5.5.

Mt ng b tng nha

1. Khi nim c bn:

- Nguyn l s dng vt liu: " cp phi " cht & lin tc. - Vt liu thnh phn ca hn hp BTN:
.Ct liu : dm tiu chun cc loi, ct. .Cht chn: Bt khong. .Cht lin kt: bitum du m .Cht ph gia (nu c): ph gia hot tnh b mt.

- Hn hp vt liu thng c phi liu v trn ti trm trn. Ti hin trng ch thc hin cng tc san ri v lu ln. - Loi mt ng : cp cao A1 hoc A2.

2. u nhc im:
2.1. u im:
- Kt cu cht kn. - C kh nng chu nn, chu ct , chu un. - Chu lc ngang tt. - Chu ti trng ng tt, t hao mn, t sinh bi.

- Bng phng, cng khng qu cao, xe chy tc cao rt m thun, t gy ting n. - C th c gii ho ton b khu thi cng. - Cng tc duy tu , sa cha t. - Thi gian s dng tng i di.

2.2. Nhc im:

- Mt ng c mu sm kh nh hng xe chy v ban m. - Cng gim khi nhit cao. - Cng gim khi b nc tc dng lu di.

- H s bm gia bnh xe & mt ng gim khi mt ng b m t. - Mt ng b "ho gi" di tc dng ca thi gian, ti trng & cc yu t kh quyn. - Yu cu thit b thi cng chuyn dng, cng tc T vn gim st tng i phc tp.

3. Phn loi:
3.1. Theo phng php thi cng: a. BTN khng phi lu ln: dy 1 4 cm. - Dng nha c 10/70 hm lng cao (9 12%). - Hm lng bt khong cao (20 35%). - Nhit trn 230oC, nhit ri 210 230oC, khng phi lu ln.

b. BTN phi lu ln: li c phn loi theo loi nha s dng , nhit trn & ri. b1. BTN ri nng: - Dng nha c 40/60, 60/70, 70/100, 100/150 (hm lng nha 4 7%) - Nhit trn 140 oC 170oC, nhit ri ln hn 120oC. - BTN ri & lu xong nhit gim bng nhit khng kh th coi nh cng hnh thnh 100%.

b2. BTN ri m: - Dng nha c 150/200, 200/300, nha lng ng c nhanh hoc trung bnh - Nhit trn 110oC 130oC, nhit ri & lu >60oC. - Thi gian hnh thnh cng 15 20 ngy.

b3. BTN ri ngui: - Dng nha nha lng ng c trung bnh hoc chm - Nhit trn 110oC 120oC, hn hp sau ngui c th d tr 4 8 thng trong kho cha. - Nhit ri & lu bng nhit khng kh - Thi gian hnh thnh cng 20 40 ngy.

BTN ri nng c thi gian hnh thnh cng ngn nht, cng , n nh nc & nhit cao nht - hin s dng ph bin Vit Nam.

3.2. Theo rng cn d:

- BTN cht: rng cn d 3 6% - BTN rng: rng cn d 6 10% - BTN thot nc : rng cn d 20 25%

3.3. Theo hm lng dm: - BTN nhiu dm: 50 65% dm (trn sng 5mm). - BTN va dm: 35 50% dm. - BTN t: 20 35% dm. - BTN ct: (khng c dm ).

3.4. Theo tnh cht BTN: - BTN thng thng. - BTN thot nc (VR 20 25%). - BTN c nhm cao, BTN mu . . . (BTN nhiu dm c cng & nhm cao - rt n nh nhit - ph hp vi kh hu Vit Nam).

Xe chy trn mt ng BTN thng thng lc tri ma

V trn mt ng BTN khng bn nc (thot nc)

B tng nha nhiu dm

B tng nha t dm

B tng nha gm

B tng nha thot nc

3.5. Theo cht lng BTN: - BTN loi 1: cht lng tt (lm lp mt cp cao A1). - BTN loi 2: cht lng km hn (lm lp mt cp cao A2). 3.6. Theo c ht ln nht: - BTN Dmax 40mm: (BTN rng). - BTN Dmax 31,5: (BTN rng). - BTN Dmax 25: (BTN cht hoc rng).

- BTN Dmax 20: (BTN cht). - BTN Dmax 15: (BTN cht). - BTN Dmax 10: (BTN cht). - BTN Dmax 5(6): (BTN ct).

3.7. Theo phng php ch to: - BTN trn ti ng. - BTN trn ti trm trn.

(BTN Dmax 25- 20 - 15 hin dng ph bin nht).

4. Chc nng ca cc loi vt liu trong thnh phn hn hp BTN:

- dm: to thnh khung sn chu lc chnh v to nhm cho btng nha. - Ct: c chc nng lp y l rng ca khung sn dm v lm tng tnh n nh ca sn dm.

- Bt khong v nha: tng tc vi nhau to thnh cht lin kt asphalt lin kt cc ht khong v lp y l rng cn li. - Cht ph gia: ci thin tnh lin kt, dnh bm gia nha & ct liu. (Wetfix).

5. Cu trc BTN: V vt liu: cc thnh phn trong hn hp BTN phi hp, tng tc vi nhau to thnh cu trc vt liu BTN. BTN l mt h thng gm 3 cu trc: - Cu trc t vi. - Cu trc trung gian. - Cu trc v m.

- Cu trc t vi: l s kt hp ca bt khong cht v nha to thnh lin kt asphalt. - Cu trc trung gian: l s kt hp cht lin kt asphalt vi ct to thnh va asphalt. - Cu trc v m: l s kt hp gia va asphalt vi cc ht dm to nn btng nha.

