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ng dng k thut trn ng b khung (FSS) trong h thng truyn dn SDH/SONET Ths.

V Hong Hiu
Tm tt: K thut trn c pht trin trong cc h thng truyn dn s tc cao nhm tng tnh n nh vic khi phc tn hiu ng b, tng tin cy v chnh xc ca tn hiu thu. Bi vit ny nghin cu cc k thut trn, c bit l k thut trn ng b khung v pht trin cc ng dng ca k thut ny trong h thng truyn dn SDH/SONET.

I.

Gii thiu: K thut trn v cc b pht ghi dch (SRG) c s dng nhn dng tn hiu truyn dn s hoc to cc chui bit gi ngu nhin ng dng trong truyn dn s. Gn y cc h thng truyn dn s c nghin cu v pht trin mnh m, c bit l dung lng ca cc h thng ny tng t vi trm Mbps n hng trc Gbps. Cc h thng truyn dn quang c pht trin t cc ng dng im-im n cc ng dng im-a im. Cc chun giao din mng quang ng b (SONET) v cc chun phn cp s ng b (SDH) to iu kin cho s pht trin trn. Cc h thng truyn dn s tc cao u cn c s h tr ca k thut trn. V bn cht k thut trn l qu trnh ngu nhin ha mc bit cc tn hiu truyn dn s trc khi a vo truyn dn nhm nng cao kh nng khi phc ng b v tng tin cy d liu thu. X l trn l mt chc nng cn thit trong cc h thng truyn dn s, c bit l cc h thng truyn dn s tc cao, v n cc th n nh vic thu tn hiu ng b u cui thu, gim Jitter, gim nhiu inter-symbol, v vy tng ng k tin cy v chnh xc ca d liu thu c. Trong cc h thng truyn dn phn cp s cn ng b (PDH) tc thp truyn thng thng s dng k thut m ng dy nh AMI, CMI, BNZS v HDBn t c cc yu cu trn. Tuy nhin trong cc h thng truyn dn s tc cao t vi trm Mbps n vi trc Gbps vic p dng cc k thut ny l rt kh khn do s phc tp ca n. K thut trn khc phc c cc hn ch ca k thut m ng dy trong truyn dn s tc cao. Hin nay pht trin ba k thut trn cho cc h thng truyn dn s tc cao n vi trc Gbps, l: k thut trn ng b khung (FSS), k thut trn mu phn b (DSS) v k thut trn t ng b (SSS). Cc k thut trn ny c nhiu u im p ng c cc yu cu v tin cy v chnh xc thu tn hiu trong truyn dn s tc cao v c cc ng dng khc nhau trong thc t. Bi vit ny nghin cu chc nng trn trong truyn dn s, c bit l k thut trn ng b khung v pht trin ng dng k thut trn ng b khung trong h thng truyn dn SDH/SONET. Chc nng trn trong truyn dn s: Mt h thng truyn dn s bao gm mt u cui pht, mt u cui thu, mt vi thit b trung gian v mi trng truyn dn. u cui pht thc hin tt c cc chc nng cn thit chuyn i tn hiu u vo thnh chui tn hiu d liu s cho truyn dn s nh: tin x l, to khung, ghp knh, trn v m ng dy. Ngc li u cui thu thc hin chc nng chuyn i chui tn hiu d liu s thnh tn hiu ban u. Cc thit b trung gian thc hin nhim v pht lp tn hiu truyn dn b suy gim hoc b mo trong qu trnh truyn dn. II.

Trong thc t, tn hiu s trc khi a vo trn c th gm mt s on bit lp i lp li c tnh quy lut to ra cc khung tun hon, hoc mt on di gm ton cc bit '1' do mt chui d liu di to ra, hoc mt on di gm ton cc bit '0' to bi cc chui d liu ri. Nu thc hin truyn dn khng qua qu trnh x l trn, cc on bit lp li c th gy ra Jitter, cn cc on bit '1' hoc '0' di c th gy ra wander cng nh thc hin tch tn hiu nhp khng n nh. Tt c nguyn nhn trn lm gim cp cht lng can nhiu Inter-Symbol (ISI).
Mi trng truyn dn Mi trng truyn dn

