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Hnh 1
Hnh 1-1: M t cu trc chung ca h T T
BB: B bin i; C: ng c in; MSX: My sn xut; R
v R T : B iu chnh truyn ng v cng ngh; K v K T :
cc B ng ct phc v truyn ng v cng ngh; GN:
Mch ghp ni; VH: Ngi vn hnh
Cu trc ca h T T gm 2 phn chnh:
- Phn lc (mch lc): t li in hoc ngun in cung cp
in nng n b bin i (BB) v ng c in (C) truyn
ng cho ph ti (MSX). Cc b bin i nh: b bin i
my in (my pht in mt chiu, xoay chiu, my in
khuch i), b bin i in t (khuch i t, cun khng
bo ho), b bin i in t, bn dn (Chnh lu tiristor, b
Hnh 2
Trong :
Mc - mmen ng vi tc .
Mco - mmen ng vi tc = 0.
Mm - mmen ng vi tc nh mc m
+ Ta c cc trng hp s m q ng vi cc ti:
Khi q = -1, mmen t l nghch vi tc , tng ng cc
c cu my tin, doa, my cun dy, cun giy, ... (ng
c im ca loi my ny l tc lm vic cng thp th
mmen cn (lc cn) cng ln.
Khi q = 0, Mc = Mm = const, tng ng cc c cu my
nng h, cu trc, thang my, bng ti, c cu n dao my
ct gt, ... (ng
Khi q = 1, mmen t l bc nht vi tc , tng ng cc
c cu ma st, my bo, my pht mt chiu ti thun tr,
(ng
Khi q = 2, mmen t l bc hai vi tc , tng ng cc
c cu my bm, quy gi, my nn, (ng
+ Trn hnh 1-2a biu din cc c tnh c ca my sn
xut:
Hnh 3
Hnh 1-2: a) Cc dng c tnh c ca cc my sn xut
: q = -1;
: q = 0;
: q = 1;
: q = 2.
Hnh 4
Hnh 1-3: Cc c tnh c ca bn loi ng c in
* Thng ngi ta phn bit hai loi c tnh c:
+ c tnh c t nhin: l c tnh c c khi ng c ni
theo s bnh thng, khng s dng thm cc thit b ph
tr khc v cc thng s ngun cng nh ca ng c l
nh mc. Nh vy mi ng c ch c mt c tnh c t
nhin.
Hnh 5
Trong : M v l lng sai phn ca mmen v tc
tng ng; M* = M/Mm ; * = /m ; hoc * = /cb .
Hnh 6
Hnh 7
Hnh 1- 4: Cch tnh cngc tnh c bng th
Trong :
+ mM l t l xch ca trc mmen
+ m l t l xch ca trc tc
l gc to thnh gia tip tuyn vi trc ti im xt ca
c tnh c. +
+ ng c khng ng b c cng c tnh c thay i
gi tr ( > 0, < 0).
+ ng c ng b c c tnh c tuyt i cng ( ).
+ ng c mt chiu kch t c lp c cng c tnh c
cng ( 40).
+ ng c mt chiu kch t c lp c cng c tnh c
mm ( 10).
Cc trng thi lm vic ca h tt
+ Trong h truyn ng in t ng bao gi cng c qu
trnh bin i nng lng in nng thnh c nng hoc
ngc li. Chnh qu trnh bin i ny quyt nh trng thi
lm vic ca h truyn ng in. C th lp Bng 1-1:
Hnh 8
trng thi ng c: Ta coi dng cng sut in Pin c gi
tr dng nu nh n c chiu truyn t ngun n ng c
v t ng c bin i cng sut in thnh cng sut c:
Pc = M. cp cho my sn xut v c tiu th ti c cu
Hnh 9
Hnh 1 - 5: Biu din cc trng thi lm vic
Tnh i cc i lng c hc
Mmen v lc quy i:
Hnh 10
Hnh 11
Trong : Jq - mmen qun tnh quy i v trc ng c.
- tc gc trn trc ng c.
J - mmen qun tnh ca ng c.
Ji - mmen qun tnh ca bnh rng th i.
mj - khi lng qun tnh ca ti trng th j.
ii = /i - t s truyn tc t trc th i.
= /vj - t s quy i vn tc ca ti trng.
V
d: S truyn ng ca c cu nng, h :
Hnh 12
Hnh 1- 6: S ng hc ca c cu nng h
ng c in;
tang trng quay;
hp tc ;
ti trng
Hnh 13
Phng trnh ng hc ca h t t
+ L quan h gia cc i lng (, n, L, M, ...) vi thi gian:
Hnh 14
T phng trnh (1-19) ta thy rng:
Hnh 15
- Khi Mg = 0 hay M = Mc , th d/dt = 0 h lm vic xc
lp, hay h lm vic n nh: = const.
* Nu chn v ly chiu ca tc lm chun . Cn M
v M(-) khi Mth: M(+) khi Mc(+) khi Mc; Mc(-) khi Mc.
iu kin n nh tnh ca h t t
Hnh 16
Hay: - c < 0 (1-22)
* V d: Xt hai im giao nhau ca cc c tnh c:
Hnh 17
Hnh 1- 7: Xt im lm vic n nh
Ti cc im kho st th ta thy ba im A, B, C l cc im
lm vic xc lp n nh. im D l im lm vic khng n
nh.
Trng hp: A: < c v < 0 v c = 0 xc lp n nh.
B: > c v > 0 v c1 = 0 khng n nh.
ng hc ca h t t
Trong h T T c c cc thit b in + c, trong cc
b phn c c nhim v chuyn c nng t ng c n b
phn lm vic ca my sn xut v ti c nng c bin
thnh cng hu ch.
ng c in c c phn in (stato) v phn c (roto v
trc).
Hnh 18
Hnh 1- 8: S cu trc h T T
Phn c ph thuc vo kt cu, vt liu v loi my, chng
rt a dng v phc tp, bi vy phi a v dng in hnh
c trng cho cc loi, phn c c dng tng qut c trng
gi l mu c hc ca truyn ng in.
Mu c hc (n khi) l mt vt th rn quay xung quanh
mt trc vi tc ng c, n c mmen qun tnh J, chu
tc ng ca mmen ng c (M) v mmen cn (Mc), hnh
9.
Hnh 19
Tnh n hi ln cng c th xut hin nhng h thng c
mch ng hc di mc d trong khng cha mt phn t
n hi no. S bin dng trn tng phn t tuy nh nhng
v s phn t rt ln nn i vi ton my n tr nn ng
k.
Trong nhng trng hp trn phn c kh ca h khng th
thay th tng ng bng mu c hc n khi m phi
thay th bng mu c hc a khi, hnh 9b.
Hnh 20
Nu quy i mmen v mmen qun tnh v mt trc tc
no (ng c hoc my sn xut) th trong phn ln cc
Figure 1
Cc thng s c bn ca Ml:
Cc thng s nh mc:
nm(vng/pht); (m(Rad/sec); Mm(N.m hay KG.m);
(m(Wb);
fm(Hz); Pm(KW); Um(V); Im(A); ...
Cc thng s tnh theo cc h n v khc:
(* = (/(m ; M* = M/Mm ; I* = I/Im; (* = (/(m; R* =
R/Rm;
Rcb = Um/Im,;
%; M%; I%; ...
Phng trnh c tnh c - in v c tnh c ca Ml:
Theo s hnh 2-1a v hnh 2-1b, c th vit phng trnh
cn bng in p ca mch phn ng nh sau:
U = E + (R + Rf).I (2-1)
Trong :
U l in p phn ng ng c, (V)
E l sc in ng phn ng ng c (V).
E=
p.
N
2a
=K (2-2)
l h s kt cu ca ng c.
Hoc: E = Ke(.n (2-3)
V:
Vy: Ke == 0,105.K
R l in tr mch phn ng, R = r + rctf + rctb + rtx ,
(().
Trong : r l in tr cun dy phn ng ca ng c (().
Rctf l in tr cun dy cc t ph ca ng c (().
Rctb l in tr cun dy cc t b ca ng c (().
Rctb l in tr tip xc gia chi than vi c gp ca
ng c (().
Rf l in tr ph mch phn ng.
I l dng in phn ng.
T (2-1) v (2-2) ta c:
=
U
K
R+Rf
K
I (2-4)
y l phng trnh c tnh c - in ca ng c mt chiu
kch t c lp.
Mt khc, mmen in t ca ng c c xc nh:
Mt = K(I (2-5)
Khi b qua tn tht ma st trong trc, tn tht c, tn tht
thp th c th coi: Mc ( Mt ( M
Suy ra: I = (2-6)
Thay gi tr I vo (2-4), ta c:
=
U
K
R+Rf
(K)2
M=
U
K
R
(K)2
M (2-7)
y l phng trnh c tnh c ca ng c in mt chiu
kch t c lp.
C th biu din c tnh c di dng khc:
= 0 - (2-8)
Trong : gi l tc khng ti l tng. (2-9)
gi l st tc . (2-10)
T cc phng trnh c tnh c in (2-4) v phng trnh
c tnh c (2-8) trn, vi gi thit phn ng c b v
( = const th ta c th v c cc c tnh c - in (hnh 22a) v c tnh c (hnh 2-2b) l nhng ng thng.
Figure 2
c tnh c t nhin (TN) l c tnh c c cc tham s nh
mc v khng c in tr ph trong mch phn ng ng c:
=
Um
Km
Rm
(Km)2
M (2-11)
Nu cha c gi tr R th ta c th xc nh gn ng da
vo gi thit coi tn tht trn in tr phn ng do dng
in nh mc gy ra bng mt na tn tht trong ng c:
R=0,5.(1m)
Um
Im
, (2-17)
* V d 2-1:
Xy dng c tnh c t nhin v nhn to ca ng c in
mt chiu kch t c lp c cc s liu sau:
ng c lm vic di hn, cng sut nh mc l 6,6KW; in
p nh mc: 220V; tc nh mc: 2200vng/pht; in
tr mch phn ng gm in tr cun dy phn ng v cc
t ph: 0,26(; in tr ph a vo mch phn ng: 1,26(.
* Gii:
a) Xy dng c tnh c t nhin:
c tnh c t nhin c th v qua 2 im: l im nh mc
[Mm; (m] v im khng ti l tng [M = 0; ( = (0]. Hoc
im khng ti l tng [M = 0; ( = (0] v im ngn mch
[Mnm; ( = 0]. Hoc im nh mc [Mm; (m] v im ngn
mch [Mnm; ( = 0].
Tc gc nh mc:
m=
nm
9,55
=
2200
9,55
=230,3rad/s
Mmen (c) nh mc:
Mm=
Pm.1000
m
=
6,6.1000
230,3
=28,6Nm
Nh vy ta c im th nht trn c tnh c t nhin cn
tm l im nh mc: [28,6 ; 230,3].
T phng trnh c tnh c t nhin ta tnh c:
Km=
UmIm.R
m
=
22035.0,26
230,3
=091Wb
Tc khng ti l tng:
0=
Um
Km
=
220
0,91
241,7rad/s
Ta c im th hai ca c tnh [0; 241,7] v nh vy ta c
th dng c ng c tnh c t nhin nh ng ( trn
hnh 2 - 3.
Ta c th tnh thm im th ba l im ngn mch [Mnm;
0]
Mnm=K.Inm=K
Udm
R
=0,91
220
0,26
=770Nm
Vy ta c ta im th ba ca c tnh c t nhin [770;
0].
cng ca c tnh c t nhin c th xc nh theo biu
thc (2-15) hoc xc nh theo s liu ly trn ng c
tnh hnh 2-3.
tn=
dM
d
=
M
=
0Mm
0m
=
28,6
241,7230,3
=2,5Nm.s
b) Xy dng c tnh c nhn to c Rf = 0,78(:
Khi thay i in tr ph trn mch phn ng th tc
khng ti l tng khng thay i, nn ta c th v c tnh
c nhn to (c Rf = 0,78() qua cc im khng ti l tng
[0; (0] v im tng ng vi tc nhn to [Mm; (nt]:
Figure 3
Ta tnh c gi tr mmen (c) nh mc:
Mm=
Pm.1000
m
=
6,6.1000
230,3
=28,66Nm(1)
V tnh tc gc nhn to:
nt=
Um(R+Rf).Im
Km
=
220(0,26+1,26).35
0,91
=183,3rad/s
Ta c ta im tng ng vi tc nhn to [28,66;
183,3]
Vy ta c th dng c ng c tnh c nhn to c in
tr ph trong mch phn ng nh ng ( trn hnh 2 - 3.
c tnh c khi khi ng Ml v tnh in tr khi ng:
Khi ng v xy dng c tnh c khi khi ng:
+ Nu khi ng ng c Ml bng phng php ng trc
tip th dng khi ng ban u rt ln: Ikb = Um/R
( (10 ( 20)Im, nh vy n c th t nng ng c, hoc
lm cho s chuyn mch kh khn, hoc sinh ra lc in
ng ln lm ph hu qu trnh c hc ca my.
+ m bo an ton cho my, thng chn:
Ikb = Inm ( Icp = 2,5Im (2-18)
+ Mun th, ngi ta thng a thm in tr ph vo
mch phn ng ngay khi bt u khi ng, v sau th
loi dn chng ra a tc ng c ln xc lp.
Ikb = Inm == (2(2,5)Im ( Icp ; (2-19)
* Xy dng cc c tnh c - in khi khi ng Ml:
- T cc thng s nh mc (Pm; Um; Im; nm, (m; ...)
v thng s ti (Ic; Mc; Pc; ...), s cp khi ng m, ta v c
tnh c t nhin.
