Bin rc thnh ngun ti nguyn qu gi nht

Sn xut thc phm, nhin liu, thc n gia sc v phn bn quy m nh

Vit Nam ang i mt vi rt nhiu vn nn v qun l cht thi, v phi tm ki m nhi u bi n php x l ngoi vic ch t v chn lp. Tiu lun ny cp n tng qun l cht thi lin quan n vic tch hp nhiu cng ngh c kim chng nh: cng ngh phn compost ch u nhit v phn compost vi sinh vt a nhit, cng ngh bin i sinh hc vi trn v rui lnh en, cng ngh lc nc vi bo tm, cng ngh kh ha v men acid lactic. Cc cng ngh ny khng nhng ch gip Vit Nam t gii quyt c cc vn nn v qun l cht thi m cn gip bin i cht thi thnh ngun ti nguyn qu gi.

2011
Tc gi: Paul Olivier, Jozef Desmet, Todd Hyman v Nguyn B Hng 2/18/2011

MC LC
MC LC..................................................................................................................................................................................... 2 LI M U.............................................................................................................................................................................. 3 CNG NGH CHA TR V TIT GIM VI SINH VT A NHIT......................................................................... 4 VAI TR CA NGI NHT RC....................................................................................................................................... 6 CNG NGH CHUYN HA SINH HC VI RUI LNH EN V TRN ...................................................... 7 TI CH CHT THI CA CON NGI............................................................................................................................ 9 CNG NGH KH HA VT LIU SINH KHI V LI CH CA THAN SINH HC ........................................ 10 CNG NGH CHUA AXIT Lactic................................................................................................................................... 14 CNG NGH COMPOST CHU NHIT BNG TM LIP ..................................................................................... 15 CHN NUI LN TNG HP........................................................................................................................................... 17 KT LUN................................................................................................................................................................................ 19 PH LC 1 TRUNG TM HC TP, DCH V M RNG, HP TC X V C QUAN CH C NNG ...22

Tiu lun ny c trnh by ti hi tho Cc trng hp nghin cu, tnh kh thi v ng d ng th c tin trong cng tc tit gim cht thi c th phn hy sinh hc; ti m nng cho t nh Bnh nh do D n Cp nc v V sinh tnh Bnh nh VIE0703511 - t chc ngy 6-8/1/2011.

Bn dch ca Ban QLDA Cp nc v V sinh tnh Bnh nh VIE0703511

LI M U
C rt nhiu phng n la chn khc nhau trong vi c thi b cht th i r n. Nh ng cch kh khn nht v tn km nht vn l o h v chn lp. M nh t n i nui n ng v b o v chng ta khng th tr thnh mt ni cha cht thi. Nu tip xc vi cht th i, t s b nhi m c gi ng nh ch t thi chn trong t. Ma s trn ngp cc h chn l p v ha tan cc ha ch t c h i ch t ng i v vi khun vo tng ngm nc, sng, sui v c i dng. Cc vi khun y m kh s sinh si n y n trong hm m sng nc ny, pht thi kh metan v cc kh gy hiu ng nh knh khc. Thay v tm cch gii quyt vn , chng ta li lm cho vn tr nn khng th gi i quy t. Thay v qu n l ng tin ca mnh mt cch khn ngoan, chng ta li qung n i mt cch v ch. Thng thng chng ta hay tm kim cc m hnh x l cht th i nc ngoi. Nh ng chu u v chu M li khng c nhiu m hnh cung cp. nhiu th p nin h cng o h v chn l p cht thi. Ch mi gn y, h mi bt u nhn thc su sc v cc h u qu v mi tr ng v s c khe ca m vic chn lp rc gy ra. H ch mi bt u chp nhn tng bi chn l p h p v sinh. Sau mt vi thp nin, lp lt bi chn lp bng nha s b v. Khng c m t bi n php kh thi no c th c p dng sa cha cc ch b r r bn di m t bi rc ang phn h y. Hng trm hecta gn khu vc h chn, hng ngn kilomet sng su i v t ng ng m n c ph i ch u c nh nhim khng th cu vn ni. Trong khi chu u v chu M u tranh gii quyt cc vn v rc th i c a h , th Vi t Nam v cc quc gia ang pht trin c rt nhiu la ch n hon ton khc cho mnh. N u Vi t Nam nhn nhn cht thi khng phi nh l cht thi m nh mt trong nhng ngu n ti nguyn qu gi nh t m mnh s hu, th Vit Nam nng mnh vo v tr ng ganh t b xa chu u v chu M . Nhng cht thi c gi tr, n phi c gii quyt theo cch th ng mi. Nh ti nhi u n v thng mi, chng ta cn phi c cng ngh v chin lc gi m thiu chi ph v t i a l i nhu n. R rng chi ph ln u tin m chng ta c th xa b l chi ph kh ng l cho vi c thu gom, v n chuyn v chn lp rc. c tnh n nm 2020, chi ph ny dao ng kho ng 30 USD (600.000 VN) /h gia nh/nm. Nu cc n v qun l cht thi khng cn ph i thu gom, v n chuy n v chn lp rc thi na, th c th tit kim c mt khon tin rt ln. Nu chng ta tm cch ti a ha li nhun, chng ta ph i hi u r ng rc th i r t a d ng, v khng c mt cng ngh n l no c th thc hi n vi c c . M i lo i rc th i th ng i h i m t cng ngh c bit hoc kt hp nhiu cng ngh em li li nhun cao nht. i khi cc s n phm lm t rc c th c gi 500 USD/tn, hoc cng c th ch c gi d i 25 USD/t n. Nh ng c m t iu chc chn, l khng c loi rc no c x l m em li thua l . Tuy nhin kt hp cng ngh ng n cho loi rc ph h p vn khng . C m t l do kinh t - x hi c th rt hiu qu cho mt quc gia nh Vit Nam m chng ta khng th b qua. i u ny lin quan n tinh thn kinh doanh ca ngi Vit Nam, nh ng ngi khng bao gi b qua m i m t c hi kim tin nh nht. Tinh thn ny gip phn bit ngi Vit Nam vi nhiu dn tc ph ng Ty, nhng ngi khng thy c gi tr ca cht thi. Chng ta hy xem xt v d sau. C mt ph n tui trung nin hng ngy thng i b trn cc ng ph L t tm ki m rc. B gnh mt i quang gnh bng tre, v ti mi u gnh l m t thng l n ho c m t ti l n ch a y rc. Cng vic ca b khng l thuc vo cc xe ti ch rc, cng nh xe y tay. B khng lm 3

vic cho ai c, v thu nhp kim c trung bnh vo khong 60.000 VN hay 3 USD /ngy, thu nhp ny nhiu hn so vi hu ht nhng ngi nng dn lm vic trn ng rung. Ngi ph n ny khng lm vic v tnh yu mi trng. Tuy nhin rt t ngi Vi t Nam c ng hi n c cho mi trng nhiu hn ngi ph n ny. B i din cho bn ch t c a tinh th n kinh doanh quy m nh c mt ti mi kha cnh qun l cht thi ti Vi t Nam. i u ny khng c ngha l tt c nhng ai lin quan n qun l cht thi u ging ngi ph n ny tng chi tit. M ni dung ct yu ca qun l cht thi chnh l khng nn t p trung vo cc cng ty c v n l n v trang thit b t tin. Nhiu ngi quan st rng 20.000 tn rc pht thi mi ngy Vi t Nam i h i ph i x l quy m ln, phi c xe ch rc hin i, xe i c l n, v h chn l p r ng. Nh ng s th t th khng ph i nh vy. Vit nam ng l c dn s ng (84 tri u ng i) nh ng khng c n thi t ph i x l quy m ln. Nng nghip vn l phn quan trng nht ca nn kinh t Vit nam (chi m 22% GDP), v trn 2/3 dn s Vit nam hot ng trong nng nghip. C trn 11 tri u nng tr i t i Vi t nam, v kho ng 90% cc nng tri ny c din tch t canh tc di 1 ha 1. Din tch canh tc la chim khong 84% t nng nghip 2, canh tc theo phng php th cng l chnh. H u h t t t c cc cng vi c gieo trng, bn phn v thu hoch u c lm bng tay. Rt t khi th y trn 11 tri u nng tr i ny c my ko, xe ti hay trang thit b ln no. i lp vi iu ny, cc nng tri M c th rng n hng trm v c ni r ng n hng ngn hecta. Cc nng tri ny s dng cc my ko ln v my gt p lin h p. Vi c gieo tr ng v bn phn khng phi c lm bng tay nh Vit Nam, m c lm bng my bay. Nu chng ta n lc p dng m hnh quy m l n ny Vi t Nam, nng su t la s s t gi m thnh con s khng, v hng chc triu ngi s b tht nghi p. C th m hnh quy m l n s c ngha ti Louisiana v Arkansas, nhng n hon ton khng c ngha g ti Vi t Nam. Cng nh vy, m hnh quy m ln gii quyt ch t th i m chng ta th y M v chu u, khi em p dng cho Vit Nam, th s gp phi kh khn t ng t nh v y. Ng i ph n mag chng ti cp trn ang thc hin m hnh quy m c c k nh . Tuy nhin, b v nh ng ng i nh b l m t trong s t ngi Vit Nam tip cn vi cht thi ti m c hoc quy m ph h p, v th c s bi t cch lm th no phn loi v thu gom cht thi em l i thu nh p. S khng ai ng c nhin rng ngi ph n ny tng l mt nng dn lm vic trn rung la. Khi b chuy n n sinh sng ti Lt, b khng cn phi tri qua mt lp tp hun no v cng vi c thu gom v bn ch t thi c th ti ch. Vic chuyn i ny din ra nh nhng v nhanh chng, v by gi b c th kim c nhiu tin hn trc y.

1 Xem http://www.aares.info/files/2004_marsh2.pdf

2 Xem http://www.cid.harvard.edu/neudc07/docs/neudc07_poster_vu.pdf

Nu cc cng ngh m chng ta p dng x l cc loi ch t th i khc nhau c s d ng m t cch c hiu qu ti Vit Nam, chng phi ph hp vi c u trc kinh t - x h i c a Vi t Nam. Chng phi quy m nh, cng ngh thp v d s dng cho bt c ai gi ng nh ng i ph n trong v d trn. V quan trng nht, chng phi nhm n tt c cht thi khng c ti ch hin nay. Chng ta hy bt u vi cht thi c th phn hy sinh hc ti h gia nh.

CNG NGH CH A TR V TI T GI M VI SINH V T A NHI T

Trng i hc Lt tin hnh mt ti nghin c u xc nh thnh ph n ch t th i th . ti c thc hin trong 50 ngy, tp trung vo cht thi t 101 ngi dn ti 21 h gia nh. Khng phi tt c cht thi th ti Vit Nam u c thnh phn nh vy, nhng cht thi c th phn hy sinh hc lun chim t trng cao nht: 1. Rc thc phm 2. Rc vn 3. Giy thi khng th ti ch Tng cht thi c th phn hy sinh hc 85.41% T cc pht hin , ta khng th khng kt lun rng nh ng g c n thi t chnh l m t thi t b ch a tr v tit gim vi sinh vt a nhit t ti mi h gia nh n u i u ki n di n tch cho php. i u ny cho php gim bt gnh nng chi ph ca cng tc thu gom, v n chuy n v chn l p ch t th i c th phn hy sinh hc hng ngy. Thay vo , ch ph i thu gom m i nm m t l n ho c m i hai nm mt ln, phn b ch chim mt khi lng v th tch r t nh so v i l ng rc ban u. Tuy nhin, thit b cha tr ny phi c thit k vi mt s yu cu nht nh: 1. Ch to bng nguyn liu bn, c tui th v hn; 2. Tng i r tin, 3. Thong kh; 4. Khng mi, khng dn d rui nhng; 5. Nng (kh nh cp) v gi tr ti ch thp (khng ng nh cp); 6. Cng trnh b cn ph bi ch, chut v cc con vt khc; 7. D khuy o v lm sch; 54.02% 27.76% 3.63%

Bi tiu lun ny cp n hai phng php ch to thit b ny. Phng php th nht, thn thng gm 3 mnh b tng c ct li vi nhau bng dy thp. C th ch to thng t i n i khc 6

ngoi ni t thng, v thng c th c di chuyn v tho lp d dng. N p thng c lm b ng xi mng v ct r tin, khun c bng cm trc xoay, cng ngh ny c m t khp m i n i trn t nc Vit Nam.3

Mt s h gia nh khng c hoc c t di n tch t. Mt s ch c m t kho ng sn b tng ho c sn lt gch nh pha trc hoc sau nh. Khng th t loi thng khng c y kho ng sn khng thm nc nh vy c. Nc v cht lng phi c thot ra. Hnh v bn tri th hi n thng bng b tng c t trn mt tm c thit k a cht lng r vo mt chai nha. Phng php th hai l xy bng gch na vin. M i na vin g ch su l c gi bn s kho ng 250 ng hoc 1,25 la xu. Thng xy bng gch r ti n h n thng xy b ng b tng, v ng h n v c nhiu l thng kh hn.

xy mt thng c ng knh 60cm, cn c 84 vin gch, gi khong 21.000 ng ho c 1,05 USD. xy thng c ng knh 80cm, cn c 140 vin gch, chi ph kho ng 35.000 ng ho c 1,75USD. Nhn cng cho hai thng l nh nhau, khong trn di 1 gi cng. Nu h gia nh khng c khng gian bn ngoi c th t thng , trong khi nh hng xm c, th c th sp xp hai h dng chung mt thng. Lt, c trn 30 h gia nh s ng khu chung c 3 Ngoi ra, np thng cng c th c lm bng mt loi vt liu c bit c gia c bi cc thanh kim loi. Cc c im ca vt liu ph ny s c gii thch chi ti t hn cc ph n sau.

dng chung mt thng c ng knh 80cm. Thng ny c t ti m t v n hoa nh g n khu chung c, trung bnh mi ngy thng ny nhn hn 30kg rc sinh h c. C th x l m t kh i l ng ln rc nh vy l nh u trng rui lnh en, sinh vt ny s c trnh by phn sau. Nu cn thit, cc h dn sng trn cng mt ng ph c th dng chung m t ho c m t s thng . Trong trng hp ny, mi h gia nh s ng rc sinh hc ca nh mnh trong m t ti nh a, cng nhn thu gom s thu gom v mang n b vo thng cng cng. Cc vi sinh vt chu nhit i hi phi c oxy. l l do v sao m thn thng c nhi u l thng kh nh vy. Tuy nhin cc l thong kh ny khng gi cho thng c thong kh hon ton. V vy cn phi khuy o thng xuyn. u trng rui lnh en c th th c hi n vi c ny. Nh ng vic khuy o t nhin ny vn khng . V vy, thng cn phi c khuy o b sung bng tay, nu khng mi hi s pht sinh. Mi ln khuy o thng , khng cn phi m np y l n. Vi c khu y o c th c th c hi n mt cch d dng bi mt thanh xon, mt thit b chuyn dng dng cho thng vi sinh v t a nhit. Trong cng ngh ny, rc sinh hc c chuyn trc ti p t nh n thng , khng c l n v i bt c loi rc no khc. iu ny c tnh quyt nh i vi cc n lc ti ch . N u phn lo i t i ngun khng c thc hin, th khng th phn loi rc sinh hc kh i m t s l ng l n cc thnh phn khc c th gy nhim bn rc sinh hc. Gi d r ng, nu compost c s n xu t t cc nguyn liu b trn ln ny, th compost s tr nn rt c v nguy him, v hon ton khng ph hp cho nng nghip. Thit b cha tr ny c thit k phn hy rc sinh hc m t cch t nhin trong th i gian khong 1 nm (ngoi tr xng v v s phi mt thi gian lu hn m i phn h y). Cc v t li u khng phn hy bao gm thy tinh, kim loi, nha, cao su, mt, cc v t li u b c sp, v i, , ct, bng khong, xp, gch, s, snh v cc vt li u t ng t khc. ng bao gi b cc v t liu ny vo thng . D nhin chng ta cng khng nn b vo thng cc loi rc sinh hc c th ti ch. Tuy nhin, i vi giy bo b t, bn v khng c gi tr i vi ngi lm rc th c th c b vo thng cng vi giy v sinh v khn giy.