Tn hiu vo

u cui pht

Thit b trung gian

u cui thu

Tn hiu ra

Hnh 1: S khi chc nng ca h thng truyn dn s

Tn hiu vo

Tin x l

To khung

Ghp knh

Trn

M ng dy

Tn hiu truyn dn

Hnh 2: S khi chc nng ca u cui pht

Tuy nhin, nu trc khi a vo truyn dn, tn hiu c x l trn th c tnh ca tn hiu truyn dn s c ci thin do cc on bit lp c quy lut s c ngu nhin ha, cc chui bit '1' hoc '0' qu di s b ph v. V vy mt chuyn i gia mc '0' v '1' s tng ln. Kt qu l vic khi phc tn hiu nhp u cui thu s n nh hn, gim jitter, gim nhiu Inter-Symbol (ISI) v ci thin chnh xc ca d liu thu c. Ph thuc vo phng php ng b cc b pht ghi dch c th phn loi k thut trn thnh: - K thut trn ng b khung (FSS), trong cc thanh ghi ca b pht ghi dch c ng b v mt trng thi xc nh trc u mi khung s liu; - K thut trn mu phn b (DSS), trong mu trng thi ca b pht ghi dch s c truyn n u cui thu thc hin ng b; - K thut trn t ng b (SSS). trong b pht ghi dch s thc hin ng b bng cch tch tn hiu ng b t tn hiu thu c. III. Nguyn tc trn ng b khung: Mt b trn ng b khung bao gm cc thanh ghi dch v cc cng exclusive-OR, thng c gi l b pht ghi dch (SRG). B pht ghi dch c chc nng pht chui nh phn gi ngu nhin (PRBS). Trong b trn FSS, tn hiu truyn dn c trn bng cch cng vi chui nh phn gi ngu nhin. Ngc li trong b gii trn, tn hiu thu mt ln na li c cng vi cng mt chui nh phn gi ngu nhin tng ng b trn khi phc li tn hiu ban u. m bo chui nh phn gi ngu nhin do b pht ghi dch to ra pha trn v pha gii trn l nh nhau th cc trng thi ca cc thanh ghi dch trong cc b pht ghi dch c hai pha phi c ng b vi nhau, ngha l cc b pht ghi dch v cc trng thi ca chng phi nh nhau pha trn v pha gii trn. thc hin c yu cu ny, k thut FSS thit lp li cc b pht ghi dch pha trn v pha gii trn v mt trng thi xc nh trc u mi khung.

Hnh 3 m t s khi ca chc nng ca b trn v gii trn trong h thng truyn dn s tc cao s dng k thut FSS. Phn pht to khung truyn dn, d liu u vo c chn vo khung cng vi phn mo u gm t ng b khung (FAW) v cc thng tin iu hnh v bo dng khc (OAM) to thnh tn hiu {bk}. Tn hiu {bk} sau c trn bng b cng modul-2 vi chui trn {sk} do b pht ghi dch SRG to ra. Thng thng t ng b khung FAW khng a vo trn pha thu c th pht hin ra v tr u khung. Trng thi ca SRG c thit lp v mt trng thi xc nh trc ti thi im bt u mi khung c hai pha pht v thu, v vy c th ng b c cc b pht ghi dch SRG c hai pha.
reset SRG {sk} Tn hiu vo Phn to khung v mo u {bk} Truyn dn {bk + sk} B trn reset SRG {^sk} Tch khung Gii trn {bk} Xa mo u Tn hiu ra

Hnh 3: S khi ca b trn v gii trn FSS

Tn hiu c trn {bk + sk} c gii trn ti b thu bng cch cng chui SRG ng b {^sk} vo n. Thng thng chui {^sk} l ging chui {sk} khi b pht ghi dch gii trn c ng b vi b pht ghi dch trn. V vy, tn hiu gii trn {bk+ sk + ^sk} khi phc li tn hiu trc khi trn {bk} v d liu u vo c ti to li u ra sau khi tch b phn mo u. IV. FSS trong h thng truyn dn SDH/SONET: Trong phn ny chng ta s pht trin k thut FSS cho cc h thng SDH v SONET l cc h thng truyn dn s tc cao in hnh nht hin nay. Trc ht cn xem xt li nh dng khung ca tn hiu truyn dn STM-N v STS-N trong h thng truyn dn s tc cao SDH v SONET. Sau s xem xt ng dng k thut FSS trn tn hiu STM-1 v STS-1. Phn cp s ng b (SDH) v mng quang ng b (SONET) l cc cu trc truyn dn s m hot ng ca n c s qun l hp l v lu lng ti v truyn dn chng qua mng truyn dn ng b. Cc h thng ny c ITU-T v U ban T1 chun ha. Trong SDH tn hiu truyn dn c gi l module truyn dn ng b (STM)-N, c to ra bng cch ghp knh chn byte N tn hiu tc c bn STM-1. Tn hiu STM-N vi N = 1, 4, 16 c cu trc khung l 9B (bytes) x N x 270 trong khong thi gian 125 s nh trong hnh v 270N byte
9N byte 261N byte

