You are on page 1of 26

Bi tp ton ri rc

BI TP CHNG I
Bi 1:
S m vng cn thit nh nht l bao nhiu m bo 25 triu my
in thoi khc nhau. Mi in thoi c 9 ch s c dng 0XX-8XXXXX vi
X nhn gi tr t 0 n 9.
Gii
V s m vng c dng: 0XX-8XXXXX, vi X nhn cc gi tr t 0 n 9
(10 s), c 07 k t X do vy s c 10
7
trng hp. Do , theo nguyn l
Dirichlet vi 10 triu my in thoi th s m vng cn thit l:
] [ 3 5 , 2
000 . 000 . 10
000 . 000 . 25

]
]
]
. Vy s m vng cn thit tha yu cu bi ton l 3.
Bi 2:
Bin s xe gm 8 k t, dng NN-NNNN-XN, v d 75_1576_F1. Hai
s u l m tnh, X l ch ci (26 ch ci). N gm cc s 0, 1, , 9. Hi mt
tnh no cn ng k cho 10 triu xe th cn bao nhiu serial (X).
Gii
Bi ton ny c 02 cch hiu: serial y c th l 02 k t NN u tin
hoc l 02 k t XN cui cng.
Cch hiu 1: (serial l 02 k t XN cui cng).
Hai s NN u l m tnh, do nh nc quy nh nn khng nh hng
n kt qu bi ton.
Su k t cn li c 5 k t l N, nh vy c
5
10 trng hp. Theo
nguyn l Dirichlet, s serial X ti thiu phi tha mn:
100
000 . 100
000 . 000 . 10

]
]
]
.
iu ny khng hp l v s k t ch ci ch l 26. Do vy, nu bi ton sa li
l 1 triu bng s xe th kt qu hp l hn, khi s serial l:
10
000 . 100
000 . 000 . 1

]
]
]
.
Cch hiu 2: (serial l 02 k t NN u tin)
Bn k t NNNN s c 10
4
trng hp, 02 k t XN s c 26*10 = 260
trng hp. Theo quy tc nhn, tng s trng hp s l: 10
4
*260 = 2.600.000.
Do , theo nguyn l Dirichlet, s serial ti thiu phi l:

] [ 4 84 , 3
000 . 600 . 2
000 . 000 . 10

]
]
]
.
Vy cn 04 s serial ng k cho 10 triu xe.
Trng CSP Qung Tr
1
Bi tp ton ri rc
Bi 3:
C bao nhiu xu nh phn c di 10:
a. Bt u bng 00 hoc kt thc bng 11.
b. Bt u bng 00 v kt thc bng 11.
Gii
a. Bt u bng 00 hoc kt thc bng 11.
Xu nh phn bt u bng 00 c dng: 00.xxxx.xxxx. K t x c th l 0
hoc 1, c 8 k t x do vy c
8
2 xu.
Xu nh phn kt thc bng 11 c dng: xx.xxxx.xx11. Tng t ta cng
tnh c c
8
2 xu.
Xu nh phn bt u bng 00 v kt thc bng 11 c dng 00.xxxx.xx11.
Tng t nh trn, ta cng tnh c c
6
2 xu.
Vy s xu nh phn bt u bng 00 hay kt thc bng 11 l:
448 64 512 2 2 * 2
6 8
n xu.
b. Bt u bng 00 v kt thc bng 11.
Xu nh phn tha mn bi phi c dng: 00.xxxx.xx11. Hai k t u
v 02 k t cui l khng i, do vy ch cn 06 k t gia. Do s xu nh
phn tha mn bi l: 2
6

xu.
Bi 4:
Kha 29 CNTT c 150 SV hc NNLT Java, 160 SV hoc Delphi, 40 SV
hc c hai mn trn.
a. Tm tt c SV ca kha 29 bit rng SV no cng phi hc t nht 01
mn.
b. Bit tng s SV l 285, hi c bao nhiu SV khng hc Java hoc
Delphi.
Gii
Gi J: SV hc Java
D: SV hc Delphi
a. S SV ca kha 29 l:
270 40 160 150
1
+ + D J D J D J n
SV
b. Cu b c 02 cch hiu:
Cch 01: khng hc t nht 01 mn.
S SV khng hc Java hoc Delphi l (p dng nguyn l b tr) ta tnh
c:
245 40 285
2
D J n n
SV
Cch 02: khng hc Java cng chng hc Delphi:
Trng CSP Qung Tr
2
Bi tp ton ri rc
Theo cch hiu ny, p dng nguyn l b tr ta tnh c s SV nh sau:

15 40 160 150 285
'
2
+ + D J D J n D J n
SV
Bi 5:
Mi ngi s dng my tnh dng password c 6 -> 8 k t. Cc k t
c th l ch s hoc ch ci, mi password phi c t nht 01 ch s. Tm
tng s password c th c.
Gii
Bi ton ny cng c th c hiu theo 02 cch.
Cch 01: phn bit ch thng vi ch hoa.
Ch ci thng: 26
Ch ci hoa: 26
Ch s: 10
Do , tng cng c 26 + 26 + 10 = 62 k t khc nhau.
Nu password c n k t.
Tng s trng hp:
n
62
S password khng c ch s:
n
52
Suy ra s password c t nht 01 ch s:
n n
n
n 52 62
p dng cho cc trng hp n = 6, 7, 8. Tng s password tha yu cu bi
l:
040 . 583 . 949 . 410 . 167 52 62 52 62 52 62
8 8 7 7 6 6
8 7 6
+ + + + n n n n
Cch 02: khng phn bit ch thng vi ch hoa:
Cch lm hon ton tng t, nhng thay v s dng cc s 62 v 52 th
y s dng 02 s: 36 v 26. Kt qu s l:
063.360 2.684.483. 26 36 26 36 26 36
8 8 7 7 6 6
8 7 6
+ + + + n n n n
Bi 6:
C n l th b vo n b th. Hi xc sut xy ra trng hp khng
c l th no b ng c b th ca n.
Gii
V c n phong b v n b th nn c tt c N = n! cch b th khc nhau.
m s cch b th sao cho khng l th no ng a ch, ta p dng nguyn
l b tr:
N
= n! N
1
+ N
2
... + (1)
n
N
n
,
Trng CSP Qung Tr
3
Bi tp ton ri rc
trong N
m
(1 m n) l s cch b th sao cho c t nht m l th ng a
ch, N
m
l s cch ly m l th t n l, vi mi cch ly m l th, c (n-m)! cch
b m l th ny ng a ch, nh vy:
N
m
=
m
n
C
(n - m)! =
!
!
k
n
do vy
N
= n!(1
! 1
1
+
! 2
1
... + (1)
n

!
1
n
),
Do xc sut tha bi ton:
k
1 1 1 1
1 + - +...+(-1)
! 1! 2! 3! k!
N N
p
N n

Bi 7:
Ch ra rng nu chn 5 s t tp 8 s {1, 2, , 7, 8} th bao gi cng
c t nht 01 cp s c tng l 9.
Gii
T 8 s trn, ta chia thnh 04 cp: {1, 8}, {2, 7}, {3, 6}, {4, 5} v tng
ca mi cp u bng 9. Nh vy, bi s tr thnh chn 5 s t 4 cp s trn.
Theo nguyn l Dirichlet, phi c t nht 01 cp s c chn ht. Vy bi ton
c chng minh.
Bi 8:
Chng minh rng trong bt k mt nhm 27 t ting Anh no cng c
t nht 2 t bt u t cng 01 ch ci.
Gii
Bng ch ci ca ting anh gm 26 k t: a, b, c, , x, y, z. V c 27 t
ting Anh v mi t bt u bng 01 ch ci nn theo nguyn l Dirichlet phi
c t nht 02 t bt u bng cng 01 ch ci.
Bi 9:
Cn phi c bao nhiu SV ghi tn vo lp TRR chc chn c t nht
65 SV t cng im thi, gi s thang im thi gm 10 bc.
Gii
Gi n l s sinh vin ti thiu tha mn bi, theo nguyn l Dirichlet th
] [ 65
10

n
. Do vy
641 1 64 * 10 + n
SV.
Bi 10:
Trng CSP Qung Tr
4
Bi tp ton ri rc
Tm h thc truy hi v cho iu kin u tnh s cc xu nh phn
c di n v khng c 2 s 0 lin tip.
C bao nhiu xu nh phn nh th c di bng 5.
Gii
Vi xu nh phn c di n, ta chia thnh 02 trng hp:
Nu k t cui cng l 1 th k t trc (k t th n 1) c th l 1
hay l 0 u c.
Nu k t cui cng l 0 th k t trc (k t th n 1) ch c th l 1
(v nu l 0 th vi phm yu cu bi ton) nhng k t trc na (th n 2)
c th l 0 hay 1 u c.
T 02 trng hp trn ta suy ra c: 2 1
+
n n n
f f f
Cc iu kin u:
2
1
f
,
3
2
f
C 13 xu nh phn c di 5 v khng c 2 s 0 lin tip.
Bi 11:
Dy cc s Fibonacci tha 2 1
+
n n n
f f f
, cho iu kin u:

'

1
0
1
0
f
f
.
Hy tm h thc truy hi ca Fibonacci.
Gii
Phng trnh c trng:
2
1 0 x x
c cc nghim l: r
1
=
2
5 1+
v r
2
=
2
5 1
.
Do cc s Fibonacci tng qut s c dng:
1 2
1 5 1 5
2 2
n n
n
f
| ` | `
+
+


. , . ,
vi cc iu kin ban u :
1 2
1
0
1 2 1
2
1
0
0
5
1 5 1 5
1 1 1
2 2
5
f
f



| ` | `
+ ' ' '
+




. , . ,

Do cc s Fibonacci c cho bi cng thc nh sau:


1 1 5 1 1 5
2 2 5 5
n n
n
f
| ` | `
+



. , . ,
Trng CSP Qung Tr
5
Bi tp ton ri rc
Bi 12:
Tm nghim ca h thc truy hi sau: 3 2 1
6 5 2

+
n n n n
a a a a
trong
cc iu kin u l:
7
0
a
,
4
1
a
,
8
2
a
.
Gii
Phng trnh c trng
0 ) 6 )( 1 ( 0 6 5 2
2 2 3
+ x x x x x x
Cc nghim ca phng trnh c trng:

'

3
2
1
2
1
0
x
x
x
Do , h thc truy hi s c dng:
n n n
n
a 3 ) 2 ( 1
3 2 1
+ +
Vi cc iu kin u c cho:
7
0
a
,
4
1
a
,
8
2
a
. Ta c h phng trnh
nh sau:

'

'

+ +
+
+ +
1
3
5
9 4 8
3 2 4
7
3
2
1
3 2 1
3 2 1
3 2 1




Vy nghim ca h thc truy hi l:
n n
n
a 3 ) 2 ( 3 5 +
B i 13:
Tm h thc truy hi v n
r
. Vi n
r
l s min ca mt phng b phn
chia bi n ng thng. Bit rng khng c 2 ng thng no song song v
cng khng c 03 ng thng no i qua cng 1 im.
Gii
Vi n ng thng, theo bi th ng thng th n s ct n 1 ng
thng cn li ti n 1 im, tc l s ct n 1 + 1 = n phn mt phng. Do , s
phn mt phng tng ln l n. T , ta c c h thc truy hi:
n r r
n n
+
1 .
Cc iu kin u l:
Trng CSP Qung Tr
6
Bi tp ton ri rc
n = 0: r
0
= 1.
n = 1: r
1
= 2.
BI TP CHNG II
Bi 14
Chng minh rng trong mt n th lun c t nht 02 nh c
cng bc.
Gii
Trong th n, s bc ti a cung
TH1: Gi s th khng c nh treo, do s bc ti thiu ca cc nh
l 1, s bc ti a ca cc nh l n-1 (v l n th). C n nh, s bc ca cc
nh i t 1 n n-1 (n-1) gi tr. Do theo nguyn l Dirichlet phi c t nht
02 nh c cng bc.
TH2: Gi s th c t nht 01 nh treo, khi s bc ti thiu ca cc
nh l 0, v s bc ti a ch l n-2 (v l n th, ng thi c nh treo). C
n nh, s bc ca cc nh ch c th i t 0 n n-2 (n-1) gi tr. Do theo
nguyn l Dirichlet phi c t nht 02 nh c cng bc.
Bi 15:
Tnh tng s bc ca n
K
(n th ).
Gii
Vi th th mi nh u ni vi cc nh cn li. Do vy, khi c n
nh th mi nh u ni vi n -1 nh cn li, tc l bc ca mi nh u bng
n 1.
Vy, tng s bc ca c th l: n*(n 1) bc.
II. Cc bi tp trong giy kim tra ln 1.
Bi 16: (ging bi 12 phn trc).
Tm nghim ca h thc truy hi sau: 3 2 1
6 5 2

+
n n n n
a a a a
trong cc iu kin u l:
7
0
a
,
4
1
a
,
8
2
a
.
Gii
Phng trnh c trng
0 ) 6 )( 1 ( 0 6 5 2
2 2 3
+ x x x x x x
Trng CSP Qung Tr
7
Bi tp ton ri rc
Cc nghim ca phng trnh c trng:

'

3
2
1
2
1
0
x
x
x
Do , h thc truy hi s c dng:
n n n
n
a 3 ) 2 ( 1
3 2 1
+ +
Vi cc iu kin u c cho:
7
0
a
,
4
1
a
,
8
2
a
. Ta c h phng trnh
nh sau:

'

'

+ +
+
+ +
1
3
5
9 4 8
3 2 4
7
3
2
1
3 2 1
3 2 1
3 2 1




Vy h thc truy hi l:
n n
n
a 3 ) 2 ( 3 5 +
Bi 17:
Trong tng s 2504 sinh vin ca mt khoa cng ngh thng tin, c
1876 theo hc mn NNLT Pascal, 999 hc mn ngn ng Fortran v 345 hc
mn ngn ng C. Ngoi ra cn bit 876 sinh vin hc c Pascal v Fortran,
232 hc c Fortran v C, 290 hc c Pascal v C. Nu 189 sinh vin hc c
03 mn Psacal, Fortran v C th trong trng hp c bao nhiu sinh vin
khng hc mn no trong c 03 mn ni trn.
Gii
Gi P: l tp gm cc SV hc Pascal
F: l tp gm cc SV hc Fortran
C: l tp gm cc SV hc C
N: l tng s SV (2504 SV)
Gi K l s SV hc t nht 01 mn
Theo nguyn l b tr, ta c:
K P F C P F C P F F C C P P F C + + + U U I I I I I
493 2011 2504 2011 189 290 232 876 345 999 1876 + + + K N K K SV
Vy c 493 SV khng hc mn no trong 03 mn: Pascal, Fortran v C.
Trng CSP Qung Tr
8
Bi tp ton ri rc
Bi 18 :
Hy tm s nh, s cnh, s bc ca mi nh v xc nh cc nh c
lp, nh treo, ma trn lin k, ma trn lin thuc trong mi th v hng
sau:
Gii
Cu 18.1.
S nh: 8
S cnh: 11
nh c lp: D
nh treo: khng c
Tn nh a b C d e g h i
Bc ca nh 3 2 4 0 5 3 2 3
Ma trn lin k:

,
`

.
|
0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1
1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
0 0 0 2 0 1 0 0
0 0 2 0 0 1 1 1
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0
1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0
, th t nh: a, b, c, d, e, g, h, i
Ma trn lin thuc:

,
`

.
|
1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1
0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1
11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
I
H
G
E
D
C
B
A
e e e e e e e e e e e
Trng CSP Qung Tr
9
Bi tp ton ri rc
trong :

'

) , (
) , (
) , (
) , (
4
3
2
1
e b e
i a e
e a e
c a e

'

) , (
) , (
) , (
) , (
8
7
6
5
i c e
g c e
e c e
h b e

'

) , (
) , (
) , (
1 1
1 0
9
i h e
g e e
g e e
Cu 18.2.

S nh: 5
S cnh: 12
nh c lp: khng c
nh treo: khng c
Tn nh a b c d e
Bc ca nh 6 5 5 5 3
Ma trn lin k:

,
`

.
|
0 1 0 1 1
1 0 3 1 0
0 3 1 0 0
1 1 0 0 3
1 0 0 3 1
, th t nh: a, b, c, d,
Ma trn lin thuc:

,
`

.
|
1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0
1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1
12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
e
d
c
b
a
e e e e e e e e e e e e
Trng CSP Qung Tr
10
a
b
c
d
e
Bi tp ton ri rc
trong :

'

) , (
) , (
) , (
) , (
4
3
2
1
b a e
b a e
b a e
a a e

'

) , (
) , (
) , (
) , (
8
7
6
5
c c e
d b e
e b e
e a e

'

) , (
) , (
) , (
) , (
1 2
1 1
1 0
9
e d e
d c e
d c e
d c e
Bi 19 :
Hai n th vi ma trn lin k sau y c l ng cu khng?

,
`

.
|
0 1 1 1
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 1
1 0 1 0
,

,
`

.
|
0 1 1 1
1 0 0 1
1 0 0 1
1 1 1 0
.
Gii
Da vo ma trn lin k ca hai n th ta c th v li cc th bng
hnh v:
Theo hnh v ca hai n th ta thy chng khng c cng s cnh, mt
bn c 4 cnh v mt bn c 5 cnh. Vy hai th c ma trn lin k cho
trn khng ng cu.
Bi ton ny c th khng cn v hnh li cng c, t ma trn k ta cng
c th d dng xc nh c s cnh ca mi th ln lt l 4 v 5. Do vy
chng khng th ng cu.
Bi 20 :
Xt xem cc th cho sau y c ng cu vi nhau khng?
Gii
Trng CSP Qung Tr
U
1
U
2
U
3
U
4
11
V
1
V
2
V
3
V
4
Bi tp ton ri rc
a. Hnh 01.

Hai th cho trn c: s nh, s cnh, tng s bc v s bc ca mi
nh bng nhau. c bit, cc nh ca th th nht v th hai khi sp theo th
t sau y th chng hon ton tng ng v mi mt:
th th nht u
1
U
2
u
3
u
4
u
5
u
6
th th hai v
5
V
6
v
3
v
2
v
1
v
4
S bc ca mi nh 3 4 4 3 5 5
Chnh v vy, hai th trn l ng cu.
b. Hnh 02.
Hai th c hng cho trn khi sp theo th t sau y v cc nh th
chng tng ng v tt c cc mt: t s nh, tng s bc, bc vo, bc ra ca
mi nh, tng s cnh, th t v chiu ca cc cnh u tng ng:
Trng CSP Qung Tr
12
u
1
1
u
2
2
u
3
3
u
4
4
u
5
5
u
6
6
v
1
1
v
2
2
v
4
4
v
3
3
v
5
5
v
6
6
u
1
1
u
2
2
u
3
3
u
4
4
u
5
5
u
6
6
v
1
1
v
2
2
v
6
6
v
3
3
v
5
5
v
4
4
Bi tp ton ri rc
th th nht u
1
u
2
u
3
u
4
u
5
u
6
th th hai v
3
v
5
v
1
v
2
v
4
v
6
Bc vo: deg
-
(X) 1 2 1 2 2 1
Bc ra: deg
+
(X) 2 1 2 1 1 2
V vy, hai th c hng trn l ng cu vi nhau.
Bi 21: (3.1)
Cho G l th c v nh v e cnh, cn m v M tng ng l bc nh
nht v ln nht cc nh ca G. Chng t rng:
2e
m M
v