Rc t khu chun b thc n v rc t bn n c b vo thng 4. Rc t khu chun b thc n bao gm rc thi t cc loi ht, tri cy, rau c ; cht th i sau khi r a th t, c, gia c m, bao g m lng, vy, v, mai, xng. Rc t bn n bao gm thc n tha t ni, cho, bt, a, v x ng, vy, v , mai. Canh, sp c th vo thng, min l trong thng c lng giy loi th m ht n c. N u trong thng khng c lng giy loi thm ht nc, th ch lc ly phn cn b vo thng. Cc b hoa qua s dng c th c b vo thng. Cng c th b m t l ng nh rc v n. Kh i lng ln rc vn s nhanh chng lm y thng, v vy vi khi lng rc vn ln th khng nn b vo. Nu h gia nh pht thi khi lng ln rc vn, v nu c di n tch t, th nn phn compost thnh ng. Nhiu h gia nh c th dng chung mt ng phn compost. Khng nn b cc cnh cy ln v g vo thng hoc ng compost, m ph i c thu gom hng tun v nghin nh ti mt khu x l phi tp trung. Loi vt li u ny c th c s d ng lm nguyn liu trong phng php compost a nhit hoc phng php kh ha. c 30 thng vi sinh vt a nhit c lp t ti lng Xun Th , Lt. Trong , c m t thng c theo di nghin cu trong 8 thng sau khi i vo hot ng. Trong th i gian , thng ny nhn 720 kg cht thi rn c th ti ch sinh h c (960 lt). Vo cu i giai o n nghin c u, t ng kh i lng rc tit gim c l 92% v th tch tit gim l 79%. Nhng thng nh vy khng c mi hi, khng rui nhng. Mc d mi ngy m i thng c th nhn c 3kg rc thi, nhng ch cn lm sch thng m i nm m t ln ho c m i hai nm m t l n. Sau khi lm sch thng, phn b trong thng c th c nghi n nh v s d ng phn compost dng ng c tm ph. Vt liu sinh khi ny l m t tc nhn c tc d ng lm thong kh v l ch t mi rt hu hiu i vi ng compost chu nhit. Mt cch tng thm gi tr cho v t li u c nghin nh ny s c gii thch cc phn sau. Nh trnh by phn Li m u, uc tnh chi ph thu gom, v n chuy n v chn l p trung bnh hng nm cho mi h gia nh khong 30 USD (tng ng 600.000 VN). Chi ph ch t o m t thit b cha tr vi sinh vt a nhit ng knh 80cm t hn 12 USD, t ng ng 240.000 VN. V vy, chi ph ch to thng c th c thu h i trong vng vi thng. B i v cc thng c thi t k vi tui th v hn, nn v phng din lu di, chi ph tit kim c l rt ln. Ngoi ra, mt thng vi sinh vt a nhit c th gip gi m pht th i kho ng 1 t n CO 2/nm. Cc chng nhn kh nng gim pht thi gy hiu ng nh knh d nh s c bn v i gi kho ng 20 USD hay 400.000 VN/tn CO 2 5. Nu mt thng c th gip gim chi ph thu gom, v n chuy n v chn lp 30 USD, v ng thi nu c th ki m c l i nhun 20 USD t ch ng ch gi m pht th i, th y l mt c hi kinh t tuyt vi i vi cc c quan qu n l ch t th i. L u r ng kho n thu

4 Trong mt vi trng hp, rc t khu chun b thc n v rc t bn n c th c thu gom, ti t trng v lm thc n cho ln.

5 Mt chng nhn kh nng gim pht thi gy hiu ng nh knh c xem l tng ng vi mt tn h mt CO2 pht thi.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_credit

nhp 50 USD hay 1 triu VN/h gia nh l ch a bao g m cc thu nh p t vi c bn cc s n ph m thu c t rc.

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VAI TR C A NG I NH T RC
Nu rc sinh hc c cha tr v x l ti ch, khng b trn ln vi cc loi rc th khc, th ngi nht rc s d dng hn trong vic phn loi bng tay v thu hi rc c th ti ch. C kh i lng ln cht lng rc ti ch nht c s gia tng rt nhiu. V khng c cng ty nh nc hay cng ty t nhn ln no t ng c th c nh tranh v i i ng ng i nht rc trong lnh vc ti ch rc th ti Vit Nam, v vy s l khng khn ngoan n u khng huy ng s tham gia ca h vo vic xut cch x l v ti ch rc sinh ho t 6. Ngi ph n cp n trong phn Li m u, chc chng ta cng c th on c, chnh l m t ng i nh t rc (xem hnh bn). Ngi nht rc l nhng ngi duy nht ti Vit Nam bit cch kim ti n t vi c thu gom rc th t cc h gia nh. Nhng ngi nht rc ti bi chn lp khng phi mua rc, v v vy h c th kim c khong 100.000VND hay 5 USD/ngy.

Mc d chnh quyn a phng khng cn phi chi tr bt c khon no cho ngi nh t rc, tuy nhin chnh quyn a phng c th h tr cho h bng nhiu cch nh sau: 1. Bo v h khi bng nhm trung gian mafia ch mun bc lt cng s c c a ng i nht rc; 2. Khuyn khch h thit lp nn cc hp tc x thot khi s ki m sot c a cc bng nhm mafia; 3. Gip h m phn t c gi bn cao nht cho vt liu ti ch; 4. Trang b cho h gng tay, mt n v cc thit b bo h lao ng khc; 6 V tm quan trng ca ngi nht rc trn ton th gii trong vic ti ch rc, xem thm ti http://www.nytimes.com/2009/08/05/opinion/05chaturvedi.html?th&emc=th

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5. Theo di tnh trng sc khe ca h, c bit l mc nhim c; 6. Quy nh mc pht cho cc h gia nh ln rc thc phm vi cc loi rc khc; 7. C cc hnh thc min gim thu cho cc cng ty sn xu t sn phm t v t li u ti ch do ngi nht rc thu gom; 8. Hn ch vic nhp khu cc nguyn liu ti ch vo Vit Nam, gy nh hng n tnh hnh kinh t ca i ng nht rc; 9. Cung cp cho ngi nht rc cc loi xe y, nhm gip h vn chuyn rc d dng v hiu qu hn; 10. M rng quy m hot ng ca h; 11. V quan trng nht l khng ngng tn vinh h nh l nh ng ngi anh hng trong ton b n lc ti ch rc thi ti Vit Nam. Ch vi cc bin php h tr cho ngi nht rc, m rng quy m ho t ng v t i a ha l i nhu n ca h, th mi c th to ra c mt nn tng kinh t vi m cho php ton b rc h gia nh c ti ch mt cch ng n. nh ngha t ngi nht rc phi c m rng, bao hm c nh ng ngi khc khng nm trong phm tr ny. Nu rc sinh hc c phn loi ti ngun v c x l trong cc thng vi sinh v t a nhi t, th ngi nht rc s c th thu gom c trn mt na lng rc cn li. Nh vy ch c m t l ng r t t rc th cn li trong dng rc thi. Trong , cc lo i rc c kch c > 20 mm c th c phn loi bng tay bi ngi nht rc ti cc xng x l phi tp trung thnh 2 nhm: v c v hu c .

Phn rc hu c c th c nghin nh v lm nhin liu kh ha, phn v c th c nghi n thnh tro lm ct liu non. Cc loi rc c kch c < 20 mm c th c phn lo i b ng m t my phn loi c nh (xem hnh) 7, v mt ln na, gii php tng t li c p dng. Trong cng tc qun l cht thi bn vng v c tnh trch nhi m cao, th hon ton khng cn g m em ra bi chn lp. 7 Quy trnh phn loi c trnh bay ti http://www.esrla.com/pdf/separation.pdf

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CNG NGH CHUY N HA SINH H C V I RU I LNH EN V TRN

Khi rui lnh en trng thnh, chng s b dn d n cc thng vi sinh v t a nhi t, m t n i l tng, trng. Khi u trng rui lnh en trng thnh trong thng , chng s chui ra ngoi qua cc l thng hi. Sau , chng s chui vo t pht tri n thnh nh ng v l t xc thnh ru i trng thnh. V vy, thng l ni nhn ging mt lng ln rui lnh en. Nh ng v sao ph i nui u trng rui lnh en? Trong th gii t nhin, u trng rui lnh en c bit n nh l mt k phm n nh t. Trong khong thi gian di 24 ting, u trng rui lnh en c th gip gi m thi u 20 l n kh i l ng v th tch rc thc phm. Trong din tch 1m 2, u trng rui lnh en c th n ht 40kg rc th c phm ti trong vng mt ngy. Trong mi 100 kg rc thc phm, c kho ng 20 kg ch t dinh d ng c hm lng protein cao (42%) v hm lng cht bo (34%). u trng ru i lnh en c th n cc loi rc phn hy ti, k c tht v sn phm t sa. S l khng y nu khng nhc n s c m t ca u trng ru i lnh en trong thng vi sinh vt a nhit. Phn hy vi sinh vt a nhit ch yu c thc hi n bi cc lo i vi khu n, n m, khun tia, protozoa v rotifer, tt c u hot ng c trong mi tr ng nhi t c a thng vi sinh vt a nhit. Nhng nu c s dng u trng rui lnh en, th m t thng rc m bnh th ng ch nhn c 3 kg rc thc phm/ngy c th nhn v x l n 30kg rc/ngy. Tuy nhin, kch c v cng sut ca thng phi lun c xem xt cn c trn ch c nng c a n khi khng s d ng u trng rui lnh en. Chng ln nhanh trong mi trng mui, amoniac, v c t th c ph m. Chng c th d dng tiu ha cc loi rc thc phm qu c cho ln v cc loi vt nui khc . Nu trong mi trng cn, chng s cht sau 2 gi. Chng c th b quay ly tm vi gia tc trng lc 2.000 g m khng h g. Chng rt do dai, khe mnh v d thch nghi. u trng rui lnh en pht ra mt loi mi c bi t c kh nng xua u i cc lo i ru i nh ng khc. l mt loi mi du nh m con ngi c th cm nhn c, ch khng g t. R ui lnh en trng thnh khng cn ph con ngi. Chng khng c ming. Chng khng n ho c u vo th c n ca con ngi. Chng khng bay vo nh. Chng khng gy bnh truyn nhim.

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Hnh bn tri: Sau khi n mt qu b ln. Hnh bn ph i: ang n d a h u. C b l n d a h u u c n trong khong thi gian di 24 ting ng h.

Sau khong 2 tun n lin tc, u trng trng thnh. Sau , chng tm ki m m t n i kh, t i pht trin thnh nhng. Chng s b ra khi rc, v nu trong thng c cu to thm hai ng rnh nh, chng s b ln hai ng rnh ny ra ngoi. Hai ng rnh (phi v tri) ny c d ng xon c, ti im gip vi nh thng, c mt l thot, ti y, u trng ru i lnh en s r i ra ngoi vo mt chu k sn. Loi thng cha c bit ny, c gi l thng sinh hc, khng c cc b phn di ng. Khng cn nng lng, in nng, nhin liu, ha cht, khng cn g c, k c nc.

Hin nay ti Vit Nam ang sn xut hai loi thng: thng 2 foot v thng 4 foot (1 foot = 0,3048m). Thng 2 foot ph hp vi quy m h gia nh, cn thng 4 foot c thi t k s d ng cho m c ch thng mi. H gia nh mun nui u trng rui lnh en c th dng thng 2 foot cng v i thng vinh vt a nhit. Thng 4 foot c th x l n 40kg rc /ngy. 14

Thng sinh hc 4 foot Thng sinh hc 2 foot

Cng c th ch to mt thng vi sinh vt a nhit cho php nui u trng rui lnh en. Khi u trng trng thnh chui ra khi thng qua cc l thng hi, chng s r i vo mt ng rnh nh bng b tng nm di y thng. Xem hnh. Khong 1/3 n khi lng u trng ti c th c ch bi n thnh th c n kh cho c, c gi tr tng ng nh loi thc n cho c Mehaden, loi th c n Mehaden ny c gi kho ng 1.200USD/tn. D nhin, khng phi tt c khi lng u trng ti u c ch bi n thnh th c n kh, l v hm lng m ca u trng ti. Ngoi ra, khong t 3% n 5% u trng thu hoch c khng nn em ch bin hoc bn hay tiu th . M chng ph i c b o v cho n khi chng trng thnh. Sau u trng trng thnh s c th vo t nhin duy tr ni gi ng.

Cng ngh rui lnh en t bn thn n khng phi l m t gi i php t ng th trong vi c gi i quy t rc phn hy, v rng u trng vn cha li mt lng nh rc hay mn. Nh ng ph n mn c a u trng rui lnh en th li khng phi l rc i v i trn , m n l m t ch t xc tc l t ng cho trn . Trn thc t, trn c th pht trin nhanh gp 2-3 l n trong mi tr ng b ru i lnh en so vi trong mi trng rc thc phm c phn hy mt phn 8. 8 Gio s Trn Tn Vit i hc Nng lm Tp. HCM nghin cu v quan h tng h gia rui lnh en v trn trong vic x l rc phn hy. 15

u trng rui lnh en tiu ha c rc phn hy ti, mt s thnh ph n m trn khng th tiu ha. Cn trn th tiu ha cc cht xenluloza dai, cng m u trng ru i lnh en ch a l i, khng th tiu ha c. Hai loi sinh vt ny cng hng vi nhau mt cch hon h o, tiu ha t t c cc cht dinh dng c th. Phn trn gip to nn mi tr ng pht tri n t t nh t cho cy trng, gip tit gim ng k lng phn bn cho cy trng. Theo mt nghin cu ti Connecticut (thc hin bi Lunt v Jacobson, 1944), phn trn gip tng hm lng Can-xi (Ca) trong t ln gp 1.4 l n, Ma-gi (Mg) 3.0 l n, Kali (K) 11.2 l n, Ph t-pht 7.4 ln v nitrate-nitrogen (NO3-N) 4.7 ln 9. Vit Nam, trn thng c dng lm thc n nui tm phng ng a b nh h i. G c cho n mt t trn s tiu th t tha n gia cm hn, t l sinh trng nhanh hn so v i g khng c cho n loi thc phm b sung ny 10. Heo t nhin ln nhanh nh n cn trng v trn, trn gp phn gim thiu bnh tt heo. Ti Vit Nam, phn trn c bn vi gi 500 USD (10.000.000 VN) /t n. V v y, s n ph m t thng compost vi sinh vt a nhit c gi tr r t cao n u nh c ti p t c x l v i trn . Ph n b ca thng c th c thu gom, nghin nh v x l bi ngi nht rc ti m t c s sn xu t phn trn qu quy m nh. C th i ng ngi nht rc phi mua l i ph n b mn ny t h gia nh, ging nh hin nay h thu mua rc ti ch. Lu r ng chnh quy n thnh ph khng ph i d n cc thng ny hay vn chuyn phn b mn. Ngi nht rc s lm i u ny n gi n ch v gi tr ca phn b mn. Trc khi kt thc phn Cng ngh chuyn ha sinh hc vi ru i lnh en v trn , chng ta ph i bn v s nghi ng ca mt s ngi v s tn ti ca rui lnh en ti Vit Nam . Nh trnh by trn, rui lnh en trng thnh khng phi l sinh v t gy h i, v b i v hnh vi kn o v lnh tnh ca chng, nn khng d g pht hi n ra chng. H u h t ng i Vi t Nam, khi c xem hnh nh ca rui lnh en dng trng thnh hoc dng u trng, u ni r ng h ch a bao gi thy chng trc y. Tuy nhin bt c nh cn trng hc ngi Vi t Nam no cng u s n sng xc nhn rng chng c mt mi ni trn t nc Vit Nam, t Nam n B c, t vng duyn hi i nng n vng cao nguyn ni cao lnh lo. Chng ti thy chng ti cc bi rc v cc ng phn khp vng ng b ng sng C u Long. Chng c rt nhiu ti mi qun ca Tp.HCM. Chng ti cng tng quan st u trng ru i lnh en trong mt thng sinh hc t ti mt khong sn lu 2 trong mt chung c qu n 5. Th m ch chng cng c Lt, ni c cao 1.500m so vi mc nc bi n.