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

SOH
Con tr AU

Ti STM-N SOH 125s

Hnh 4: Cu trc khung ca tn hiu SDH STM-N

Do tn hiu STM-N c tc l N x 155,520 Mbps. Phn 9B x N x 9 ca tn hiu STM-N gm phn mo u (SOH) v phn con tr qun l (AU); Phn cn li 9B x N x 261 l phn thng tin hu ch. i vi mng quang ng b (SONET), tn hiu truyn dn c gi l tn hiu truyn ti ng b (STS)-N c to ra bng cch ghp knh chn byte N tn hiu tc c bn STS-1 vi N = 1, 3, 9, 12, 18, 24, 36, 48. Tn hiu STS-N c cu trc khung 9B x N x 90 trong khong thi gian l 125 s nh trong hnh v.
90N byte 3N byte 87N byte

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

SOH
Con tr AU

Ti STS-N SOH 125s

Hnh 5: Cu trc khung ca tn hiu SONET STS-N

Do tc ca tn hiu STS-N l N x 51,840 Mbps. So snh hai cu trc tn hiu STMN v STS-N c th thy mt khung STM-N c th cha ba khung STS-N. Tn hiu STM-N hoc STS-N to ra bng cch gn phn mo u (SOH) v phn ti tn hiu c trn ng b khung trc khi a vo truyn dn. Ngc li, tn hiu trn c gii trn ng b khung phn thu nh m t trong hnh 6. Cc byte trong hng u ca phn SOH dng nh khung s khng qua qu trnh x l trn v gii trn xc nh thi im bt u khung nh trnh by trong phn trn.
Reset SRG {sk} Ti STM-N (STS-N) STM-N (STS-N) X l mo u (SOH) Tn hiu truyn dn {bk + sk} {sk} STM-N (STS-N) Tch khung {bk} Ti STM-N (STS-N) Reset SRG

{bk}

X l mo u (SOH)

Hnh 6: S khi trn v gii trn ng b khung trong h thng SDH/SONET

n y bi vit ng dng l thuyt khng gian chui v cc b pht ghi dch xem xt trng hp mt b pht ghi dch n SSRG gm 7 thanh ghi dch (hnh 7) dng trn tn hiu STM-1 hoc STS-1. B pht ghi dch n SSRG c a thc sinh l (x) = x7 + x + 1 v cc chui {sk} trn v gii trn l cc chui u cui DS,O.

1 {sk}

Hnh 7: Cu trc b pht thanh ghi dch dng trong b trn v gii trn h thng SDH/SONET

thc hin vic ng b cc b pht ghi dch pha trn v pha gii trn, trng thi ca cc b pht ghi dch pha trn di,k, i = 0, 1, ..., 6, v pha gii trn ^di,k, i = 0, 1, ..., 6, ca b pht ghi dch n SSRG c thit lp li v trng thi "1111111" u mi khung, vector trng thi ban u ca n l d0 = [1111111]t. V vy chui trn v gii trn s l: {sk} = [1111111]t.E x7+x+1 V a thc c trng (x) = x7 + x + 1 l a thc gc nn chui {sk} l mt chui bit gi ngu nhin PRBS trong khng gian gc V[x7 + x + 1]. L thuyt v khng gian chui gc chng minh rng nu chui {sk} khc khng l mt phn t ca khng gian gc V[p(x)] c kch thc L th chu k lp p ca n l: p = 2L - 1. Do nu b pht ghi dch SSRG gm 7 thanh ghi dch th di ca chui {sk} s l p = 27 - 1 = 127. T c th tm c cc phn t ca chui bit trn v gii trn {sk} nh trong bng 1. i\j 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 ... 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 ... 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 ... 2 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 ... 3 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 ... 4 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 ... 5 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ... 6 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 ... 7 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 ...