Xt v mt chu lc cu trc BTN c dng ng: - nhit dng: BTN c cu trc ng t. - nhit m: BTN c cu trc ngng t (gin - d gy v).

6. S tng tc ca vt liu khong vi nha:

Cho n nay, c rt nhiu nghin cu v s tng tc gia vt liu khong v nha song qu trnh vn ang c tip tc nghin cu, hon chnh. Qu trnh tng tc ny c th bao gm:

- B mt vt liu khong hp ph lp bitum. - Bitum khuch tn c chn lc vo trong vt liu khong, do c th lm thay i cn bn tnh cht ca bitum b hp ph. - S thay i tnh cht ca vt liu khong do s tng tc ca n vi bitum.

6.1. B mt vt liu khong hp ph lp bitum:

Khi vt liu khong tip xc vi nha s xy ra qu trnh hp ph bitum trn b mt ct liu. Trong BTN, do bt khong c t din rt ln nn qu trnh trn xy ra mnh m nht khi nha tip xc vi bt khong.

- Khi ct liu l cc loi ccbnt v baz tip xc vi bitum s xy ra s hp ph ha hc : c s trao i i-on trn b mt ct liu vi nha, lc dnh gia bitum v b mt ct liu khong rt ln, do lm cho mng bitum trn b mt ct liu khong bn vng, n nh nhit, n nh nc.

- Khi ct liu khong l cc loi axit tip xc vi bitum s xy ra s hp ph l hc : cc phn t bitum lin kt vi b mt ct liu khong bng lc ht phn t (Van-c-van). Lin kt l hc ny khng lm tng cng , tnh chu nc, tnh bn nhit cho bitum v rt d b ph hoi khi c s xm thc ca nc.

6.2. Bi tum khuch tn c chn lc vo trong vt liu khong:

Khi vt liu khong tip xc vi bitum s xy ra hin tng bitum khuch tn vo trong l rng ca ct liu: - Nhm cht du c th theo cc mao qun thm su vo trong ht khong.

- Nhm cht nha c hp ph trong cc l rng nh. - Nhm axit asphalt v nhm asphalt c hp ph trn b mt ct liu khong.

Nh vy, khi dng vt liu khong rng th b mt ht khong c nng cht asphalt tng ln, qunh ca lp bitum trn b mt ht khong cng tng ln - lm cho s lin kt gia cc ht khong tng theo, do tnh n hi do gim xung, cng btng nha tng ng k.

S thay i tnh cht ca bitum khi b hp ph

Bitum dang cu truc 3

Bitum dang t do 4

1 Hat bt a 2

Mang xa phong canxi S tao thanhlp vo cu truc trn mt hat bt khoang 1.Hat bt khoang ; 2. Mang xa phong canxi; 3.bitum dang cu truc ; 4. Bitum dang tdo; . quanh cua bitum : . chiu day cua lp bitum; 0. chiu day cua lp bitum luc quanh cua no khng thay i la0
lg

lg

Tng tc gia cc ht khong khi t l BT/ BK khc nhau

0
1 2 lg0 1 2 2 lg0 b)

1 s

a)

S tng tac cua cac hat khoang khi iu kin tip xuc khac nhau a) trong vung tip xuc la bitum t do b) S tip xuc cua vo bitum cu truc

6.3. S thay i tnh cht ca vt liu khong do s tng tc ca n vi bitum: Qu trnh tng tc gia bitum v vt liu khong khng nhng lm cho mng bitum hp ph thay i tnh cht m cn lm cho vt liu khong cng c nhng thay i ng k.

Do s khuch tn ca bitum hay cc thnh phn ca n vo cc mao qun ca vt liu khong lm cho b mt ht khong kn nc hn, thnh ca cc l rng v mao qun nh c qu trnh hp ph m tr nn ght nc, to iu kin nng cao tnh n nh nc ca vt liu khong.

Kt lun: - Nu t l BT/ BK qu nh (t nha) , bitum khng to mng bao bc cc ht khong cht, cc ht khong s tip xc trc tip vi nhau khng thng qua mng nha, lc dnh BTN v th gim i, cng BTN s gim nhanh khi chu tc dng ca nc. Cu trc BTN tr thnh cu trc tip xc.

- T l BT/ BK hp l, nha va bao bc cc ht khong to thnh mng nha c cu trc, nha t do hu nh khng c. Lc cc ht khong tip xc vi nhau thng qua mng nha c cu trc nn BTN c cng cao nht, n nh nc v n nh nhit.

- Nu t l BT/ BK qu ln (tha nha), nha trong BTN dng t do nhiu, cc ht khong tip xc vi nhau thng qua mng nha t do - cng thp, BTN gim cng , tnh n nh nhit rt km.

7. Nguyn l hnh thnh cng ca mt ng BTN:

Theo N.N. Ivanov: cung BTN ph thuc vo thnh phn lc dnh & gc ma st trong. - Lc ma st: do s ma st gia cc ht c kch thc ln. Ct liu cng sn si, sc cnh, kch c ln & ng u lc ma st cng ln. Lc ma st t thay i theo nhit & thi gian tc dng ca ti trng nhng thay i nhiu theo hm lng nha.