9 http://www.scribd.com/doc/30909297/Biochar-Article

10 http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd21/11/ton21192.htm

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Ngay trc Tt Nguyn n nm 2011, d n Cp nc v V sinh t nh Bnh nh ti n hnh m t nghin cu nhm xc minh s tn ti ca rui lnh en ti tnh Bnh nh 11. Todd Hyman, chuyn gia tin hnh cuc nghin cu ny, n tt c cc bi chn l p t i 4 huy n d n. ng khng g p phi vn g trong vic tm kim v chp nh rui lnh en dng tr ng thnh v d ng u trng ti tt c cc im. Nu rc phn hy c sn trong iu kin ph hp, u trng rui lnh en s xu t hi n m t cch t nhin. Ti cc vng nhit i, u trng rui lnh en s xut hi n sau 7 n 10 ngy k t khi rc phn hy c cung cp. Vic gy ging th cng cho cc thng vi u trng non l khng c n thit.

11 D n VIE0703511

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TI CH CH T TH I C A CON NG I

Mi nm mt ngi thi ra khong 500 lt nc tiu v 50 lt phn. Hai s n ph m ny ch a ch t dinh dng cho hu ht cc loi cy lng thc thc ph m. Nh ng thay v s d ng 550 lt ny d i dng nguyn cht, th chng ta li ha ln chng vi khong 15.000 lt n c, v t t c c a vo h thng cng thot nc. Trc khi i vo h thng, nu c, th hn hp ny b l n v i hng trm cht gy nhim.

Nh my x l nc thi truyn thng him khi gi li hoc tiu h y tt c cc vi khu n v vi rt truyn nhim, n sn sinh mt lng ln cc bn cn khng tt cho nng nghi p, v n gy nn n n nhim trm trng cho h sinh thi nc bin v nc ngt. Gi i php cui ng ng ny khng ti ch c g c. N nhn ly cc ngun ti nguyn qu gi v r i chuy n ha chng thnh cc ch t gy nhim. V gi phn bn tng dn trn ton th gi i, v n c cng ngy cng tr thnh m t m t hng khan him, nn cch tip cn ny khng bn vng v khng c ngha.

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Nn nng nghip hin i ly ni t cn thit t nh my sn xut amoniac s d ng nhin li u ha thch nh l gas t nhin, kh t ha lng hay d u m nh l m t ngu n hydro. Qu trnh tiu t n nng lng ny thi kh CO2 vo bu kh quyn, n tiu th mt ngu n ti nguyn hydrocacbon c hn, v n khng bn vng. Nn nng nghip hin i ly Photpho cn thit t photpho. Nh ng ngu n ti nguyn ny ang cn kit nhanh chng v ngy cng nhim c vi cc ch t gy nhi m nh l Catmi. Trong kho ng thi gian ch 25 nm, ngun ti nguyn Apatit c th khng cn khai thc v n n i ton c u s l hu qu km theo 12. Nu chng ta nhn nhn nghim tc vic t c tnh bn vng lnh vc ny, th nhi m v u tin v c l quan trng nht ca chng ta chnh l khng c l n n c ti u v i phn. Trong c th con ngi, hai th cht thi ny c sn sinh v cha tr ring bit, c bi ti t ring bi t, vy nn chng cn phi c cha tr v x l ring bit. Mt toalet c hai c a ra, m t cho n c tiu v mt cho phn l tt c nhng g m chng ta cn. Khoang cha phn, ngoi tr phn np y, l thit b hon ton ging vi thng ch a vi sinh v t a nhit dng x l rc sinh hc ti h gia nh, v nu nh c s d ng v d n d p c n th n, m t thng nh vy c th nhn tt c rc sinh hc do h gia nh pht thi, k c phn ngi. M t toa let nh vy l rt l tng, c bit l nhng vng nng thn ni m toa lt ch l m t b ng i t trn mt h c hay ch l mt h trn t. Ngi dn nng thn th ng khng s d ng b t c lo i toalet no. Vit Nam c rt nhiu vn nghim trng v s c kh e v mi tr ng lin quan n vic tiu tin v i tin bn ngoi.

Dng toalet ny c th c ch to theo kiu b ngi hoc ng i x m. B i v, trong tr ng h p toa lt kiu b ngi, khoang cha phn phi chng sc nng ca thn ngi ngi trn, nn tt nht l 12 Xem http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/article1140936.ece hay http://vsrbc.web.officelive.com/PF.aspx

19

n c xy bng gch. Nh toalet c th c lm bng tre v l d a cho r , ho c lm b ng g ch hay b tng ct thp (xem hnh). Trong vng 20 ngy sau khi xy xong, thng cha phn s nui u trng ru i lnh en. u trng ru i lnh en n phn ngi trong vng mt hoc hai gi ng h sau khi phn th i ra. y l m t tc nhn rt quan trng trong vic kh mi hi ca toalet. Tro sinh hc cng c th c nh k b vo thng cha phn gip kh mi hi. B i v tro sinh h c hp th amoniac th kh, nn c th b tro sinh hc vo khoang ch a n c ti u. Chng ti s trnh by tng v chu tiu than sinh hc phn kt lun. Nc tiu c th c thu gom t toalet tch nc ti u, c pha long v bn cho cy tr ng b sung NPK. Cc k thut ti n gin gip phng nga vic bay hi amoniac. Tuy nhin, nu mt s khu vc, vic vn chuyn nc tiu l khng kh thi, th c m t ph ng php khc cho php x l trit nc tiu ti ch . Ph ng php ny c s d ng m t lo i th c v t thy sinh, l mt trong nhng loi thc vt sinh tr ng nhanh nh t trn tri t. V n n i trn m t nc, nn n hp th NPK v cc dng cht khc t nc qua b m t l. N u c nh sng m t tri, n c th gim lng NPK trong nc ti mc hu nh bng khng. Loi th c v t ny c tm thy khp mi ni, chnh l bo tm.

20

Di cc iu kin ti u, mt lng bo tm nht nh c th pht tri n ln g p i ch sau 16 gi ng h. Bo tm c hm lng protein cao nht trong th gi i th c v t (i khi cao n 45%). N cng giu beta carotene, xanthophylls, vitamin A v vitamin B. Hm l ng ch t x v cc ch t kh tiu rt thp.

Vi phng php ny, nc tiu i t toalet c b phn tch nc tiu n mt h nui bo tm nh nm gn toalet. V bo tm dn tri hu nh khp mt h, nn ch mt lng rt nh amoniac b bc hi v bc mi. Lng bo tm thu hoch hng ngy l thc n tuyt vi cho g, ln, c v v t. Bo tm c th c phi kh, chn qua nc si hoc cho n di dng ti. Hnh bn tri: bo t m ang c phi kh. Lu mu xanh d thng m bo tm vn gi c khi phi kh. L-gic ca qu trnh x l bn vng cht thi c a con ngi c cc m i quan h song song v i l-gic ca qu trnh x l bn vng rc sinh hc th. C hai qu trnh u i h i ph i phn lo i t i ngun, yu cu c thng cha tr vi sinh vt a nhit, rui lnh en v trn . C hai u khng phi l hot ng x l rc thi c lp quy m ln v u c m i lin h v i qu trnh s n xu t b n vng thc phm, thc n gia sc v phn bn. Cht th i c a con ng i, cng nh phn l n, r t giu dng cht cho vic sn xut nhin liu bng metanol. Chng ta ni nhiu v tnh bn vng, nhng chng ta s khng bao gi t c tnh b n v ng thc s cho n khi chng ta hc c cch tr li cho thin nhin trong vng lun chuy n khp kn tt c nhng g m thin nhin cn cu sng chng ta. C l, vi c tr li cho thin nhin t t c nhng cht dinh dng trong cht thi m chng ta thi ra l nhi m v u tin v quan tr ng nh t m chng ta, nhng c dn ca hnh tinh tri t phi lm.

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CNG NGH KH HA V T LI U SINH KH I V L I CH C A THAN SINH H C

Khi ngh v nhim khng kh, chng ta thng ngh v nhi m khng kh ngoi tr i t i cc khu vc th dn c ng c. Tuy nhin, mt s tr ng hp nhi m khng kh t i t nh t l i di n ra trong nh ti khu vc nng thn. Vic t chy cc vt liu sinh khi nh g, x da, v cc cht th i ca cy trng to ra khi, mui than, carbon monoxide, kh metan v hng trm h p ch t h u c cha cht gy ung th. V h qu tt yu l hng ngn ngi Vit Nam cht mi nm. Theo T chc Y t Th gii WHO, ti cc nc ang pht trin, ngy cng c nhi u ng i ch t v nhim khng kh bn trong nh hu ht l v cc b p l n u b ng c i, ch khng ph i ch t v b nh lao phi hay st rt. 13 Tuy nhin vic s dng cc bp l ny khng phi ch c nng thn. Trn kh p Vi t Nam, ng ph y khi bc ln t cc nh bp hoc nh hng ngoi tr i. Cc vt li u sinh kh i gi tr th p thng c dng lm cht t ti cc l bn ti hoc un nc si. Cc h dn, k c khu v c th, x l rc bng cch t rc sn vn v cc lo i rc khc, lin t c lm b u khng kh y cc cht nhim cht ngi. Ngi ta c th tranh lun rng nhiu ngi khng c kh nng mua du h a hay gas thay cho vic phi t cc vt liu sinh khi gi tr thp. Tuy nhin vn khng ph i l c m s d ng cc nguyn liu sinh khi, m s dng chng bng phng php kh ha to ra ngn l a gas s ch. Vi s gip ca Alexis Belonio, chng ti ti n hnh thi t k v ch t o ra b kh ha thng gi t di ln, t trn. B kh ha ny hot ng kh tt vi nhiu lo i nguyn li u sinh kh i nh v tru, v ht c ph, x da, b ma, dm g, mt ca, s da ... Mt s dng nguyn liu sinh khi, nh rm, l thng, phi c nn cht hoc nghin nh nhm tng mt th tch. Rc lm nghip phi c bm nh . Nh ng khng c n ph i ng vin (chi ph ng vin l 125 USD/tn). m l tng nht l khng qu 12%. Nguyn li u sinh kh i c th c phi kh di nh nng mt tri, hoc lm kh bng ph ng php a nhi t s d ng t m ph compost, v cng c th c sy kh bng nhit lng tha ca b kh ha.

13 Xem http://www.newsweek.com/id/226941/page/1

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B kh ha ch gm mt bnh hnh tr vi b phn t nm trn cng, v mt li sng n m d i y. C mt qut nh cung cp khng kh nm bn di li sng, tc qut c iu khin bng mt b iu chnh tc . ng knh ca bnh phn ng quyt nh lng kh gas c sn sinh, chiu cao ca bnh phn ng quyt nh di thi gian sn sinh kh gas. Nhi u lo i nguyn li u sinh khi nh v tru, b ma c gc ngh m, v c xu h ng ch ng chuy n ng ho c ch y xu ng. Trong b kh ha ny, nguyn liu sinh khi khng bao gi chuyn ng bn trong bnh ph n ng trong sut qu trnh kh ha. Ngoi b phn qut cung cp khng kh nm bn d i l i sng, th b kh ha ny khng c bt c b phn chuyn ng no. Rt kh hng hc. Khng c n b o d ng. D theo di v iu khin, thi gian quy vng gia cc m c tnh bng giy ch khng ph i b ng pht.

Khi bt u qu trnh, chng ta nhc b phn t ln v nguyn liu sinh khi vo y bnh.14 My qut c bt ln, b giy ln trn nguyn liu sinh khi v t b ng qu t dim ho c qu t gas. Khi giy chy, th ch cn vi giy nguyn liu sinh khi b t la. M t ng n l a s b c ln t nh bnh phn ng. B phn t c t ln trn bnh phn ng, ngn la s xuyn qua cc l c a b phn t. Tc qut c iu chnh nh hn ty nhu cu. Lu rng khng c nh sng gas. T quan im an ton, th iu ny rt quan tr ng bi v qu trnh ny khng pht th i kh CO2. Khi b phn t c t ln trn bnh phn ng, ngn la s bc ln t bnh ph n ng, lc ny qu trnh kh ha thc s bt u. Rt nhanh sau , nhi t trong bnh ph n ng t n 100 0 C (vi iu kin nguyn liu sinh khi hon ton kh). V qu trnh ny din ra t nh xung y, nn s hnh thnh m t l p than dy n m trn i m n i kh gas thot ra. V kh gas thot qua l p than ny, nn h u h t cc ch t hydro cacbon h n h p s b phn hy thnh hydro v cacbon monoxit. Chnh nh s ti p xc gi a kh gas v than m t o ra ngn la xanh rt p mt, y l c im tiu bi u c a b kh ha ny. i u ny khng x y ra v i dng b kh ha thng gi t di ln t di hoc d ng b kh ha thng gi ngang. Ngoi ra, cn c mt im thun li na ca vic t trn nh sau: Kh gas khng b ngui i trc khi chy. Nhit lng s khng b hao h t tr c khi n c b phn t. y l l do m trong nhiu trng hp, dng b kh ha t d i khng ph i l l a ch n 14 Xem qu trnh bt b kh ha ti video clip ti trang web: http://www.esrla.com/pdf/gasifier.mpg

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in hnh. Trong trng hp b kh ha thng gi t di ln t trn ny, nu cng nhi u l t c yu cu, th cng nhiu b kh ha s c a vo s dng. Chng c th c nhi u kch c ng knh khc nhau, qut c nhiu tc khc nhau. V v y m n c tnh linh ho t v tnh ki m sot cao. Khi qu trnh kh ha hon thnh, ngi s dng c th qun tro ra kh i bnh. N u qu t ti p t c chy, tro s b t chy, iu ny s lm cho b kh ha qu nng. V v y, m t t m cch nhi t l n c chn vo ng thi kh, v khi nhit gn tm li sng tng ln, m t b c m ng nhit s kch hot b phn bo ng. Ngi ta c th tranh lun rng mt b kh ha thng gi t nhin th n gi n h n, nn t t h n b kh ha thng gi cng bc c s dng qut. Nhng thng gi t nhin, th ph i dng nguyn liu sinh khi dng ming ln cho php khng kh hoc kh gas d dng len qua. Nh ng n u kh gas c th d dng thot qua cc mu than ln nm trn khu vc kh ha, th s khng c s ti p xc cht gi kh gas v than. Nh vy, kh gas hu nh khng c lc, v k t qu l cho ra ng n l a b n mu vng. Ngoi ra mt bp l thng gi t nhin dng cc mnh ln nguyn li u sinh kh i s m t th i gian lu hn bt la, trong qu trnh bt la, s pht sinh nhiu khi c h i cho s c kh e ng i s dng. C l cch tt hn l bm nh hoc nghin nh cc m nh nguyn li u sinh kh i ra, v s d ng chng cng vi b kh ha thng gi cng bc t di ln t trn c trang b qut. Lu rng lng in nng tiu th cho my qut l khng ng k. Ch cn khng qu 1.5 watt cho b kh ha loi nh nht trnh by trong ti liu ny, v khong 7.5 watt cho b kh ha lo i l n nht. B iu tc c ln thp, cho php ngi s dng d dng i u khi n trong qu trnh kh ha, c bit l khi khi ng cn nhiu khng kh. V vy, qut v b i u ch nh t c l hai nhn t quan trng nht ca b kh ha ny. Hin nay ang ch to 3 mu bp l. 1. Mu 150 (ng knh bnh phn ng l 150mm) = 2-4 kg nguyn liu sinh khi/gi 2. Mu 250 (ng knh bnh phn ng l 250mm) = 5-10 kg nguyn liu sinh khi/gi 3. Mu 500 (ng knh bnh phn ng l 500mm) = 20-40 kg nguyn liu sinh khi/gi Kh ha 3 kg v tru cho ra nhit lng tng ng vi 1 lt du diesel. Ngoi ra l ng tr u ny cn cho ra 1-1.5 kg than sinh hc.