Gii
V m v M tng ng l bc nh nht v ln nht cc nh ca G, do ta
d dng c c:
1
1
deg( ) .
deg( ) , 1,
deg( ) .
v
i
i
i
v
i
i
v vm
m v M i v
v vM


'

2 .
2
. 2 .
2 .
e v m
e
v m e v M m M
e v M v


'

(pcm)
Bi 22: (3.2)
Chng minh rng nu G l n th phn i c v nh v e cnh,
khi chng minh bt ng thc sau y:
2
(1)
4
v
e
Gii
Gi n
1
, n
2
ln lt l s nh ca mi phn (n
1
+ n
2
= v). V l n th
phn i nn s cnh nhiu nht khi n l n th phn i , tc l:
1 2
, n n
K
.
Khi , s cnh nhiu nht s l:
1 2 1 2
(2) n n n e n n .
Ta d dng c c:
2 2 2 2 2
1 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 2
( ) 0 2 0 2 4 n n n n n n n n n n n n + + +
Trng CSP Qung Tr
13
Bi tp ton ri rc
2 2
( 2 )
1 2
1 2
( )
4 4
n n v
n n e e
+
(pcm).
Bi 23: (3.4)
Hy v cc th v hng biu din bi cc ma trn sau:
a.
1 2 3
2 0 4
3 4 0
| `



. ,
b.
1 2 0 1
2 0 3 0
0 3 1 1
1 0 1 0
| `




. ,
c.
0 1 3 0 4
1 2 1 3 0
3 1 1 0 1
0 3 0 0 2
4 0 1 2 3
| `






. ,
Gii
Bi 24: (3.6)
Tm ma trn lin k cho cc th sau:
Trng CSP Qung Tr
14
A
B
C
h.a
A B
C
D
h.b
A
B
C
D
E
h.c
Bi tp ton ri rc
a.K
n
b.C
n
c.W
n
d.K
m,n
e.Q
n
Gii
0 1 1 1 ... 1 1
1 0 1 1 ... 1 1
1 1 0 1 ... 1 1
. : 1 1 1 0 ... 1 1
... ... ... ... ... ... ...
1 1 1 1 ... 0 1
1 1 1 1 ... 1 0
n
aK
| `









. ,

0 1 0 0 ... 0 1
1 0 1 0 ... 0 0
0 1 0 1 ... 0 0
. : 0 0 1 0 ... 0 0
... ... ... ... ... ... ...
0 0 0 0 ... 0 1
1 0 0 0 ... 1 0
n
bC
| `









. ,
0 1 0 0 ... 1 1
1 0 1 0 ... 0 1
0 1 0 1 ... 0 1
. : 0 0 1 0 ... 0 1
... ... ... ... ... ... ...
1 0 0 0 ... 0 1
1 1 1 1 ... 1 0
n
cW
| `









. ,

,
0 ... 0 1 ... 1
... ... ...... ... ...
0 ... 0 1 ... 1
. :
1 ... 1 0 ... 0
... ... ...... ... ...
1 ... 1 0 ... 0
m
n
m n
m
n
d K
| `

'

'

. ,
647 48
647 48
647 48
647 48
Bi 25: (3.8)
Hai th vi ma trn lin k sau y c ng cu vi nhau khng?
0 1 0 1
1 0 0 1
( .1)
0 0 0 1
1 1 1 0
h
| `




. ,
0 1 1 1
1 0 0 1
( .2)
1 0 0 1
1 1 1 0
h
| `




. ,
Gii
Hai th vi ma trn lin k trn khng th ng cu vi nhau v:
chng c s cnh khc nhau: th th nht c 4 cnh, th th hai c 5 cnh.
Trng CSP Qung Tr
15
Bi tp ton ri rc
Bi 26: (3.9)
Hai th vi ma trn lin k sau y c ng cu vi nhau khng?
1 1 0 0 0
1 0 1 0 1
( .1)
0 0 0 1 1
0 1 1 1 0
h
| `




. ,
0 1 0 0 1
0 1 1 1 0
( .2)
1 0 0 1 0
1 0 1 0 1
h
| `




. ,
Gii
Tha thy, theo em ngh th y l hai ma trn lin thuc ch khng phi
l hai ma trn lin k. V nu l hai ma trn lin thuc th chng ng cu vi
nhau v:
1 2 3 4 5
1
2
3
4
e e e e e
v 1 1 0 0 0
( .1') v 1 0 1 0 1
v 0 0 0 1 1
v 0 1 1 1 0
h
| `






. ,
' ' ' ' '
1 2 3 4 5
'
1
'
2
'
3
'
4
0 1 0 0 1
( .2') 0 1 1 1 0
1 0 0 1 0
1 0 1 0 1
e e e e e
v
h v
v
v
| `






. ,
Xt nh x f t V
1
ln V
2
sao cho:
' '
1 1 2 2
' '
3 3 4 4
( ) _&_ ( ) ;
( ) _&_ ( ) ;
f v v f v v
f v v f v v

'

, ng thi
biu din li th ca ma trn lin thuc hnh (h.2). Trong , cc cnh c
sp theo th t:
' ' ' ' '
2 5 3 1 4
e e e e e
.
Lc ny, hai ma trn lin thuc hon ton ging nhau. V vy chng ng
cu vi nhau.

' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' '
1 2 3 4 5 2 5 3 1 4
' '
1 1
' '
2 2
' '
3 3
' '
4 4
0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0
( .2') ( .2'') 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1
1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1
1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0
e e e e e e e e e e
v v
h h v v
v v
v v
| ` | `





. , . ,
Bi 27: (3.10)
Trng CSP Qung Tr
16
Bi tp ton ri rc
Cc cp th sau c ng cu vi nhau khng?
Gii
Bi ny hon ton ging bi s 20 gii trn.
Bi 28: (3.11)
Cho V = {2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8} v E l tp hp cc cp phn t (u, v) ca
V sao cho u < v v u vi v l cc s nguyn t cng nhau. Hy v th c
hng
( ) , G V E
.
Tm s ng i phn bit di 3 t nh 2 ti nh 8.
Gii
Bi 29: (3.12)
Hy tm s ng i di n gia hai nh lin k (t. khng lin k)
ty trong K
3,3
vi mi gi tr ca n sau:
a. n = 2, b. n = 3, c. n = 4, d. n = 5.
Gii
Trng CSP Qung Tr
17
7
2
4
3
5
6
8
1
2
3
5
6
4
(II) (I)
Bi tp ton ri rc
Cch 1:
Hai nh lin k phi 2 phn khc nhau. Mt cnh ch c th ni t 1
nh phn (I) n 1 nh phn (II) v ngc li. Gi m l s ng i gia 2
nh bt k trong K
3,3
c di n.
TH1: n chn.
Nu n chn th nh u v nh cui ca ng i phi cng 1 phn, do
vy chng khng th lin k.
TH2: n l.
Nu n l th nh u v nh cui ca ng i phi trn 2 phn khc
nhau, do vy chng phi lin k (v y l K
3,3
).
Mc khc mi mt nh phn ny lun c 3 phng n i qua 1 nh
phn kia. Do vy ta c c cc kt lun sau y:
o Hai nh lin k, n chn: m = 0,
o Hai nh lin k, n l: m = 3
n-1
,
o Hai nh khng lin k, n chn: m = 3
n-1
,
o Hai nh khng lin k, n l: m = 0.
p dng cho cc trng hp:
di ng i n = 2 n = 3 n = 4 n = 5
S ng i (gia 2 nh lin k) 0 9 0 81
S ng i (2 gia nh khng lin
k)
3 0 27 0
Cch 2:
K3,3 c ma trn lin k:
0 0 0 1 1 1
0 0 0 1 1 1
0 0 0 1 1 1
1 1 1 0 0 0
1 1 1 0 0 0
1 1 1 0 0 0
| `








. ,
Ta d dng chng minh c (bng quy np):
Trng CSP Qung Tr
18
Bi tp ton ri rc
1 1 1
1 1 1
1 1 1
n
1 1 1
1 1 1
1 1 1
3 3 3 0 0 0
3 3 3 0 0 0
3 3 3 0 0 0
A , 2
0 0 0 3 3 3
0 0 0 3 3 3
0 0 0 3 3 3
n n n
n n n
n n n
n n n
n n n
n n n
n k






| `









. ,
1 1 1
1 1 1
1 1 1
n
1 1 1
1 1 1
1 1 1
0 0 0 3 3 3
0 0 0 3 3 3
0 0 0 3 3 3
A , 2 1
3 3 3 0 0 0
3 3 3 0 0 0
3 3 3 0 0 0
n n n
n n n
n n n
n n n
n n n
n n n
n k






| `



+





. ,
Theo nh l 2 [543], s ng i c di n t nh i n nh j l gi tr
ca phn t a
i,j
ca ma trn A
n
. Do vy ta c c kt qu sau:
di ng i n = 2 n = 3 n = 4 n = 5
S ng i (gia 2 nh lin k) 0 9 0 81
S ng i (gia 2 nh khng lin
k)
3 0 27 0
BI TP CHNG III
Bi 30: (4.1).
Vi gi tr no ca n th cc th sau y l th Euler?
a. K
n
b. C
n
c. W
n
d. Q
n
Gii
iu kin cn v mt th l th Euler khi v ch khi tt c cc
nh ca n u c bc chn.
a. K
n
:
V mi nh ca K
n
c s bc bng nhau v bng n 1. K
n
l th
Euler th n 1 = chn. Do vy n phi l (n >= 3).
Trng CSP Qung Tr
19
Bi tp ton ri rc
b. C
n
:
V mi nh ca C
n
u c bc l 2 nn C
n
lun l th Euler.
c. W
n
:
Tr mt nh c bc l n 1, cn li cc nh khc u c bc l 3, do vy
y khng th l th Euler.
d. Q
n
:
V mi nh u c bc l n, do vy Q
n
l th Euler th n chn.
Bi 31: (4.2)
Vi cc gi tr no ca m v n th th phn i y K
m,n
c:
a. Chu trnh Euler.
b. ng i Euler.
Gii
a. V cc nh ca th phn i K
m,n
c bc l m hoc n. Do vy, n
l th Euler th m v n u phi chn.
b. mt th c ng i Euler th phi c ng 2 nh bc l, cc nh
cn li c bc chn. Do vy mt trong 2 gi tr m, n phi l 2, gi tr cn
li phi l s l.
Bi 3 2: (4.3)
Vi gi tr no ca m v n th th phn i y K
m,n
c chu trnh
Hamilton.
Gii
Cch 1:
Theo nh l irc, nu G l n th c n nh v mi nh ca G u
c bc khng nh hn
2
n
th G l mt th Hamilton. Vi K
m,n
, cc nh c bc
m hoc n, y l th Hamilton th:
( ) / 2
( ) / 2
n n m
m n m n m
m n m
+