- Lc dnh trong BTN ng vai tr rt quan trng & c to bi 2 yu t: + Lc dnh tng h C1: do s mc vng vo nhau ca cc ht ph thuc vo ln & sc cnh ca ht; t thay i khi nhit - m - tc bin dng thay i nhng s gim khi BTN chu ti trng trng phc ca xe c v hn hp km

- Lc dnh phn t C2: do lc dnh bm tc dng tng h gia nha vi ct liu & lc dnh bn trong ca bn thn nha. Lc dnh bm tc dng tng h gia nha vi ct liu : ph thuc vo t din ct liu, tnh cht hp ph ca ct liu i vi nha. Lc dnh kt bn trong ca bn thn nha: ph thuc vo cu trc, nht ca nha; nhit & tc bin dng.

GS R-bp ngh 1 cng thc tng qut biu th s ph thuc ca cng BTN vo cu trc ca nha, chiu dy trung bnh ca mng nha bc ngoi ct liu, nhit & tc bin dng ca h thng:
1 R 2 = R1 . 2
n

v2 . v 1

t1 . t 2

Nhiu nghin cu gn y cho thy BTN l mt loi vt liu c tnh lu bin: qu trnh bin dng ca BTN c quan h rt cht ch vi thi gian tc dng ca ti trng; cn tr s ng sut ph thuc vo tc bin dng & tr s bin dng.

Cc m hnh lu bin m phng s lm vic ca BTN cho thy BTN l 1 loi vt liu c tnh n hichm-nht (do) phn no cho chng ta hnh dung c qu trnh lm vic ca BTN khi chu ti trng xe c.

8. Cng yu cu & n nh chng trt ca mt ng BTN khi nhit cao: - Mt ng BTN chu tc dng trc tip ca p lc thng ng & ti trng nm ngang xe c. n gin trong nghin cu GS N.N.Ivanov ngh thay th h lc thng ng & nm ngang bng h s K1. Do vy: Pt = P.K1 ( K1 = 1,5 4 )

- Mt ng BTN chu tc dng trng phc ( lp i lp li ) ca ti trng xe lm cho S & BD ln hn so vi tc dng tnh 1 ln. Do vy GS N.N.Ivanov ngh a thm h s K2. Do vy :

Pt = P.K1.K2 (K2 = 1,5 4 )

- Mt ng BTN cn c tnh do nn N.N.Ivanov ngh a thm vo p lc thng ng tng ng h s K3.

. ( K3 = 0,5 0,6 BTN cng ) . ( K3 = 1,5 1,6 BTN do )

Tng hp cc yu t trn :
Pt = P.K1.K2 .K3

Nu gi K = K1.K2 .K3 ta nhn thy : - Trn ng trng : K = 3 6 - Trn cc on ng hm nhiu : ng cong bn knh nh, cui dc di, trc vch ch xe, trong nt giao thng, trc ch xe . . . : K = 12 18

 BTN c th chu ng c p lc Pt nu trn, cc nghin cu cho thy:

P.K R 5
Trong : R: cng chu nn ca mu BTN hnh tr (daN/cm2). P: p lc ca bnh xe hot ti phn b trn b mt vt tip xc (daN/cm2).

P .K R 5

- Tuy nhin nhiu nh nghin cu cho rng khng th b qua tc dng trc tip ca lc ngang ln lp BTN khi nhit cao m bo BTN khng b trt tng i trn lp tng mng hoc trt trong bn thn lp BTN. - Quy trnh 22 TCN 211-93 ngh kim tra kh nng chng trt ca BTN khi nhit mt ng 60oC.

Mt ng BTN b trt

Mt ng BTN b trt trong nt giao thng

 hn ch mt ng BTN b trt:
- Thit k chiu dy lp BTN ph hp. - Dng nha c kim ln nh, nhit ho mm cao; nha plime; ph gia. - Dng bt khong c mn cao, tng tc tt vi nha. - Thit k hn hp BTN c hm lng dm cao, hm lng nha hp l; - X l lin kt gia lp BTN & tng mng tt.

9. n nh ca BTN khi chu tc dng ca nc:

Xt b mt mt ht khong (3) c bc nha (2) nhng chu tc dng ca nc (1):

1. Nc

31

12 32

2. Nha

3. Khong vt

Nc c nng lng b mt t do ln hn nha, sc cng b mt gia khong vt & nc nh (31) do h thng 3 pha gm: khong vt (pha 3) c bc nha (pha 2) gp nc tc dng (pha 1) tr nn khng cn bng: hp lc ca 32 v 12 ln hn 31 do mng nha c xu th co dn li thnh 1 git & cui cng b nc cun tri.

Nc tch nha ra khi ct liu ph hoi lc dnh ca BTN, ho tan cc cht d ho tan ca nha lm nha mt tnh nht, mt ng ri rc mt tnh ton khi, gc ma st trong ca BTN gim nhanh. Khi nc tc dng nhit cao th tnh ph hoi cng mnh.

Mt ng BTN ri rc khi b nc tc dng

Mt ng BTN ri rc khi b nc tc dng

Mt ng BTN h hng khi b nc tc dng

BTN b ph hoi khi nc tc dng lu

Bin php nng cao tnh n nh nc ca BTN:

- Mt ng dc thot nc mt nhanh. - TK hn hp c cht cao, rng nh. - Thit k hn hp c hm lng nha hp l, ph hp vi cc iu kin thc t. - La chn ct liu , nha; gia cng hn hp hp l m bo s hp ph gia nha & ct liu l hp ph ho hc. - X dng ph gia tng dnh.

10. Kh nng bin dng ca BTN:

- Di tc dng ca ti trng bnh xe, mt ng BTN chu nn & ko un - pht sinh bin dng. Khi bin dng vt qu tr s cho php mt ng b nt, gy.