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Gi bn ca cc b kh ha: 1. B kh ha 150 = 52 USD, 2. B kh ha 250 = 90 USD, 3. B kh ha 500 = 232 USD. Tt c u c ch to bng thp khng r cht lng cao c kh nng ch u c nhi t cao qua nhiu nm. Nu sn xut vi s lng ln, gi bn s gim nhiu. Gi trn bao g m qu t, adapter, b iu tc v mt b dy cp xe my. Nu khng c i n ngu n, c th n i b i u ch nh t c v i bnh c quy 12 volt, k c bnh c quy xe my.

25

Bnh phn ng c th bao bc bng kim loi v thi kh vo gi a hai l p nh m ngn hi n tng nng ln ca v bc. Nhng trong trng hp ny, vic truyn nhi t sang lp khng kh gia khng hiu qu, nn lp v bc tr nn cc k nng. V b c nh v y th khng c an ton, ngoi ra v bc lm bng thp khng r rt t tin. H n na, r t kh pht hi n n u bnh ph n ng b g st v thng l. V vy, khng nn dng v bc i vi bnh phn ng, m nn c m t h th ng k bao quanh b kh ha. H thng k khng ch ngn khng cho ch m vo ph n bnh ph n ng m cn h n ch vi c va p vo b kh ha. Lc ny, ni nu s khng t ngay trn b kh ha, m c t trn ghi l. K bao c th c xy bng gch, gi thnh r hn. Xem hnh sau :

Ti cc bp n thng mi quy m ln, vic than ra kh i b kh ha trong cng m t khu v c v i ni chun b thc n th khng c l tng lm. V vy, k bao nn g n vo t ng, v c a k bao khng nn m v pha nh bp m m v pha bn kia tng.

Khi bnh phn ng qu ln v qu nng khng th nhc ln c, th s thi t k mt ch t xoay. Trong hnh sau l mt bnh phn ng c ng knh 800 mm, n c th kh ha 50-100 kg v tr u trong 1 gi.

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Bnh phn ng c th c trang b thm mt tm li sng di ng ho c g p c. i u ny ngha l b kh ha c nhiu kch c. Ty thuc vo nhu c u v l ng kh gas, ng knh bnh ph n ng s dao ng t 10cm n 1.2m hoc hn. Ty vo nhu c u v th i gian kh ha, chi u cao bnh ph n ng c th dao ng t 40cm n 4 m hoc hn. Vi mt h th ng nhi u bnh ph n ng trong ch sn sng, c th m bo dng kh gas l lin tc. Nu b kh ha hot ng theo ch m, n c th thc hi n nhi u ch c nng quan tr ng khc. Ti cui chu trnh phi liu, than sinh hc ca bnh phn ng ny c th cung c p nhi t s y kh nguyn liu sinh khi trong bnh khc. V vy, m t bnh ph n ng c th c thi t k cho nhiu mc ch khc nhau: my sy, b kh ha v my trao i nhit. Oxy c thi vo y bnh phn ng th nht, bnh ny tro nng. Khng kh nng s len qua tro v n y bnh phn ng th hai, bnh ny ch y vt liu sinh khi m. Khng kh m t qu trnh sy kh ny s c a n mt chu y nc. m trong khng kh ng ng t l i, v khng kh nng s c a ngc li bnh phn ng th nht. Qu trnh s lp i lp li nhi u ln cho n khi vt liu sinh khi ti bnh phn ng th hai hon ton kh. Cng b ng cch ny, c th t o ra nc nng. V vy, khng cn phi di chuyn nguyn liu sinh khi t my sy sang b kh ha, v khng c n phi di chuyn than t b kh ha sang my trao i nhi t. Khi nguyn li u sinh kh i c m i l a trong bnh phn ng c chc nng my sy, th n c kh nng kh ha ti nhit ti a. Khi than sinh hc c ra khi bnh phn ng c chc nng trao i nhi t, th n t ng i ngu i v khng cn phi xt nc vo lm ngui. S sau th hin hai chui phn ng ca my sy/b kh ha/my trao i nhi t: chu i th nh t vi 2 bnh phn ng, chui th hai vi 3 bnh phn ng. Lun c mt dng kh gas lin tc.
Sy Kh ha 1 Sy
TN

Sy Kh ha 3 TN Sy Kh ha 1 Sy Kh ha 4 TN Sy TN TN

Kh ha 2 Sy TN Kh ha 3

TN Sy Kh ha 3 Kh ha 1 TN Sy TN Sy

Sy TN Kh ha 2 Sy TN

Kh ha 3 TN

Sy Kh ha 2

TN Kh ha 1

Sy

Kh ha 1

TN Sy

Sy

Kh ha 2

Sy Kh ha 1
TN
TN

Kh ha 4

TN Sy

S y
TN

Sy

KH ha 3

Sy Kh ha 2
TN

Kh ha 1

TN

Sy Kh ha 4
TN

Kh ha 3

Sy

Sy

TN: Trao i nhit G, cnh cy v cc loi rc khc c hm lng cht x cao c th c nghi n nh bng my nghi n gi thnh r, c thit k bi t chc SPIN ti H Ni. M t my nghi n nh v y c gi kho ng 100 USD, tng ng 2 triu ng, c th nghin c 600 kg rc th i trong m t gi . Rc c nghi n nh c th c lm kh bng phng php a nhit, s dng tm ph TopTex, m c th gi m 27

xung cn 23% 15. Cng on lm kh cui cng, m gim xung cn 12 % c th c th c hi n bng nhit lng tha ca b kh ha, nh trnh by trn. Nh vy, rc th c hm lng cht x cao c th c nghi n nh v i my nghi n gi thnh th p theo hng phi tp trung quy m nh. Rc c nghin c th c dng lm lp b i cho cy trng, phn compost hoc kh ha. C nhiu u im ni tr i nu ta tr n compost v i than sinh hc. Hng ngn nm trc, ngi da vng Amazon bit dng than ci bn cho t nh m c i t o t, v ng ngc nhin l than ci vn cn trong t cho n ngy hm nay. N u chng ta mu n ngn nga tnh trng nng ln ca ton cu v kh kh cacbonic CO2 kh i b u khng kh, th chng ta cng c th dng than sinh hc bn cho t: AL GORE - Mt trong nhng chin lc mi nht kh cacbon lm ngho t, v kh mt lng ng k kh cacbonic CO2 trong thi gian 1.000 nm ho c h n, chnh l vic s dng than sinh hc." BILL MCKIBBEN - Nu ta c th lin tc chuyn ha nguyn liu hu c thnh than sinh hc, th ta c th xoay ngc lch s ca hai trm nm qua " DR. TIM FLANNERY - Than sinh hc c th l sng kin quan trng n gi n nht i vi mi trng nhn loi trong tng lai ..." DR. JAMES LOVELOCK - C mt cch m chng ta c th cu ly bn thn chnh l chn than ci." Dng than ci bn cho t gip tng m v ti xp ca t, gia tng lng nc v to i u kin sinh trng thun li cho nm r v cc loi vi khun c l i cho t khc. Than sinh h c gip tng cng kh nng trao i cation ca t v gi cho cht dinh dng khng b r a tri. Gi m c 50-80% lng oxit nit cng nh lng photphat b ra tri theo nc m t, v l ng nit b thm thu vo nc ngm. Than sinh hc gip gim thiu lng kh metan pht th i t t. Than sinh h c h p th thnh ph n hu c b phn hy v ngn nga cc vi khun trong t tiu th h t cc ch t h u c ny. Than sinh hc gip b sung thm cacbon vo t, tr thnh cht mn, m t dng cacbon r t c n thi t cho s sinh sng v pht trin ca cy trng. L mt cht ci to t, than sinh hc gip gia tng ng k tc dng ca phn ha hc, gim bt nhu cu dng phn ha h c, v c i thi n s n l ng cy tr ng . 16 15 Xem: http://www.tencate.com/smartsite.dws?ch=&id=1185 v http://www.angliawoodfuels.co.uk/_Attachments/Resources/12_S4.pdf

16 Xem: International Biochar Initiative (IBI)

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Tin s Boun Suy Tan, ngi Campuchia thc hin mt nghin c u v cc ch l i c a than sinh hc t v tru v compost dng bn rung la. ng tin hnh th nghim vi 4 i m trnh di n: im 1 = khng dng than sinh hc v compost im 2 = 5 tn compost/ha im 3 = 5 tn compost/ha + 20 tn than sinh hc/ha im 4 = 5 tn compost/ha + 40 tn than sinh hc/ha Sn lng (kg/ha): im 1 = 1.252 im 2 = 1.504 (tng 20%) im 3 = 1.817 (tng 45%) im 4 = 3.756 (tng 300%) So snh 1 vi 4, ta thy nu bn rung vi than sinh h c t v tr u, s n l ng la s tng g p 3 l n, ng thi lng v tru cng tng gp 3 ln, nh vy vi l ng v tr u gia tng ny, th l ng than sinh hc cng tng gp 3 ln. Nh vy hiu qu tng ln rt nhiu ln. Than sinh hc, c bit l than sinh hc t v tru, c th c hot ha m t cch d dng. Hi n nay cacbon hot tnh c bn vi gi 500-2.000 USD/tn. Nh ng khng phi lc no cng c n ph i hot ha than sinh hc. V d nh than sinh hc t phn b c th c s d ng kh cc ch t kim loi v hu c t nc thi. N c th kh cc cht gy nhi m c hi nh ch v atrazine (mt hot cht tr c). Than sinh hc t phn b c hiu qu gp 6 l n so v i cacbon ho t tnh trong vic kh ch t nc thi 17 . N trit tiu n 99,5% lng ch c trong nc thi. Than sinh hc t l thng rt hiu qu trong vic loi tr naphthalene, nitrobenzene v mdinitrobenzine khi nc. Theo mt nghin cu, than sinh hc t l thng rt hi u qu trong vi c kh mt s polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons khi t. PAH l cc cht gy nhim ph bi n cho t nng nghip ti Trung Quc v Vit Nam 18 . t c bn vi than sinh hc lm t rm r la go v la m c kh nng v hiu ha cc thuc tr c nh l duiron v atrazine. Than to ra t qu trnh kh ha nguyn liu sinh khi c gi tr cao h n nhi u b n thn nguyn li u sinh khi dng to ra than. Ni cch khc, kh gas ch t l ng cao c th c s n sinh v i chi ph bng khng cng nh li nhun bng khng. Mi h gia nh hoc c s kinh doanh nh v n hnh b kh ha c th bn than sinh hc, v dng tin ny chi tr cho nguyn liu sinh kh i dng ch y b kh ha. 17 Xem: lqma.ifas.ufl.edu/Publication/Cao-09a.pdf

18 Xem http://www.springerlink.com/content/8p413624j3n0440x/ v http://pubs.rsc.org/en/Content/ArticleLanding/2008/EM/b712809f

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Ngi nht rc c th mua than sinh hc t cc h gia nh v cc c s kinh doanh, r i bn l i cho cc cng ty ch bin than hot tnh, hoc bn cho cc cng ty ch bi n ch t c i t o t, ho c l c nc v kh. Mt nn cng nghip mua v bn than sinh h c c th c t o ra. N u thm thu nh p t tn dng cacbon vo chin lc ny, th tht kh m t ng t ng c m t lo i nng l ng no c th r hn cho ngi dn Vit Nam. 12 kg hn hp propan v butan (gas) c gi khong 300.000 VN hay 15 USD. M t s ti m ph nh dng ht lng gas ny ch trong trong 3 ngy. Vi c rang c ph v n u n c si lm bn t i l hai v d trong hng ngn v d v hot ng kinh doanh th ng m i quy m nh c nhu c u cao v nhit nng. Mt bp l vi b kh ha c ch to hon ton bng thp khng r c gi th p h n mt b bp gas. Nhiu ngnh cng nghip m trc gi cha tng c v l do chi ph nng l ng cao s ra i. Thc phm tha c th c nu v tit trng bng b kh ha, sau lm th c n cho ln. Phn ln dng lm thc n cho u trng rui lnh en, b u trng l i lm th c n cho trn . Theo m t bo co, b sung than sinh hc vo thc n cho trn gip y nhanh qu trnh s n xu t phn trn qu, v cho sn lng trn cao hn. Qu trnh bt u v i nhi t nng t b kh ha, v k t thc vi than sinh hc sn sinh t b kh ha. Nhiu nh khoa hc t tin rng cc ch li v mt nng nghip ca than sinh hc c th gia tng nu kt hp than sinh hc vi vic nui trn qu 19. Phn ca rui lnh en v than sinh hc tc ng tch cc n s sinh trng v pht trin ca trn , nu trn ln hai cht ny lm th c n cho trn , kt qu cui cng s l phn trn qu vi cht lng tuy t nh. Trong ti liu ny chng ti trnh by nhiu cng ngh c s dng trong mi quan h tng h. Cng ngh kh ha tng t c th c s dng to ra in. Thng thng kh gas ph i c lm ngui v lc trc khi dng cho ng c t trong c a m t c m pht i n. C th ph ng n t t hn l a b kh ha vo chu trnh Rankin hu c. Trong trng hp ny, kh gas khng c n ph i lm ngui v lc. Ti Vit Nam tin hnh cc bc ch to cc b Chu trnh Rankin hu c. Hy tng tng vic to ra in nng t cnh cy v cc loi rc vn khc!

