[ Khut Vn Thanh]

(Cao hc kha 2006 - 2008)

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I HC QUC GIA H NI
TRNG I HC KHOA HC T NHIN
Khut Vn Thanh

V CU TRC CA VNH BIU DIN CA

NHM HU HN
Chuyn ngnh: i s v l thuyt s
M s: 60.46.05
LUN VN THC S KHOA HC
Ngi hng dn khoa hc:
TS. L MINH H
H Ni - 2009
(Cao hc kha 2006 - 2008)

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Mc tiu ca lun vn

(Cao hc kha 2006 - 2008)

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Mc tiu ca lun vn
Trnh by li mt cch chi tit cc chng minh cho nh l Artin
(nh l 1.1.4), nh l Brauer (nh l 1.2.10) v mt s ng dng
ca nh l Brauer nh: nh l Frobenius (nh l 1.3.7), nh l
Green (nh l 1.3.14).

(Cao hc kha 2006 - 2008)

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Mc tiu ca lun vn
Trnh by li mt cch chi tit cc chng minh cho nh l Artin
(nh l 1.1.4), nh l Brauer (nh l 1.2.10) v mt s ng dng
ca nh l Brauer nh: nh l Frobenius (nh l 1.3.7), nh l
Green (nh l 1.3.14).
Trnh by li mt cch chi tit chng minh cho mt s kt qu v
biu din nhm hu hn trn trng c s 0 nhng khng ng i
s nh: tng qut ca nh l Brauer (nh l 2.6.3), tnh xc nh
trn trng chia ng trn, ch s Schur, biu din thc.

(Cao hc kha 2006 - 2008)

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Mc tiu ca lun vn
Trnh by li mt cch chi tit cc chng minh cho nh l Artin
(nh l 1.1.4), nh l Brauer (nh l 1.2.10) v mt s ng dng
ca nh l Brauer nh: nh l Frobenius (nh l 1.3.7), nh l
Green (nh l 1.3.14).
Trnh by li mt cch chi tit chng minh cho mt s kt qu v
biu din nhm hu hn trn trng c s 0 nhng khng ng i
s nh: tng qut ca nh l Brauer (nh l 2.6.3), tnh xc nh
trn trng chia ng trn, ch s Schur, biu din thc.
a ra mt h thng cc v d c th minh ha cho cc kt qu trn,
c bit l cho nh l Artin v nh l Brauer.

(Cao hc kha 2006 - 2008)

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Mc tiu ca lun vn
Trnh by li mt cch chi tit cc chng minh cho nh l Artin
(nh l 1.1.4), nh l Brauer (nh l 1.2.10) v mt s ng dng
ca nh l Brauer nh: nh l Frobenius (nh l 1.3.7), nh l
Green (nh l 1.3.14).
Trnh by li mt cch chi tit chng minh cho mt s kt qu v
biu din nhm hu hn trn trng c s 0 nhng khng ng i
s nh: tng qut ca nh l Brauer (nh l 2.6.3), tnh xc nh
trn trng chia ng trn, ch s Schur, biu din thc.
a ra mt h thng cc v d c th minh ha cho cc kt qu trn,
c bit l cho nh l Artin v nh l Brauer.

(Cao hc kha 2006 - 2008)

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Cu trc ca lun vn:

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Cu trc ca lun vn:

Chng 0 trnh by mt s kin thc c bn v biu din cm sinh v
vnh biu din.

(Cao hc kha 2006 - 2008)

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Cu trc ca lun vn:

Chng 0 trnh by mt s kin thc c bn v biu din cm sinh v
vnh biu din.
Chng 1 trnh by chi tit chng minh cc nh l Artin, nh l
Brauer v mt s ng dng ca nh l Brauer.

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Cu trc ca lun vn:

Chng 0 trnh by mt s kin thc c bn v biu din cm sinh v
vnh biu din.
Chng 1 trnh by chi tit chng minh cc nh l Artin, nh l
Brauer v mt s ng dng ca nh l Brauer.
Chng 2 trnh by mt s kt qu ca biu din nhm hu hn trn
trng c s 0 nhng khng ng i s nh: tng qut ca nh l
Brauer, tnh xc nh trn trng chia ng trn, ch s Schur, biu
din thc.