- Di tc dng ca bc x mt tri, nhit mt ng thay i pht sinh ng sut nhit cng l nguyn nhn lm cho mt ng nt, gy. - Bc x mt tri, nhit , nc . . . lm cho BTN b ho gi, kh nng bin dng gim, d nt n.

Mt ng BTN b nt dc

Mt ng BTN b nt dc theo vt bnh xe

Li ng nt trn mt ng BTN

Bin php hn ch BTN nt n:

- Thit k hn hp c hm lng nha hp l, kh nng bin dng, kh nng chu ko khi un cao; dng nha c bit. - Xy dng tng mng, nn t c cht lng tt, ng u, ln nh, kh nng chng bin dng ln. - Khng s dng cc loi VL cha bi st. - Tm mi bin php ci thin ch thu nhit ca nn - mt ng.

11. Mt ng BTN ri nng:

11.1. Khi nim & phn loi: 11.2. u, nhc im: ( nu). 11.3. Phm vi s dng: (theo 22 TCN 249-98). V loi BTN: - BTN loi 1: lm tng mt cp cao A1. - BTN loi 2: lm lp mt di cp cao A1, lp mt cp cao A2 (ng cp IV tr xung) hoc dng cho phn ng dnh cho xe p, xe my, xe th s.

V kch c ht ln nht:
- Lp mt : BTNC Dmax 10 - 15 - 20. - Lp mt di : BTNC Dmax20 - 25, BTNR Dmax 25 - Lp mng trn: BTNR Dmax 25 - 31,5 - 40 BTNNC s dng trn cc tuyn ng t c tc thit k 80km/h hoc ng cao tc, ng o dc quanh co.

11.4. Cu to:
- Chiu dy lp vt liu : 4 - 8cm. - dc ngang mt ng : 1,5 2,5% - Phi c t trn 1 lp mng cht, cng & khng cha bi st. - Nu lp mng trn l VL gia c CKD v c th lp mt di nn dng BTN rng hn ch cc vt nt lan truyn t tng mng.

11.5. Yu cu vt liu: ( xem 22 TCN 249-98)

11.5.1. dm: 11.5.2. Ct: 11.5.3. Bt khong: 11.5.4. Nha: 11.5.5. Cp phi ct liu: 11.5.6. Cc ch tiu c l ca BTN:

11.5.1. dm: - Xay t tng, ni, t cui si, t x l cao khng b phn hy, BTN loi II c dng mt phn cui si cha xay, khng c dng xay t mc-n, sa thch st, dip thch st. - Hm lng ht mm yu v phong ha khng c vt qu 10% khi lng i vi BTN lp trn v khng qu 15% khi lng i vi BTN lp di.

- Lng thoi dt khng c vt qu 15%. - Trong cui si xay khng c qu 20% khi lng l loi gc silic. - Hm lng bi, bn, st khng vt qu 2% khi lng, trong hm lng st khng qu 0,5% khi lng . Cc tnh cht c l ca tho mn bng sau :

Lp mt Cc ch tiu c l ca Lp trn Loi I 1. Cng nn (daN/cm2) khng nh hn a) Xay t macma v bin cht b) Xay t trm tch 2. nn dp trong xi lanh ca xay t cui si khng ln hn, % 3. nn dp ca xay t x l cao: +) Loi cao +) Khng ln hn, % 4. mi mn LosAngeles (LA) khng ln hn,% 5. Hm lng cui si c xay v trong tng s cui si, % khi lng khng nh hn 6. T s nghin ca cui si R c = Dmin/Dmax khng nh hn 1 15 25 100 4 2 25 35 80 4 2 25 35 80 4 3 35 45 70 4 AASHTO-T96 Bng mt Bng mt kt hp vi xc nh bng sng 1000 800 8 800 600 12 800 600 12 600 600 16 TCVN 1771,1772-87 (ly chng ch t ni sx Loi II Lp di Lp mng Phng php th nghim

TCVN 1771,1772-87

11.5.2. Ct: - BTN dng ct thin nhin hoc ct

xay. -Ct thin nhin phi c mun ln Mk > 2. Trng hp Mk<2 phi trn thm ct ht ln hoc ct xay t ra. - BTN ct phi dng ct ht ln hoc ct ht trung c Mk > 2 v hm lng c ht 1mm - 1,25mm khng di 14%.

-H s ng lng ct (ES) ca phn c ht 0 - 4,75mm trong ct thin nhin phi ln hn 80, trong ct xay phi ln hn 50. - Ct khng c ln bi, bn st qu 3% khi lng trong ct thin nhin v khng qu 7% trong ct xay, trong , lng st khng qu 0,5%. Ct khng c ln tp cht hu c.

11.5.3. Bt khong:

Bt khong c nghin t ccbnt c cng nn khng nh hn 200 daN/cm2 v t x bad ca l luyn kim hoc XM. - cc-b-nt dng sn xut bt khong phi sch, cha bi, bn, st, khng qu 5%. - Bt khong phi kh, ti (khng vn hn).

