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TT NGHIP I HC
ti:
NGUYN NG QUANG
Lp T5 K50
H Ni, 5-2010
B GIO DC V O TO
TRNG I HC BCH KHOA H NI
--------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------
c lp - T do - Hnh phc
NHIM V N TT NGHIP
H v tn sinh vin:..... S hiu sinh vin:
Kho:.Khoa: in t - Vin thng
Ngnh: .........
1. u n:
..
.....
Ch nhim B mn
thng
nm
Cn b phn bin
B GIO DC V O TO
TRNG I HC BCH KHOA H NI
Ngy
thng
nm
Cn b phn bin
( K, ghi r h v tn )
LI NI U
Ngy nay, nhu cu truyn thng khng dy ngy cng tng, c bit l h thng
thng tin di ng do tnh linh hot, mm do, di ng v tin li ca n. Cc h thng
thng tin v tuyn hin ti v tng lai ngy cng i hi c dung lng cao hn,
tin cy tt hn, s dng bng thng hiu qu hn, kh nng khng nhiu tt hn. H
thng thng tin truyn thng v cc phng thc ghp knh c khng cn kh nng
p ng c cc yu cu ca h thng tng lai. Ph tn l mt ti nguyn v cng
quan trng trong thng tin v tuyn. S dng trit ph tn l vn cp thit. Mt
gii php c a ra l vic s dng k thut ghp knh a sng mang trc giao
OFDM cng k thut a truy nhp cc sng mang trc giao OFDMA vo truyn thng
v tuyn, gp phn to nn h thng thng tin v tuyn hon thin hn. OFDM l gii
php cng ngh khc phc nhc im v v hiu qu s dng ph tn thp ca cc h
thng thng tin di ng trc y. OFDM s dng k thut to ra cc sng mang con
trc giao truyn d liu, gip cho vic s dng bng tn knh ti u.
Trong n ny, chng ta s tm hiu v k thut OFDM, k thut a truy nhp
OFDMA v ng dng cc k thut cho vic to ra h thng thng tin v tuyn c
nhiu u im hn so vi cc h thng c.
Vi kin thc c bn tip thu c trong qu trnh hc tp ti trng i hc Bch
Khoa H Ni cng vi s nh hng, gip ca thy gio Ths. Nguyn Quc
Khng, em chn ti: Nghin cu k thut iu ch a sng mang trc giao
OFDM v k thut a truy nhp OFDMA - vn ng b trong hai k thut
ny.
Em xin chn thnh cm n cc thy c gio trng i hc Bch Khoa H Ni
dy d, ch bo em trong qu trnh hc tp trng. c bit em xin chn thnh cm
n thy gio Ths. Nguyn Quc Khng tn tnh gip v ch bo trong qu
trnh thc hin n ny.
Vi thi gian v kin thc cn hn hp nn n khng trnh khi tn ti nhiu
thiu st. Em mong s nhn c s ch bo, gp ca thy c v cc bn. Mong rng
ti ny s c hon thin hn na.
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TM TT N
Trong n ny, chng ta s tm hiu v h thng thng tin v tuyn ni chung
v h thng s dng k thut iu ch a sng mang trc giao OFDM, k thut a truy
nhp s dng a sng mang trc giao l OFDMA ni ring. Ta s tm hiu v m hnh
h thng OFDM, to v thu tn hiu OFDM, phn tch nh hng ca nhiu ln h
thng v tuyn, hiu qu ca vic s dng ph tn trong h thng OFDM, c bit l
vn ng b trong h thng Qua xy dng m hnh truyn OFDMA qua card
m thanh ca my tnh. C th n c chia lm 5 chng nh sau:
Chng 1: Nhng vn chung.
Chng 2: Nguyn l c bn k thut OFDM.
Chng 3: K thut ng b trong OFDM.
Chng 4: K thut ng b trong OFDMA.
Chng 5: Xy dng m hnh truyn OFDM qua card m thanh ca my
tnh v kt qu.
Abstract
In this thesis, we will consider about wireless information system and wireless
system which uses Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) and
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing Access (OFDMA) in particular. We will
go into details for OFDM system model, creating and receiving OFDM signal for
transmit and receiver it, analyzing the effect of noise to wireless system, the efficiency
of
OFDM, OFDMA Thereby, well build a model of OFDMA system with the
computer's sound card. Project is divided into 5 chapters as follows:
Chapter 1: The general knowledge.