Bng 1: Cc phn t ca PRBS {sk} = [1111111]t.E x7+x+1 dng trn tn hiu STM-N/STS-N

n y bi vit xem xt vic s dng b trn SSRG c a thc sinh (x) = x7 + x + 1 xem xt trn v pht trin ng dng ca l thuyt FSS thc hin trn tn hiu STM-1 v STS-1. Nu coi chui bit u vo {bk} ca tn hiu STM-1/STS-1 l chui chn bit gm 8 chui song song {bkj}, j = 0, 1, ..., 7 th c th thc hin qu trnh trn song song ng b tng ng vi tm chui trn song song Uj, j = 0, 1, ..., 7. Cc chui ny l chui phn 8 ca chui trn ni tip {sk} nh trn. Nu s dng b trn ng b song song ny trn tn hiu STM-1 hoc STS-1 th tc trn ni tip tng ng ca n l 19,44 (= 155,520/8) Mbps hoc 6,48 (= 52,840/8) Mbps. V chui trn ni tip {sk} l mt PRBS trong khng gian gc V[x7 + x + 1] v h s thp phn N = 8 c c s l 2 nn theo l thuyt v FSS ta c khng gian chui phn tm Uj, j = 0, 1, ..., 7 ti thiu l khng gian gc V[x7 + x + 1]. V vy chui thp phn Uj, j = 0, 1, ..., 7 c th biu din thnh: Uj = sjt. Ex7 + x + 1 v c cc vector u l: 5

s0 = [1000101]t s1 = [1001111]t s2 = [1000100]t s3 = [1011011]t s4 = [1010001]t s5 = [1100101]t s6 = [1000000]t s7 = [0001010]t thc hin pht chui thp phn Uj gi ngu nhin ti thiu, chn ma trn Q nh sau: st0 st0Ax7 + x + 1 st0A2x7 + x + 1 st0A3x7 + x + 1 st0A4x7 + x + 1 st0A5x7 + x + 1 st0A6x7 + x + 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1

Q =

Theo l thuyt vi ma trn Q, cc vector u nh trn v a thc sinh m(x) = x7 + x + 1 chng ta c chui PSRG ti thiu vi ma trn chuyn dch trng thi T = Atx7 + x + 1, cc vector trng thi ban u d0 = s0 v cc vector sinh l: h0 = [1000000]t h1 = [0010100]t h2 = [0110100]t h3 = [0111110]t h4 = [0100100]t h5 = [0111011]t h6 = [0101001]t h7 = [1010100]t Chui PSRG ny c th s dng chn tn hiu STM-1 hoc STS-1. V- Kt lun: Bi vit xem xt k thut trn trong h thng truyn dn s tc cao, c bit l k thut trn ng b khung v pht trin k thut trn ng b khung FSS cho mt h thng truyn dn s tc cao c th nh h thng truyn dn SDH/SONET. Bi vit xem xt trng hp c th mt b pht ghi dch n SSRG c a thc sinh (x) = x7 + x + 1, di L = 7, tm cc phn t ca chui {sk} = [1111111]t.E x7+x+1 v p dng trn tn hiu STM-1/STS-1 trong h thng truyn dn s SDH/SONET. Tm ma trn chuyn dch trng thi T = Atx7 + x + 1, cc vector trng thi ban u d0 = s0 v cc vector sinh. Kt qu ny c th p dng cho cc h thng truyn dn s tc cao hn nh cc h thng STM-N vi N = 4, 16 hoc h thng STS-N vi N = 3, 9, 12, 18.

Ti liu tham kho: [1] A theory on sequence spaces and shift register Generators, Seok Chang Kim and Byeong Gi Lee, Senior Member, IEEE. [2] Realizations of parallel and multibit-parallel shift regter generators, Seok Chang Kim and Byeong Gi Lee, Senior Member, IEEE. Thut ng vit tt: PSRG Parallel Shift Register Generator SRG Shift Register Generator SSRG Simple Shift Register Generator FSS Frame Synchronous Scrambling DSS Distributed Sample Scrambling SSS Self Syncronous Scrambling PRBS Pseudo-random binary sequence FAW Frame-Alignment Word OAM Operation and Maintenance

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