Cc tnh cht c l ca bt khong tho mn bng sau:

Yu cu ca bt khong:
Cc ch tiu Tr s Phng php th nghim

1. Thnh phn c ht, % khi lng - Nh hn 1,25m - Nh hn 0,315mm - Nh hn 0,071mm 2. rng, % th tch 3. n ca mu ch to bng hn hp bt khong v nha % 4. m, % khi lng 5. Lng ht nha ca bt khong KHN ( lng bt khong c th ht ht 15g bitum mc 60/70) 6. Kh nng lm cng nha ca bt khong (hiu s nhit mm ca N-BK vi t l 4 nha mc 60/70 v 6 bt khong theo trng lng, vi nhit mm ca nha cng mc 60/70

100 90 70 (1) 35 2,5 1,0 40g

22 TCN 63-90

22 TCN 58-84 22 TCN 63-90

22 TCN 63-90 NFP 98-256

100 TNDM 200C(2)

22 TCN 63-84 (Th nghim vng v bi)

11.5.4. Nha (theo 22 TCN 279 - 01) : Dng nha c kim ln 60/70 hoc 40/60 ( hay cc loi nha khc ) theo yu cu ca TK hoc TVGS. Nha phi c kim tra theo cc tiu chun hin hnh.

11.5.5. YC v cp phi ct liu khong trong BTN:

11.5.6. YC v BTN: BTN cht th nghim theo phng php A

Yu cu i vi b tng nha loi TT Cc ch tiu I a) Th nghim theo mu nn hinh tr 1 2 3 4 5 rng ct liu khong cht, % th tch rng cn d, % th tch ngm nc, % th tch n, % th tch, khng ln hn Cng chu nn, daN/cm 2 nhit +) 200C khng nh hn +) 500C khng nh hn H s n nh nc, khng nh hn H s n nh nc, khi cho ngm nc trong 15 ngy m; khng nh hn n, % th tch khi cho ngm nc trong 15 ngy m, khng ln hn 15-19 3-6 1,5-3,5 0,5 35 14 15-21 3-6 1,5-4,5 1,0 25 12 TC th nghim b tng nha 22 TCN 62-84 II Phng php th nghim

6 7

0,90 0,85

0,85 0,75

1,5

1,8

11.5.6. YC v BTN: BTNC th nghim theo phng php B

T T Cc ch tiu Yu cu i vi BTN loi 1 8,00 4,0 min 2,0 max 5,0 Yu cu i vi BTN loi 2 7,50 4,0 min 1,8 max 5,0 Phng php th nghim

b) Th nghim theo phng php Marshall (mu m 75 c mi mt) 1 2 3 n nh (Stability) 600C, kN, khng nh hn Ch s do quy c (flow) ng vi S = 8kN, mm nh hn hay bng Thng s Marshall ( S/F )

n nh cn li sau khi ngm mu 600C, 24h so vi n nh ban u, % ln hn rng b tng nha (Air voids) rng ct liu (Voids in mineral aggregate)

75

75

AASHTOT245 hoc ASTM-D1 559-95

5 6

3-6 14-18

3-6 14-20

11.5.6. YC v BTN: BTN rng

TT Cc ch tiu Tr s quy nh 24 > 6-10 3-9 1,5 0,70 0,60 TC th nghim BTN 22TCN 62-84 Phng php th nghim

1 2 3 4 5 6

rng ca ct liu khong cht, % th tch khng ln hn rng cn d, % th tch ngm nc, % th tch n, % th tch khng ln hn H s n nh nc khng nh hn H s n nh nc, khi cho ngm nc trong 15 ngy m, khng nh hn

11.6. Trnh t thi cng:

1. Thi cng lp mng (hoc x l mt ng c). 2. Chun b vt liu. 3. Thi cng on th nghim. 4. Ti nha dnh bm. 5. Ch to hn hp BTN.

6. Vn chuyn BTN. 7. Ri BTN. 8. Lu ln s b BTN. 9. Lu ln cht BTN. 10. Lu ln hon thin BTN. 11. Hon thin - bo dng.

11.7. K thut thi cng:

11.7.1. Thi cng lp mng: Ch cho php ri b tng nha khi cao mt lp mng, bng phng, dc ngang, dc dc c sai s nm trong phm vi cho php. Mt ng mi: Lp mng phi lm sch, kh v bng phng.

Mt ng c: X l b mt theo ng yu cu : cc cng vic tu sa ch li lm v g, b vnh mt ng c, nu dng hn hp nha ri ngui hoc b tng nha ri ngui phi tin hnh trc khi ri lp b tng nha nng khng t hn 15 ngy. Nu dng hn hp nha ri nng hoc b tng nha nng cn m ln cht ngay trc khi thi cng BTN.

Yu cu i vi lp mng
Cc c trng ca mt lp mng Sai s cho php + 5mm 10mm 5mm 0,2% Bng my thy bnh, mia hoc thc o dc ngang dc dc trn on di 25m sai khng qu 0,1% Bng my thy bnh, mia Dng c v phng php kim tra

Cao mt lp mng

Bng my thy bnh, mia 22 TCN 016-79

bng phng di thc l 3m dc ngang sai khng qu

- Phi nh v tr v cao ri hai mp mt ng ng vi thit k. Kim tra cao bng my cao c. Khi c va 2 bn cn nh du cao ri v qut lp nha lng (hoc nh tng) thnh va.

- Khi dng my ri c b phn t ng iu chnh cao lc ri, cn chun b cn thn cc ng chun (hoc cang dy chun tht thng, tht cang dc theo mp mt ng v di s ri, hoc t thanh dm lm ng chun, sau khi cao c chnh xc dc theo mp mt ng v mp ca di s ri). Kim tra cao bng my cao c.

11.7.2. Chun b vt liu:

1. La chn cc loi VL, th nghim cc ch tiu c l - chn cc loi VL t yu cu. 2. Thit k cp phi ct liu trn hc ngui. 3. Trn th cp phi ct liu thit k ti trm trn. 4. Ly mu ct liu trn hc nng. 5. Phn tch thnh phn ht cc mu ct liu, iu chnh cp phi trn hc ngui (nu cn).