(Cao hc kha 2006 - 2008)

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Cu trc ca lun vn:

Chng 0 trnh by mt s kin thc c bn v biu din cm sinh v
vnh biu din.
Chng 1 trnh by chi tit chng minh cc nh l Artin, nh l
Brauer v mt s ng dng ca nh l Brauer.
Chng 2 trnh by mt s kt qu ca biu din nhm hu hn trn
trng c s 0 nhng khng ng i s nh: tng qut ca nh l
Brauer, tnh xc nh trn trng chia ng trn, ch s Schur, biu
din thc.

(Cao hc kha 2006 - 2008)

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Chng 0. Kin thc chun b

(Cao hc kha 2006 - 2008)

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Chng 0. Kin thc chun b

0.1 Biu din cm sinh
nh ngha 0.1.2
Vi H l mt nhm con ca G , ta nh ngha mun cm sinh ca
C[H]mun W l C[G ]mun
V = C[G ] C[H] W .

(Cao hc kha 2006 - 2008)

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Chng 0. Kin thc chun b

0.1 Biu din cm sinh
nh ngha 0.1.2
Vi H l mt nhm con ca G , ta nh ngha mun cm sinh ca
C[H]mun W l C[G ]mun
V = C[G ] C[H] W .
nh l 0.1.3
Gi s H l mt nhm con ca G v (W , ) l mt biu din ca H. Khi
, tn ti mt biu din (V , ) ca G , c cm sinh bi (W , ). Hn
na, (V , ) l duy nht, sai khc mt ng cu.

(Cao hc kha 2006 - 2008)

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Chng 0. Kin thc chun b

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Chng 0. Kin thc chun b

Nu f l mt hm lp trn H, xt hm f 0 trn G c nh ngha bi
cng thc
1 X
f (t 1 st), h = Card(H).
f 0 (s) =
h
tG
t 1 stH

Ta ni f 0 c cm sinh t f v k hiu bi IndG

H (f ) hoc Ind(f ).

(Cao hc kha 2006 - 2008)

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Chng 0. Kin thc chun b

Nu f l mt hm lp trn H, xt hm f 0 trn G c nh ngha bi
cng thc
1 X
f (t 1 st), h = Card(H).
f 0 (s) =
h
tG
t 1 stH

Ta ni f 0 c cm sinh t f v k hiu bi IndG

H (f ) hoc Ind(f ).
Mnh 0.1.5
(i) Ind(f ) l mt hm lp trn G .
(ii) Nu f l c trng ca biu din W ca H th Ind(f ) l c trng ca
biu din cm sinh Ind(W ) ca G .

(Cao hc kha 2006 - 2008)

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Chng 0. Kin thc chun b

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Chng 0. Kin thc chun b

nh l 0.1.7
Nu l mt hm lp trn H v l mt hm lp trn G , ta c
h, Res iH = hInd , iG .

(Cao hc kha 2006 - 2008)

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Chng 0. Kin thc chun b

nh l 0.1.7
Nu l mt hm lp trn H v l mt hm lp trn G , ta c
h, Res iH = hInd , iG .
Nhn xt 0.1.8
Ind( Res ) = (Ind ) .

(Cao hc kha 2006 - 2008)

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Chng 0. Kin thc chun b

nh l 0.1.7
Nu l mt hm lp trn H v l mt hm lp trn G , ta c
h, Res iH = hInd , iG .
Nhn xt 0.1.8
Ind( Res ) = (Ind ) .
Gi s i l cc c trng bt kh qui ca G . K hiu R(G ) l tp gm
cc t hp tuyn tnh vi h s nguyn ca cc i . Mi hm nh th c
gi l c trng suy rng hay c trng o ca G .
Mnh 0.2.2
Cc c trng o ca G lp thnh mt vnh giao hon R(G ) vi n v l
c trng triv ca biu din n v.
(Cao hc kha 2006 - 2008)

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Chng 1. nh l Brauer v ng dng

(Cao hc kha 2006 - 2008)

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Chng 1. nh l Brauer v ng dng

nh l 1.1.4 (Artin)
Gi s X l h cc nhm con ca nhm G v Ind : HX R(H) R(G ) l ng
cu xc nh bi h cc IndGH , H X . Khi , cc khng nh sau l tng ng:
(a) G l hp ca cc lin hp ca cc nhm con thuc X .
(b) i hch ca Ind : HX R(H) R(G ) l hu hn.
(c) Vi mi c trng ca G , tn ti cc c trng o
H R(H), H X , v s nguyn d > 1 sao cho
X
d =
IndGH (H ).
HX