Figure 4
Tnh in tr khi ng:
a) Phng php th:
Da vo biu thc ca st tc (( trn cc c tnh c
ng vi mt gi tr dng in (v d I1) ta c:
TN=
R
K
I1;NT=
R+Rf
K
I1; (2-20)
Rt ra: (2-21)
Qua th ta c:
Rf1=
hahe
he
R=
ae
he
R;
Tng t nh vy:
Rf2=
hche
he
R=
ce
he
R;
in tr tng ng vi mi c tnh c:
R1 = R + Rf (1) = R + (Rf 1 + Rf 2)
R2 = R + Rf (2) = R + (Rf 2)
Vy: (2-25)
Rt ra:
Rm=RRm1=Rm=2R...R2=R3=m1RR1=R2=mR
{{{{
(2-26)
+ Nu cho trc s cp in tr khi ng m v R1, R th ta
tnh c bi s dng in khi khi ng:
=m\
R1
R
=m\
Um
R.I1
=m+1\
Um
R.I2
(2-27)
Trong : R1 = Um/I1; ri thay tip I1 = (I2.
+ Nu bit (, R1, R ta xc nh c s cp in tr khi
ng:
m=
lg(R1/R)
lg
(2-28)
Figure 5
Theo (2-26) ta xc nh c cc cp in tr tng vi hai
ng c tnh nhn to:
R1 = (R = 2,5.0,146 = 0,365 (
R2 = R1 = 2,5.0,365 = 0,912
V cc in tr ph ca cc cp s l:
Rf1 = R1 - R
= 0,365 - 0,146 = 0,219
Rf2 = R2 - Rf1 - R
= 0,912 - 0,219 - 0,146 = 0,547
Cc c tnh c khi hm Ml:
Hm l trng thi m ng c sinh ra mmen quay ngc
chiu vi tc , hay cn gi l ch my pht. ng c
in mt chiu kch t c lp c ba trng thi hm:
Hm ti sinh:
Hm ti sinh khi tc quay ca ng c ln hn tc
khng ti l tng (( > (0). Khi hm ti sinh, sc in ng
ca ng c ln hn in p ngun: E > U, ng c lm
vic nh mt my pht song song vi li v tr nng lng
v ngun, lc ny th dng hm v mmen hm i chiu
so vi ch ng c.
Khi hm ti sinh:
Ih=
UE
R
=
K0K
R
<0 Mh=KIh<0 {
(2-30)
* Mt s trng thi hm ti sinh:
+ Hm ti sinh khi ( > (0: lc ny my sn xut nh l ngun
ng lc quay rto ng c, lm cho ng c tr thnh my
pht, pht nng lng tr v ngun.
Figure 6
V E > U, do dng in phn ng s thay i chiu so vi
trng thi ng c :
I=Ih=
U
E
R
<0 ; Mh = K.Ih < 0 ;
Mmen ng c i chiu (M < 0) v tr nn ngc chiu vi
tc , tr thnh mmen hm (Mh).
+ Hm ti sinh khi gim in p phn ng (U2 < U1), lc
ny Mc l dng mmen th nng (Mc = Mtn). Khi gim in
p ngun t ngt, ngha l tc (0 gim t ngt trong khi
tc ( cha kp gim, do lm cho tc trn trc ng
c ln hn tc khng ti l tng (( > (02). V mt nng
lng, do ng nng tch lu tc cao ln s tun vo
trc ng c lm cho ng c tr thnh my pht, pht nng
lng tr li ngun (hay cn gi l hm ti sinh), hnh 2-5b.
Figure 7
+ Hm ti sinh khi o chiu in p phn ng (+U ( - U):
lc ny Mc l dng mmen th nng (Mc = Mtn). Khi o
chiu in p phn ng, ngha l o chiu tc + (0 ( - (0,
ng c s dn chuyn sang ng c tnh c -U, v s
lm vic ti im B (((B(>(- (0(). V mt nng lng, do th
nng tch lu trn cao ln s tun vo ng c, lm cho
ng c tr thnh my pht, pht nng lng tr li ngun,
hnh 2-5c.
Trong thc t, c cu nng h ca cu trc, thang my, th
khi nng ti, ng c truyn ng thng lm vic ch
ng c (im A hnh 2-5c), v khi h ti th ng c lm
vic ch my pht (im B hnh 2-5c).
Figure 8
Hm ngc:
Hm ngc l khi mmen hm ca ng c ngc chiu vi
tc quay (M(((). Hm ngc c hai trng hp:
a) a in tr ph ln vo mch phn ng:
ng c ang lm vic im A, ta a thm Rf ln vo
mch phn ng th ng c s chuyn sang im B, D v lm
vic n nh im E (( = (E v ((((A) trn c tnh c
c thm Rf ln, v on DE l on hm ngc, ng c
lm vic nh mt my pht ni tip vi li in, lc ny sc
in ng ca ng c o du nn:
Ih=
U+E
R+Rf
=
U+Kfw
R+Rf
Mh=KfIh {
(2-31)
Figure 9
Ti thi im chuyn i mch in th mmen ng c nh
hn mmen cn (MB < Mc) nn tc ng c gim dn. Khi
( = 0, ng c ch ngn mch (im D trn c tnh c
Rf ) nhng mmen ca n vn nh hn mmen cn: Mnm <
Mc; Do mmen cn ca ti trng s ko trc ng c
quay ngc v ti trng s h xung, (( < 0, on DE trn
hnh 2-6a). Ti im E, ng c quay theo chiu h ti trng,
trng hp ny s chuyn ng c h c thc hin nh
th nng ca ti.
b) Hm ngc bng cch o chiu in p phn ng:
R+Rf
(K)2
M (2-33)
Figure 10
Hm ng nng: (cho U = 0)
a) Hm ng nng kch t c lp:
ng c ang lm vic vi li in (im A), thc hin ct
phn ng ng c ra khi li in v ng vo mt in tr
hm Rh, do ng nng tch lu trong ng c, cho nn ng
c vn quay v n lm vic nh mt my pht bin c nng
thnh nhit nng trn in tr hm v in tr phn ng.
Phng trnh c tnh c khi hm ng nng:
=
R+R
h
(K)2
M (2-34)
Ti thi im hm ban u, tc hm ban u l (h nn
sc in ng ban u, dng hm ban u v mmen hm
ban u:
Ehd=KhdIhd=
Ehd
R+Rh
=
Khd
R+Rh
<0 Mhd=KIhd<0 {{
(2-35)
Figure 11
Trn th c tnh c hm ng nng ta thy rng nu
mmen cn l phn khng th ng c s dng hn (cc
on B10 hoc B20), cn nu mmen cn l th nng th
di tc dng ca ti s ko ng c quay theo chiu ngc
li ((1 hoc (2).
b) Hm ng nng t kch t :
ng c ang lm vic vi li in (im A), thc hin ct
c phn ng v kch t ca ng c ra khi li in v ng
vo mt in tr hm Rh, do ng nng tch lu trong ng
c, cho nn ng c vn quay v n lm vic nh mt my
pht t kch bin c nng thnh nhit nng trn cc in tr.
Figure 12
Trn th c tnh c hm ng nng t kch t ta thy
rng trong qu trnh hm, tc gim dn v dng kch t
cng gim dn, do t thng ca ng c cng gim dn
v l hm ca tc , v vy cc c tnh c khi hm ng
nng t kch t ging nh c tnh khng ti ca my pht t
kch t.
So vi phng php hm ngc, hm ng nng c hiu qu
hn khi c cng tc hm ban u, nht l tn t nng
lng hn.
Cc c tnh c khi o chiu Ml:
Gi s ng c ang lm vic im A theo chiu quay
thun trn c tnh c t nhin thun vi ti Mc:
w=
Um
Kfm
Rm
(Kfm)2
M (2-37)
Vi M = Mc th ( = (A = (Thun
Mun o chiu ng c, ta c th o chiu in p phn
ng hoc o chiu t thng kch t ng c. Thng o
chiu ng c bng cch o chiu in p phn ng. Khi
o chiu in p phn ng th (0 o du, cn (( th khng
o du, c tnh c khi quay ngc chiu:
=
U
K(I)
R+Rf
[K(I)]2
M (2-38)
Figure 13
ng c quay ngc chiu tng ng vi im A trn c
tnh c t nhin bn ngc, hoc trn c tnh c nhn to.
* V d 2-3:
ng c lm vic di hn, cng sut nh mc l 6,6KW; in
p nh mc: 220V; tc nh mc: 2200vng/pht; in
tr mch phn ng gm in tr cun dy phn ng v cc
t ph: 0,26(; Trc khi hm ng c lm im nh mc
A(M = Mm , ( = (m); Hy xc nh tr s in tr hm u
vo mch phn ng ng c hm ng nng kch t c
lp vi yu cu mmen hm ln nht Mh.max = 2Mm. S
dng s hm ng nng kch t c lp nh trong hnh 29a.
* Gii:
S dng s hm ng nng kch t c lp hnh 2-9a khi
m bo t thng ng c trong qu trnh hm l khng
i: ( = (m.
Figure 14
c tnh c ca ng c trc khi hm l c tnh c t
nhin, v khi chuyn sang c tnh c hm ng nng kch
t c lp (on B0 trn hnh 2-9b).
im lm vic trc khi hm l im nh mc A, c:
I = Im = 35A, tng ng mmen nh mc Mm;
(A = (m = 230,3rad/s (xem v d 2-1)
Sc in ng ca ng c trc khi hm s l:
Eb = EA = Um - I.R
Eb = 220 - 35.0,26 = 210,9V
T hnh 2-9b ta thy, mmen (v dng in) hm ln nht s
c c ti thi im ban u ca qu trnh hm, ngay khi
chuyn i mch in t ch ng c trn c tnh c t
nhin sang mch in lm vic ch hm ng nng kch
t c lp (im B):
Ih.max = Ih.b
Hoc Mh.max = Mh.b
Ih.b
=
EA
Ih.b
R=
210,9
70
=3,01
Vy in tr hm phi u vo phn ng ng c khi hm
ng nng kch t c lp s l:
Rh = R( - R
Rh . = 3,01 - 0,26 = 2,75
c tnh c ca ng c mt chiu kch t ni tip (mnt) V hn hp
(mhh)
S ni dy ca Mnt :
ng c in mt chiu kch t ni tip (Mnt): ngun mt chiu cp chung
cho phn ng ni tip vi kch t.
Hnh 1
T s nguyn l ta thy dng kch t chnh l dng phn ng, nn t
thng ca ng c ph thuc vo dng phn ng v ph ti ca ng c.
Theo s hnh 2-10a, c th vit phng trnh cn bng in p ca mch
phn ng nh sau:
U = E + R.I = k(( + R.I (2-39)
Trong : U l in p ngun, (V)
R = R + Rkt + Rf (2-40)
Trong ny: R l in tr phn ng ng c.
Rkt l in tr cun dy kch t
Rf l in tr ph mc thm vo mch phn ng
Tng t Ml, t cc phng trnh trn ta rt ra:
=
U
=
k R+Rf
k I (2-41)
U
k R+Rf
(k)2 M (2-42)
T thng ( ph thuc vo dng kch t Ikt theo c tnh t ho nh ng
( trn hnh 2-10b. l quan h gia t thng ( vi sc t ng kch t Fkt
ca ng c. m: Fkt = Ikt.Wkt . Khi cho dng kch t bng nh mc th t
thng ng c s t nh mc.
n gin ho khi thnh lp phng trnh c tnh c Mnt, ta coi mch
t ca ng c l cha bo ho, quan h gia t thng vi dng kch t l
tuyn tnh ng ( trn hnh 2-10b:
( = C.Ikt ; (C - h s t l) (2-43)
\M R
k.C = A2
\M B (2-48)
Dng chung cho cc loi ng c trong dy cng sut c cng tiu chun
thit k.
i vi ng c cho, ta ch cn ly gi tr (m nhn vo trc tung v ly
Im nhn vo trc honh, ta s c c tnh c in t nhin ( = f(I) ca
ng c . Mt khc, t gi tr I* tra theo ng M* = f(I*) ta c gi tr
M* tng ng. Nhn gi tr M* vi Mm ca ng c cho ta c M.
Nh vy, t c tnh c in t nhin v ng c tnh vn nng M* = f(I*)
ta s c c tnh c t nhin ( = f(M). Ngi ta c th v c tnh c nhn
to (dng thm in tr ph trong mch phn ng) ca Mnt khi s dng
cc c tnh vn nng v c tnh c t nhin.
c tnh c khi khi ng Mnt:
Tng t Ml, hn ch dng khi ng Mnt ngi ta cng a thm
in tr ph vo mch phn ng ngay khi bt u khi ng, v sau th
loi dn i a tc ng c ln xc lp.
Ikb = Inm == (2(2,5)Im ( Icp (2-49)
a) Xy dng cc c tnh c khi khi ng Ml:
S nguyn l v c tnh khi ng trnh by trn hnh 2-13:
Hnh 5
Qu trnh xy dng c tnh khi ng theo cc bc sau:
1. Da vo cc thng s ca ng c v c tnh vn nng, v ra c tnh c
t nhin.
2. Chn dng in gii hn I1 ( (2(2,5)Im v tnh in tr tng ca mch
phn ng khi khi ng R = Um/I1 . Ta k ng I1 = const n s ct c
tnh t nhin ti e.