David Trahan, t Tp. Lafayette, bang Louisiana, cng vi cc cng s c a mnh lm vi c t i t ch c 3R Sciences, xy dng mt nh my tng hp metanol c cng sut 100 lt metanol/ngy. 19 Xem: http://www.scribd.com/doc/30909297/Biochar-Article

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Qu trnh R3 GTL Methanol (gas ha lng Metanol) chuy n i kh gas t ng h p pht sinh t nguyn liu sinh khi thnh metanol. H m un ny c thi t k cho php t t xa nh m p ng kh nng cung cp ca nguyn liu sinh khi. 20 Metanol c th c s dng trc tip trong xe my v xe t 21, n c th c chuyn i d dng thnh du diesel tng thch -te imetyl hoc DME (CH 3OCH3) 22. Vic sn xut metanol sinh hc quy m nh phc v nhu cu vn ti tht s l mt kh nng rt th v. Gio s tin s L Ch Hip, Ch tch Hi ng Nng l ng, ch nhi m khoa Cng ngh Nhi t L nh trng H Cng ngh Tp.HCM hin ang thit k cc h th ng l nh h p th s n xu t n c t nhit nng ca b kh ha. y l mt trong nh ng ph ng php hi u qu nh t lm n c . Trong trng hp ny khng cn n in nng, ch cn nhit nng. Chi ph propan v butan s ngy cng tng. Chi ph in, xng, du diesel v n c cng v y. T i Vit Nam, hng nm c hng triu tn rc thi sinh hc th , cng nh nguyn li u sinh kh i t lm nghip v nng nghip b bin thnh rc. Cng ngh kh ha n gi n ny cho php t n d ng rc thay cho gas v to ra tin t vic ny. R rng chng ta bc sang mt k nguyn m i, k nguyn sn xut v tiu th nhin liu.

20 Xem: http://www.r3sciences.com/biomass.html

21 Xng methanol c th gim lng kh thi cacbon monoxit, hydrocarbon, v cc oxit nit , v i hiu sut tng ng hoc tt hn, c bit l trng thi ti cao. Xem trang 14 c a ti li u http://www.afdc.energy.gov/afdc/progs/view_citation.php?10828/METH/print

22 Ch cn iu chnh mt cht chuyn i mt ng c chy du diesel thnh ng c chy DME. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimethyl_ether

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CNG NGH CHUA AXIT LACTIC

Mt lng ln rc rau c pht sinh t ch v c s ng gi c m cao nn khng th dng cho b kh ha, v hm lng cht dinh dng cao, nn nu dng compost th r t lng ph. Thay vo , c th dng lm thc n trc tip cho heo, d, c u, b, th , g v m t s lo i c. Tuy nhin, vic cho n trc tip phn no vn c mt hn ch , v rc rau c nhanh chng b bi n ch t do vi khun, nm mc, cn trng v chut b. V vy, chng ta ph i tm ra m t ph ng php n gi n v r tin bo qun ngun nguyn liu ny c lu hn.

Tt nhin phn ln loi rc ny c th c tit trng v nu chn b ng b kh ha, nh ng ph ng php nu i hi thi gian v khng gian, vy ti sao ph i s d ng ph ng php n u n u n khng cn thit? Phn ln loi rc ny c th c dng lm thc n cho u trng RUI LNH EN v trn , nhng trong trng hp ny chng ta nn a loi rc ny v chui thc n c m c dinh dng thp. Gii php tt nht cho mt s loi rc rau c chnh l chua axit lactic. chua axit lactic l m t trong nhng cng ngh n gin nht c p dng ti Vi t Nam v cc n c chu khc hng ngn nm nay. Vi khun axit lactic (LAB) s n hydrat cacbon tan trong nc (WSC) v s n sinh ra axit lactic. Khi pH di 4,2 (i khi pH l 3,2), th cht thi c tit trng hon ton, cc ch t dinh d ng c th c bo qun lu di. c c vi khun LAB gip h pH, cn phi p ng m t s yu cu nh sau: 1) Lng WSC (hydrat cacbon tan trong nc) trong rc phi trn 150 g/kg . Nhi u lo i rc hm lng WSC cn cao hn. Nu khng, ta c th thm vo mt t m t ng. 2) Thng men phi kn kh. Rc rau c phi c nn cht v gi k. V vy, ti nh a l v t liu l tng c s dng lm thng men. Thng men c bc bi hai lp ti nh a. Lp bn trong r tin v d dng ti ch, lp bn ngoi dy hn. 3) Vi khun khng pht trin nhanh trong mi trng cht lng, v vy cn b sung thm cc vt liu kh nh r m, cm go ht cht lng trong qu trnh chua. Thay v cho l n n 32

r m hoc cm go nh thng thng, chng ta c th cho l n n d i d ng h n h p chua. Ch hoc c s ng gi c hai sn phm bn: rau c cho ng i v rc rau c chua cho gia sc. Hn hp rc rau c chua c bc kn trong ti nha hoc thng nh a, c th c bn v v n chuyn nhanh chng nh l sn phm rau c. Phng php chua th c ch t l lm tng hm l ng vi cht dinh dng ca rau c v tng tnh d tiu ha. Vi khu n LAB c tc d ng t t i v i h tiu ha ngi v ln. Ln c cho n rc rau c chua s t b cc b nh v tiu ha h n l n ch c cho n cc thc n thng thng.

Mt s vi khun axit lactic c th b sung cacbon v photphat cho m t s lo i thu c tr cn trng b sung chlorpyrifos (CP) 23 , coumaphos (CM), diazinon (DZ), parathion24 (PT) v methyl parathion (MPT) cc c 25 cho thuc tr su. Trong vng 5 ngy u tin ca qu trnh chua,, CP s c phn hy hon ton v mt i c tnh. Cc thng nha c cng l nhng thng men l tng. Thng 55-gallon c trong hnh bn c nhiu Vit Nam c bn vi gi 50.000 VN hay 2,75 USD. Thng ny va lm thng x l v a lm thng cha ng. C th c s dng li rt nhiu ln.

23 Xem http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorpyrifos.

24 Parathion l mt cht c khng chn lc, tc ng n c con ngi. N b c m s d ng ti nhiu quc gia, hin nay ang xut cm s dng di mi hnh thc. Xem http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parathion

25 Xem: http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/jf803649z

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Mi ngy, Lt pht thi trn 50 tn rc ci bp. y ch l mt trong nhi u lo i rc c th c chua ti Lt. Nu c cha, 50 tn rc ci bp ny c th nui c 16.000 con l n. N u c chua, gi tr thu c l 100 USD hay 2 triu VN /tn, ho c t ng gi tr m i ngy kho ng 5.000 USD hay 100 triu VN. Lng rc ci bp c gi tr ny hin nay b x b ti cc thung lng v khe ni. M c n c r rc v kh metan pht sinh l rt kinh hong. Kh c th tng t ng c hnh vi lng ph ch t dinh dng no v ngha hn, nh trong hnh bn chp ti c s ng gi Tr i Mt, g n L t. M i ngy, lng rc rau c m c s ng gi ny pht thi ra l 20 tn. Tt c nhng g cn thit ch l mt t mt ng (5% c a h n hp) v cm g o (10% c a h n h p) vi tng gi tr l 820 VN (0,04 USD) bi n i 1 kg rc c i b p thnh ngu n th c n giu dinh dng cho ln. Cn lu rng cht dinh dng ny c th cho l n n trong m i tr ng h p v khng b mt i trong qu trnh chua. Vi khun axit lactic xut hin mt cch t nhin trong rc ci bp. Khng c n c ch t m i. Ch i hi rt t k thut bm nh rc ci bp v tr n u chng v i m t ng v cm g o. Qu trnh chua hon tt sau 2 tun. Ngoi ra, cht thi t thy sn cng c th c chua thnh m t ngu n d ng ch t giu m cho ln, c v gia cm. Sau khi chua, gi tr t c s l 500 USD (10 tri u VN). Ngu n m t ng cn cho qu trnh chua c rt di do v r ti n, v v khng c n ph i un nng nn protein khng b bin cht 26 . Cng nh cht thi t c v tm, th cht thi t l m cng c chua thnh phn bn dng lng c gi cao. Mt s ngi xut chua rc thc ph m ti h gia nh lm compost 27 nhng iu ny c v phc tp khi phi qun l hng ngy i vi h gia nh Vit Nam.

26 Xem: http://www.fao.org/docrep/003/x9199e/X9199E04.htm

27 Xem for example: http://www.bokashi.com.au/

34

Bng phng php chua, chng ta bin i rc hnh bn tri thnh s n ph m c gi tr cao hnh bn phi:

35

CNG NGH COMPOST CH U NHI T B NG T M LI P

Nng dn thng pht thi ra mt lng ln cht thi c th phn h y sinh h c, v th ng x l ng cht thi ny ti bt c ni no m h thy thun ti n. Vi c x rc b a bi nh v y khng ch gy nhim mi trng vi kh metan v nc r rc, m cn ly lan cc mm b nh c trong t. B nh h i cy trng ti nng tri ny ng l phi c kim sot ti nng tri th li b ly lan ra khp ni. Ngoi ra, cng chng c ngha g khi thu gom rc nng tr i, chuy n n m t c s s n xu t compost tp trung v ri sau li chuyn compost v cho ng i nng dn. Nhi t trong ng compost chu nhit khng cao git cht tt c cc m m bnh; c s sn xu t compost t p trung, ni nhn tt c rc t cc nng tri, s tr thnh mt ni ly nhi m cho. V vy, mi nng tri cn phi t compost cho chnh cc loi rc c a nng tr i . Rc nng tri th khng bao gi c ri khi nng tri. Khi x rc, ngi nng dn khng ch vt i phng ti n to ra sn ph m c i t o t c gi tr , m cn vt i mt trong nhng phng tin hiu qu nht trong vi c kh cc m m b nh c trong t. tng ny kh l n gin. Compost to iu kin cho cc vi khun hu ch sinh si, v khi pht trin s lng, th cc vi khun ny s tr kh cc mm bnh. Bnh si c r l mt loi bnh hi cy trng nghim tr ng kh ph bi n t i Vi t Nam, v khng c mt loi ha cht no c chng nhn l c th kim sot c cn b nh ny. Cc nghin c u v compost ca EU cho thy rng nu bn compost lm t cht th i h u c vo t v i t l 30%, th c th gip trit tiu mm bnh ny hon ton. Nu cht thi t hnh c compost v bn vo t vi t l 25%, th bnh thi r trng Allium trn cy hnh gim thy r. Nu compost lm t hnh c bn vo lp t mt khong 15cm th n c th ki m sot b nh th i r trng trn hnh hiu qu nh l dng phng php x l bng thuc tr n m (Folicur). Chng ta cng t c cc kt qu tt trong vic loi tr bnh thi r tr ng nu nh s d ng ng lo i compost vi ng liu lng. Trn y l mt vi v d v vi cs d ng compost c th gip lo i tr bnh hi. C th ch c mt loi nc tr t compost nu em ngm compost vo nc. Cht lng ny c dng xt vo nhng phn khng n c c a cy tr ng ho c bn vo g c ho c phun b m t l nhm hn ch s sinh trng ca cc loi nm gy bnh hi cho cy tr ng. Tr compost c chng minh gip cy trng pht trin nhanh hn gp 173.5% so v i cc lo i cy tr ng khng c bn tr compost 28 . Tt c cc hiu qu hu ch t vic bn tr compost vo t ho c vo b m t l cng tng hn na nu dng phn trn qu. Nh vy l chng ta c mt s thng tin v tm quan trng ca vic khng x rc, m dng rc sn xut compost v tr compost. Vy chng ta phi t cu hi: Lm th no thi t k cc thi t b compost bng phng php chu nhit m khng tn km cho ngi nng dn Vit Nam?

28 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compost

36

Cch r nht v tt nht chnh l vun rc thnh tng lung v ph li bng tm ph compost. N u dng nhng thng compost di, c mi che bng xi mng hoc gch th rt t n km. Trong khi m t tm ph compost ch lm bng vt liu si khng dt c cc ch c nng sau:

Ngn khng cho nc ma lt vo lung compost (khng cn lm mi che), Bo v compost khng b phi kh di nng v gi, Cho php trao i kh (compost c th th c), Duy tr nhit m bo nhit khng i trong lung compost i vi phng php ch u nhi t t i u.

Lu rng nc ma khng th no lt c vo lu ng compost m c d t t c u c t ngoi tri. Nu rc thi c phi trn cng vi v tru hoc m t s cht n khc, th lu ng compost s khng c nc rc r ra. V vy, khng cn phi c h thng rnh b tng qun l nc r rc. Tm ph compost c trng lng ch vo khong 150-200 g/m2. M t ho c hai l n hng tu n, ng i nng dn lt tm ph ny ln v o trn rc. Tm ph compost khng t tin, v thi hn s dng ln n 10 nm trong iu kin khng c iu khin bng my mc v khng c tuy t r i. T m ph compost cn cho php ngi nng dn tr phn chung ho c phn compost thnh ph m ngoi tri m khng s b bin cht v mt dinh dng. N cn c s dng sy kh vt li u sinh khi nh trnh by cc phn trn. Ngi nng dn a phng c th c tp hun mt cch d dng v cch t o ra cc i u ki n t i u cho phng php compost chu nhit. Cc yu cu ny kh l n gin: Nhit 65 C trong 3 ngy, m 55 - 60%, Hm lng CO2 khng qu 20%, Hm lng oxy > 5%, Khong trng 30%, 37

 pH < 8, T l C:N l 30:1, Mc ni t t, v.v...

Mt cng ten n 40-foot c th chuyn ch 30.000 m2 t m ph compost v i gi kho ng 1USD (20.000 VN) mi m2 hoc 30.000 USD (600 tri u VN) m i cng ten n . Kh i l ng t m ph ny c th dng cho 22.000 m3 cht thi cng lc. Nu qu trnh compost hon thnh trong vng 40 ngy, th khi lng tm ph ny c th x l c trn 200.000 m3 cht thi mi nm. Nm u tin, chi ph tm ph cho mi m3 rc c l 0.15 USD ho c 3.000 VN. B i v t m ph c thi hn s dng n 10 nm nu nh khng dng my mc i u khi n, nn chi ph t m ph cho mi m3 rc thi hu nh l khng! Lu rng cc thng bng gch, cc ng thng kh, cc h thng rnh thot nc b tng v nh xng u khng c n thit khi p d ng ph ng php compost bng tm ph. Vi s vn u t di 30.000 USD (600 triu VN), th s compost c 2 triu tn rc thi trong vng 10 nm. Ti khu vc th, khng cn phi vn chuyn rc thi qua m t qung ng di em n c s compost. Nh chng ti trnh by cc phn trn, cc h gia nh ho c khu ph c th c cung cp tm ph compost. Ngi nht rc s thu gom v vn chuyn rc n m t c s sn xu t compost nh ca thnh ph; hoc tm kim cc loi rc thi c th compost v c c p t lm c s sn xut compost. Cc c s sn xut compost c th c thi t l p kh p thnh ph t i nhng trm trung chuyn rc, hoc ti cc bi t tr ng. Kh nng thi t l p c s s n xu t compost y l v cng tn. Ti Vit Nam, sn phm compost c cht lng tt c bn v i gi t 500.000 - 1.000.000 VN/tn hoc 25 - 50 USD/tn. Nu ngi nht rc bn c 5 tn compost /thng, th thu nh p thu c nhiu hn so vi thu nhp t rc ti ch. Nu ngi nht rc thu gom cht b t thng vi sinh vt a nhit v dng chng lm phn trn qu, th sn ph m thu c c gi n 500 USD/tn. Ngi nht rc cng c th mua than sinh hc t h gia nh v cc c s kinh doanh, tr n u n vi compost hoc phn trn qu gia tng gi tr cho s n ph m. k ch b n no, ng i nht rc cng u kim c rt nhiu tin.