(Cao hc kha 2006 - 2008)

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Chng 1. nh l Brauer v ng dng

nh l 1.1.4 (Artin)
Gi s X l h cc nhm con ca nhm G v Ind : HX R(H) R(G ) l ng
cu xc nh bi h cc IndGH , H X . Khi , cc khng nh sau l tng ng:
(a) G l hp ca cc lin hp ca cc nhm con thuc X .
(b) i hch ca Ind : HX R(H) R(G ) l hu hn.
(c) Vi mi c trng ca G , tn ti cc c trng o
H R(H), H X , v s nguyn d > 1 sao cho
X
d =
IndGH (H ).
HX

H qu 1.1.5
Mi c trng ca G l mt t hp tuyn tnh vi h s hu t cc c trng cm
sinh bi cc c trng ca cc nhm con xyclic ca G .
(Cao hc kha 2006 - 2008)

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Chng 1. nh l Brauer v ng dng

(Cao hc kha 2006 - 2008)

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Chng 1. nh l Brauer v ng dng

1.2 nh l Brauer

(Cao hc kha 2006 - 2008)

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Chng 1. nh l Brauer v ng dng

1.2 nh l Brauer
nh ngha 1.2.1
Mt nhm H c gi l ps cp nu n l tch trc tip ca mt nhm
xyclic C c cp nguyn t vi p vi mt pnhm P.

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Chng 1. nh l Brauer v ng dng

1.2 nh l Brauer
nh ngha 1.2.1
Mt nhm H c gi l ps cp nu n l tch trc tip ca mt nhm
xyclic C c cp nguyn t vi p vi mt pnhm P.
nh l 1.2.2
Gi s G l mt nhm hu hn v Vp l nhm con ca R(G ) sinh bi cc
c trng cm sinh t cc c trng ca cc nhm con ps cp ca G .
Khi , ch s ca Vp trong R(G ) l hu hn v nguyn t vi p.

(Cao hc kha 2006 - 2008)

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Chng 1. nh l Brauer v ng dng

1.2 nh l Brauer
nh ngha 1.2.1
Mt nhm H c gi l ps cp nu n l tch trc tip ca mt nhm
xyclic C c cp nguyn t vi p vi mt pnhm P.
nh l 1.2.2
Gi s G l mt nhm hu hn v Vp l nhm con ca R(G ) sinh bi cc
c trng cm sinh t cc c trng ca cc nhm con ps cp ca G .
Khi , ch s ca Vp trong R(G ) l hu hn v nguyn t vi p.
nh l 1.2.3
Nu g = p n l l cp ca G , vi (p, l ) = 1, th l Vp .
(Cao hc kha 2006 - 2008)

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Chng 1. nh l Brauer v ng dng

(Cao hc kha 2006 - 2008)

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Chng 1. nh l Brauer v ng dng

nh ngha 1.2.9
Mt nhm con ca G c gi l s cp nu n l mt nhm con ps
cp i vi t nht mt s nguyn t p.

(Cao hc kha 2006 - 2008)

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Chng 1. nh l Brauer v ng dng

nh ngha 1.2.9
Mt nhm con ca G c gi l s cp nu n l mt nhm con ps
cp i vi t nht mt s nguyn t p.
nh l 1.2.10 (Brauer)
Mi c trng ca G l mt t hp tuyn tnh vi cc h s nguyn ca
cc c trng cm sinh t cc c trng ca cc nhm con s cp.

(Cao hc kha 2006 - 2008)

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Chng 1. nh l Brauer v ng dng

nh ngha 1.2.9
Mt nhm con ca G c gi l s cp nu n l mt nhm con ps
cp i vi t nht mt s nguyn t p.
nh l 1.2.10 (Brauer)
Mi c trng ca G l mt t hp tuyn tnh vi cc h s nguyn ca
cc c trng cm sinh t cc c trng ca cc nhm con s cp.
nh l 1.2.11
Mi c trng ca G l t hp tuyn tnh vi h s nguyn ca cc c
trng n.