3. Chn dng chuyn khi khi ng I2 = (1,1(1,3)Ic . K ng I2 = const
n s ct c tnh t nhin ti f, v n cng ct c tnh nhn to dc nht
(c R) ti b theo biu thc:
NT(b)=TN(f)
Um-I2R Um-I2R (2-50)
K cc ng ef v ab ko di, chng s ct nhau ti A, t A dng tip cc
ng c tnh khi ng tuyn tnh ho tho mn cc yu cu khi ng v
ta c ng khi ng abcdefXL.
=
U K R+Rf
Hnh 7
(K)2 M (2-53)
Hm ng nng Mnt:
a) Hm ng nng kch t c lp:
ng c ang lm vic vi li in (im A, hnh 2-16), thc hin ct phn
ng ng c ra khi li in v ng vo mt in tr hm Rh, cn cun
kch t c ni vo li in qua in tr ph sao cho dng kch t c
chiu v tr s khng i (Iktm), v nh vy ging vi trng hp hm
ng nng kch t c lp ca Ml.
Phng trnh c tnh c khi hm ng nng:
=
R+Rh
Hnh 8
(K)2 M (2-54)
b) Hm ng nng t kch t :
ng c ang lm vic vi li in (im A), thc hin ct c phn ng v
kch t ca ng c ra khi li in v ng ni tip vo mt in tr hm
Rh, nhng dng kch t vn phi c gi nguyn theo chiu c do ng
nng tch lu trong ng c, cho nn ng c vn quay v n lm vic nh
mt my pht t kch bin c nng thnh nhit nng trn cc in tr.
Phng trnh c tnh c khi hm ng nng t kch t:
=
R+Rkt+Rh(K)2 M (2-55)
V t thng gim dn trong qu trnh hm ng nng t kch.
Hnh 9
o chiu Mnt:
c tnh c ca ng c Mnt khi o chiu bng cch o chiu in p
phn ng:
=
U K(I) R+Rf
[K(I)]2 M (2-56)
Khi U > 0, ng c quay thun ( > 0 (ti im A trn c tnh c gc
phn t th nht ca to [M, (], vi ph ti l Mc > 0). Nu ta o cc
Figure 1
Tuy nhin, vic iu chnh tc v khng ch cc qu trnh
qu kh khn hn, cc ng c K lng sc c cc ch
Figure 2
U1f l tr s hiu dng ca in p pha stato (V).
I1, I(, I2 l cc dng stato, mch t ha, rto quy i v
stato (A).
1
=
0
0
(2-58)
Trong :
(1 = (0 l tc ca t trng quay stato ng c, cn gi
l tc ng b (rad/s):
1=0=
2f1
p
(2-59)
( l tc gc ca rto ng c (rad/s).
Trong : f1 l tn s ca in p ngun t vo stato (Hz),
p l s i cc ca ng c,
Biu nng lng ca K:
Figure 3
Phng trnh v c tnh c K:
T s thay th hnh 2-23, ta tnh c dng stato:
I1=U1f[
1
\R2+X2
+
1
\
R1+
R2'
s
2
+Xnm2
] (2-60)
Trong : R2( = R2 + R2f l in tr tng mch rto.
Xnm = X1 + X2 l in khng ngn mch.
T phng trnh c tnh dng stato (2-60) ta thy:
Khi ( = 0, s = 1, ta c: I1 = I1nm - dng ngn mch ca
stato.
Khi ( = (0, s = 0, ta c:
Ngha l tc ng b, ng c vn tiu th dng in t
ho to ta t trng quay.
Tr s hiu dng ca dng rto quy i v stato:
I2'=
U1f
R1+
R2S'
s
2
+Xnm2
(2-61)
Phng trnh (2-61) l quan h gia dng rto I2 vi h s
trt s hay gia I2 vi tc (, nn gi l c tnh in-c
ca ng c K, (hnh 2-25). Qua (2-61) ta thy:
Khi ( = (0, s = 0, ta c: I2 = 0.
Khi ( = 0, s = 1, ta c:
Trong : I2nm l dng ngn mch ca rto hay dng khi
ng.
Figure 4
tm phng trnh c tnh c ca K, ta xut pht t iu
kin cn bng cng sut trong ng c: cng sut in
chuyn t stato sang rto:
P12 = Mt.(0 (2-62)
Mt l mmen in t ca ng c, nu b qua cc tn tht
ph:
Mt = Mc = M (2-63)
V: P12 = Pc + (P2 (2-64)
Trong : Pc = M.( l cng sut c trn trc ng c.
(P2 = 3I22.R2( l tn hao cng sut ng trong rto.
Do : M.(0 = M((0 - () = M.(0.s
Vy: (2-65)
Thay (3-4) vo (3-8) v bin i ta c :
M=
3.U1f2.R2S
s.w0.[(R1+
R2S'
s
)2+Xnm2]
(2-66)
Phng trnh (2-66) l phng trnh c tnh c ca K. Nu
biu din c tnh c trn th s l ng cong nh hnh
2-27b. C th xc nh cc im cc tr ca ng cong
bng cch cho o hm dM/ds = 0, ta s c cc tr s v
trt ti hn sth v mmen ti hn Mth ti im cc tr:
sth=
R2S'
\R12+Xnm2
(2-67)
V: (2-68)
Trang 60
Trong cc biu thc trn, du (+) ng vi trng thi ng c,
cn du (-) ng vi trng thi my pht, (Mth > MthF).
Phng trnh c tnh c ca K c th biu din theo closs:
M=
2Mth(1+asth)
s
sth
+
sth
s
+2asth
(2-69)
Trong : a = R1/R2(.
Figure 5
+ Trong nhiu trng hp cho php ta s dng nhng c
tnh gn ng bng cch truyn tnh ho c tnh c trong
on lm vic.
V d vng trt nh s < 0,4sth th ta xem s/sth ( 0 v
ta c:
M=
2Mth
sth
s (2-72)
C th tuyn tnh ha on c tnh c lm vic qua 2 im:
im ng b (khng ti l tng) v im nh mc:
M=
Mm
sm
s (2-73)
Trn c tnh c t nhin, thay M = Mm, Mth = ?Mm, ta
c:
Sth=Sm(+\21) (2-74)
Qua dng c tnh c t nhin ca K hnh 2-27, mt cch
gn ng ta tnh cng c tnh c trong on lm vic:
=
dM
d
=
1
0
dM
ds
=
Mm
0sm
(2-75)
V: (2-76)
+ i vi on c tnh c s >> sth th coi sth/s ( 0 v ta c:
M=
2Mth.sth
s
(2-77)
V: (2-78)
Trong on ny cng ? > 0 v gi tr ca n thay i, y
thng l on ng c khi ng.
Trang 62
nh hng ca cc thng s n c tnh c ca K:
Qua chng trnh c tnh c bn ca hot ng c K, ta
thy cc thng s c nh hng n c tnh c K nh: Rs,
Rr, Xs, Xr, UL, fL, Sau y, ta xt nh hnh ca mt s
thng s:
nh hng ca in p li (Ul):
Khi in p li suy gim, theo biu thc (2-68) th mmen
ti hn Mth s gim bnh phng ln suy gim ca UL.
Trong khi tc ng b ?o, h s trt ti hn Sth khng
thay i, ta c dng c tnh c khi UL gim nh hnh 2-28.
Qua th ta thy: vi mt mmen cn xc nh (MC), in
p li cng gim th tc xc lp cng nh. Mt khc, v
mmen khi ng Mk = Mnm v mmen ti hn Mth u
gim theo in p, nn kh nng qu ti v khi ng b
gim dn. Do , nu in p qu nh (ng U2, ) th h
truyn ng trn c th khng khi ng c hoc khng
lm vic c.
Figure 6
nh hng ca in tr, in khng mch stato:
Khi in tr hoc in khng mch stato b thay i, hoc
thm in tr ph (Rlf), in khng ph (Xlf) vo mch stato,
nu ?o = const, v theo biu thc (2-67), (2-68) th mmen
Mth v Sth u gim, nn c tnh c c dng nh hnh 2-29.
Qua th ta thy: vi mmen Mk = Mnm.f th on lm
vic ca c tnh c c in khng ph (Xlf) cng hn c
tnh c Rlf. Khi tng Xlf hoc Rlf th Mth v Sth u gim. Khi
dng Xlf hoc Rlf khi ng nhm hn ch dng khi
ng, th c th da vo tam gic tng tr ngn mch xc
nh Xlf hoc Rlf.
Figure 7
nh hng ca in tr, in khng mch rto:
Khi thm in tr ph (R2f), in khng ph (X2f) vo mch
rto ng c, th ?o = const, v theo (2-67), (2-68) th Mth =
const; cn Sth s thay i, nn c tnh c c dng nh hnh
2-30.
Qua th ta thy: c tnh c khi c R2f, X2f cng ln th
Sth cng tng, cng c tnh c cng gim, vi ph ti
khng i th khi c R2f, X2f cng ln th tc lm vic ca
ng c cng b thp, v dng in khi ng cng gim.
Figure 8
nh hng ca tn s li cung cp cho ng c:
Khi in p ngun cung cp cho ng c c tn s (f1) thay
i th tc t trng ?o v tc ca ng c ? s thay
i theo.
V ?o = 2?.f1/p, v X = ?.L, nn ?o ? f1, ? ? f1 v X ? f1.
Qua th ta thy: Khi tn s tng (f13 > f1.m), th Mth s
gim, (vi in p ngun U1 = const) th : Mth~
1
f1 2
(hnh 2-31).
Khi tn s ngun gim (f11 < f1m, ) cng nhiu, nu gi
in p u1 khng i, th dng in ng c s tng rt ln.
Do vy, khi gim tn s cn gim in p theo quy lut nht
nh sao cho ng c sinh ra mmen nh trong ch nh
mc.
Figure 9
* V d 2 - 5:
Cho mt ng c khng ng b rto dy qun (Kdq) c:
Pm = 850KW ; Um = 6000V ; nm = 588vg/ph ; ? = 2,15 ;
E2m = 1150V ; I2m = 450A.
Tnh v v c tnh c t nhin v c tnh c nhn to ca
ng c khng ng b rto dy qun vi in tr ph mi
pha rto l: R2f = 0,75?.
Trang 65
* Gii :
Vi ng c c cng sut ln, ta c th s dng phng trnh
gn ng (2-70) coi R1 rt nh hn R2 tc a = 0.
trt nh mc:
sm=
nonm
no
=
600588
600
=0,02
Mmen nh mc:
, hoc
Mmen ti hn:
Mth = ?Mm = 2,15.13085 = 29681 N.m, hoc
in tr nh mc:
in tr dy qun rto:
R2=R2Rm=smRm=0,02.1,476=0,0295
trt ti hn ca c tnh c t nhin c nh theo (2-74):
sth=sm(+\21)=0,02(2,15+\2,1521)=0,08
Phng trnh ct tnh c t nhin:
hoc
Vi mmen ngn mch:
Mnm=
59362
1
0,08
+0,08
=4777Nm=0,35Mm
Trang 66
Theo ta v c ng c tnh t nhin nh trn hnh 232 i qua 4 im: im khng ti [M = 0; s = 0]; im nh
mc =1; sm = 0,02]; im ti hn TH =2,15; sm =
0,08]; im ngn mch NM =0,35; sm = 1].
i vi c tnh nhn to c Rf = 0,175? ta c trt ti
hn nhn to:
sth.nt=sth
R2+R
f
R2
=0,08
0,0295+0,175
0,0295
=0,55
Phng trnh c tnh c nhn to s l:
M=
2
s
0,55
+
0,55
s
V c tnh c v trn cng th hnh 2-32.
Figure 10
c tnh c ca ng c K khi khi ng:
Khi ng v tnh in tr khi ng:
+ Nu khi ng ng c K bng phng php ng
trc tip th dng khi ng ban u rt ln. Nh vy,
tng t khi ng Ml, ta cng a in tr ph vo mch
rto ng c K c rto dy qun han ch dng khi
ng:.V sau th loi dn chng ra a tc ng
c ln xc lp.
S nguyn l v c tnh khi ng c trnh by trn
hnh 2-33 (hai cp khi ng m = 2).
Figure 11
* Xy dng cc c tnh c khi khi ng K:
+ T cc thng s nh mc (Pm; Um; Im; nm; ?m;)
v thng s tI (Ic; Mc; Pc;) s cp khi ng m, ta v c
tnh c t nhin.
+ V c tnh c ca ng c K l phi tuyn, nn n
gin, ta dng phng php gn ng: theo ton hoc
chng minh th cc ng c tnh khi ng ca ng c K
tuyn tnh ha s hi t ti mt im T nm trn ng ?o =
const pha bn phi trc tung ca ta (?, M) nh hnh 233.
+ Chn: Mmax = M1 = (2,5)Mm ; hoc Mmax = 0,85Mth
v Mmin = M2 = (1,1,3)Mc trong qu trnh khi ng.
+ Sau khi tuyn ha c tnh khi ng ng c K, ta
tin hnh xy dng c tnh khi ng tng t ng c
Ml, cui cng ta c cc c tnh khi ng gn ng
edcbaXL nh hnh 2-33.
Nu im cui cng gp c tnh TN m khng trng vi giao
im ca c tnh c TN m M1 = const th ta phi chn li
M1 hoc M2 ri tin hnh li t u.