6. Thit k cp phi ct liu trn hc nng. 7. S b nh cc hm lng nha (lch nhau 0,3 0,5%). 8. c cc t mu BTN trong phng th nghim. 9. Th nghim cc ch tiu c l ca cc t mu BTN. 10. Trnh TVGS kt qu th nghim & xut hm lng nha hp l cho BTN.

Mt s trm trn BTN

Trm trn BTN lin tc

Mt trm trn BTN hin i

11.7.3. Thi cng on th nghim (ti thiu 80 tn BTN):

- Thc hin sau khi c th chp nhn ca TVGS v kt qu thit k cp phi BTN. - Trnh TVGS h s thit k thi cng on th nghim. - Chun b trm trn, xe my thi cng, thit b th nghim. - Trn BTN, kim tra cht lng BTN ti trm trn. - VC, ri, lu ln BTN theo ng h s thi cng on th nghim; ghi chp cc s liu c lin quan nh : nhit BTN khi : ra khi trm trn, khi ri, khi lu ln; cao mng trc khi ri BTN, cao mt BTN sau khi lu; s lt lu ln & vn tc ca cc loi lu . . .

- Ch 24 gi, khoan ly mu BTN ti hin trng xc nh cht BTN & chiu dy BTN sau khi m nn cc on. - Lp cng ngh thi cng i tr, trnh TVGS & CT ph duyt.

11.7.4. Ti nha dnh bm:

Ty theo loi mng v trng thi m lng nha dnh bm thay i t 0,8-1,3 l/m2. Dng nha lng, dng nh tng, nha c 60/70 pha vi du ha theo t l du ha trn nha c l 80/100 ti nhit nha 45oC 10oC. Phi ti trc 4 - 6h nha lng ng c li, hoc nh tng phn tch xong mi c ri BTN. Nu cn thm BTN ngay sau khi ti dnh bm c th dng nha nng.

Ti nha dnh bm bng nha nng

Trn cc lp mng c dng nha (thm nhp nha, lng nha . . .) va mi thi cng xong hoc trn lp b tng nha th nht va mi ri xong, sch v kh ro ch cn ti lng nha t 0,2-0,5 lt /m2. Mun thi cng BTN ngay c th ti nha c un n nhit thi cng.

11.7.5. Ch to hn hp BTN:
- Hn hp BTN c ch to ti trm trn chu k ( trm trn m ) hoc trm trn lin tc c thit b iu khin bo m chnh xc yu cu. - Cc thnh phn vt liu s dng khi ch to hn hp BTN trong trm trn phi tun theo ng bn thit k cp phi BTN v ph hp vi mu vt liu a th nghim.

Trm trn chu k ( trm trn m )

Trm trn chu k ( trm trn m )

Trm trn lin tc

- Nhit ca nha khi chuyn ln thng ong ca my trn phi nhit lm vic tu theo loi nha. - Phi cn lng s b v ct trc khi a vo trng sy vi dung sai cho php l 5%.

- Nhit rang nng vt liu , ct c quy nh sao cho nhit hn hp BTN khi ra khi thng trn t c 150oC n 160oC; m ca ct sau khi ra khi trng sy phi < 0,5%. - Bt khong dng ngui v sau khi cn lng, c trc tip cho vo thng trn.

Phng iu khin 1 trm trn hin i

- Thi gian trn hn hp phi tun theo ng quy nh k thut ca tng loi my trn, i vi mi loi hn hp. - Trm trn phi c trang b y cc thit b th nghim cn thit theo quy nh v kim tra cht lng vt liu, th nghim cc ch tiu c l ca hn hp BTN.

Kim tra trm trn trc khi ch to hn hp BTN: -Kim tra cc b phn ca trm trn, c bit l b phn cn ong ct liu v nha cng vi chnh xc ca chng; cc nhit k kim tra nhit . - Kim tra cc iu kin m bo an ton lao ng v bo v mi trng khi my hot ng. - Chy th my, kim tra s chnh xc thch hp vi l lch my.

Kim tra theo di cc thng tin th hin trn bng iu khin ca trm trn:
- Lu lng cc b phn cn ong. - Lu lng ca bm nha. - Lu lng ca cc thit b vn chuyn bt khong. - Khi lng hn hp ca mt m trn v thi gian trn mt m. - Nhit v m ca ct liu khong c rang nng. - Nhit ca nha. - Lng tiu th ca nha. Cc sai s cho php khi cn ong vt liu khong l 3% , nha l 1,5% khi lng nha.

Kim tra cht lng vt liu: - C 5 ngy phi kim tra hm lng bi st, thnh phn ht, lng ht dt ca . - C 3 ngy phi kim tra thnh phn ht, Mk, hm lng bi st hoc ES. - Trc khi a vt liu , ct vo trng sy, phi kim tra m ca chng iu chnh khi lng khi cn ong v thi gian sy. - C 5 ngy kim tra xc nh thnh phn ht v m ca bt khong. - Kim tra kim ln ca mu nha hng ngy.

Kim tra hn hp BTN khi ra khi thit b trn: - Kim tra nhit ca hn hp ca mi m trn. - Kim tra bng mt cht lng trn u ca hn hp. - Kim tra cc ch tiu c l ca hn hp BTN trn xong bao gm : dung trng thc, hm lng nha, thnh phn ht, cc ch tiu cng & n nh ca BTN. Trong ln thay i cng thc trn phi ly mu kim tra 1 ln, cc my trn cng sut ln c 200 tn hn hp ly 1 t mu cng 1 cng thc trn.