38

Khong 3 tn rc c th cho ra 1 tn compost thnh ph m 29 . Nh vy, 2 triu tn rc s cho ra 666.000 tn compost thnh phm. Vi gi bn 25 USD/tn, tng thu nh p em li cho ng i nh t rc l 16.600.000 USD hoc 333 t VN. y l kt qu khng t i khi m ng v n u t ban u ch l 30.000 USD cho tm ph compost. Lu cui cng: Nu chng ta nhn thy gi tr c a compost v vi c s n xu t compost th t d dng vi tm ph, c th ta s bin n thnh mt ngnh kinh doanh ln. Ri th s thnh lp nh my sn xut compost tp trung vi rt nhiu xe ti, s c thi t b o tr n compost t i tn cng nh thit b iu khin t ng tm ph compost. Tt c trng c v kh hi n i v kh t t, tuy nhin hu nh trong trng hp, y l m hnh kinh t sai lm cho Vi t Nam v n s th t b i. N u theo cch no m m hnh ny gt hi c thnh cng, th c cng s l i ng sau r t nhi u cacbon pht thi, chi ph sn xut compost s cao h n, v ng i ngho s b t c i ph ng ti n thu nhp.

29 Thng thng khi lng v th tch rc thi tit gim c sau khi lm compost l 50%. Nh ng nu rc th c m trn 90%, v nu khng phi trn thm vt liu n no th con s ny c th l 80%. i vi compost lm t rc ci bp ti Lt, mt 3 kg rc ci bp v vt li u n th cho ra 1 tn compost thnh phm.

39

CHN NUI L N T NG H P
Trc khi kt thc bi tiu lun ny, chng ta hy xem xt mt v d v cch t ng h p nhi u cng ngh khc nhau. y chng ta nhn mnh rng ln l mt ngi ti ch ch t th i quan tr ng. Nu cc c quan qun l cht thi khng nm c nhng g m ln c th lm, th s ch ng cn phng n no m la chn na. ng bun l a s cc trang tri nui ln ti Vit Nam khng ph i l m hnh t ng h p. Phn v nc tiu c ln vi nhau, v hn hp ny c x ra mt h nc en no gn ni m khng c mt loi sinh vt no c th sinh sng c, k c bo t m. N c l y t cc h ny c s dng tm ln. Dch bnh lan trn. Vi khun sinh si. Mi trng khng th chu ng c.

Mc d gy ra rt nhiu nhim nh vy, nhng thu nhp c a ngi nui l n r t th p. Gi th c n gia sc tng chng mt trong thi gian va qua trong khi gi th t l n h i th l i gi m. Chi ph chnh ca chn nui ln chnh l chi ph thc n (chi m n 70%). Ng i nui l n Vi t Nam tr thnh phng tin kim tin ca cc cng ty thc n gia sc ln. Ln, cng nh ngi, c h tiu ha hiu sut thp so vi nhiu loi sinh vt n gi n h n. T l l n cc cht dinh dng m ln n vo vn cn trong phn l n. T t nhin, cc nh my methanol c th chuyn ha cc cht dinh dng trong phn thnh metan, nhng trong tr ng h p ny, kh nhi u cht dinh dng khng quay li chui thc n. iu m chng ti xut y chnh l x l cht thi c a ln gi ng nh x l ch t th i c a con ngi: phn ln c thu gom v x l bi u trng rui lnh en v trn , nc tiu ln c a thng ra mt h bo tm. u trng, trn v bo t m c th c x l v cho l n n. Trong hnh trn, chng ta thy u trng rui lnh en c nui ti vng ng b ng sng Cu Long ch v i phn ln. Hnh bn di l thng sinh hc ni nui u trng rui lnh en.

40

Nhiu nng dn nui ln ti Vit Nam cng nu ru v cho l n n hm t qu trnh n u r u nhm gim bt chi ph thc n. B kh ha c th c s dng trong qu trnh ch ng c t r u. iu ny gip xa b cc vn v sc khe v mi tr ng lin quan n vi c t cc v t li u sinh khi gi tr thp. B kh ha cng c th c dng nu cc lo i rau ch a qua x l nh l mn, dy lang v thn chui. Ngi nui ln cn tm kim cc loi rc thi khc lm thc n cho l n. Tuy nhin, h v n e ng i cho n trc tip v s ly truyn mm bnh. Nh ng vi cng ngh kh ha v chua, th ng i nui ln c th t do nu chn hoc chua bt k loi rc no. C r t nhi u rc th c ph m t nh hng, c quan, cng nh nhiu loi rc ch nh l rc rau c, ph phm t c v g, v.v... Nhng ng i nui ln c tri nui nm ngoi thnh ph v gn cc ngu n cung c p rc th c ph m v rc ch c nhi u thun li hn nhng ngi khc. Sau khi chun b v nu chn thc n cho ln, ngi nui l n khng c n ph i s y kh b o qu n thc n nh trng hp cc cng ty ch bin thc n gia sc. Anh ta c th cho l n n tr c ti p th c n va c nu chn hoc thc n c chua. i u ny gip xa b cng o n s y kh t n km v gip ngi nui ln tit kim c mt khon chi ph thc n. Nh vy v tr ca ngi nui ln Vit Nam hon ton khc xa vi trc y: 1. Bng cch s dng u trng rui lnh en, trn v bo t m, ng i nui l n tri t tiu c mi hi v nhim lin quan n cht thi ca ln. 2. Bng cch , ngi nui ln ti ch c m t ph n l n cc ch t dinh d ng trong cht thi ca ln, v li cho ln n cc cht dinh dng ny. 3. t tri nui cng gn th cng tt c thun li v ngun rc. 4. S dng ln nh l ngi nht rc nhm lm lt ht cc cht dinh dng c trong cht thi. 5. Nu chn thc n cho ln bng b kh ha, hoc chua bng vi khun axit lactic. 6. Chng ct ru bng b kh ha nhm trit tiu khi v nhim. 7. Trng khoai mn v cc loi cy trng ngn hn khc lm thc n cho l n, sau nu chn, chua chng trc khi cho n. 8. compost bng tm lip hu ht cc vt liu sinh kh i khng phn h y m ng i nui ln pht thi. 9. Trn u than sinh hc, phn trn v compost, cng vi nhng ngi nui ln khc thnh lp mt hp tc x bn bun cc sn phm ci to t c gi tr cao. 10. Ch vi vic bun bn cc sn phm ci to t, ngi nui ln c th thu h i c phn ln chi ph b ra. 11. Khng phi mua g t cc cng ty thc n gia sc, v l n u tin trong i, ng i nui ln vo v tr c th kim ra tin.

41

12. Mt mt, ngi nui ln sn xut thc phm, nhin liu, thc n gi sc v phn bn nh m t trong s sau:

C th d dng to ra s tng t cho g, th, d, b, c .... S sau th hi n c v g:

42

Trong qun l cht thi, chng ta thng qun tm quan trng c a l n, c bi t l ln nh, l loi ng vt n tp v l ngi nht rc. Kh nng n tp v tiu ha nhiu loi rc khc nhau, c chun b bng nhiu cch khc nhau, bin ln thnh ch th quan tr ng trong qu n l cht thi bn vng.

43

K T LU N
Quay li khi nim qun l cht thi rng hn, chng ta th y r ng m i ng i u ng m t vai tr trong cng tc qun l cht thi: 1. H gia nh phn loi cht thi ti ngun, cha tr ti ch rc sinh h c c phn loi ti ngun bng cc thng vi sinh vt a nhit. 2. V cht thi c phn loi ti ngun, nn ngi nht rc c th thu gom v bn c nhiu cht thi ti ch hn trc y. Cht lng ca cht thi ti ch m h thu gom c gia tng ng k, nn gi thnh cao hn. Ngi nht rc lm vi c trong i u ki n hp v sinh hn. 3. Ngi nht rc dn sch cc thng vi sinh vt a nhi t, v c th i khi h ph i mua phn b mn t cc thng . 4. Ngi nht rc bm nh v bn phn b mn cho nng dn lm ch t m i cho ng compost a nhit c s dng tm lip. Mt s th l a ch n cch c li h n, l bn cho ngi nui trn qu. 5. Ngi nht rc thu gom v bm nh cc cnh cy v cc vt li u sinh kh i t g v bn cho cc xng kh ha v sn xut compost. Mt s ngi khng bn m dng n compost cho mnh. 6. V cht thi th, cc c quan qun l cht thi hu nh khng ph i thu gom, v n chuyn v chn lp g c. 7. H gia nh qun l cht thi ca con ngi bng thng vi sinh v t a nhi t, u trng rui lnh en, trn v bo tm. Cc nh my x l nc th i v cc h th ng c ng th i tn km s khng cn thit na. Cc bnh tt lin quan n vi c i ti n bn ngoi, cc nh x ngoi tri v vic x nc thi cha qua x l hoc x l khng tri t s gi m nhanh. 8. Ngi nng dn compost cc loi rc sinh hc bng tm lip. 9. Nh hng v c quan bn nhiu thc n tha cho ngi nui l n h n tr c y. C th tng gi tr cho thc n tha bng cch nghin nh v ti t trng hoc cho ng i nui ln t lm. 10. C s ng gi v ch phn loi ti ngun cc ch t th i pht sinh, cho vo thng men axit lactic cc loi rc rau c qua phn loi, sau bn s n ph m ny cho ng i nui ln. 11. Cht thi t cc tri c v cc l m cng c chua v bn d i d ng th c n giu protein cho ln v cc loi vt nui khc, hoc di dng phn bn. 12. Cc loi rc sinh hc khng c chua, nu chn hoc lm kh ha c a ch v c s ng gi s c ngi nht rc thu gom, bm nh, nghin nh v lm compost. Hoc ngi nht rc s bn chng cho ngi nng dn lm nguyn liu compost. 44

13. Chnh quyn a phng phn b t ni th x l cht thi sinh hc. 14. Chnh quyn a phng cng phn l t ngoi nhm to iu kin cho ngi nui ln c gn ngun rc thc phm. Cc tri nui ln ny l tri khp kn hon ton v khng gy mi hi cng nh nhim. 15. Chnh quyn a phng thit lp chng trnh tn dng cacbon ton di n nh m t o iu kin i ng cho cc loi cht thi khng cn phi thu gom v chn lp na. 16. Chnh quyn a phng s dng mt phn ngun vn ny dng vo cng tc ng ca cc bi chn lp. Cng vic qun l cht thi khng cn l mt gnh nng m chnh quy n ph i ch u m t mnh, m n l trch nhim ca mi ngi, mi h gia nh, mi cng ty, mi nh hng, m i c quan, m i nng dn, mi khu ch, mi l m, mi tri c v mi c s ng gi ni pht sinh rc. M i ngi u ph i m trch mt vai tr. Mi ngi u phi gnh ly trch nhim. Vic khuyn khch hnh vi trch nhim l tng i d dng, v xuyn su t chi n l c a kha c nh ny, p dng cng ngh no cng em li thu nhp c. Nu th c thi mt cch y chi n l c qun l cht thi ny trn ton lnh th Vit Nam, th hng tri u cng n vi c lm m i s c t o ra. Cc cng vic xanh ny hon ton l nh ng cng vi c d lm v h p d n i v i l c l ng lao ng nng nghip ca Vit Nam. Nhng a s cc ngh nghip mi ny u khng nm ngoi nng nghip. n gin chng ch l mt hnh thc mi ca cc ngh nghip lin quan n nng nghi p. Mt nh qu n l ch t th i sinh h c s tm kim nhiu hn ging nh mt nng dn hoc nh cung cp sn phm hoc dch v cho nng dn, v ngi nng dn th tm kim nhiu hn ging nh mt chuyn gia qun l cht thi sinh hc. Vi 11 triu nng tri h gia nh ti Vit Nam, v l thuyt chng ta c 11 tri u trung tm x l cht thi sinh hc v rt nhiu sn phm x l c s dng hoc bn ra. Cm t ngi nht rc i khi c ngha tiu c c, g i ln hnh nh nh ng k b i rc m a s h l nhng k u trm ui cp. K bi rc v k mc ti th ng b cng chng ni chung xem nh l c m mt la. Tuy nhin, ngi nht rc Vi t Nam ni chung khng ph i l nh ng k tr m c p, v hon ton sai lm khi c nh kin . H ch l nhng ngi c s ph n khng may m n ph i kim sng bn l x hi, v h (a s l ph n) d dng b bi n thnh con m i v b bc l t s c lao ng. Nhu cu bc thit t ra chnh l nhanh chng t chc h vo cc h p tc x, n i m h c cng nhn mt cch chnh thc, v c bo v trong cng n vi c lm c a mnh (xem Ph l c I) 30. iu ny ht sc quan trng bi v n gip ngi nht rc c th bn c cc hng ha m h thu gom c vi gi tt 31. Mt s nhng ngi giu c nht Vit Nam l nhng ngi mua bn s, h mua v bn li cc cht thi ti ch t i ng ngi nht rc. Trc s giu c t o ra c trn s c 30 Ti mt s thnh ph ln nh So Paulo v Buenos Aires, nhng ngi nht rc kt on cng nhau, tp hp vn v thnh lp hp tc x. Mt s hp tc x c thnh lp vi s tr gip ca cc t chc vi ti chnh. Cc hp tc x ny trao quyn cho ngi nh t rc, tng c ng quy n lc bn hng cho h. Mt s hp tc x c kh nng mua sm ti sn nh nh kho, xe ti v my p rc.