Chapter 2: The basic characteristic of OFDM.
Chapter 3: The synchronization in OFDM.
Chapter 4: The synchronization in OFDMA.
Chapter 5: Building a model of transmission and receiving data through
the computers sound card with OFDM and results.
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MC LC
LI NI U...............................................................................................................4
TM TT N........................................................................................................5
MC LC.....................................................................................................................6
Chng 1. Nhng vn chung..................................................................................14
1.1.Gii thiu v mng thng tin v tuyn ..............................................................15
1.2.Cc h thng thng tin v tuyn.........................................................................17
1.3.Cc hin tng in hnh trong lnh vc truyn thng v tuyn........................17
1.4.Suy hao ng truyn v tuyn..........................................................................20
1.4.1.Suy hao truyn dn .....................................................................................20
1.4.2.Hin tng tr a ng (Multipath fading)...............................................22
Chng 2. Nguyn l c bn k thut OFDM.............................................................26
2.1.Tng quan v OFDM.........................................................................................26
2.1.1.K thut iu ch n sng mang...............................................................26
2.1.2.Phng php iu ch a sng mang FDM.................................................27
2.1.3.Phng php iu ch a sng mang trc giao OFDM...............................28
2.2.S trc giao trong OFDM (ORTHOGONAL) ..................................................31
2.2.1.S trc giao trong min thi gian ca tn hiu OFDM................................32
2.2.2.S trc giao trong min tn s ca tn hiu OFDM.....................................34
2.3.M hnh h thng OFDM ..................................................................................38
2.4.Cc nhn t nh hng ln h thng v cch khc phc....................................40
2.4.1.Nhiu ISI v cch khc phc.......................................................................40
2.4.2.Nhiu ICI v cch khc phc......................................................................43
2.4.3.Ci thin hiu nng h thng trn c s s dng m Gray..........................44
2.4.4.Nng cao hiu qu s dng ph tn.............................................................46
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CC T VIT TT
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AOFDM
A
Adaptive Orthogonal Frequency
DL
DAB
DPLL
DSP
DVB-T
Division Multiplexing
Adaptive Modulation and Codding
Additive White Gaussian Noise
Analog/Digital
B
Bit Error Ratio
Block Error Ratio
Base Transceiver Station
C
Code Division Multiple Access
Cyclic Prefix
D
Downlink
Digital Audio Broadcasting
Digital Phase Losked Loop
Digital Signaling Process
Digital Video Broadcasting
D/A
Terrestrial
Digital/Analog
AMC
AWGN
A/D
BER
BLER
BTS
CDMA
CP
F
FCH
FDD
FDM
FFT
IEEE
ISI
ICI
IQ
Engineers
Inter-Symbol Interface
Inter-Channel Interface
Inphase-Quaderature
in t
Nhiu lin k t
Nhiu lin knh
MAI
MIMO
M
Multiple Access Interference
Multiple Input Multiple Output
u ra
B lc trung bnh bnh phng ti
MMSE
Hc vin ca cc k s in v
thiu
OFDM
O
Orthoganal Frequency Division
OFDMA
Multiplexing
Orthoganal Frequency Division
trc giao
a truy nhp phn chia theo tn
Multiple Access
s trc giao
12
P
PC
PLL
QAM
RF
SNIR
SNR
TDD
Personal Computer
Phase Losked Loop
My tnh c nhn
Vng kha pha
Q
Quaderate Amplitude Modulation
R
Radio Frequency
S
Signal Noise Interference Ratio
Signal Noise Ratio
T
Time Division Duplex
iu ch bin vung gc
Tn s v tuyn
T l tn hiu trn tp m + nhiu
T l tn hiu trn tp m
Song cng phn chia theo thi
gian
Ghp knh phn chia theo thi
TDMA
WiMax
W
Worldwide Interoperability for
Microwave Access
gian
ba
Z
ZF
Zero Forcing
B lc p khng
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1.1.