Cc sai s cho php

C ht

Dung sai cho php %

Dng c v phng php kim tra

C ht t 15mm tr ln C ht t 10mm n 5mm C ht t 2,5mm n 1,25mm C ht t 0,63mm n 0,315mm C ht di 0,074 Hm lng nha

8 7 6 5 2 0,1 Bng my chit tch nha, sng , cn chnh xc 0,1g

11.7.6. Vn chuyn BTN: - Dng t t hoc xe chuyn dng. Chn trng ti v s lng ca t ph hp vi dy chuyn thi cng. - C ly vn chuyn m bo nhit ca hn hp n ni ri khng thp hn 120oC (thng khng qu 50 km). - Thng xe phi kn, sch, c qut lp mng du chng dnh bm. Khng c dng dy mazt hay cc dung mi ha tan c nha bitum. Xe phi c bt che ph hn ch hn hp gim nhit .

- Mi chuyn t vn chuyn hn hp khi ri trm phi c phiu xut xng ghi r nhit hn hp, khi lng, cht lng thi im xe ri trm trn, ni xe s n, tn ngi li xe. -Trc khi hn hp BTN vo phu my ri phi kim tra nhit hn hp bng nhit k ( 120oC ).

 BTN trc tip vo phu cha my ri

 BTN vo phu cha my chuyn BTN

 BTN vo phu cha my chuyn BTN

 BTN thnh lung lng ng

11.7.7. Ri BTN: - Ch c ri b tng nha nng bng my chuyn dng. - Ty theo b rng mt ng m dng my ri cho ph hp, nu hiu rng ri ln qu, nn dng 2 (hoc 3) my ri hot ng ng thi, cc my ri i cch nhau 10 - 20m. - Khi ch dng mt my ri trn mt ng rng phi ri theo phng php so le, b di ca mi on t 25-80m ty theo nhit khng kh.

- Khi bt u ca lm vic, cho my ri hot ng khng ti 10-15 pht kim tra my, t di tm l 2 con xc xc hoc thanh g c chiu cao bng 1,21,3 b dy thit k ca lp b tng nha. Tr s chnh xc c xc nh thng qua on ri th.

- Khi hn hp phn u dc theo gung xon ca my ri v ngp ti 2/3 chiu cao gung xon, my ri bt u tin v pha trc theo vt qui nh. Trong khi ri, hn hp thng xuyn ngp 2/3 chiu cao gung xon. - Trong sut thi gian ri, bt buc phi thanh m ca my ri lun hot ng.

Hnh nh ca mt s loi my ri

- Chn tc ca my ri cho thch hp vi cng sut cc my khc trong dy chuyn. Tc my ri tht u trong sut thi gian ri. Nu lu qu chm, nn ri gin on. - Phi thng xuyn dng que st nh du kim tra b dy ri. Khi cn iu chnh chiu dy ri phi iu chnh tm l t t lp b tng nha khi b ln sng hoc git khc.

- Phi x l tt mi ni dc v ngang v qut nha dnh bm m bo s dnh kt tt cc vt ri c v mi. - Khe ni dc lp trn v lp di phi so le nhau, cch nhau t nht l 20cm. Khe ni ngang lp trn v lp di cch nhau t nht l 1m. Nu lp trn l lp b tng nha, lp di l vt liu GCXM, v tr khe ni ca 2 lp cng tng t. Trn on ng c dc dc > 40 o/oo phi tin hnh ri t chn dc i ln.

- Phi x l tt mi ni dc v ngang v qut nha dnh bm m bo s dnh kt tt cc vt ri c v mi. - Khe ni dc lp trn v lp di phi so le nhau, cch nhau t nht l 20cm. Khe ni ngang lp trn v lp di cch nhau t nht l 1m. Nu lp trn l lp b tng nha, lp di l vt liu GCXM, v tr khe ni ca 2 lp cng tng t. Trn on ng c dc dc > 40 o/oo phi tin hnh ri t chn dc i ln.

B tr cng nhn cm dng c theo my lm cc vic: - T ph hn hp ht nh, ly t trong phu cha thnh lp mng dc theo mi ni, san n cc ch li lm, r ca mi ni trc khi lu ln. - Xc, o b ch mi ri b qu thiu nha hoc qu tha nha v b vo ch hn hp tt. - Gt b, b ph ch li lm cc b trn lp BTN mi ri.

Khi phi ri vt ln hn chiu rng ri ca my 40-50cm lin tc theo chiu di, c php m m thp bn p mt bn u gung xon pha cn ri thm. Dng th cng vi dng co, xng phn phi hn hp cho phng, u. Phi tun theo cc qui nh sau: - Dng xng xc hn hp thp tay, khng c ht t xa hn hp khng b phn tng.

- Dng co v bn trang ri u thnh mt lp bng phng t dc ngang yu cu, b dy bng 1,35 1,45 b dy thit k. - Ri th cng ng thi vi my ri c th lu ln chung vt ri bng my vi ch ri bng th cng, bo m mt ng khng c vt ni.

Trng hp my ri b hng: thi gian sa hng gi, phi bo ngay v trm trn ngng cung cp hn hp v dng my san ri nt nu Htk > 4cm, hoc ri nt bng th cng khi cn t BTN. Trng hp my ang ri gp ma t ngt: - Bo ngay v trm trn tm ngng cung cp hn hp. - Khi c lu ln n khong 2/3 cht yu cu cho php tip tc lu trong ma cho n khi t cht.