Tnh in tr khi ng:
*Dng phng php th:
+ Khi tuyn ha c tnh khi ng ng c K, ta c:
SNT
STN
=
R2R2f
R2
; (2-79)
Rt ra:
R2f=
SNTSTN
STN
R2; (2-80)
T th ta c in tr ph cc cp:
R2f1=
hahc
he
R2=
ac
he
R2; (2-81)
R2f2=
hche
he
R2=
ce
he
R2; (2-82)
Cc c tnh c khi hm ng c K:
ng c in K cng c ba trng thi hm: hm ti sinh, hm ngc v
hm ng nng.
Hm ti sinh:
ng c K khi hm ti sinh: ? > ?o, v c tr nng lng v li.
s (2-83)
p2 ; (2-85)
Vi: (2-88)
s=
0 0 >l (2-89)
Hnh 5
Hm ng nng ng c K:
C hai trng hp hm ng nng ng c K:
a) Hm ng nng kch t c lp (HN KTL):
Hnh 6
ng c ang lm vic vi li in (im A), khi ct stato ng c K ra
khi li in v ng vo ngun mt chiu (U1c) c lp nh s hnh 239a.
Do ng nng tch ly trong ng c, cho nn ng c vn quay v n lm
vic nh mt my pht cc n c tc v tn s thay i, v ph ti ca n
l in tr mch rto.
Khi ct stato khi ngun xoay chiu ri ng vo ngun mt chiu th dng
mt chiu ny s sinh ra mt t trng ng yn ? so vi stato nh hnh 239b. Rto ng c do qun tnh vn quay theo chiu c nn cc thanh dn
rto s ct t trng ng yn, do xut hin trong chng mt sc in
ng e2.
V rto kn mch nn e2 li sinh ra i2 cng chiu. Chiu ca e2 v i2 xc
nh theo qui tc bn tay phi: + khi e2 c chiu i vo v l i ra.
Tng tc gia dng i2 v ? to nn sc t ng F c chiu xc nh theo
qui tc bn tay tri (hnh 2-39b).
Ch rng, trong trng hp hm ngc v:
Lc F sinh ra mmen hm Mh c chiu ngc vi chiu quay ca rto ? lm
cho rto quay chm lai v sc in ng e2 cng gim dn.
* thnh lp phng trnh c tnh c ca ng c K khi hm ng nng
ta thay th mt cch ng tr ch my pht ng b c tn s thay i
o (2-95)
E2I122I2IHnh 2-41: th vectdng in khi HNT s thay
th hnh 2-39, ta c th vect dng in nh hnh 2-41.
T s thay th ta c:
I2'=
E2' \( R2'
Hay: I2'=
)2+X2'2 = E2'.
I.X.
\R2'2+(X2'.)2 (2-97)
Trong :
Theo th vect ta c:
I12=(I+I2'sin2)2+(I2'sin2)2;
\R2'2+(X2'.)2 (2-96)
R2'2+(X2')2 (2-100)
=R2'\
( I1 I )21
(X2'+X)2( I1 I )2X2'2 (2-101)
T cc biu thc (2-98) (2-100), sau khi bin i ta c:
I2'=
I.X.
\R2'2+(X2'+X)2.2 (2-102)
Tng t nh xt ng c K, ta xc nh c mmen:
M=
3I2'2 R2' 2
Hay: M=
o (2-103)
3I2'2XR2'
o[R2'2+(X2'+X)22] (2-104)
ng cong M = f(?*) cng c kho st tng t nh vi ng cong c
tnh c ca ng c K v cho ta nhng kt qu:
th=
R2' X+X2' (2-105)
Mth.th=
3I12X2
2o(X+X2') (2-106)
V: (2-107)
th=b=m/o
Khi ta c c tnh hm l ng 2 trn hnh 2-38. R rng c tnh ny c
hiu qu hm thp v mmen gim gn nh tuyn tnh t tc ban u ?b
= ?m cho n ? = 0.
cho vic hm c hiu qu cao, ta cn to ra mt c tnh c m bo bao
mt din tch ln nht gia n vi trc tung ca th (vng gch sc trn
hnh 2-44). Khi mmen hm trung bnh trong ton b qu trnh hm s l
ln nht. Vic tnh ton cho thy c tnh c dng ny c tc ti hn:=
0,407.
Vy c tnh c hm ng nng c chn l ng (1) trn hnh 2-44.
00,05
b =m
*th.t
Mh.max = Mth.n Mm 3,1Mm M
Hnh 2-44: c tnh c TN v c tnh c hm N
T biu thc ca mmen ti hn hm ng nng (biu thc 2-106) ta rt ra
biu thc tnh dng in xoay chiu ng tr I1:
I1=\
M
th.n
.2o(X+X2')
3X2 = =\ 2,5.110,2.2.104,7.(11,05+0,92) 3.11,052
=43,4A
Qua h s t l A ca s ni dy stato vo ngun in mt chiu khi hm,
v d chn s 1 trong bng 2-2, ta c:, ta xc nh c dng in mt
chiu cn thit:
P
0 = 3EUl 0xs sin (2-115)
(2-115) l phng trnh c tnh gc ca ng c B. Theo ta c c
tnh gc l ng cong hnh sin nh trn hnh 2-48.
Khi ? = ?/2 ta c bin cc i ca hnh sin l:
Mm=
3EUl 0xs (2-116)
Phng trnh (2-115) c th vit gn hn:
M = Mmsin (2-117)
Mm c trng cho kh nng qu tI ca ng c. Khi ti tng gc lch pha ?
tng. Nu ti tng qu mc, mmen gim.
ng c ng b thng lm vic nh mc tr s ca gc lch ? = 20o
25o. H s ti v mmen tng ng s l:
M=
Mm Mm =22,5
Nhng iu phn tch trn ch ng vi nhng ng c ng b cc n
v mmen ch xut hin khi rto c kch t. Cn i vi nhng ng c
ng b cc li, do s phn b khe h khng kh khng u gia rto v
stato nn trong my xut hin mmen phn khng ph. Do c tnh gc
c bin dng t nhiu, nh ng nt t trn hnh 2-48.
MmM0 /2 2 3/2Hnh 2-48: c tnh gc ca ng c ng b
Cu hi n tp
1. C th biu din phng trnh c tnh c ca ng c mt chiu kch t
c lp bng my dng ? hy vit cc dng phng trnh ? Gii thch cc
i lng trong phng trnh v cch xc nh cc i lng ? V dng
c tnh c in v c tnh c Ml ?
2. n v tng i l g ? n v tng i ca cc i lng in, c ca
ng c Ml c xc nh nh th no ? Vit phng trnh c tnh c
Hnh 1
Ch tiu cht lng tnh (ch xc lp):
Sai s tnh tc s% :
L i lng c trng cho s chnh xc duy tr tc t
(():
s=
0
0
.100=c=
1
(3-1)
( - tc lm vic thc ca ng c.
(0 - tc khng ti ca ng c.
??c - st tc khi mmen ti thay i Mc = 0 ? Mm.
Sai s ny cng nh, iu chnh cng chnh xc, v l tng
ta c h iu chnh tuyt i chnh xc khi S% = 0. Thc t
ngi ta phi thit k cc h truyn ng diu chnh c
Hnh 2
Cng c trng hp phi hp hai phng php iu chnh tc
ng c bng din nh: thay i in p phn ng ng
c mt chiu s iu chnh tc t ?min n ?m, v
phng php thay i t thng kch t th iu chnh tc
t ?m n ?max.
max
m
=DU.D (3-3)
Gi thit cc c tnh c l tuyn tnh, c cng khng i
(1 v (2 = (1, mmen ti khng i Mc, sai s tc tng
ng s l:
s1 =
Mc
01.1
.100;s2=
Mc
02.2
.100 (3-4)
Nu gi bi s mmen khi ng l Knm2 = Mnm2/Mc th:
s2 =
1
Knm2
.100; hays2=(1
min
02
).100 (3-5)
wmin=(1s2).
Mc.Knm2
2
(3-6)
Qua (3-6) ta thy c quan h gia D, s%, ( v Knm.
Theo kh nng qu ti, ta c th xc nh phm vi iu
chnh:
D=
max
min
=
(tn1)
(min1)
min
tn
(3-7)
Trong : ?min = Kqt.Mm / ?0 ; ; Kqt = Mnm.min / Mm
trn iu chnh tc ( :
L s chnh lch gia 2 cp tc lin nhau:
j=
wi+1
wi
(3-8)
Trong : (i - l tc n nh t c cp i.
(i+1- l tc n nh t c cp k tip (i+1).
1
J.(0)d+
t2
t1
Mc.(0)dt (3-9)
Vic tnh ton c th cc ch tiu lin quan nu trn s cho
thy hiu qu kinh t, thi gian hon vn v li ch nh vic
s dng h iu chnh chn. Thng ngi ta cn c cc
ch tiu k thut xut vi phng n iu chnh, sau
tnh ton kinh t so snh hiu qu v quyt nh chn h
thng hoc phng php iu chnh thng s u ra ca
ng c.
cc phng php iu chnh tc ng c in mt chiu bng
thay i thng s:
Phng php iu chnh tc Ml bng cch thay i in
tr ph trong mch phn ng:
T phng trnh c tnh c tng qut:
=
U
K
R+Rf
(K)2
M (3-10)
Ta thy rng khi thay i Rf th (0 = const cn (( thay i, v
vy ta s c cc ng c tnh iu chnh c cng (0 v
dc dn khi Rf cng ln, vi ti nh nhau th tc cng
thp (hnh 3-3):
Hnh 3
Nh vy: 0 < Rf1 < Rf2 < ... th (m > (1 > (2 > ... ,
nhng nu ta tng Rf n mt gi tr no th s lm cho
M ( Mc v nh th ng c s khng quay c v ng c
lm vic ch ngn mch, ( = 0. T lc ny, ta c thay
i Rf th tc vn bng khng, ngha l khng iu chnh
tc ng c c na, do phng php iu chnh ny
l phng php iu chnh khng trit .
Phng php iu chnh tc Ml bng cch thay i t
thng kch t ca ng c:
T phng trnh c tnh c tng qut:
w=
U
Kf
RS
(Kf)2
M w=w0Dw (3-11)
Hnh 4
Nh vy: (m > (1 > (2 > ... th (m < (1 < (2 <... , nhng
nu gim ( qu nh th c th lm cho tc ng c ln
qu gii hn cho php, hoc lm cho iu kin chuyn mch
b xu i do dng phn ng tng cao, hoc m bo
chuyn mch bnh thng th cn phi gim dng phn ng
v nh vy s lm cho mmen cho php trn trc ng c
gim nhanh, dn n ng c b qu ti.
Phng php iu chnh tc Ml bng cch thay i in
p phn ng ca ng c:
T phng trnh c tnh c tng qut:
w=
U
Kf
R
(Kf)2
M w=w0Dw (3-12)
Ta thy rng khi thay i U th (0 thay i cn (( = const, v
vy ta s c cc ng c tnh iu chnh song song vi
nhau. Nhng mun thay i U th phi c b ngun mt
chiu thay i c in p ra, thng dng cc b bin i
(hnh 3-5):
Hnh 5
Cc b bin i c th l: B bin i my in: dng my
pht in mt chiu (F), my in khuch i (MK);
B bin i t: khuch i t (KT) mt pha, ba pha; B bin
i in t - bn dn: cc b chnh lu (CL) dng tiristor, cc
b bm in p (BA) dng tiristor, transistor,
* V d 3-1:
Cho Ml c cc thng s:
Pm = 29KW; Um = 220V; Im = 151A; nm = 1000vg/ph;
R = 0,07?; v h s qu tI Kqt = 2.
Hy xc nh tc cc tiu v di iu chnh theo kh nng
qu ti yu cu ?
* Gii:
in tr nh mc ca ng c:
Rm = Um / Im = 220V / 151A = 1,45?
Gi tr tng ng ca in tr phn ng:
R* = R / Rm = 0,07? /1,45? = 0,048
cng c tnh c t nhin: ?tn* = 1/R* = 20,8
cng c tnh c thp nht: ?min* = Kqt = 2
Gi tr tng i ca tc cc i (tc tc nh mc ca
ng c) s l:
= 1 - R*
= 1 - 0,048 = 0,0952
Tc khng ti l tng:
n0=
nm
nm
=
1000vg/ph
0,0952
=1050vg/ph
Gi tr tng i ca tc cc tiu:
nmin=min=1
1
min
=1
1
2
=0,5
Vy tc quay cc tiu ca ng c l:
nmin=nmin.n0=0,5.1050vg/ph=525vg/ph
T gi tr ca tc cc i v tc cc tiu, ta rt ra
phm vi iu chnh tc :
D=
nmax
nmin
=
1000
525
=1,9
T biu thc (3-7) thay ?*min = Kqt = 2; ?*tn = 20,8; ta
cng c kt qu D = 1,9.
Hnh 6
Qua v d trn ta thy phm vi iu chnh nh vy l rt hep.
Tuy nhin, nu xt theo yu cu v sai s tc cho php
th dI iu chnh cn hp hn na hoc thm ch cn khng
th iu chnh c tc . Thc vy, ta bit:
s% = ??c* = R*?
?min = ?0 - ?c.cp ; v ?*min = 1 - s% = 1 - R*?
Nu s%cp = 10% th D = 1,05 ? 1, ngha l hu nh khng
th iu chnh c.
Cc phng php iu chnh tc ng c khng ng b bng thay i
thng s
Vn iu chnh tc ng c K:
ng c K, c s dng rng ri trong thc t. u im ni bt ca n
l: cu to n gin, lm vic tin cy, vn u t t, gi thnh h, trng
lng, kch thc nh hn khi dng cng sut nh mc so vi ng c mt
chiu.