31 Xem Ph lc I. 45

lao ng ca ngi bn l x hi, chng ta khng th lm g khc ngoi vic t hi nh ng ngi nh t rc c bn c hng ha ca mnh vi gi cao hay khng. V rc thi phi c phn loi ti ngun, nn ngi nht rc khng cn ph i b i tm gi a hng ng rc hi thi v b trn ln vi nhau. Rc s d dng thu gom c trong i u ki n h p v sinh hn. Nu nh ngi nht rc khng cn phi bi tm trong iu kin nh trc y, th c l c m t ngi nht rc (scavenger) nn mang ngha khc. Vy chng ta s nh ngha l i c m t ny v ngi nht rc s bao hm khng ch nhng ngi lm cng tc nht rc m c cng tc x l rc. N cng bao hm c ngi nng dn. Bi v c ngi nht rc v ngi nng dn u cng nh t v x l rc, v th chng ta nn nng tm h ln thnh nhng ngi qun l rc. i vi cht thi sinh hc, chng ta khng c ngh n cc n n cng nghi p qu n l ch t th i c lp hay nh my x l nc thi c lp. Trong c hai tr ng h p ny, khng c g c ti ch , v mi mt ti nguyn c s dng trong hai trng hp ny u b chuyn ha thnh ch t gy nhim mt cch h thng ha. Thay vo , chng ta nn ngh v khi ni m nn nng nghi p b n vng ni m tt c u c ti ch trong mt chu trnh khp kn, v m i m t ti nguyn u c s dng trit . Trong khi nim qun l cht thi c trnh by trong ti u lu n ny, lun c nhi u h n m t phng php ti ch mt loi hnh cht thi c th. V d, rc thc ph m i lc c th cho l n n trc tip, hay phng nga nguy c gy bnh, rc thc phm s c nu chn nh m ti t trng bng b kh ha ri sau mi cho ln n. Mt s rc th c ph m c th c chua r i cho l n n. Nu rc thc phm khng ti nu hoc chua cho ln n, th c th dng n cho u trng rui lnh en. Nu rc c nhiu tun khng th dng cho u trng rui lnh en, th c th cho trn n. Cui cng, nu tt c cc cng ngh trn u khng th p d ng c v l do no , th rc thc phm c th c dng lm compost bng phng php chu nhit hoc phng php vi sinh vt a nhit. Hn na, nh chng ta thy, cc cng ngh ny c th c kt hp theo nhi u cch. B kh ha hoc axit lactic c s dng nu chn nhm tit trng rc thc ph m sau cho l n n; phn ln cho u trng rui lnh en n; phn u trng c tr n vi than sinh h c cho trn n. C phn u trng v phn trn c th dng cho ng compost ch u nhi t nh m gia tng ch t l ng ca sn phm cui cng. Phn trn c th bn cho t, hoc c khong ha dng trong nui trng thy sn hoc thy sinh (xem biu bn trn). ng l c c a th tr ng v cng tc h u c n x l cht thi s quyt nh phng n no l kh thi nht cho mt a phng c th. Cnh cy v cc vt liu sinh khi c th c bm nh v dng lm l p b i cho cy tr ng, hay c bm nh v kh ha, hoc bm nh v lm compost. M t s rc rau c t i ch v c s ng gi c th cho vt nui n trc tip; mt s khc c chua hoc nu chn cho v t nui n; m t s khc c th cho u trng rui lnh en n; mt s khc c ng hn th cho trn n, v m t s th c dng compost theo phng php chu nhit. Cht thi t thu sn c th c chua lm ngun thc n giu m cho ln, hoc c chua lm phn bn d ng l ng v ng ng c nhin l khng c mi hi, hoc nu chn v cho l n n. V hm l ng ni t cao, nn ch t th i t th y s n c chua cng c th c phi trn vi hn hp compost chu nhi t nhm t c t l C:N ph hp. Tng t nh vy, cht thi t l m cng c th c chua lm phn bn, mt s khc th c nu chn v cho ln n, cng c th c ph i tr n lm compost. Phn ng i, phn ln v nhiu loi phn khc c th c x l bi u trng rui lnh en ho c trn b ng ph ng

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php kt hp u trng rui lnh en v trn , hoc vi sinh vt a nhit, ho c compost ch u nhit. C l n gin nht trong s cc cng ngh c trnh by ti bi tiu lun ny chnh l cng ngh chua axit lactic. Tt c nhng g cn thit cho cng o n x l v ch a tr ch l m t ti nh a ho c thng nha. Chi ph ca ti v thng l rt thp, v chng c th c s d ng l i cho nhi u l n. Phng php chua axit lactic c th c p dng cho r t nhi u lo i rc th i khc nhau. Ph ng php ny khng i hi phi c vt liu mi. Rc thi c ti t trng hon ton. Protein khng b bin tinhs ngay c khi dng nhit. Phng php ny i hi bm nh, trn u cc vt liu vi nhau, nhng cng vic ny v c bn khng qu phc tp hn so vi ph ng php mu i chua cc lo i rau c lm thc phm cho con ngi. Nu bit c cng thc chua cho m i loi rc th i c th , th hu nh bt c ai cng c th tr thnh chuyn gia chua. Sn phm chua c gi tr gp 2-4 ln compost. Qu trnh chua nhanh h n qu tnh compost r t nhiu, i hi t nhn cng hn, v khi c dng lm th c n cho v t nui, n c x p c p cao hn trong chui thc n. Nu sn phm c chua hoc sn phm c x l bng nhit c tri qua dy chuyn ln - u trng trn , th chng ta khng ch thu c cc s n ph m b sung, m cn thu c sn phm ci to t vi khi lng gn nh bng khi lng compost c a phng php compost trc tip cc cht thi ban u. Tuy nhin, ch t ci t o t trong tr ng hp ny chnh l phn trn qu ch khng phi phn compost, m phn trn qu th l i c gi tr cao hn compost gp 20 ln. Tm ph compost trong bi tiu lun ny c nhiu mc ch s dng khc nhau. N c th c dng trong c trng hp compost vi sinh vt a nhit ln tr ng hp compost ch u nhi t. N c th c s dng trong trng hp sy kh vt li u sinh khi b ng ph ng php ch u nhi t. N c th c s dng trong vic cha tr ngoi tri compost hoc cc thnh ph n ti n compost nh phn v v tru. Loi vt liu nh v d s dng ny ch i hi ng v n b ra r t nh v em l i c hi kinh t di do cho nhiu ngi ngho, c bit l ph n. Tm ph compost cng c th c ch to bng cc loi nha do nhng ngi nht rc thu gom. Xng sn xut compost ch nn nh thi. V d, n c th c i u hnh b i ch m t ng i nh t rc, v sn xut khng qu 5 hoc 10 tn compost/thng. Tt c nhng g m ngi nht rc cn ch l mt khu t khng b ngp lt trong ma ma l, m t t t m ph , v c th thu c m t my nghin mi lc. Lc bt u, ngi nht rc ny c th tr m t khon ti n/kg rc c nghi n cho vic thu my nghin. My nghin c th c ngi ch s hu em n nhi u c s s n xu t compost nh cho thu. V c th sau ny ngi nht rc s tch ly c v n mua m t chic my nghin cho mnh. Nhiu loi vt liu sinh khi c th c sy kh v kh ha vi m t b kh ha thng kh c ng b c t di ln v t trn. Kh gas sn sinh t qu trnh ny c th c t chy v s d ng cho nhi u mc ch: nu, un si, hp, si, sy kh, chng ct, lm , i u ha khng kh v t o ra i n nng. Thay v t chy kh gas ny, chng ta c th lc v t ng h p thnh nhin li u dng cho xe t v xe my (methanol), hoc thnh mt loi phn bn (amoniac) 32. Methanol c th c kh nc to thnh dimethyl ether (mt loi nhin liu cht lng cao dng trong ng c diesel) 33, hoc 32 Cc nh my tng hp methanol cng c th sn xut ra ph phm l amoniac.

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c x l thnh nha v cc loi sn phm hu ch khc. R rng trong tng lai methanol s c dng lm pin methanol. Than sinh hc t phng php kh ha c th c s dng trc ti p lm cht ci t o t; c th c ha trn vi compost, phn trn qu hoc cht th i rn c th phn h y sinh h c; c th c hot ha s dng trong vic lc nc v kh. Cacbon hot tnh v bo t m l nh ng cng c h u ch trong vic lc nc. Nh chng ta lu , mt s than sinh h c c th h p th cc ch t nhi m t t v nc k c khi chng khng c hot ha. Tin s Thomas Reginald Preston tin hnh m t cng trnh nghin c u v gi th hi n r ng than sinh hc c th ng mt vai tr rt quan tr ng trong vi c ci t o kho ng 2 tri u hecta t b nhi m axit sulphat ti vng ng bng sng Hng v vng ng bng sng Cu Long 34. Cc vng t ny b nhim axit rt nng, v vy mc sinh trng v sn l ng ca nhi u lo i cy tr ng y r t h n ch. Nhng khi bn than sinh hc vo t, th tc sinh tr ng v sn lng cy tr ng t c mc bnh thng. Bi v hin nay nn an ninh lng th c c a Vi t Nam ang c t ln hng u, nn Tin s Preston cho rng vic ci to 2 triu hecta t ny khng ph i l m t vi c lm hoang ph, m l mt s cn thit. Vit Nam c lng vt li u sinh kh i ti n hnh cng tc c i to t trong mt khong thi gian tng i ngn. Nhng s dng than sinh hc kt hp vi compost v cht thi rn c th ti ch sinh h c c i t o t bc mu khng nn ch gii hn trong 2 tri u hecta t ny. Cc chuyn gia nng nghi p d bo rng, trong vng 20 nm na, t ai Lt s b bc mu v khng cn ph nhiu na. Vy nh ng g s xy n i vi Tp.HCM, ni ph thuc nhiu vo ngun rau qu t Lt? Trn 25% t nng nghip ca Trung Quc b bc mu, l kt qu tt yu ca m t nn nng nghi p khng b n vng. trnh tnh trng tng t nh vy, Vit Nam phi nhanh chng chm dt cc hot ng nng nghip phi bn vng lm dng phn bn, thuc tr su v thu c tr c ha h c. Khng c nh v ch no v nng nghip bn vng Vit Nam v i hn Tin s Preston, v hng ngn bi bo m ng l tc gi cng nh ng tc gi thc s cho tt c chng ta ngng m. 35 Ti phn m u, chng ta bit rng din tch trng la chi m khong 84% di n tch t nng nghip ca Vit Nam. Nhng ng bun l bt c ni no la c gieo tr ng th t i n i chng ta chng kin vic thi b rm r v v tru bng cch t. iu ny lm cho khng kh b nhi m trn din rng. ng thi, mi nm ti Vit Nam hng trm ngn hecta r ng b t chy c ki m sot nhm phng nga him ha chy rng 36 . th, cc h gia nh thng t rc vn v cc loi rc khc ch khng b ra ng xe n thu gom. Ti a s cc vng nng thn, th ng 33 Xem http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimethyl_ether

34 Xem: http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd23/2/siso23032.htm v http://www.mekarn.org/workshops/pakse/abstracts/khang.htm

35 Xem: http://www.mekarn.org/publ.htm v http://www.lrrd.org/ v http://www.mekarn.org/workshops.htm

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khng c dch v thu gom, nn nhiu h gia nh th ng hay t rc h n l chn. Rc t i bi chn lp Vit Nam cng thng c t nh l mt cch tng cng su t bi. Khi cng nhn v sinh qut rc l v cnh cy dc cc ng ph, h cng thng t chng ngay trong ph m vi thnh ph. R rng h lm nh vy l khi phi vn chuyn cc lo i rc ny n bi chn l p, v t i bi th h cng t. Vic t vt liu sinh khi v cc loi rc khc di n ra trn m i mi n nng thn v th Vi t Nam. Khi nn nhim khng kh t vic t rc kt hp vi nn nhi m khng kh t cc b p l truy n thng nu bng cc loi vt liu sinh khi cht lng th p, th tc h i c a chng n s c kh e con ngi l khng th o m c. V hu ht cc vt liu sinh khi ang b t chy mt cch lng ph hin nay u c th c s dng lm nhin liu cho sn xu t compost hoc ph ng php kh ha, nn vic t rc nhm qun l, kim sot hoc lm nhin li u phi ch m d t. Nu ng bo cc dn tc thiu s ti cc khu vc mi n ni cng kh ha rc r ng, th vi c t rc rng kim sot nn chy rng l khng cn thit na. Hng ch c ngn b kh ha nh c th c s dng ti cc khu vc min ni, v kh gas sn sinh t vi c kh ha c th c s d ng cho nhu cu nu nng ca gia nh, hoc cung cp cho cc nh my t ng h p methanol quy m nh c cng sut di 500 lt methanol/ngy. Than sinh hc t qu thng c th c dng vo nhi u m c ch, nh l lc nc hay hp th cht gy nhim t t nh chng ta c xem. Thng vi sinh vt a nhit c th nhn rc sinh hc th , phn ngi hoc c hai. Thng ny c th c lm tng hiu qu bng cc vi sinh vt a nhi t nh tn g i c a n. N u c gy gi ng v qun l tt, loi thng ny cng c th c chc nng gi ng nh m t thng phn trn qu . N u thng c s dng u trng rui lnh en, n c th x l c nhi u rc h n so v i thi t k ban u. Nu thit k c iu chnh mt cht ti phn ng thot di y, th thng ny c th c s dng thu hoch u trng rui lnh en. D nhin, nh ng ai mu n thu ho ch u trng d h n th c th s dng thng sinh hc. Gch ch to thng vi sinh vt a nhit c th c nung t i m t l nung s d ng nhi t nng t kh ha. L nung nh vy khng pht thi khi v mui than. i u ny hon ton i l p v i nhng g m chng ta chng kin trong thc t, chng hn nh t i t nh Bnh nh, ton b khu v c b nhim bi khi v mui than bc ln t cc l nung g ch t v t li u sinh kh i ch t l ng th p, n ni ngay c vo nhng ngy nng cng kh c th nhn thy mt tri. Thng vi sinh vt a nhit c dn mt ln mi nm, hoc mi hai nm hoc hai l n m i nm, vic dn thng v thu gom phn b t thng s do ngi nht rc thc hi n, v trong t ng lai khng xa, th c th h s phi mua li ph n b ny t h gia nh gi ng nh vi c h mua gi y lo i by gi. Ngi nht rc s bm nh v nghin phn b ny lm cht m i cho trn . Vi c ny s to iu kin cho h tham gia vo cng vic kinh doanh c li, l bn phn trn. M t khi m phn trn qu c bn cho t, th nhu cu phn bn ha hc s gim nhanh chng. Nc tiu t cc nh v sinh c b phn tch nc ti u s c kh trng, c ng i nh t rc thu gom v bn cho ngi nng dn lm ngun b sung NPK di do. Sau khi c pha long v i nc, hn hp ny c bn vo t, lng amoniac hao ht l r t t. Khi m hnh ny lan r ng khp Vit Nam, th nhu cu phn bn ha hc s gim nhanh chng. Thay v bn n c ti u cho 36 Thnh thong vo ma kh, thnh ph Lt ngp trn khi t rc rng.

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ngi nng dn, th ngi nht rc cng c th s dng chng lm compost v hm l ng ni t trong nc tiu rt cao 37. Vic thu gom nc tiu v compost theo phng php ch u nhi t x y ra cng vi nhau. Mt phng n khc l chu tiu than sinh h c, m t thi t b c c k n gi n lm b ng nh a PVC, mt chu lm bng t nung hoc vt liu khc cha than sinh hc 38 . Chu tiu than sinh hc c th c t ti nh, nh hng v cc a im cng cng khc. Ch u cng c th c thi t k dng cho c nam ln n. V than sinh hc h p thu mi amoniac, nn ch u ti u s khng c mi hi. Khi chu tiu y nc tiu, th nc tiu v than sinh hc s c b . Sau , than sinh h c ti s li c b vo. Ngi nht rc c th lm dch v chu tiu than sinh hc, v bn h n hp nc ti u v than sinh hc cho ngi nng dn. Hoc s dng hn hp ny cho ng compost c a mnh t o ra s n phm compost cht lng cao. Chng ta thy vic tch nc ti u, compost v kh ha ho t ng cng vi nhau. D nhin, nu vic vn chuyn nc tiu, hoc hn hp than v nc tiu l qu ph c tp, th chng ta vn c th x l nc tiu ti ch bng bo t m. Bo t m c th c cho gia c m n di dng ti hoc luc, hoc c phi kh hay men s dng c lu. Chng ta c th tip tc gii thch v tnh linh hot v h n trong vi c x l ch t th i b ng cc cng ngh ny. Vi nhiu phng php x l cht thi c sn cho nhi u ngi ang tm ki m c h i lm kinh t, th Vit Nam trong tng lai s khng th no c cht thi p ng nhu cu to l n . Khi nim qun l cht thi ny khng yu cu m c nh n th c cao v mi tr ng. N i dung ch yu ca n l tit kim v kim tin nhiu c p. N m ra nhi u c h i vi c lm cho hng tri u ng i Vit Nam, gip nhiu ngi thot khi i ngho, gi m thi u nhu c u nh p kh u th c ph m, nhin liu, thc n gia sc v phn bn ti Vit Nam, to tc ng tch c c ln cn cn th ng m i c a Vi t Nam, gip Vit Nam khng cn phi ph thuc vo nhng h tr t bn ngoi trong cng tc qu n l cht thi, l tim nng gip a Vit Nam thnh mt nh lnh o th gi i v qu n l ch t th i, vt xa c chu u v M. Nhiu ngi c lin quan n cng tc qun l cht thi nhi u nm qua tham gia tranh lu n v tnh hnh thc ti, cho rng Vit Nam l mt t nc qu ngho v chi ph qu n l ch t th i l qu cao, nn Vit Nam khng th no loi tr khi nhim c. ng mng l chng ta trnh by kh nng c th t c kt qu tri ngc vi quan nim nu trn t chnh s ngho i (gi i nh) ca Vit Nam. Vit Nam qu ngho khi m lng ph kh nhiu tin bc bng vi c chn l p rc. Vi t Nam qu ngho khi b qua c hi kim c thu nhp t chng ch cacbon t c t cc lo i rc khng

37 Thm nc tiu ca mt ngi khe mnh vo compost s lm tng nhit v v vy tng kh nng tiu dit mm bnh v cc loi c di. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compost

38 Chu tiu than sinh hc ang c p dng ph bin, c bit ti n . Xem: http://ebiocharurinals.blogspot.com/

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c chn. Vit Nam qu ngho khi b l thu nh p t nhi u lo i s n ph m lm t rc. Cu i cng, Vit Nam qu ngho khi khng bin rc thnh ngun ti nguyn qu gi nht. Vi khi nim qun l cht thi c kh nng sinh li cao, t ng h p, phi t p trung v quy m nh ny, chng ta khng cn phi chn lp rc trong cc hm m sng nc , m chng ta c th ti ch ton b v tr thnh mt thnh vin nng ng v tch cc trong chu trnh ti to tuyt vi.