(Cao hc kha 2006 - 2008)

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Chng 1. nh l Brauer v ng dng

(Cao hc kha 2006 - 2008)

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Chng 1. nh l Brauer v ng dng

1.3 ng dng ca nh l Brauer

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Chng 1. nh l Brauer v ng dng

1.3 ng dng ca nh l Brauer

Gi s A l vnh con ca C sinh bi cc cn bc g ca n v, vi g l

cp ca G . Vi n l mt s nguyn dng, k hiu (g , n) l c s chung
ln nht ca g v n. Gi s f l mt hm lp trn G . Khi , ta c mt
nh x n t R(G ) vo chnh n xc nh bi n f : x 7 f (x n ). Hn na,
ta c kt qu sau.
nh l 1.3.7 (Frobenius)
Gi s f l hm lp trn G vi gi tr trong A. Khi , ta c
g
n f A R(G ).
(g , n)

(Cao hc kha 2006 - 2008)

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Chng 1. nh l Brauer v ng dng

(Cao hc kha 2006 - 2008)

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Chng 1. nh l Brauer v ng dng

Gi s c l mt lp lin hp ca G .
H qu 1.3.10
S cc phn t x G sao cho x n c l bi ca (g , n).

(Cao hc kha 2006 - 2008)

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Chng 1. nh l Brauer v ng dng

Gi s c l mt lp lin hp ca G .
H qu 1.3.10
S cc phn t x G sao cho x n c l bi ca (g , n).
H qu 1.3.11
Nu n l c ca g th s cc phn t x G tha mn x n = 1 l bi ca n.

(Cao hc kha 2006 - 2008)

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Chng 1. nh l Brauer v ng dng

Gi s c l mt lp lin hp ca G .
H qu 1.3.10
S cc phn t x G sao cho x n c l bi ca (g , n).
H qu 1.3.11
Nu n l c ca g th s cc phn t x G tha mn x n = 1 l bi ca n.
nh l 1.3.14 (Green)
Gi s (Hi )i I l h cc nhm con ca G sao cho
X
R(G ) =
Ind R(Hi ).
i I

Khi , mi nhm con s cp ca G c cha trong mt lin hp ca Hi no .

(Cao hc kha 2006 - 2008)

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Chng 1. nh l Brauer v ng dng

Gi s c l mt lp lin hp ca G .
H qu 1.3.10
S cc phn t x G sao cho x n c l bi ca (g , n).
H qu 1.3.11
Nu n l c ca g th s cc phn t x G tha mn x n = 1 l bi ca n.
nh l 1.3.14 (Green)
Gi s (Hi )i I l h cc nhm con ca G sao cho
X
R(G ) =
Ind R(Hi ).
i I

Khi , mi nhm con s cp ca G c cha trong mt lin hp ca Hi no .

V d 1.4.1, V d 1.4.3
(Cao hc kha 2006 - 2008)

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Chng 2. Cc cu hi hu t

(Cao hc kha 2006 - 2008)

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Chng 2. Cc cu hi hu t

2.1 Cc vnh RK (G ) v R K (G )

(Cao hc kha 2006 - 2008)

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Chng 2. Cc cu hi hu t

2.1 Cc vnh RK (G ) v R K (G )
Gi s K l mt trng c s 0 v C l mt bao ng i s ca K . K
hiu RK (G ) l nhm abel sinh bi cc c trng ca cc biu din ca G
trn K . Khi RK (G ) l vnh con ca vnh R(G ) = RC (G ).
Gi s V l mt K khng gian vct. Khi , bng cch m rng v
hng t K ti C , ta nhn c mt C khng gian vct VC = C K V .
Mi biu din : G GL(V ) ca nhm G trn K xc nh mt biu din
C : G GL(V ) GL(VC )
ca G trn C .

(Cao hc kha 2006 - 2008)

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Chng 2. Cc cu hi hu t

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Chng 2. Cc cu hi hu t
Mnh 1.1.2
Gi s (Vi , i ) l cc biu din tuyn tnh bt kh qui phn bit ca G
trn K v i l cc c trng tng ng. Khi :
(a) Cc i lp thnh mt c s ca RK (G ).
(b) Cc i i mt trc giao vi nhau.
(Nh thng thng, khi nim trc giao
Ptrong mnh trn l tng ng
vi dng song tuyn tnh h, i = 1/g sG (s 1 )(s)).