- Khi lu ln < 2/3 cht yu cu phi ngng lu, san b hn hp. Ch khi no mt ng kh ro li mi c ri tip. - Sau khi ma xong, khi cn thit thi cng gp, cho xe ch ct c rang nng trm trn (170oC-180oC), ri mt lp dy khong 2cm ln mt ng, gom ct, qut sch, ti nha dnh bm li. C th dng my hi p v n kh lm kh mt ng trc khi ri tip. - C 200 tn hn hp ly 1 t mu th nghim cht lng.

Cc nc tin tin hin nay dng my chuyn BTN kt hp my ri, cch ny c cc u im: - Hn hp vt liu c trn li trong my chuyn s c cht lng & nhit ng u. - Vt liu c cung cp u n t my chuyn vo phu cha ca my ri nn bng phng ca mt ng rt cao.

Ri BTN bng my chuyn & my ri

11.7.8. Lu ln BTN:
Lu ln s b: dng lu nh bnh cng lu 4 - 8 l/, vn tc lu khng qu 1,5 - 2 km/h. Cc vt lu u tin i li vo BTN mi ri. Sau mt lt lu u tin phi kim tra phng bng thc 3m, b ph ch li lm. Nu ri & lu so le, cha li vt 10cm lu vi vt ri sau.

Lu ln cht: dng lu bnh hi, s lt lu khong 8 - 10 l/ (H=4cm); - Tang thm 1cm chiu dy phi lu thm khong 30 - 35 % s lt lu. Lu n khi t BTN cht K=0,98 ( kim tra bng thit b phng x trc khi quyt nh kt thc lu ln).

Lu ln hon thin : dng lu nng bnh cng lu 4 - 6 l/, vn tc lu khng qu 2 - 2,5 km/h. - Khi lu phi b tr cng nhn thng xuyn bi du chng dnh vo bnh lu. Nu BTN dnh bnh lu phi dng xng co ngay v bi du li. Mt khc dng hn hp ht nh lp ngay ch b bc. - Thao tc chuyn hng, i s khi lu phi t t b mt BTN khng h hng. Khng dng lu trn BTN cn nng. - Nhit lu ln hiu qu nht khi BTN 130oC - 140oC.

Chiu di on lu ln, s lng my lu:

- Chn sao cho kt thc lu ln nhit BTN khng nh hn 70oC ( thi gian thi cng khng qu 2-3h). Phi chn t hp lu cho ng b. - Lu ht giai on ny mi chuyn sang giai on khc.

Nu lu thy BTN b nt c th do cc nguyn nhn sau: - Nhit hn hp qu cao. - Tc lu qu nhanh. - Ti trng lu qu nng. - Lp BTN qu mng. - Lp mng qu yu. - Hn hp BTN khng t cht lng.

11.7.9. Kim tra - Nghim thu: a. V cc kch thc hnh hc: - B rng mt ng kim tra bng thc thp. - B dy lp ri c nghim thu theo cc mt bng cch cao c mt lp b tng nha so vi cc s liu cao c cc im tng ng mt ca lp di hoc bng cch o trn cc mu khoan trong mt ng. - Dc ngang mt ng c o theo hng thng gc vi tim ng, Khong cch 2 im o khng qu 10m. - Dc dc kim tra bng cao c cc im dc theo tim ng.

Cc kch thc 1. B rng 2. B dy : - Lp di - Lp trn - Lp trn khi dng my iu chnh t ng cao 3. Dc ngang : - Lp di - Lp trn 4. Sai s cao : - Lp di - Lp trn Loi my My c iu khin t ng cao rai My rai thng thng

Sai s cho php -5cm 10% 8% 5%

Ghi ch Tng s ch hp khng vt qu 5% chiu di ng p dng cho 95% tng s im o 5% cn li khng vt qu 10mm

0,005 0,0025 -10mm + 5mm 5mm Khong cch hai im o (m) 5 10 20 5 10 20

p dng cho 95% tng s im o

p dng cho 95% tng s im o

Hiu s i s chnh ca hai im o so vi ng chun (mm) khng ln hn 5 8 16 7 12 24

b. V bng phng :
Kim tra bng phng bng thc di 3m. 90% tng cc im o tha mn yu cu bng; bng phng tnh theo ch s bng phng quc t (IRI) phi nh hn hoc bng 2.
% cc khe h gia thc di 3m vi mt ng (%) Loi my V tr lp b tng nha < 2mm 90 85 <3mm 3mm 5 5 mm Khe h ln nht (mm)

C iu khin t ng cao

Lp trn Lp di

85 80

5 5

6 -

Thng thng

Lp trn Lp di

10 10

c. V nhm: Kim tra nhm ca mt ng bng phng php rc ct. Yu cu chiu cao vt nhm ln hn hoc bng 0,4mm.

t K= 0,98 tt

t K= 0,98 tt

d. V cht lu ln: t H s cht lu ln: K = 0,98 tt trong : t - dung trng BTN sau khi thi cng hin trng; tt - dung trng BTN trm trn tng ng vi l trnh kim tra. C mi 200m ng hai ln xe hoc c 1500m2 mt ng b tng nha khoan ly 1 t 3 mu ng knh 101,6mm th nghim t. H s cht lu ln ca b tng nha ngay mp khe ni dc ch c nh hn 1% so vi h s cht yu cu.

e. V dnh bm vi lp di: c
nh gi bng mt bng khi nhn xt mu khoan. S dnh bm phi tt. f. V cht lng cc mi ni: c nh gi bng mt. Mi ni phi ngay thng, bng phng, khng r mt, khng b khc, khng c khe h. g. V cc ch tiu c l ca BTN: tho mn yu cu.