S dng trc tip li in xoay chiu 3 pha
Tuy nhin, vic iu chnh tc v khng ch cc qu trnh qu kh
khn hn, cc ng c K lng sc c cc ch tiu khi ng xu, (dng
khi ng ln, mmen khi ng nh).
Trong thi gian gn y, do pht trin cng nghip ch to bn dn cng
sut v k thut in tin hc, ng c K mi c khai thc cc u im
ca chng. N tr thnh h truyn ng cnh tranh c hiu qu so vi h
Tiristor - ng c in mt chiu.
Qua phng trnh c tnh c ca ng c K:
M=
2Mth(I+asth)
s
Trong : (3-14)
sth + sth
s +2asth (3-13)
V: (3-15)
sth=
R2' \R12+Xnm2 (3-16)
Qua biu thc (3-13), (3-14), (3-15), (3-16) ta thy rng khi thay i cc
thng s in tr, in khng, in p, tn s, s i cc th s thay i c
sth, Mth v s iu chnh c tc ca ng c K.
iu chnh tc ng c K bng cch thay i in tr ph mch rto
(R2f):
Qua cc biu thc (3-14), (3-15), khi thay i in tr ph trong mch rto
ng c K s lm cho sth thay i t l cn Mth th khng thay i, v vy
s thay i c tc ? ca ng c K nh trn hnh 3-6:
Hnh 1
* Nguyn l iu chnh: khi thay i R2f vi cc gi tr khc nhau, th sth s
thay i t l, con` Mth = const, ta s c mt h c tnh c c chung ?o,
Mth, c tc khc nhau v c cc tc lm vic xc lp tng ng.
Qua hnh 3-6, ta c: Mth = const
V: 0 < R2f1 < R2f2 < < R2f.ic <
SthTN < sth1 < sth2 < < sth.ic <
TN < 1 < 2 < < ic <
TN > 1 > 2 > > ic >
Nh vy, khi cho R2f cng ln iu chnh tc cng nh, th cng
c tnh c cng dc, sai s tnh cng ln, tc lm vic cng km n nh,
thm ch khi R2f = R2f.ic, dn n Mn = Mc cho ng c khng quay c
(? = 0).
V khi thay i cc gi tr R2f.i > R2f.ic th tc ng c vn bng khng
(? = 0), ngha l khng iu chnh c tc , hay cn gi l iu chnh
khng trit .
Mth.u=Mth.gh(
ub
u1 )2=Mth.ub2 sth.u=sth.gh=const {
(3-17)
ci thin dng c tnh iu chnh v gim bt mc pht nng ca ng
c, ngi ta mc thm in tr R2f (hnh 3-7). Khi , nu in p t vo
stato l nh mc (ub = u1) th ta c c tnh mm hn c tnh t nhin,
gi l c tnh gii hn.
R rng l:; Mth.gh = Mth (3-18)
Trong : Mth.gh, sth.gh l mmen v h s trt ti hn ca c tnh gii
hn (/tGH).
Mth, sth l mmen v h s trt ti hn ca c tnh t nhin.
Da vo c tnh gii hn Mgh(s), v nu ? = const, ta suy ra c tnh iu
chnh ng vi gi tr ub cho trc nh quan h:
Mu=ub2;Mu=
Mu Mgh (3-19)
c tnh iu chnh trong trng hp ny nh hnh 3-7b.
Phng php iu chnh in p ch thch hp vi truyn ng m mmen
ti l hm tng theo tc nh: my bm, qut gi, C th dng my
bin p t ngu, in khng, hoc b bin i bn dn lm b AXC cho
ng c K.
iu chnh tc K bng cch thay i s i cc (p):
Theo quan h:
=0(1s)=
2pf1(1s) p (3-20)
Trong : f1 l tn s li in, p l s i cc.
Vy, thay i s i cc p, s iu chnh c ?o v s iu chnh c ?.
c th thay i c s i cc p, ngi ta phi ch to nhng ng c
\r12+xnm2 (3-22)
\r12+xnm2 (3-25)
Pc.cpY=3U1I1mcosYY (3-35)
So snh vi trng hp ni [xem (3-31)] ta c:
Pc.cp Pc.cpY = 2cos \3cosYY 2 (3-36)
V: (3-37)
Nh vy, khi i ni , mmen ti cho php ca ng c c gi khng
i, cn cng sut cho php th tng 2 ln. iu c ngha l phng php
i ni ny ph hp vi nhng my c mmen ti khng i (Mc = const).
T (3-37) v (3-29) ta tm c quan h ca h s qu ti ?:
p .Lnm K. U12
f12 (3-42)
m )qA.( f1
Trong : q = -1,0,1,2
f1m )q (3-43)
U1 f1 =const (3-48)
Trn hnh 3-13c, khi ph ti Mc = const (q = 1) th iu chnh tn s v in
p stato theo qui lut:
U1 f13/2 =const (3-49)
Trn hnh 3-13d, khi ph ti Mc = const (q = 2) th iu chnh tn s v in
p stato theo qui lut:
U1 f12 =const (3-50)
iu chnh t ng tc ng c bng cch thay i thng s thng s u
ra:
Nguyn l chung:
ci thin cc ch tiu cht lng ca h thng truyn ng in iu
chnh, ngi ta thng thc hin cc phng php iu chnh t ng, to ra
kh nng bin i thng s iu chnh (thng s u vo Xch) mt cch
lin tc theo mc thay i ca thng s c iu chnh u ra (i
lng X). Mun vy, ta phi thit lp h iu chnh vng kn, ly tn hiu
phn hi t u ra trc tip t l vi i lng X hoc gin tip qua cc i
lng lin quan n X, cho tc ng ln thng s u vo, lm cho thng s
ny thay i t ng theo chiu hng a i lng X t n gi tr t
trc.
Cu trc chung ca h iu chnh t ng vng kn nh trn hnh 3-14. Cc
tn hiu iu khin u vo thng l in p: U - tn hiu t, t l vi
gi tr t ca thng s c iu chnh: tc ? (U ? ?); Uph - tn hiu
phn hi, t l vi gi tr thc ca thng s c iu chnh ? (Uph ? ?); ?U
= Uk - tn hiu sai lch, phn nh mc sai lch gia gi tr thc ca
thng s ra ? vi gi tr mong mun t trc ?.
Uk chnh l tn hiu dng iu khin phn t iu chnh Ch sao cho
thng s ca n t ng thay i, v tc ng vo ng c lm cho gi
tr ? tin n ?, chnh l t ng n nh tc .
Hnh 9
n nh tc trong h iu chnh t ng truyn ng in c ngha rt
ln trong vic ci thin cc ch tiu cht lng ca h TT. Thng tng
b=(
1
1 m )( 1
1 tn ) Eb0'=Eb0 1 1b ; ka= b
(3-60)
Ta c biu thc tnh s... Eb theo in p phn ng:
1b ;
Eb=
1
1-kdR (Eb0 kd.kfm R w) Eb= m
Eb0( m
1).kfmw Eb=Eb0''-kt'.w (3-65)
Trong : Eb0 = (m.Eb0/( , kt = ((m/(-1).k(m .
Lut iu chnh (3-65) c thc hin bng phn hi m tc (hnh 3-18a),
trong tn hiu tc c ly trn my pht tc FT l my pht c in
p ra t l vi tc ng c: U( = kt..
w=
kbUR.M/kfm (1+kbkt/kfm).kfm m= (kfm)2(1+kbkt/kfm)
R (3-66)
T (3-66) c th tnh c h s khuch i yu cu ca h sao cho c tnh
c thp nht trong phm vi iu chnh t cng mong mun. Khi kb.kt ( (
th c tnh c l tuyt i cng.
Trong trng hp khng dng my pht tc th c th dng cu tc ly
tn hiu phn hi tc (trong phn ng ng c l mt nhnh cu).
Phn hi m dng in c ngt:
Qu trnh lm vic ca h TT thng c yu cu v n nh tc
trong vng bin thin cho php ca mmen v dng in phn ng, khi dng
in v mmen vt qu phm vi ny th cn phi hn ch dng in v
mmen trnh cho ng c b qu ti ln, gy ra s c v h hng ng c.
Mun gim dng in hoc mmen ngn mch ta phi gim cng c
tnh c. Tuy nhin, m boyu cu n nh tc trong phm vi bin
thin cho php ca ti, ta ch gim cng khi dng in hoc mmen vt
qu mt ngng no . Ngng ny c gi l im ngt . Tng ng
vi n ta c dng ngt Ing, mmen ngt Mng v tc ngt (ng.
Thng thng I*ng ( (1,5(2).
Vy, c tnh c ca h gm hai on: on lm vic t im khng ti l
tng n im ngt (on AB) v on ngt t im ngt n im dng
(on BC) (xem hnh 3-19a).
V c tnh ny rt c trng cho cng ngh ca my xc nn ngi ta gi
n l c tnh my xc .
Hnh 14
Mun to ra on c tnh dc c cng mong mun l (ng bt buc phi
thay i thng s iu chnh xch sao cho tc ng c gim nhanh khi ti
tng ln trn gii hn cho php.
Nh vy khi ti tng th h phi gim Eb ca b bin i.
Eb=Eb0(
1
ng 1
).(kfm)2.(I-Ing) Eb=Eb0k'ng.d.(IIng) (3-67)
thc hin quy lut iu chnh ny, ta dng mt khu phn hi m dng
in c ngt tc ng trn mc ngng Ing, s nguyn l nh hnh 3-19b.
in p so snh: Us = Ing.Ro, vy:
Eb = kb[Ut - I.Ro + Us] = kb.Ut - kb.Ro.(I - Ing); (3-68)
So snh vi (3-67) ta thy:
Eb0 = kb.Ut ; kng.d = kb.Ro = kb.kng.d;
on BC:
( = CkbUt - C(kbkng.d + R)(I - Ing); (3-69)
Cu hi n tp
1. C nhng ch tiu cht lng no dng nh gi cc phng php iu
khin ng c ? Nu nh ngha v trnh by ngha ca tng ch tiu.
2. Phn tch ngha ca vic iu chnh tc v iu chnh dng in
(hoc mmen), nu yu cu thc t ca vic iu chnh tng thng s ?
Nhng ch tiu cn t c ca vic iu chnh mi thng s l g ?
3. T biu thc no ta rt ra nhn xt chung v cc phng php iu khin
ng c in mt chiu v ng c in khng ng b ? Mi loi ng c
c my phng php iu khin ? Nhng phng php no c xem l c
hiu qu ?
V: EF = KF.UKF
R = R + RF
Phng trnh c tnh c khi iu chnh tc dng my pht:
w=
EF Kf R
(Kf)2 M w= KF.UKF Kf R
(Kf)2 M (4-2)
Nh vy, khi thay i UKF (hoc iKF) th ta s c mt h ng c tnh
c song song nhau c 4 gc phn t (hnh 4-2).
gc phn t (I) v (III) ca ta c tnh c th ng c lm vic ch
ng c quay thun v ch ng c quay ngc.
Hnh 2
c tnh c hm ng nng (EF = 0) i qua gc to ; Cc vng nm gia
trc tung (() v c tnh c hm ng nng (EF = 0) l ch hm ti sinh
hay ch my pht (( > (0) ca ng c;
Cc vng nm gia trc honh (M) v c tnh c khi hm ng nng (EF =
0) l ch hm ngc ((((M) ca ng c.
c im ca h F - l iu chnh tc rt linh hot, ng c c th t
ng chuyn i qua cc ch lm vic khi thay i tc hoc o chiu
tc . V d ng c ang lm vic ti im A, khi o chiu kch t my
pht F (Mc = const) th ng c s chuyn dn t ch ng c thun (A)
sang hm ti sinh, hm ngc, khi ng ngc v s lm vic xc lp
im B (ch hm ti sinh).
Khi iu chnh EF th s thay i c tc ng c ( ( (cb; khi o chiu
iktF th o chiu c EF v nh vy o chiu c (.
Nu kt hp iu chnh v o chiu t thng ca ng c th s iu chnh
v o chiu c tc ca ng c ( ( (cb.
Nh vy, kt hp iu chnh iktF v ikt th s iu chnh c tc ng
c ( ( (cb v ( ( (cb (c 2 vng tc ).
Kfm R+Rcl
m ) (4-5)
fl - tn s li.
m - s pha chnh lu.
Trong vng dng in gin on ((0 < (0):
E2mDUv Kfm 0 p m E2m.cos(p/m)DUv
Kfm >
p
m w0={
(4-6)
Trong : E2m - bin sc in ng th cp my bin p CL.
ng gii hn tc cc i:
wgh.max=
Ed0.cos Kf RuS Kf Id.blt (4-7)
Xt h CL - M c o chiu:
Mun o chiu tc ng c th phi dng hai b chnh lu u song
song ngc - chnh lu kp (hnh 4-3), nguyn tc iu khin hai b chnh
lu l:
+ Khi cho b CL1 lm vic ch chnh lu th CL2 chun b lm vic
ch nghch lu, dng chnh lu chy theo chiu dng, tc ng c
quay thun.
+ Ngc li, khi cho b CL2 lm vic ch chnh lu th CL1 chun b
lm vic ch nghch lu, dng chnh lu chy theo chiu m, tc
ng c quay ngc.
khi truyn nng lng t b CL ny qua b CL kia v li th cn tho
mn iu kin:
|Ed.NL| |Ed.CL| (4-8)
iu khin hai b chnh lu lm vic theo ng cc ch yu cu th c
th dng phng php iu khin chung hoc iu khin ring.