(Cao hc kha 2006 - 2008)

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Chng 2. Cc cu hi hu t
Mnh 1.1.2
Gi s (Vi , i ) l cc biu din tuyn tnh bt kh qui phn bit ca G
trn K v i l cc c trng tng ng. Khi :
(a) Cc i lp thnh mt c s ca RK (G ).
(b) Cc i i mt trc giao vi nhau.
(Nh thng thng, khi nim trc giao
Ptrong mnh trn l tng ng
vi dng song tuyn tnh h, i = 1/g sG (s 1 )(s)).
nh ngha 2.1.3
Mt biu din tuyn tnh ca G trn C c gi l xc nh trn K (hoc
hu t trn K ) nu n ng cu vi mt biu din c dng C , l
biu din tuyn tnh ca G trn K .
(Cao hc kha 2006 - 2008)

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Chng 2. Cc cu hi hu t

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Chng 2. Cc cu hi hu t

Mnh 2.1.4
Mt biu din tuyn tnh ca G trn C l xc nh trn K khi v ch khi
c trng ca n thuc RK (G ).

(Cao hc kha 2006 - 2008)

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Chng 2. Cc cu hi hu t

Mnh 2.1.4
Mt biu din tuyn tnh ca G trn C l xc nh trn K khi v ch khi
c trng ca n thuc RK (G ).
K hiu R K (G ) l vnh con ca R(G ) gm cc phn t ca R(G ) vi gi
tr trong K .
Mnh 2.1.5
Nhm RK (G ) c ch s hu hn trong R K (G ).

(Cao hc kha 2006 - 2008)

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Chng 2. Cc cu hi hu t

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Chng 2. Cc cu hi hu t
2.2 Ch s Schur

(Cao hc kha 2006 - 2008)

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Chng 2. Cc cu hi hu t
2.2 Ch s Schur
Gi s E l mt m rng trng ca K v l mt biu din ca G trn
E . K hiu l c trng ca v K () l m rng trng ca K sinh
bi cc phn t {(s), s G }. Do mi (s) l tng cc cn ca n v
nn K () l mt m rng i s hu hn ca K . Hn na, K () = K nu
xc nh trn K .

(Cao hc kha 2006 - 2008)

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Chng 2. Cc cu hi hu t
2.2 Ch s Schur
Gi s E l mt m rng trng ca K v l mt biu din ca G trn
E . K hiu l c trng ca v K () l m rng trng ca K sinh
bi cc phn t {(s), s G }. Do mi (s) l tng cc cn ca n v
nn K () l mt m rng i s hu hn ca K . Hn na, K () = K nu
xc nh trn K .
nh ngha 2.2.19
Gi s C l mt bao ng i s ca K v l mt biu din bt kh qui
ca G trn C . Gi l c trng ca . Khi , ch s Schur ca tng
ng vi K c nh ngha bi
mK () = min[F : K ()],
min c ly trn tt c cc m rng F ca K () sao cho xc nh
trn F .
(Cao hc kha 2006 - 2008)

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Chng 2. Cc cu hi hu t
2.2 Ch s Schur
Gi s E l mt m rng trng ca K v l mt biu din ca G trn
E . K hiu l c trng ca v K () l m rng trng ca K sinh
bi cc phn t {(s), s G }. Do mi (s) l tng cc cn ca n v
nn K () l mt m rng i s hu hn ca K . Hn na, K () = K nu
xc nh trn K .
nh ngha 2.2.19
Gi s C l mt bao ng i s ca K v l mt biu din bt kh qui
ca G trn C . Gi l c trng ca . Khi , ch s Schur ca tng
ng vi K c nh ngha bi
mK () = min[F : K ()],
min c ly trn tt c cc m rng F ca K () sao cho xc nh
trn F .
(Cao hc kha 2006 - 2008)

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Chng 2. Cc cu hi hu t

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Chng 2. Cc cu hi hu t
nh l 2.2.25
Gi s i l mt biu din bt kh qui ca G trn C vi c trng i . Khi
:
(i) Tn ti mt m rng i s hu hn Fi ca K sao cho i
xc nh trn Fi v
[Fi : K (i )] = mK (i ).
(ii) Vi mi m rng i s hu hn F ca K m i xc nh
trn F , mK (i ) l c ca [F : K (i )].
(iii) mK (i ) l gi tr nh nht ca m sao cho mi xc nh trn
Ki = K (i ).
(iv) mK (i ) l c ca bc ca i .