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PH L C 1 TRUNG TM H C T P, D CH V M R NG, H P TC X V C QUAN CH C NNG

Nu cc cng ngh c trnh by trong tiu lun ny c th c hi n mt cch hi u qu , th s c n n s c mt ca nhiu t chc h tr. Hy bt u vi trung tm hc tp qun l cht thi. Trung tm hc tp qun l cht thi cn c thnh lp ti mi tnh. i ng nhn s c a trung tm s bao gm cc chuyn gia c trnh cao v cc cng ngh compost ch u nhi t v vi sinh v t a nhit, bin i sinh hc vi rui lnh en v trn , nui bo t m, kh ha v chua axit lactic. Ngoi ra, cc nghin cu sinh khoa nng hc c a cc tr ng i h c l n c a Vi t Nam s c m i lm gio vin tm thi hoc ging vin ti cc trung tm hc tp ny. Sau nhiu ngy hoc nhiu tun o to, hc vin tt nghi p t cc trung tm ny s c c p chng ch qun l cht thi. Ngi nht rc c th s c mi tham gia tt c cc hot ng c a trung tm. H cng c cng nhn mt cch chnh thc v c cp chng ch . Cc ch ng trnh dy ngh cng c thit lp. Thnh thong trung tm cng mi cc chuyn gia t ch c h i th o v cc ng dng v ci tin mi nht v qun l cht thi bn vng. Bn cnh vic o to v cp chng ch, trung tm hc t p cn cung c p d ch v t v n, lin k t k nng ca hc vin vi loi hnh cng vic lin quan n x l mt loi cht th i c th . Trung tm c th h tr trong vic nhn din cc c hi x l cht thi ti mt a bn c th c a thnh ph ho c tnh; gii thch v cc c im kinh t v hu cn ca vic x l cht thi ti m t a bn c th ; nhn din cc th trng hin ti v gip to ra cc th trng mi cho sn phm t ch t thi; h tr cc c quan qun l a phng trong cng tc phn b t ai cho cc khu x l ch t th i phi t p trung; cung cp dch v t vn v an ton v sc khe cho nhng i tng ph i ti p xc v i cc cht c hi hay cc cht gy bnh trong vic x l cht thi; cung cp d ch v vi tn d ng mua sm cc trang thit b x l cht thi nh: thng sinh h c, b kh ha, my nghi n, t m ph , thng men, xe y tay hoc xe c ng c nh; cung c p d ch v vi tn d ng mua s m cc trang thi t b bo h lao ng hin i nh gng tay v mt n; nhn di n cc nh cung c p thi t b x l v b o h lao ng tt nht, cho php h gii thi u v bn s n ph m t i trung tm ho c g n trung tm; xut cc chng trnh nng cao nhn thc v mi trng, c bit l cho tr ng h c; l u tr cc thng tin v loi hnh v khi lng cc loi cht thi khng chn lp, khng t v khng b nhm p ng cc yu cu ca vic xin cp chng nhn chng ch cacbon. Nhng c l chc nng quan trng nht ca trung tm hc tp chnh l khuyn khch v t o i u kin cho vic thnh lp hp tc x ti cc cp huyn, tnh v c trung ng. H p tc x l n v th c thi quyn lc trong vic gip cho cc nh qun l ch t th i t c gi bn cao nh t cho cc s n phm t cht thi ca mnh; tm kim cc cng ty sn xut hng ha lm t s n ph m t ch t th i v mi cc cng ty ny m ca hng ti a phng; thit lp cc tiu chu n ch t l ng cho s n phm v cp chng nhn cho cc x vin tun theo h th ng tiu chu n ny; m b o t t c cc x vin u c kim tra sc khe nh k v c bo hi m y t ; m b o con ci c a x vin u c n trng v khng b lm dng sc lao ng; chm dt s bc lt ngi nht rc c a cc phe nhm mafia ti Vit Nam; li cun nhiu ngi hn tham gia vo ngh qu n l ch t th i, v gip cc x vin c x hi nhn nhn tch cc hn. Nhng thnh kin tiu c c mi khi nh c n k b i rc s hon ton khng cn na.

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Cc trung tm hc tp ny s phc v ch yu cho ph n. Ph n l nh ng ng i s n sng ti p xc vi cht thi theo ng ngha en. V d, ph n l ngi khng e ng i vi c ph i d n thng vi sinh vt a nhit; nui trn v tch trn kh i phn trn; cho rc th c ph m vo thng sinh h c v thu hoch u trng rui lnh en; bm v nghin rc rau c b vo thng men; ho c thu gom rc ti ch, than sinh hc v nc tiu ti cc h gia nh. y l nh ng cng vi c m ng i ph n thng c khuynh hng phi m nhn. Hp tc x gim bt thi gian lm cng tc qu n l i u hnh cng vic cho ngi ph n, cho php ph n tp trung ton tm ton vo cng vi c c a mnh. V vy x vin hp tc x a s l n. Thay v ph i lm vi c d i s i u hnh c a m t ng ch , th mi x vin u l mt ngi ch ca hp tc x. Thay v phi bn sn ph m vi gi r cho c, x vin s bn c vi gi tng t nh gi m i c vn thng bn c. Tr thnh x vin c a hp tc x, cht thi s tr thnh mt ngun ti nguyn trong tay c a chnh cc x vin. i u ny s li cun ngy cng nhiu ngi hn tham gia vo ngh nghip qun l ch t th i. V vi s ng i tham gia ng hn, th c hi cnh tranh s nhiu hn, cht thi s c ti ch hiu qu h n v bn vng hn. Mi loi hnh cht thi s c khai thc ht tt c cc gi tr m n c. Vic u tin cho ngi ph n m nhim cng vic ti mc m tr c y ng i nh t rc m nhim nhm xc nh khi nim quy m nh trong bi cnh qun l ch t th i ti Vi t Nam. Nhng ngi ngho lm nhng cng vic bn thu phi l nhng ng i u tin nh n c thu nh p t cng sc lao ng m h b ra. Hp tc x cung cp cc iu kin lm vi c c n thi t gip cho n l c qu n l cht thi quy m nh ny tn ti v pht trin. Chnh ph Vit Nam ban hnh Ngh nh s 59/2007/N-CP ngy 09/4/2007 quy nh r rng rng cht thi rn, khng loi tr loi cht thi th no, phi c phn loi ti ngun , v cht thi c phn loi ti ngun phi c ti s dng v ti ch . L u r ng Ngh nh ny khng ch n gin l mong mun ca Chnh ph, m n chnh l nhm quy nh cng tc gim st v th c thi. Nu phng n duy nht c sn cho cc c quan qu n l c p t nh v huy n ch l chn l p ch t th i mt cch ung ph, th c l cc c quan ny ng khi l ngh nh ny i. Nh ng xt trn ph ng din c hi kinh t bn vng m cc cng ngh trnh by ti ti u lu n ny c p n, th m i n i dung hng dn ca Ngh nh 59/2007/N-CP cn phi c xem xt mt cch nghim tc v c thc thi y . Thc t vi cc cng ngh ny, th tt c cc m c tiu qu n l ch t th i v m c thi gian ra trong Ngh nh ny u c th t c mt cch d dng. Trung tm hc tp v hp tc x ch c ch c nng o t o v h tr , ch khng c ch c nng gim st v ch ti. V vy, chnh quyn a ph ng c n ph i can thi p m t cch tch c c v hi u l c b ng cch thit lp c quan chc nng qun l cht thi. Mt trong nhng nhim v quan trng ca cc c quan chc nng ny chnh l gim st v p ch vic phn loi rc ti ngun. Vic s dng thng vi sinh vt a nhi t s gip cn b c a cc c quan chc nng thc hin nhim v ca mnh mt cch d dng ti cp h gia nh. Thng thng th mi h gia nh c mt thng, v anh ta s kim tra nh k vi c b rc sai quy nh, ph t nhng h gia nh b vo thng cc loi vt liu nh thy tinh, kim loi, v i ho c nh a, p d ng mc pht cao cho nhng trng hp b vo thng cc loi cht th i c h i nh pin ho c bng n. Cc c quan chc nng c h tr bi i ng cc nh qun l ch t th i c ch ng nh n, nhng ngi ny c nhim v bo co v cc tr ng h p b rc c th phn h y sinh h c ra ng ph, cn c vo , cc cn b qun l cht thi c a cc c quan ch c nng s ti n hnh cc hnh 53

ng ph hp. Cn b qun l cht thi ca cc c quan ch c nng cng i ki m tra t i cc ch , cn tin, nh hng v cc c s kinh doanh khc nh m gim st v m b o s thi hnh theo ng Ngh nh 59/2007/N-CP v phn loi rc ti ngun, ti s dng v ti ch . Nh ng h gia nh v cc t chc pht thi nu thc hin ng quy nh s c thng ph hp. Nh vy chng ta thy cc trung tm hc tp, hp tc x v c quan ch c nng u c vai tr r t quan trng trong vic thc thi khi nim qun l cht th i. Trung tm h c t p c vai tr o t o v t vn, hp tc x to iu kin v thc thi, cn c quan ch c nng th m b o t t c cc quy nh v ngh nh v cht thi u c tun th nghim tc. Bi v cng tc qun l cht thi sinh hc c mi quan h mt thit vi nng nghi p, nn cn ph i c s tng tc v thng tin cht ch gia cc trung tm hc tp qu n l ch t th i v i cc c quan khuyn nng. Cht thi nng nghip c th c x l bng nhi u cng ngh tng t nh cng ngh x l cht thi sinh hc th, nn cc chuyn gia t i cc trung tm h c t p c th t v n cho ngi nng dn v cc vn x l cht thi, v ngc l i cc c quan khuy n nng c th truy n t cho cc hc vin ca trung tm v vic s dng cc s n ph m lm t rc cho nng nghi p. Tuy nhin, trung tm hc tp v c quan khuyn nng khng phi l mt v phi ring bi t vi nhau. a s cc cht thi nng nghip ti Vit Nam u c pht thi bi nhng nng dn khng c t vn y v vic trng loi cy trng no vo ma v no cho ph h p. Ch ng h n, n u qu nhi u nng dn trng hnh th s cn tn rt nhiu hnh khng bn c, v s hnh ny b b . L ng rc thi ny c ti cc nng tri, c s ng gi v ch . Thng thng th vi c t v n cho ng i nng dn v loi cy trng v thi im gieo trng chnh l trch nhi m c a c quan khuy n nng. R rng rng Vit Nam cn phi u t nhiu hn na vo cng tc khuyn nng nh m gip ng i nng dn bit cch gieo trng ng theo nhu cu khng pht sinh ch t th i m t cch khng c n thit na. Mt kh nng khc na l thnh lp cc hp tc x nng nghi p c ch c nng chm lo cc v n nng nghip quan trng cho x vin. Hp tc x nng nghip cng c th t vn cho ng i nng dn v loi cy trng v thi im gieo trng; h tr ngi nng dn trong vi c tm ki m th tr ng v i gi cao; t vn cho x vin vic s dng thuc tr su v tr c sinh h c thay cho thu c ha h c. C nhiu loi thuc tr su sinh hc nh l compost v dung dch phn trn qu c ch t o t cc sn phm lm t rc. Gia trung tm hc tp qun l cht thi v c quan khuyn nng c m i quan h v t ng h ch t ch vi nhau, nn gia hp tc x rc v hp tc x nng nghi p cng c m i quan h v t ng h cht ch. V d, khi hp tc x rc bn sn phm cho ngi nng dn, th tt nht l bn vi s l ng ln thng qua hp tc x nng nghip. Ngc li hp tc x nng nghi p cng mu n giao d ch qua hp tc x rc v rng hp tc x rc l n v chu trch nhim cao nht v ch t lng sn ph m. Hp tc x rc nn gy p lc ln hp tc x nng nghi p nh m h n ch vi c s d ng thu c tr su v thuc tr c ha hc, bi v vic s dng cc loi ha ch t ny s gy nh h ng tiu c c n cht lng v kh nng tiu th ca cc sn phm lm t rc. ng th i vi c s d ng cc s n ph m lm t rc sinh hc gip gim mnh nhu cu s dng cc loi phn bn, thu c tr su v thu c tr c ha hc. V rng mi quan h tt p gia trung tm h c tp qu n l ch t thi v c quan khuy n nng l rt quan trng, nn mi quan h tt p gi a h p tc x rc v h p tc x nng nghi p cng quan trng khng km.

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Cui cng, bi v cn c mt c quan chc nng theo di vi c phn lo i rc t i ngu n, ti ch v ti s dng rc sinh hot, nn cng cn c mt c quan chc nng theo di nh ng g di n ra t i nng tri. C quan ny cn m bo vic thc hin cc bin php qun l phn bn bn v ng m t cch nghim tc; pht nhng nng dn c lin quan trong vi c b b a bi, t ho c chn l p cc lo i cht thi th rn v th lng; thc hin tt c cc bin php trong ph m vi quy n h n c a mnh nhm phng nga vic lm dng thuc tr su v thuc tr c ha hc; bt gi cc c nhn tham gia mua bn cc ha cht nng nghip b cm trn ton th gi i; ti n hnh cc th nghi m t t i mi nng tri nhm xc nh mc bc mu cng nh mc nhi m c ha cht c a t. Tm li, c quan ny ng mt vai tr cc k quan trng trong vi c duy tr s an ton v an ninh c a ngnh lng thc thc phm Vit Nam. Nh vy, qun l cht thi cng vi s cng tc ca mt nn nng nghi p bn vng khng ph i l mt hot ng c t chc mt cch t pht. M n i hi phi c trung tm h c t p, c quan khuyn nng, hp tc x v c quan chc nng. Tt c u phi ph i hp vi nhau mt cch ch t ch v bn b.

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