* Phng php iu khin chung: tn hiu iu khin c a vo c 2
nhm van sao cho tho mn (4-8). i vi phng php ny, c th xut
hin dng in cn bng chy qua 2 b chnh lu, khng qua ti, gy qu ti
cho cc van v my bin p, cho nn cn hn ch dng cn bng, thng
dng cc cun khng cn bng CK hn ch dng cn bng.
Trong phng php iu khin chung, khi phi hp iu khin kiu tuyn
tnh:
1 + 2 = (4-9)
Khi , cc c tnh c ca h T - M s gn ging h F - (hnh 4-5a).
Khi phi hp iu khin kiu phi tuyn (phi hp khng hon ton) th s c
thm h s phi tuyn (:
1 + 2 = + (4-10)
Gc ( ph thuc vo cc gi tr ca (1 v (2 mt cch phi tuyn.
Lc ny cc c tnh c ca h T - M c on phi tuyn vng gn trc
tung (hnh 4-5b).
Hnh 5
* Phng php iu khin ring: tn hiu iu khin ch c a vo b CL
ang lm vic ch chnh lu, cn b CL kia (khng lm vic) khng c
tn hiu iu khin a vo, cho nn khng c dng cn bng.
Trong phng php iu khin ring cng c phi hp iu khin kiu tuyn
tnh v phi tuyn.
thay i trng thi lm vic ca cc b CL th phi dng thit b c bit
chuyn cc tn hiu iu khin t b CL ny sang b CL kia. Bi vy, khi
iu khin ring, cc c tnh c ca h s b gin on ti trc tung. Nh
vy, khi thc hin thay i ch lm vic ca h s kh khn hn v h s
c tnh linh hot km hn khi iu chnh tc .
Nu kt hp iu chnh v o chiu t thng ca ng c th s iu chnh
v o chiu c tc ca ng c ( ( (cb.
sth + sth
s +2asth (4-16)
sth=
R2' \R12+Xnm2 (4-17)
V: (4-18)
sth=
R2' \R12+Xnm2 (4-19)
Qua biu thc (4-16), (4-17), (4-18), (4-19) ta thy rng khi dng cc b
bin i: xung in tr mch rto, iu p xoay chiu stato, bin tn mch
stato, th s thay i c sth, Mth v s iu chnh c tc ca ng c
K.
Phng php xung in tr mch rto:
Hnh 9
Trn hnh 4-9 trnh by nguyn l iu chnh trn in tr mch rto bng
phng php xung. in p ur c iu chnh bi cu chnh lu it CL,
qua in khng lc L, cp vo mch iu chnh gm in tr Ro ni song
song vi kha bn dn T1.
Kha T1 c iu khin ng ngt mt cch chu k. Hot ng ca kha
T1 tng t nh mch iu chnh xung p mt chiu. Khi kha T1 ng
in tr Ro b ngn mch (b loi ra khi mch), dng rto tng ln, khi T1
ngt, in tr Ro c a vo mch, dng rto gim xung. Vi chu k
ng-ngt nht nh (T = const), ta s c mt gi tr in tr tng ng
(Rt) trong mch rto. Hnh 4-9b: thi gian ng t = T - tn , nu iu chnh
trn t s chu k ? = (t/T), th ta s iu chnh trn c gi tr gi tr in
tr trong mch rto:
Rt = (1-?).Ro (4-20)
in tr Rt trong mch mt chiu c tnh i v mch xoay chiu 3 pha
rto theo qui tc bo ton cng sut. Tn hao trong mch rto ni theo s
hnh 3-9a l:
P=Id2(2R2+Rt) (4-21)
V hao tn khi mch rto ni theo s hnh 3-6a l:
P=3I22(R2+R2f) (4-22)
C s tnh i l tn hao cng sut nh nhau, nn:
Id2(2R2+Rt)=3I22(R2+R2f) (4-23)
Vi s chnh lu cu 3 pha th:, nn:
R2f=
Rt 2 = (1).Ro
2 (4-24)
Khi c in tr tnh i s d dng dng c cc c tnh c theo phng php thng thng, h cc c tnh c ny s qut kn phn mt phng
gii hn bi c tnh c t nhin v c tnh c c in tr ph R2f = Ro/2
nh hnh 4-9c.
m rng phm vi iu chnh mmen th c th mc ni tip in tr Ro
vi mt t in c in dung ln (hnh 4-9d). Vic xy dng cc mch
phn hi iu chnh tc v dng in rto c tin hnh tng t h
iu chnh in p.
iu chnh tc K bng b iu p xoay chiu stato (us):
= a.Ikt
Dng in phn ng ca ng c Id = I t l vi dng in rto I2 v c
xc nh theo cc s... trong mch:
Id=KiI2=
Ed2Eb R (4-33)
Trong : R? - in tr tng trong mch CL - Ml :
R? = RCL + Rb
Gi s ng c ang lm vic ti mt im xc lp no vi tc ?,
trt s v dng in I2 xc lp, nu ta thay i dng kch t ca Ml ,
s... Eb ca n s thay i (xem biu thc 4-29), dng in I2 thay i
theo biu thc (4-33), do mmen ng c thay i, v h s chuyn sang
lm vic mt im xc lp mi vi tc lm vic khc. l nguyn tc
iu chnh tc trong tng in c.
S ni tng in:
S nguyn l :
Hnh 13
Hnh 4-13 gii thiu mt s nguyn l h iu chnh ni tng in. Trong
ny, nng lng trt trong mch rto ca ng c K (c biu th bi
cc thng s s... xoay chiu E2, dng xoay chiu I2 v tn s mch rto f2
= f1.s) cng c chnh lu thnh dng mt chiu (vi cc thng s E2d ,
Id) nh cu diot CL ri c truyn vo b nghch lu NL (vi chc nng l
thit b bin i trong hnh 4-12). Vi b nghch lu ny, vic chuyn mch
cc thyristor c thc hin nh in p li (ul), do nng lng trt
dng mt chiu s c bin i thnh xoay chiu c tn s ca in p li,
cui cng qua my bin p BA, nng lng trt c tr v li in.
Trong s ni tng in hnh 4-13, dng in rto I2 ca ng c K hoc
dng in trong mch mt chiu Id cng c xc nh theo biu thc (433), trong Eb l s... ca b nghch lu c dng:
Trong : ? l gc m ca cc thyristor (? > ?/2)
dt
MnMco
Ta c:
+c = J
+c dw dt +w
Tc
dw dt +w=wxl (5-2)
Trong :
Hng s thi gian c hc: (sec); (5-3)
Tc xc lp: (rad/sec); (5-4)
Nu t:
M o = M n - M co ;
(g = ( + (c ;
Th: Mg = Mo - (g ; (g = Mo / (xl ;
V: Tc = J/(g ; (5-3a)
(xl = Mo / (g ; (5-4a)
Nghim phng trnh khng thun nht (5-2) l:
= xl + c.et/Tc (5-5)
Theo iu kin ban u: ( = (b khi t = 0, do :
c = (b - (xl
Vy ta c:
((t) = (xl + ((b - (xl) (5-6)
Theo gi thit: M ( ( nn:
M = Mxl +(Mb - Mxl) (5-7)
Tc l hng s thi gian c hc, n c trng cho nhp bin thin ca
mmen v tc ng c trong QTQ.
C th coi Tc l thi gian tng tc ca ng c t trng thi ng im n tc
xc lp nu Mg.b = const trong QTQ.
Vi gi thit trn th (5-6) v (5-7) c tnh cht vn nng. Chng ng vi
cc QTQ khc nhau (khi ng, hm, thay i tc , o chiu ...) khi
M(() v Mc(() l tuyn tnh.
Tu trng hp c th m thay cc gi tr tng ng ca cc i lng (b,
(xl, Mb, Mxl, v Tc vo (5-6) v (5-7).
V d nu Mc(() = const th (c = 0, do :
Tc=
J
=J Dw DM wxl= MnMco
=wo Mc {
(5-8)
Cc phng trnh (5-6), (5-7) cho thy: ((t) v M(t) c dng hm m. c
im ca hm m l o hm ca n theo thi gian s gim n iu, ngha
l dM/dt v d(/dt c sau mt khong thi gian t = Tc th chng gim i e
(2,718 ln:
M(t+Tc)
M(t) = w(t+Tc) w(t) =e t+Tc
Tc + t
e (5-9)
Ti thi im ban u, cc o hm c gi tr cc i:
Tc = 1
M(0)=
MxlMbd Tc eo=w(0)= wxlMbd Tc {
(5-10)
V (oTc = ((xl - (b) nn ng tip tuyn vi ((t) ti thi im ban u s
ct ng thng ( = (xl = const im cch trc tung mt khong ng bng
Tc (hnh 5-3).
Hnh 3
Khi (b = 0 th:
= xl(1 - e-t/Tc)
Tc l khong thi gian cn thit tc tng t:
(b = 0 ln n ( = 0,632(xl
( = 0,632(xl ln n ( = 0,85(xl
( = 0,85(xl ln n ( = 0,95(xl
V M(t) cng din bin tng t ((t).
V l thuyt th tq = (, nhng thc t th tq ( 3Tc (xem nh kt thc
QTQ, v sai s 5% c th chp nhn).
Khi gii phng trnh (5-6) hoc (5-7) c th c nghim lm cho QTQ l
n nh hoc khng n nh, khng dao ng hoc dao ng:
Hnh 4
Cc phng trnh trn ch ng khi M((), Mc(() l lin tc, nu M((), Mc(()
khng lin tc th QTQ phi tnh ring cho tng on lin tc mt. Sau
imt t bin ca mmen, ta phi thay cc gi tr mi ca (b, (xl, Mb,
Mxl v Tc vo cc biu thc (5-6), (5-7).
w=wxl1.(1et/Tc1) (5-12a)
M=Mc+(M1Mc).et/Tc1 (5-13a)
Khi ( = (1 : tnh theo (5-13a) khi t = t1 ; M = M2 th chuyn sang giai on
2:
* Giai on 2: on (bcd) ( c tnh (:
Trn : Rf = Rf2 ( R2 = R + Rf2
Theo c tnh ( ( (
Tc2=
J
2 = J
R2 (KF)2 =J (KF)2 (Ru+Ruf2) (sec); (5-11b)
iu kin ban u: im (c):
(b2 = (1 ; Mb2 = M1 ;
iu kin xc lp:
(xl2 = xc nh theo c tnh c ; Mxl2 = Mc ;
Theo cc iu kin trn v phng trnh (5-6), (5-7) ta c phng trnh
QTQ trong giai on 2 ny:
w=wxl2+(w1wxl2).et/Tc2) (5-12b)
M=Mc+(M1Mc).et/Tc2 (5-13b)
Khi ( = (2 : tnh theo (5-13b) khi t = t2 ; M = M2 th chuyn sang giai on
3:
* Giai on 3: on (deXL) ( c tnh TN:
Trn : Rf = 0 ( R3 = R = R(
Theo c tnh TN: (
Tc3=
J
TN = J Ru (KF)2 =J (KF)2 Ru (sec); (5-11c)
iu kin ban u: im (e):
(b3 = (2 ; Mb3 = M1 ;
iu kin xc lp:
xl3 = xl ; Mxl3 = Mc ;
Theo cc iu kin trn v phng trnh (5-6), (5-7) ta c phng trnh
QTQ trong giai on 3 ny:
w=wxl+(w2wxl).et/Tc3) (5-12c)
M=Mc+(M1Mc).et/Tc3 (5-13c)
Khi ( ( (xl ; M ( Mc xem nh kt thc QTQ khi ng.
Da vo cc phng trnh QTQ ca ((t)i; M(t)i trong 3 giai on ta v
c c tnh ((t); M(t) khi khi ng vi m = 2 nh hnh 5-6.
Tnh thi gian khi ng:
Tnh: tk = tq = t1 + t2 + t3
C m cp khi ng s c (m + 1) giai on QTQ khi khi ng, t
phpng trnh M(t) ta tnh c:
ti=Tci.ln
M1Mc
M2Mc (5-14)
Vy: (5-15)
* Xy dng I(t):
+ i vi Ml: ; (5-16) ( tng t M(t).
+ i vi Kdq: t M(t), c tnh M((), I((), tnh c ti tng ng Mi, suy
ra Ii(Mi), v cui cng ta c Ii(ti) v v I(t).
K (Icp) =
UIcp.Ru wtn1 (5-20)
Trong : (tn1 l tc trn c tnh c t nhin khi I = Icp.
Do :
Eb = (U - Icp.R) (5-21)
+ im cui ca qu trnh hm c xc nh bi gi tr M2 (hoc I2) v ( =
0. i vi Mnt, M2 c xc nh nh tr s dng in tng ng:
I2 =
U
Ru+Ruf (5-22)
Theo gi tr I2 v c tnh vn nng ca Mnt:
E
w =M
I =KF (5-23)
Ta xc nh c:
M2 = I2.
M2 I2 (5-24)
i vi ng c K, in tr ph trong mch rto c xc nh t quan h
t l gia trt v in tr khi M1 = const:
sbd stn1 = R2+R2f
R2 (5-25)
Trong : sb = (2 - sc) l trt ban u khi hm.
sc l trt trng thi xc lp trc khi hm.
stn1 l trt trn c tnh t nhin khi M1 = const.