'
+

Cch 2:
Theo nh l Ore nu G l mt n th c n nh v bt k hai nh no
khng k nhau cng c tng s bc khng nh hn n th G l th Hamilton.
Trng CSP Qung Tr
20
Bi tp ton ri rc
Vi K
m,n
2 nh khng k nhau s c bc cng l n hoc cng l m. Do , l
th Hamilton th:
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
n n n m
m n m n m
m m n m
+ +


'
+ +

Cch 3:
Theo nh l 4.2.6 nu G l th phn i vi hai tp nh l V
1
, V
2
c s
nh cng bng n (n 2) v bc ca mi nh ln hn
2
n
th G l mt th
Hamilton. Do vy, nu m = n th hin nhin K
m,n
l th Hamilton.
Bi 33: (4.4)
Chng minh rng th lp phng Q
n
l mt th Hamilton. V
cy lit k tt c cc chu trnh Hamilton ca th lp phng Q
3
.
Gii
a. Chng minh Q
n
l th Hamilton:
Dng m Gray gii bi ton ny, ta s chng minh bng quy np ton
hc nh sau:
Vi n = 1: hin nhin ng vi 2 m: 0, 1.
Gi s bi ton ng vi n = k, tc l ta c m:
1 2 3 1
a ... ( 2 )
k
q q
a a a a q


Ta phi chng minh bi ton ng vi n = k + 1. iu ny hin nhin
ng khi ta gn thm 2 k t 0 v 1 vo cc m ny theo cch sau:

1 2 3 1 q 1 3 2 1
0a 0 0 ... 0 0 1 1 ... 1 1 1 ( 2 )
k
q q q
a a a a a a a a a q


Vy bi ton ng vi mi n, hay l bi ton c chng minh.
b. V cy lit k tt c cc chu trnh Hamilton ca Q
3
:
Trng CSP Qung Tr
21
010
00
0
00
1
01
0
10
0
01
1
10
1
01
1
11
0
11
0
10
1
111 100 111 001 111 100 111 001 111 010 111
110 101 110 011 101 110 101 011 011 110 011 101
111 100 111 010 111 100 111 001 111 010 111 001
101 110 011 110 110 101 011 101 110 011 101 011
100 010 010 100 100 001 001 100 010 001 001 010
000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
2 1
3
4 5 6
7
8 9
10
11 12 13 14
15
16 17 18
19 20 21
Bi tp ton ri rc
Bi 34: (4.5)
Trong mt cuc hp c 15 ngi mi ngy ngi vi nhau quanh mt
bn trn mt ln. Hi c bao nhiu cch sp xp sao cho mi ln ngi hp,
mi ngi c hai ngi bn cnh l bn mi, v sp xp nh th no.
Gii
Bi 35 : (4.6)
Hiu trng mi 2n (n 2) sinh vin gii n d tic. Mi sinh vin
gii quen t nht n sinh vin gii khc n d tic. Chng minh rng lun
lun c th xp tt c cc sinh vin gii ngi xung quanh mt bn trn,
mi ngi ngi gia hai ngi m sinh vin quen.
Gii
Xt th G = (V, E), trong : V l tp cc sinh vin n d tic; E =
(u,v) vi u, v thuc V v u, v c quen bit nhau.
Theo cch xc lp th trn th y l n th c 2n nh, mi nh
c bc ti thiu l n (v mi sinh vin quen vi t nht n sinh vin khc). Do ,
theo nh l irac (4.2.3) th G l th Hamilton. Mc khc, y l th v
hng nn bi ton c chng minh.
Bi 36 : (4.7)
Mt ng vua xy dng mt lu i ct bu vt. Ngi ta tm
thy s ca lu i (hnh sau) vi li dn: mun tm bu vt, ch cn t
mt trong cc phng bn ngoi cng (s 1, 2, 6, 10, ...), i qua tt c cc ca
phng, mi ca ch mt ln; bu vt c giu sau ca cui cng.
Hy tm ni giu vt.
Trng CSP Qung Tr
22
Bi tp ton ri rc
Gii
Bu vt s c giu sau ca t phng 19 qua phng 18.
Sau y l ng i tm bu vt: 6-2-1-4-3-7-11-12-8-13-12-17-16-20-
21-17-18-13-14-9-5-4-2-5-6-10-15-14-19-18.
Bi 3 7: (4.8)
th cho trong hnh sau gi l th Peterson P.
a. Tm mt ng i Hamilton trong P.
b. Chng minh rng P \ {v}, vi v l mt nh bt k ca P, l mt th
Hamilton.
Gii
a. Tm mt ng i Hamilton trong G:
a b c d e f h k g i
b. Ta chia G thnh 2 nhm: a, b, c, d, e v f, g, h, i, k. Cc phn t trong 2 nhm
ny c vai tr ging nhau, do vy bi ton c 2 trng hp tng qut.
TH1: b im a:
i f e d c b h k g i
TH2: b im f:
Trng CSP Qung Tr
23
a
e
k i
b g
f h
d c
Bi tp ton ri rc
h k d e a g i c b h
Bi 38 : (4.9)
Gii bi ton ngi ua th Trung Hoa vi th c cho trong
hnh sau y:
Gii
Bi 39 : (4.10)
Chng minh rng th G cho trong hnh sau c ng i Hamilton
(t s n r) nhng khng c chu trnh Hamilton.
Gii
ng i Hamilton t r n s:
s a b c e d g f h r
Gi s c chu trnh Hamilton th i qua nh s phi i qua 02 nh a v
c, ng thi i qua nh b cng phi i qua 02 nh a v c. Nh vy 02 nh a
v c u phi i qua 02 ln. iu ny khng ng nu y l th Hamilton v
ngoi tr nh u v nh cui th khng c nh no chu trnh i qua 02 ln
(bi ton c chng minh).
Trng CSP Qung Tr
24
a
c
b
s
r
f
e
d
g
h
Bi tp ton ri rc
Bi 40 : (4.11)
Cho th d v:
1. th c mt chu trnh va l chu trnh Euler va l chu trnh Hamilton.
2. th c mt chu trnh Euler v mt chu trnh Hamilton, nhng hai chu
trnh khng trng nhau.
3. th c 6 nh, l th Hamilton, nhng khng phi l th Euler.
4. th c 6 nh, l th Euler, nhng khng phi l th Hamilton.
Gii
1. Mt chu trnh va l chu trnh Euler, va l chu trnh Hamilton.
2. Mt chu trnh Euler, mt chu trnh Hamilton nhng khng trng nhau.
Chu trnh Euler:
a b c e a c d e f a
Chu trinh Hamilton:
a b c d e f a
3. th Hamilton 6 nh nhng khng phi l th Euler (h.1).
4. th Euler 6 nh nhng khng phi l th Hamilton (h.2).
Bi 41 : (4.12)
Trng CSP Qung Tr
25
a
c
d
e
b
f
a
c
d
e
b
f
h.1
h.2
Bi tp ton ri rc
Chng minh rng con m khng th i qua tt c cc ca mt bn
c c 4 x 4 hoc 5 x 5 vung, mi ch mt ln, ri tr v ch c.
Gii
Ta c th xem y l mt th vi mi c l mt nh, mi (u,v) l mt
cnh nu con m c th i t u n v. Bi ton tr thnh xc nh xem cc th
G
1
v G
2
tng ng vi bn c 4x4 v 5x5 c phi l th Hamilton khng?
Ta s chng minh bi ton bng phng php phn chng (tng t nh
bi 39 - 4.10), tc l gi s cc th G
1
v G
2
l cc th Hamilton.
T G
1
ta nhn thy, chu trnh Hamilton mun i qua nh 4 phi i qua 02
nh 6 v 11, ng thi mun i qua nh 13 cng phi i qua 02 nh 6 v 11.
Nh vy, nh 6 v 11 phi c lp li t nht 02 ln, iu ny tri vi gi
thuyt G
1
l th Hamilton (v ch c nh u v nh cui mi c lp li).
Tc l G
1
khng phi l th Hamilton (pcm).
Tng t i vi G
2
, chu trnh Hamilton (nu c): i qua nh 1 th
phi i qua nh 8 v 12, mun i qua nh 5 th phi i qua nh 8 v 14, mun
i qua nh 25 phi i qua nh 14 v 18, mun i qua nh 12 phi i qua nh
18 v 12. Nh vy cc nh 8, 14, 18, 12 u phi i qua hai ln, iu ny khng
ng vi th Hamilton. Vy G
2
khng phi l th Hamilton (pcm).
Trng CSP Qung Tr
26
1 2 3 4
8
7 6 5
9 10 11 12
16 15 14 13
1 2 3 4 5
10 8 9 7 6
11
16
21 22
17
12 13 14
15
20 19 18
23 24
25

You might also like