt axit hu c X cn 2a mol NaOH. t chy hon ton mt th tch hi axit X thu c hai th tch kh CO2 (cng iu kin). CTPT ca X l:

L THUYT AXIT HD gii: CTTQ ca X l R(COOH)x R(COOH)x + xNaOH R(COONa)x + xH2O Trung ha a mol X cn 2a mol NaOH X c 2 nhm COOH t 1 th tch hi X 2 th tch kh CO2 X c hai nguyn t C trong phn t. Vy X chnh l HOOCCOOH: axit oxalic VD4 : trung ha hon ton 4,12 gam hn hp hai axit hu c n chc mch h l ng ng k tip nhau th cn 500 ml dung dch NaOH 0,1 M. Tm CTPT ca hai axit v tnh khi lng mui khan thu c . HD gii: CT chung ca hai axit CnH2n+1COOH S mol NaOH l = CM.V = 0,1 500 = 0,05 mol 1000 CnH2n+1COOH + NaOH CnH2n+1 COONa + H2O

0,05 mol 0,05 mol 0,05 mol mhn h p 4,12 = = 82, 4 = 14n + 46 n = 2,6 vc Ta c: Mhn h p = nhn h p 0,05 Vy CTPT ca hai axit l C2H5COOH v C3H7COOH Theo nh lut bo ton khi lng, ta c: mhn h p + mNaOH = mmui + mn c sinh ra mmui = mhn h p + mNaOH mn c sinh ra = 4,12 + 0,05 40 0,05 18 = 5, 22 gam 3. 4. Ch c axt fomic ( H-COOH) tham gia phn ng trng gng Khi t chy mt axit cacboxylic m thu c nCO2 = nH 2O th axit l axit no n chc.

VD1 : t chy hon ton m gam mt axit n chc no mch h X thu c (m 0,25) gam CO2 v (m 3,5) gam nc. Tm X . HD gii: CTTQ ca X l CnH2nO2 t CnH2nO2 nCO2 + nH2 O (14n + 32) gam n .44 gam n.18 gam m gam (m 0,25) gam (m 3,5) gam n.44 n.18 = m = 5, 75 gam Ta c t l: m 0, 25 m 3,5 14n + 32 n.44 14n + 32 n.44 = = n=1 Ta c t l: m m 0, 25 5,75 5,75 0, 25 Vy CTPT ca X l CH2O2 hay HCOOH cu A ng. VD2 : t chy hon ton 0,1 mol hn hp X gm hai axit hu c l ng ng k tip ta thu c 6,6 gam v 2,7 gam nc. a) Tm CTPT ca hai axit . b) Khi cho 0,1 hn hp X tc dng vi lng d AgNO3/amniac th khi lng kt ta thu c? 6, 6 2,7 = 0,15 mol;nH2O = = 0,15 mol = n 2 HD gii: a) nCO2 = CO 44 18 hai axit ny l axit n chc no mch h (kt qu cu 24). CT chung ca hai axit l CnH2nO2

L THUYT AXIT
t Cn 2nO 2 CO +2n O2 H n H

1 0,1 = n = 1,5 nCO2 n 0,15 Vy CTPT ca HCOOH v CH3COOH b) Gi a, b ln lt l s mol ca HCOOH v CH3COOH Ta c: a + b = 0,1 mol a + 2b 0,1 = 1,5 a = b = = 0,05 mol Ta c: n = a+ b 2 Ch c HCOOH tham gia phn ng trng gng. AgNO3 / amniac HCOOH + Ag2O CO2 + H2O + 2Ag t0 0,05 mol 0,1 mol Khi lng bc sinh ra l: 0,1 108 = 10,8 gam Ta c t l: = Khi t chy mt axit cacboxylic khng no (1 ni i C = C) n chc th: naxit = nCO2 nH 2O 5. Khi cho axit cacboxylic tc dng dung dch kim, c cn dung dch sau phn ng c cht rn khan th ch n lng kim d hay khng. VD: Cho 0,04 mol axit hu c n chc tc dng hon hon vi 50g dung dch NaOH 4%. C cn dung dch sau khi trung ho th c 4,16g rn khan. Tm CTCT ca axit 6. Nu cho axit cacboxylic X phn ng hon ton vi dung dch NaOH m: nNaOH : nX = 1:1 X l axit n chc. 7. 8. Khi cho axit cacboxylic mch h tc dng vi dung dch brm , hidr th t l n H2/n axit l s lin kt trong phn t axit. Khi chuyn ho axit thnh mui, nu bit khi lng trc v sau phn ng th nn dng nhn xt v s tng gim khi lng tnh s mol phn ng. Vd: 1 mol nhm (-COOH) chuyn thnh (- COONa) th khi lng tng thm 22 gam.

nhn h p

nNaOH > nX X l axit a chc.