(Cao hc kha 2006 - 2008)

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Chng 2. Cc cu hi hu t
nh l 2.2.25
Gi s i l mt biu din bt kh qui ca G trn C vi c trng i . Khi
:
(i) Tn ti mt m rng i s hu hn Fi ca K sao cho i
xc nh trn Fi v
[Fi : K (i )] = mK (i ).
(ii) Vi mi m rng i s hu hn F ca K m i xc nh
trn F , mK (i ) l c ca [F : K (i )].
(iii) mK (i ) l gi tr nh nht ca m sao cho mi xc nh trn
Ki = K (i ).
(iv) mK (i ) l c ca bc ca i .
V d 2.2.26
(Cao hc kha 2006 - 2008)

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Chng 2. Cc cu hi hu t

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Chng 2. Cc cu hi hu t

2.3 Tnh xc nh trn trng chia ng trn

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Chng 2. Cc cu hi hu t

2.3 Tnh xc nh trn trng chia ng trn

Gi m l bi s chung nh nht ca cc cp ca cc phn t ca G .
nh l 2.3.1
Nu trng K cha cc cn bc m ca n v th RK (G ) = R(G ).

(Cao hc kha 2006 - 2008)

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Chng 2. Cc cu hi hu t

2.3 Tnh xc nh trn trng chia ng trn

Gi m l bi s chung nh nht ca cc cp ca cc phn t ca G .
nh l 2.3.1
Nu trng K cha cc cn bc m ca n v th RK (G ) = R(G ).
H qu 2.3.2
Nu trng K cha cc cn bc m ca n v th mi biu din ca G l
xc nh trn K .

(Cao hc kha 2006 - 2008)

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Chng 2. Cc cu hi hu t

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Chng 2. Cc cu hi hu t
2.4 Hng ca RK (G )

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Chng 2. Cc cu hi hu t
2.4 Hng ca RK (G )

Gi s K l mt trng bt k vi c s 0. Chn mt s nguyn m l bi ca cc

cp ca cc phn t ca G v gi L l m rng trng nh nht ca K cha cc
cn bc m ca n v. Ta bit rng m rng L/K l Galois v nhm Galois ca
n, Gal(L/K ), l nhm con ca nhm nhn (Z/mZ) cc phn t kh nghch ca
Z/mZ. C th hn, nu Gal(L/K ) th tn ti duy nht phn t t (Z/mZ)
sao cho
() = t ,
l cn nguyn thy bc m ca n v. Nh vy, ta c mt n nh t
Gal(L/K ) vo (Z/mZ) cho bi 7 t.
K hiu K l nh ca Gal(L/K ) trong (Z/mZ) qua nh x trn. Nu t K th
ta k hiu t l phn t tng ng ca Gal(L/K ) sao cho t 7 t. Ta ni rng hai
phn t s, s 0 G l K lin hp nu tn ti t K sao cho s 0 v s t lin hp vi
nhau bi mt phn t ca G . Quan h trn l mt quan h tng ng v
khng ph thuc cch chn m. Cc lp tng ng ca n gi l cc K lp
(hoc K lp) ca G .
(Cao hc kha 2006 - 2008)

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Chng 2. Cc cu hi hu t

(Cao hc kha 2006 - 2008)

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Chng 2. Cc cu hi hu t
H qu 2.4.5
Gi s i l cc c trng ca cc biu din bt kh qui phn bit ca G
trn K . Khi , cc i lp thnh mt c s ca khng gian cc hm trn
G hng trn cc K lp v s cc i bng s cc K lp.

(Cao hc kha 2006 - 2008)

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Chng 2. Cc cu hi hu t
H qu 2.4.5
Gi s i l cc c trng ca cc biu din bt kh qui phn bit ca G
trn K . Khi , cc i lp thnh mt c s ca khng gian cc hm trn
G hng trn cc K lp v s cc i bng s cc K lp.
nh l 2.5.1
Gi s T l tp cc nhm con xyclic ca G . Khi , nh x
Q Ind : HT Q Z RK (H) Q Z RK (G )
xc nh bi cc nh x Q IndG
H , H T l ton nh.