Khi :
R2f=(
1 tj Tc +Mc1(1et1/Tc).e i
2 tj Tc +
+Mc2(1et2/Tc).e i
3 tj Tc + (5-44)
V on cui cng (on th m) v t cc gi tr mmen ng c u v
cui chu k bng nhau (Mccm = Mb1), ta c:
Mbd1=Mccm=
m
s +Mc=J dw
wo ; (5-46)
dt =-Jwo ds dt (5-47)
t=
Jwo Mc s
Tt = Mt
Mc (ssbd)+2( MtMc )2.st ( s1
sbds1 s2s1s2 ln ss2
sbds2 ) (5-49)
Trong : (5-50)
s1s2 ln ss1
Tt=
Jwo Mt (5-51)
* Khi khng ti Mc(() = 0 th biu thc (5-48) s n gin:
t=
Jwo 2Mtst sbd
s (s+ st2
Sau khi ly tch phn ta c:
t
Tt = 1
s )ds (5-52)
scc ] (5-54)
DtiJ
Dwi Mdg.tbi (5-58)
Trong : ((i = (i - (i-1
Mg.tbi l mmen ng trung bnh trong khong ((i.
t:; v chnh l din tch trn mt phng [M, (] do ng Ng bao.
Hnh 13
Chn trc cc gi tr ((i, s xc nh c (1/Mng) nh Mng(()
bit, t tm c (ti theo (5-58).
Thng chn ((i = const, nh th ta s xc nh c ti, (i, v Mi((i), cui
cng ta c M(t) v ((t).
Trn hnh 5-13, ta c: (5-59)
Trong : m1/dg - t xch theo mmen (1/N.m.mm);
m( - t xch theo tc (Rad/s.mm); si - din tch (mm2).
Qu trnh qu c hc khi Ungun = var:
y l QTQ trong h thng T c b bin i - ng c (BB - C)
nh h F - M, T - M, KT - M, BT - K, .... Cc h thng ny thng
iu chnh cc thng s ngun: thay i in p ngun (thay i U, Us ...)
Hnh 14
Khi tc ng iu khin khng i, h thng tng t nh khi c in p
ngun khng i ( xt trn).
Khi tc ng iu khin thay i theo quy lut cn thit, th h thng s c
in p ngun thay i, v nh vy s to ra c cc c tnh mong mun
ca QTQ. chnh l u im ca h thng b bin i - ng c.
H thng B bin i - ng c in mt chiu:
Cc gi thit: Mmen cn khng i: Mc = const.
uBD(t)
R = (K)2 R uBD(t)
K = (K)2R ku
K
t=.BD.t (5-65)
Vy, mmen tng t l bc nht vi thi gian. V im lm vic ca ng c
s dch chuyn trong mt phng [(, M] theo trc honh nh hnh 5-15a.
Khi t = to, kt thc giai on 1: (5-66)
* Giai on 2: to ( t ( t1 ; M ( Mc ; ( ( 0 ; uB(t) = ku.t
Ti t = to : M = Mc : (o(to) = (B.to = ((c ;
((c = - l st tc ca ng c khi M = Mc.
im lm vic s dich chuyn t c tnh ny sang c tnh khc theo quy
lut no (ng c mi tn ch trn hnh 4-15a).
Di gc to ti t = to, lc ny tnh thi gian l t = t - to:
Phng trnh vi phn:
Tc
dw
wxl(t')=wo(t')Dwc=eBD.to+eBD.t'Dwc=eBD.t'
(5-67)
+ Nghim ring ca (4-60): (5-68)
H s B xc nh theo (4-60) khi thay (r vo v ng nht cc h s:
Ta c: B = - Tc. (B
+ Nghim t do: (5-69)
Nghim tng qut:
w=wr+wtd=eBD.t'Tc.eBD+c.et'/Tc (5-70)
Khi t = 0 th ( = 0 nn C = Tc. (B v ta c:
w=eBD.t'Tc.eBD(1et'/Tc) (5-71)
Trong giai on ny:
M=Mc+J
dw dt' =Mc+Tc.eBD(1et'/Tc) (5-72)
Khi t = t1, uB(t) = UB.m, (o(t) = (o.m, kt thc giai on 2.
* Giai on 3: t1 ( t ; M ( Mc ; ( > 0 ; in p b bin i lc ny: uB(t) =
UB.m = const;
Di gc to ti t = t1, lc ny tnh thi gian l t = t - t1:
Tng t QTQ c hc khi in p ngun khng i, p dng cc kt qu
trn ta c phng trnh:
t/T rSub { size 6{c} } } } } {}w=wxl+(wbdwxl).e
(5-73)
t/T rSub { size 6{c} } } } } {}M=Mc+(MbdMc).e
(5-74)
(xl = (o.m - ((c (5-75)
iu kin ban u:
(b = (cc2 = () vi t = t1 - to; (5-76)
Mb = Mcc2 = M) vi t = t1 - to; (5-77)
S bin thin ca ((t) v M(t) trnh by trn hnh 5-15.
T (5-77): Mg = M - Mc = J(.(1 - e-t/Tc) (5-78)
( = d(/dt = (B(1 - e-t/Tc) (5-79)
Ta thy rng, trong QTQ khi khi ng th mmen ng Mg v gia s
( khng ph thuc Mc m ch ph thuc vo (B v Tc. Nh vy khi cho
dt + J.L
K d2
dt2 +K (5-86)
T.Tc
d2 dt2 +Tc ddt +=xl (5-87)
Trong :
T = L/R - hng s thi gian in t mch phn ng.
Tc = J/( = (J.R)/(K()2 - hng s thi gian c hc.
(xl = (o - ((c = (o - (I.R)/K( - tc xc lp.
Phng trnh c tnh ca (4-87):
T.Tc.p2 + Tcp + 1 = 0 (5-88)
1 Mc.i.ti
n
1 ti ; (6-8)
Da vo s tay tra cu, s b chn ng c c:
Mm.chn ( Mtb ; (6-9)
Mm.chn - m men nh mc ca ng c c chn.
Bc 2
Tnh m men ng (trong qu trnh qu ) da vo ((t):
(6-10)
Trong : ( l gc nghing n(t) hnh 6-4b trong qu trnh qu .
J l m men qun tnh ca h thng quy i v trc ng c.
Hnh 4
V biu Mg(t) nh hnh 6-4c.
Bc 3
V biu ph ti ng Mc.g(t) nh hnh 6-4d:
Mc.g = Mc + Mco + Mg ; (6-11)
Bc 4
Da vo Mc.g(t) tin hnh kim tra kh nng qu ti ca ng c theo iu
kin:
(M.Mm ( Mmax ; (6-12)
ng c thng: (M = 2
ng c Kdq : (M = 2 ( 3
ng c Kls : (M = 1,8 ( 3
ng c Krs, 2ls : (M = 1,8 ( 2,7
Bc 5
Cui cng kim tra li cng sut ng c theo iu kin pht nng (c th s
kho st phn sau).
- Nu sau khi kim tra m khng tho mn cc iu kin pht nng v qu
ti th phi chn li ng c; thng tng cng sut ng c ln mt cp.
* Gn ng: b qua qu trnh qu coi Mg ( 0. Nh vy ch cn Mc(t)
tnh, i tnh Mtb(t) ri chn s b ng c, sau kim tra li theo iu kin
pht nng theo biu ph ti tnh.
Chn ng c in khi khng iu chnh tc
Chn ng c in lm vic di hn
Chn ng c phc v ph ti di hn khng i
Da vo Pc(t) hoc Mc(t) quy i v trc ng c.
V d nh hnh 6-5, da vo s tay, chn ng c c:
Pm ( Pc ; (6-13)
Thng thng chn:
Pm = (1 ( 1,3).Pc ; (6-14)
Khng cn kim nghim qu ti v m men, nhng cn kim nghim iu
kin khi ng v pht nng.
Hnh 5
Chn ng c phc v ph ti di hn bin i
Hnh 6
Cc bc tin hnh chn ng c nh mc 6.2, y ch trnh by bc
chn cng sut ng c theo tr trung bnh:
Mtb=
n
Ptb=
1 Mc.i.ti
1 ti (6-15a)
1 Pc.i.ti
1 ti (6-15b)
ng c chn phi c:
Mm = (1 ( 1,3 )Mtb ; (6-16a)
Pm = (1 ( 1,3)Ptb ; (6-16b)
iu kin kim nghim: theo iu kin pht nng, qu ti v m men v
khi ng.
Chn ng c in lm vic ngn hn
Chn ng c di hn lm vic cho ph ti ngn hn
Nu chn Pdh.m ( Pc.nh th ( < (cp , nh vy s khng s dng ht kh
nng chu nhit ca ng c. Vy c th chn cng sut Pdh.m < Pc.nh !
Gi s ng c di hn c Pdh.m v Mdh.m. Khi n lm vic trong ch
ngn hn vi thi gian tlv th c th tng ph ti n:
Pc.nh = (.Pdh.m ; (6-17a)
Mc.nh = (.Mdh.m ; (6-17b)
Hnh 7
Khi phi tnh ton thi gian lm vic sao cho pht nng ca ng c t
gi tr cho php ( tn dng ht kh nng chu nhit ca ng c).
Vi ng c di hn (ng 1):
(1 = ((Pdh.m / A) = (cp (6-18)
Khi chn ng c di hn c cng sut nh hn ph ti ngn hn th:
(2 = ((Pc.nh / A) > (1 = (cp (6-19)
Mun ( tin ti (1 = (cp trong thi gian lm vic tlv th da vo phng
trnh ng cong pht nng vi iu kin ban u l (b = 0, ta c:
(1 = (2.(1 - e- tlv/ () = ((Pc.nh / A).(1 - e- tlv/ () = (cp ; (6-20)
H s qu ti v nhit khi chn Pdh.m < Pc.nh l:
x(1etck/)=
P1 A (1et1/).e(tckt1)/+ + P2 A (1et2/).e[tck
(t1+t2)]/+...+ ...+ Pn A (1etn/) (6-50)
Xem nhit sai n nh (x do lng tn tht cng sut trung bnh (Ptb gy ra,
ta c:
x=
Ptb A (6-51)
Thay vo ta c:
Ptb A (1etck/)= P1
A (1et1/).e(tckt1)/+ + P2
(1et2/).e[tck(t1+t2)]/+...+ ...+ Pn A (1etn/) (6-52)
Khai trin hm e- x v ch ly 2 s hng u, ta c:
Ptb A tck
= P1
A t1 + P2
A t2 +...+ Pn A tn
(6-53)
Vi gi thit trong qu trnh lm vic: A = const, ( = const, ta c:
Ptb=
n
1 Piti n
1 ti = n
V ng c c chn phi m bo:
Ptb=
n
Hnh 13
1 Pi.ti
tk+t0+tlv (6-57)
Trong :
( l h s gim truyn nhit khi khi ng v hm,
( = 0,75 i vi ng c in mt chiu,
( = 0,5 i vi ng c in xoay chiu.
tk l thi gian khi ng v hm.
( l h s gim truyn nhit khi ng c dng.
( = 0,5 i vi ng c in mt chiu.
( = 0,25 i vi ng c in xoay chiu.
t0 l thi gian ngh ca ng c.
Kim nghim ng c theo i lng dng in ng tr
Xut pht t biu thc:
P = K + V = K + bI2 (6-58)
Trong :
K l tn tht cng sut khng i.
V l tn tht cng sut bin i, thng: V = bI2 .
I l dng in ng c.
b l h s t l.
Hnh 14
Hnh 15
Nh vy tng ng vi biu thc (Ptb ta c biu thc dng in ng tr:
It=
n
Figure 1
- Trn hnh 7-1, trnh by c tnh khi ng: ((I), ((t), I(t)
ca ng c in mt chiu kch t c lp, c 2 cp khi
ng (dng in tr ph hn ch dng khi ng).
- Qua th khi ng trn, ta thy: vic ngn mch cc
cp in tr ph c th xy ra sau nhng khong thi gian
nht nh:
+ Cp th nht c ngn mch sau khong thi gian t1 k
t khi bt u khi ng.
+ Cp th 2 c ngn mch sau khong thi gian t2 k t
khi bt u ngn mch cp 1...
- Cc tn hiu iu khin cc thi im trn c to ra nh
cc r le thi gian. Thi gian duy tr ca cc r le thi gian
hin nay c th t: td.tr = 0,05s ( 2 h, v ln hn.
- Thi gian thc hin cc cp khi ng (tdtr.k) c xc
nh theo tnh ton qu trnh qu ca h thng T T.
Khi M(() [ hay I(() ] l tuyn tnh th thi gian qu trnh qu
gia hai cp tc l:
t=Tciln
Mgi
Mgi+1
=
J
ln
Mgi
Mgi+1
=J
i+1i
MgiMgi+1
ln
Mgi
Mgi+1
(7-1)
- Thi gian chnh nh ca r le thi gian thc hin gia tc
t tc th i n tc th i+1 l:
tc = tq - to (7-2)
Trong : tq - l thi gian qu gia 2 cp tc .
to - l thi gian tc ng ca cc thit b, kh c trong mch
c lin quan n s tc ng ca r le thi gian.
Cc mch in hnh:
* M my ng c in mt chiu 2 cp in tr ph
1) S :
Figure 2
2) Nguyn l lm vic:
* Khi ng ng c:
- ng cc cu dao 1CD, 2CD, dn n cun dy r le thi
gian 1RTh(11-10) c in, tip im 1RTh(13-15) m ra, m
bo cho cc cun dy cng tc t 1G(15-10), 2G(17-10)
khng c in, v nh vy cc in tr ph Rf1 , Rf2 , s
u tham gia trong mch phn ng.