(Cao hc kha 2006 - 2008)

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Chng 2. Cc cu hi hu t

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Chng 2. Cc cu hi hu t
2.6 nh l Brauer tng qut

(Cao hc kha 2006 - 2008)

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Chng 2. Cc cu hi hu t
2.6 nh l Brauer tng qut
nh ngha 2.6.1
Gi s p l mt s nguyn t. Mt nhm con H ca G c gi l
K ps cp nu n l tch na trc tip ca mt pnhm P vi mt
nhm xyclic C c cp nguyn t vi p sao cho:
Vi mi y P, tn ti t K sao cho yxy 1 = x t vi mi x C .

(Cao hc kha 2006 - 2008)

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Chng 2. Cc cu hi hu t
2.6 nh l Brauer tng qut
nh ngha 2.6.1
Gi s p l mt s nguyn t. Mt nhm con H ca G c gi l
K ps cp nu n l tch na trc tip ca mt pnhm P vi mt
nhm xyclic C c cp nguyn t vi p sao cho:
Vi mi y P, tn ti t K sao cho yxy 1 = x t vi mi x C .
nh ngha 2.6.2
Mt nhm con ca G gi l K s cp nu n l K ps cp vi t
nht mt s nguyn t p.

(Cao hc kha 2006 - 2008)

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Chng 2. Cc cu hi hu t

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Chng 2. Cc cu hi hu t
K hiu XK (tng ng, XK (p)) l h cc nhm con K s cp (tng
ng, K ps cp) ca G . Khi , ta c mt kt qu tng qut ca
nh l Brauer nh sau.

(Cao hc kha 2006 - 2008)

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Chng 2. Cc cu hi hu t
K hiu XK (tng ng, XK (p)) l h cc nhm con K s cp (tng
ng, K ps cp) ca G . Khi , ta c mt kt qu tng qut ca
nh l Brauer nh sau.
nh l 2.6.3
nh x Ind : HXK RK (H) RK (G ) l ton nh.

(Cao hc kha 2006 - 2008)

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Chng 2. Cc cu hi hu t
K hiu XK (tng ng, XK (p)) l h cc nhm con K s cp (tng
ng, K ps cp) ca G . Khi , ta c mt kt qu tng qut ca
nh l Brauer nh sau.
nh l 2.6.3
nh x Ind : HXK RK (H) RK (G ) l ton nh.
Mnh 2.6.5
Gi s g = p n l l cp ca G , vi (p, l ) = 1. Khi , hm hng l thuc vo
nh VK ,p ca nh x
Ind : HXK (p) RK (H) RK (G ).
Ni ring, ch s ca VK ,p trong RK (G ) l hu hn v nguyn t vi p.
V d 2.6.15
(Cao hc kha 2006 - 2008)

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Chng 2. Cc cu hi hu t

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Chng 2. Cc cu hi hu t
2.7 Biu din thc

(Cao hc kha 2006 - 2008)

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Chng 2. Cc cu hi hu t
2.7 Biu din thc
nh ngha 2.7.1
Mt phn t s ca G c gi l thc nu s lin hp vi s 1 . Nu s l
thc th lp lin hp conj(s) ca s trong G cng c gi l thc.

(Cao hc kha 2006 - 2008)

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Chng 2. Cc cu hi hu t
2.7 Biu din thc
nh ngha 2.7.1
Mt phn t s ca G c gi l thc nu s lin hp vi s 1 . Nu s l
thc th lp lin hp conj(s) ca s trong G cng c gi l thc.
nh ngha 2.7.3
Mt c trng phc ca G c gi l thc nu (s) l s thc vi mi
s G.

(Cao hc kha 2006 - 2008)

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Chng 2. Cc cu hi hu t
2.7 Biu din thc
nh ngha 2.7.1
Mt phn t s ca G c gi l thc nu s lin hp vi s 1 . Nu s l
thc th lp lin hp conj(s) ca s trong G cng c gi l thc.
nh ngha 2.7.3
Mt c trng phc ca G c gi l thc nu (s) l s thc vi mi
s G.
nh l 2.7.6
S cc c trng bt kh qui thc ca mt nhm G bng s cc lp lin
hp thc ca n.
(Cao hc kha 2006 - 2008)

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Chng 2. Cc cu hi hu t

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Chng 2. Cc cu hi hu t
nh ngha 2.7.8
c trng ca mt nhm G c gi l xc nh trn R nu tn ti mt
biu din : G GLn (C) vi c trng sao cho tt c cc h s trong
mi ma trn (s), s G l s thc.

(Cao hc kha 2006 - 2008)

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Chng 2. Cc cu hi hu t
nh ngha 2.7.8
c trng ca mt nhm G c gi l xc nh trn R nu tn ti mt
biu din : G GLn (C) vi c trng sao cho tt c cc h s trong
mi ma trn (s), s G l s thc.
nh l 2.7.16
Gi s l c trng bt kh qui ca G . Khi , cc khng nh sau l
tng ng:
(a) xc nh trn R.
(b) Tn ti mt C[G ]mun V vi c trng v mt dng song tuyn
tnh i xng G bt bin khc khng trn V .

(Cao hc kha 2006 - 2008)

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Chng 2. Cc cu hi hu t

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Chng 2. Cc cu hi hu t
Gi s V l mt C[G ]mun vi c trng v 2 , 2 tng ng l
c trng ca bnh phng i xng v bnh phng thay phin ca V .

(Cao hc kha 2006 - 2008)

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Chng 2. Cc cu hi hu t
Gi s V l mt C[G ]mun vi c trng v 2 , 2 tng ng l
c trng ca bnh phng i xng v bnh phng thay phin ca V .
nh ngha 2.7.17
Nu l c trng bt kh qui ca G th ta nh ngha hm c trng
ca bi

nu triv khng l mt thnh phn ca 2 hoc 2 ,

0,
= 1,
nu triv l mt thnh phn ca 2 ,

1, nu triv l mt thnh phn ca 2 .

Khi , c gi l hm c trng trn tp cc c trng bt kh qui
ca G .

(Cao hc kha 2006 - 2008)

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Chng 2. Cc cu hi hu t
Gi s V l mt C[G ]mun vi c trng v 2 , 2 tng ng l
c trng ca bnh phng i xng v bnh phng thay phin ca V .
nh ngha 2.7.17
Nu l c trng bt kh qui ca G th ta nh ngha hm c trng
ca bi

nu triv khng l mt thnh phn ca 2 hoc 2 ,

0,
= 1,
nu triv l mt thnh phn ca 2 ,

1, nu triv l mt thnh phn ca 2 .

Khi , c gi l hm c trng trn tp cc c trng bt kh qui
ca G .

(Cao hc kha 2006 - 2008)

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Chng 2. Cc cu hi hu t

(Cao hc kha 2006 - 2008)

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Chng 2. Cc cu hi hu t
nh l 2.7.19
Vi mi x G , ta c
X
( )(x) = Card({y G : y 2 = x}),

tng c ly trn tt c cc c trng bt kh qui ca G .

(Cao hc kha 2006 - 2008)

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Chng 2. Cc cu hi hu t
nh l 2.7.19
Vi mi x G , ta c
X
( )(x) = Card({y G : y 2 = x}),

tng c ly trn tt c cc c trng bt kh qui ca G .

nh l 2.7.20
Gi s V l C[G ]mun bt kh qui vi c trng . Khi :
(a) Tn ti mt dng song tuyn tnh G bt bin khc khng trn V khi
v ch khi 6= 0.
(b) Tn ti mt dng song tuyn tnh i xng G bt bin khc khng
trn V khi v ch khi = 1.
(c) Tn ti mt dng song tuyn tnh phn xng G bt bin khc khng
trn V khi v ch khi = 1.
(Cao hc kha 2006 - 2008)

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Chng 2. Cc cu hi hu t

(Cao hc kha 2006 - 2008)

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Chng 2. Cc cu hi hu t
H qu 2.7.21 (Frobenius-Schur)
Vi mi c trng bt kh qui ca G , ta c

nu khng thc,
0,
= 1,
nu xc nh trn R,

1, nu thc, nhng khng xc nh trn R.

Hn na, vi mi x G , ta c
X
( )(x) = Card({y G : y 2 = x}),

tng ly trn tt c cc c trng bt kh qui ca G . Ni ring,

X
( )(1) = 1 + t,

t bng s cc i hp trong G .
(Cao hc kha 2006 - 2008)

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XIN TRN TRNG CM N!

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