- n nt M th cun dy K(9-10) c in, cc tip im K(1-3),
K(6-8) ng li, dn n ng c c khi ng vi ton
b in tr ph trong mch phn ng: Rf( = Rf1 + Rf2 ,
theo c tnh 1. Tip im K(7-9) ng li duy tr cho
R+Rf
(K)2
M (6-3)
* Phng trnh c tnh qu trnh qu khi khi ng:
Trang 205
( = (XL + ((b + (XL).e-t/Tc (7-4)
Figure 3
* Thi gian khi ng:
tk = (7-6)
* Thi gian chnh nh ca cc r le thi gian:
RTh: tc.1RTh = tk.1 - [t(k) + t(1G)] (7-7)
2RTh: tc.2RTh = tk.2 - [t(2G)] (7-8)
V [t(K) , t(1G) , t(2G)] << tk , nn: tc ( tk . th: hnh 7
-31.
Nhn xt
1) nh hng ca mmen ti Mc (khi UL =const, R= const):
- V d: C th khi ng Ml vi 2 cp in tr ph:
- Khi Mc tng th Mng tng, qu trnh qu tng.
- Khi m men ti Mc hay dng ti Ic tng, m men ng
gim, thi gian qu tng (qu trnh qu b gim gia
tc).
- V Mc( > Mc (hay Ic( > Ic) nn M(ng = (M - Mc() < Mng
do qu trnh gia tc chm li. Ban u ( tng n
(1( ((1( < (1), tc l cp 1 im b1 th ht thi gian
chnh nh ca RTh nn phi chuyn sang cp 2, tc sang
im c1, c nh vy chuyn i t d1 sang e1, v.v... Nh
vy, khi khi ng m Mc (hay Ic) tng ln, s dn n qu
ti, hay qu dng cho php.
Figure 4
- Phng trnh c tnh qu lc ny:
(b1 = (XL + ((b - (XL).e-t1/ Tc (7-9)
M = Mc + (M 1 - Mc).e -t/ Tc (7-10)
Tc = J.((XL - (b) / (M1 - Mc() (7-11)
2) nh h ng ca m men qun tnh J (hay GD2):
- Khi J tng th Tc cng tng v nh vy (b1, (d1, ... gim,
tng t trng hp Mc tng.
Tc = J.((XL - (b) / (M1 - Mc) (7-12)
3) nh h ng ca p li UL (khi Mc = const, R = const):
- i vi ng c in mt chiu:
Figure 5
Nu gi cho (0 = const th m men M = K(I ( const, v dng
in I s tng, c th I > Icp .
- i vi ng c khng ng b: f = const, M ( U2 , nn UL
gim th M gim mnh, m men ng gim, tc chuyn
i gim, v thi gian qu tng (thi gian khi ng, hm,
o chiu, ... tng).
4) nh hng ca in tr R (khi UL = const, Mc = const):
- Cc in tr dy qun ca khi ng t, cng tc t, r le,
ng c, ... khi nhit thay i th in tr s b thay i,
thi gian chnh nh thay i, nht l cc qu trnh khi
ng, hm, o chiu ... m dng in tr ph th khi nhit
tng, in tr tng, thi gian chnh nh gim, m men
ng tng c th ln hn m men cho php.
5) u, khuyt im
- u im: Khng ch c thi gian m my, hm my, o
chiu, ...
Figure 6
- iu khin theo tc l da trn c s kim tra trc tip
hoc gin tip s thay i ca tc .
- Kim tra trc tip c th dng r le kim tra tc kiu ly
tm. Cch ny t dng v dng r le kim tra tc phc tp,
t tin v lm vic km chc chn.
- C th kim tra tc gin tip qua my pht tc.
My pht tc (FT) l mt my in mt chiu c: ( = const v
EFT ( (, loi ny hay dng i vi ng c in mt chiu.
- i vi ng c khng ng b, thng kim tra tc gin
tip theo sc in ng rto v tn s rto.
Figure 7
* Mi cng tc t gia tc (1G, 2G, ...) c chnh nh vi mt
tr s in p ht nht nh tng ng vi mi cp tc
nht nh nh (1, (2 , ...
n nt M lm K tc ng, ng c khi ng vi ton b
in tr trong mch phn ng (R( = R + Rf( = R + Rf1
+ Rf2), ng c tnh 1, v lc u tc ( = 0 v cn nh
nn:
U = E + I.R = K(( + I.R < Uh.1G (hoc 2G); (6-13)
- n ti ( = (1 th:
U1G = K((1 + I2.(R + Rf2) = UL - I2.Rf1 = Uh.1G ; (7-14)
1G tc ng, ngn mch Rf1, ng c chuyn sang ng
2.
- n ti ( = (2 th:
U2G = K((2 + I2.R = UL - I2.Rf2 = Uh.2G > Uh.1G ; (7-15)
2G tc ng, ngn mch Rf2, ng c chuyn sang c tnh
t nhin.
- Coi in p li UL = cosnt, vi I2 = const, v Rf1 = Rf2 ,
ta c cc in p ht ca cc cng tc t : Uh.1G = Uh.2G .
Nh vy c th chn cc cng tc t gia tc cng loi, chnh
nh t.
Nhn xt
1) u im: Phng php KT theo tc dng t thit b,
kh c iu khin v c th ch dng cng tc t ch khng
cn tc ng thng qua rle nn n gin, r tin.
2) Nhc im: Thi gian qu v thi gian hm ph thuc
Mc, J, UL, toca R, dy qun, lm thay i qu trnh qu
(nh khi UL gim hay Mc tng, ... lm thi gian qu tng,
qu trnh qu chm, t nng in tr khi ng, in tr
hm, ... lm kh khn cho vic chnh nh in p ht ca
cc cng tc t hoc r le tc ).
- Khi in p li dao ng s lm thay i tc chuyn
cp in tr ((1, (2, ...) v dng in s nhy vt c th qu
dng cho php.
- Khi in p li gim qu thp c kh nng xy ra khng
in p cng tc t tc ng v do ng c c th
dng li lm vic lu di tc trung gian, lm t nng
in tr khi ng (hay in tr hm, ...) v nh vy lm
thay i tc chuyn cp.
iu khin t ng theo nguyn tc dng in
Ni dung
- C th khi ng Ml vi 2 cp in tr ph:
Figure 8
- Qua th hnh 7-8 ta thy rng: khi khi ng, dng khi
ng thay i trong khong (I1 ( I2). Nht l mi ln chuyn
cp th cc im chuyn cp thng cng mt gi tr dng
in (I2), nn ta c th dng rle dng in hoc cng tc t
c cun dy dng in to tn hiu iu khin.
- Ti im chuyn cp b, rle dng in tc ng theo dng
chuyn cp I2 ngn mch cp in tr th nht, ng c
chuyn t c tnh 1 sang c tnh 2. n im d, rle dng
in s tc ng theo dng I2 ngn mch cp in tr th
hai, ng c chuyn t c tnh 2 sang c tnh t nhin TN.
- C nh vy, ng c s c khi ng n tc xc lp.
Cc mch in hnh:
* Hm ngc v o chiu Kdq theo nguyn tc dng in:
- Cng tc xoay KC c 5 v tr: 0 gia; 1, 2 bn thun v 1,
2 bn ngc; KC c tip im: KC1, KC2, KC3, KC4, KC5, ...
- Cc cng tc t c cc tip im duy tr thi gian H, 1G.
- Rle dng in RHn c:
Ihm > Ih.RHn > I1 (7-16)
Inh.RHn = Irto = I2 (7-17)
Figure 9
- H thng ang lm vic im A trn c tnh c ((A), tng
ng vi v tr 2(T) ca cng tc KC, cc tip im KC1, KC3,
KC4, KC5 ang kn, cc cng tc t T, H, 1G, 2G ang c
in, cng tc t N khng c in, ton b cc in tr ph
trong mch rto b ngn mch, RHn khng tc ng.
- Dng ng c bng cch hm ngc:
+ Quay tay gt ca KC t v tr 2(T) sang 2(N), khi qua v tr 0
th tt c cc cng tc t v rle u mt in, ng c c
tch khi li in, ton b in tr ph c a vo mch
rto, mch in trng thi thng nh hnh v.
Figure 10
Figure 11
Khi ng: n nt M th RTr c in, T c in lm M c
ng in v ko bn chy thun, ngthi 1RTh c in s
m tip im ca n chun b cho o chiu.
- Dng tc ng ca cu ch:
Idc = Ik / ( (7-18)
Trong :
Idc l dng tc ng ca dy chy c chn.
Ik l dng khi ng ca ng c, ph ti c bo v.
( l h s xt n qun tnh nhit.
( = 2,5 i vi ng c khi ng bnh thng.
( = (1,6 ( 2) i vi ng c khi ng nng.
+ Cm t cu ch trn dy trung tnh, mch ni t, v t
dy ch th v my s c in p cao nguy him. Dng cu
ch bo v ngn mch th n gin, r tin, nhng tc ng
khng chnh xc, dng tc ng ph thuc vo thi gian,
thay th lu, khng bo v c ch lm vic 2 pha.
- Dng chnh nh ca aptmat:
Ic = (1,2 ( 1,3).Ik ; (7-19)
+ Aptmat tc ng ri th c th ng li nhanh, ct c
dng ln, bo v c ch lm vic dng 2 pha (khi b
mt 1 trong 3 pha).
- Dng rle dng in cc i (RM) bo v ngn mch phi
chnh nh dng tc ng cho ph hp vi dng ngn mch.
Thng t rle dng cc i trn 3 pha ca ng c khng
ng b 3 pha, hoc t trn 1 cc i vi ng c mt
chiu. Tip im ca RM l loi khng t phc hi.
+ V d dng cu ch v aptmat bo v ngn mch:
Figure 12
+ V d dng rle dng cc i bo v ngn mch:
Figure 13
Bo v nhit:
- Nhm trnh qu ti lu di, nu khng th kh c, thit b,
ng c s pht nng qu nhit cho php.
- Thng dng rle nhit, aptmt c bo v nhit, phn t
bo v qu ti bng bn dn, bo v qu ti cho ph ti
di hn.
- Cc tip im rle nhit (RN) l loi khng t phc hi, sau
khi rle nhit tc ng th phi n reset bng tay. Phi
chn rle nhit c c tnh pht nng gn vi c tnh pht
nng ca thit b, ng c cn c bo v (hnh 7-13).
+ Dng chnh nh ca rle nhit, aptmat:
Figure 14
- Dng rle dng cc i (RI) bo v qu ti cho ph ti
ngn hn hoc ngn hn lp li. Khi ph ti lm vic trong
thi gian ngn, s pht nng ca ph ti khng ph hp vi
c tnh ca rle nhit, nn rle nhit khng tc ng kp,
bi vy phi dng rle dng cc i tc ng nhanh.
+ V d dng rle dng cc i bo v qu ti ngn hn:
Figure 15
- Dng chnh nh ca rle dng cc i bo v qu ti:
Figure 16
Bo v thiu v mt t trng:
- Nhm bo v thiu v mt kch t ng c. Khi in p hay
dng kch t ng c b gim, gy ra tc ng c cao hn
tc cho php, hoc dng in ng c ln hn dng cho
php, dn n h hng cc phn ng hc ca my, lm xu
iu kin chuyn mch, ...
- Dng rle dng in, rle in p, ... bo v thiu v
mt t trng.
+ V d dng rle dng in, rle in p bo v thiu v
mt t trng (hnh 7-16)
Figure 17
Bo v lin ng:
- Nhm bo m s lm vic an ton cho mch (bo m
nghim ngt mt trnh t lm vic hp l gia cc thit b,
trnh thao tc nhm).
- Cc thit b bo v lin ng bng c kh nh: cc nt n
kp, cc cng tc hnh trnh kp, ... V cc phn t bo v
lin ng in nh:
Cc tip im kho cho ca cc cng tc t, rle, lm vic
cc ch khc nhau. V d:
Figure 18
Khi khi ng thun, n nt MT th T c in, ng in cho
ng c quay, cn tip im thng kn ca MT m ra khng
cho N c in, m bo khng b ngn mch mch stato.
Khi T c in th tip im thng kn ca T m ra, m
bo cho N khng th c in nu nh khng may c ngi
tc ng vo nt MN.
Khi ang quay thun, mun o chiu, n nt MN th T s
mt in v N s c in, qu trnh o chiu din ra bnh
thng. Nu khng may trong qu trnh quay thun, tip
im ca T mch stato b dnh th tip im ca T mch
ca cun dy N s khng kn li c, nn mc d n MN
nhng N vn khng th c in c, trnh c s ngn
mch bn pha stato nu nh c T v N u tc ng.
Nh vy cc lin ng c v in trong s bo m
cho s hot ng bnh thng, ng trnh t lm vic t
ra, trnh thao tc nhm.
Tn hiu ho
- Khi xut hin ch lm vic xu nhng cha cn phi
dng my th thit b bo v s hot ng lm cho cc thit
b tn hiu bo cho ngi vn hnh bit x l kp thi.
Figure 19
S hnh 6-23 ang hot ng bnh thng. Nu nh qu
ti th rle nhit s tc ng, lm RA ri n K mt in, loi
ng c ra khi tnh trng nguy him, ng thi ng tip
im ca n lm n sng ln, bo cho ngi vn
hnh bit x l, sau khi x l xong, ngi vn hnh n
reset ca RN th mi c th vn hnh li c.
Cn nu b ngn mch trong ng c th rle bo v dng
cc i RM tc ng, loi ngay ng c khi tnh trng nguy
him, ng thi ng tip im ca n lm cho chung Chg