(M hnh knh)
Ngun tin
M ha ngun
M ha knh
iu ch
(source coding)
(channel coding)
(modulation)
Knh v tuyn
(channel)
Tn hiu
Gii m ngun
Gii m knh
ch
(source
(Channel
(Destination)
decoding)
Decoding)
Gii iu ch
(Demodulation)
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Hnh 1.1 th hin m hnh n gin ca mt h thng thng tin v tuyn. Ngun
tin trc ht c m ha ngun gim cc thng tin d tha, sau c m ha
knh chng li do knh truyn gy ra. Tn hiu sau khi qua m knh c iu ch
c th truyn i c xa. Cc mc iu ch phi ph hp vi iu kin ca knh
truyn. Sau khi tn hiu c pht i my pht, tn hiu thu c my thu s tri
qua cc bc ngc li so vi bn pht thu c tn hiu gc. Cht lng tn hiu
thu ph thuc vo cht lng knh truyn, cc phng php iu ch v m ha khc
nhau.
Chng ta s tm hiu nhng khi nim c bn trong thng tin v tuyn.
Knh truyn
Knh truyn l mi trng truyn dn cho php truyn lan sng v tuyn. Mi
trng truyn dn c th l trong nh, ngoi tri hoc phn x trn cc tng in ly.
Ty thuc vo mi trng truyn dn m knh truyn c cc tnh cht khc nhau.
Truyn dn bng tn c s v truyn dn bng thng
Truyn dn v tuyn thng thng c thc hin bng thng, ngha l tn
hiu phi c iu ch bng mt sng mang cao tn trc khi pht i.
Truyn dn bng tn c s l vic truyn dn khng qua sng mang. Tn hiu
khng qua sng mang khng c kh nng truyn c i xa do suy hao ln.
Sng mang
Sng mang l sng c tn s cao, c nhn vi tn hiu c ch trc khi gi ra
anten pht. Sng mang bn thn n khng mang tn hiu c ch. Tuy nhin, nh sng
mang c tn s cao nn khi truyn trong mi trng v tuyn th tn hiu c ch c
iu ch vo s t b suy hao v c th truyn c i xa. bn thu c th khi
phc li tn hiu c ch bng vic tch ra t sng mang . Ty thuc vo mi trng
truyn dn v bng tn cho php m ngi ta la chn gi tr tn s sng mang. Thng
thng th sng mang l sng trung tm ca gii bng tn cho php ca h thng thng
tin.
Qun l ti nguyn v tuyn
Ti nguyn v tuyn l b rng ph cho php truyn tin. B rng ph cho
php l c gii hn. Trong khi , bt k h thng truyn dn no u cn c mt cht
lng ti thiu v nhu cu v tc ngy cng cao p ng cc dch v phc tp.
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thng pht thanh v truyn hnh. Dch v ca 2 h thng l thoi v hnh nh.
C th phn loi h thng thng tin v tuyn theo phng thc truyn dn nh
h thng truyn song cng (di ng) hay bn song cng (b m).
C th phn loi theo mi trng truyn dn nh thng tin viba (yu cu truyn
dn trong tm nhn thng) v thng tin mng my tnh khng dy (phn x a ng
v khong cch ngn).
1.3.
Hiu ng Doppler
Hiu ng Doppler l mt hiu ng vt l, trong tn s v bc sng ca cc
sng m, sng in t hay cc sng ni chung b thay i khi m ngun pht sng
chuyn ng tng i vi ngi quan st.
i vi sng chuyn ng trong mt mi trng, nh sng m, ngun sng v
ngi quan st u c th chuyn ng tng i so vi mi trng. Hiu ng
Doppler lc l s tng hp ca hai hiu ng ring r gy ra bi hai chuyn ng
ny.
C th, nu ngun di ng trong mi trng pht ra sng vi tn s ti ngun l
f0, mt ngi quan st ng yn trong mi trng s nhn c tn s f:
1
f = f0
1+ v / c
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vi
Lc thng
Khuch i
thp
mt chiu
VCO
vdc
f0
Hnh 1.2 S khi vng kha pha PLL
sequence (m-dy hay chui m). Chui m c to ra bng mt b ghi dch hi tip c
cu hnh Fibonacci hay Galois (hai cu hnh ny v mt ton hc th tng ng
nhau), c hnh thnh theo mt a thc sinh quy nh cc u ra cc khu nh ca
thanh ghi tham gia hay khng vo mch hi tip. a thc sinh l mt a thc nguyn
thy (primitive polynomial), khi chui chip li ra s l mt chui PN c chu k lp
li ln nht, l N = 2^m - 1, trong m l s khu nh ca thanh ghi.
Mt c im c bn ca chui m l c hm t tng quan dng thumb-nail,
mt chu k ca n c hai phn chnh:
a) Tr ca hm t tng quan chun ha gim tuyn tnh t 1 xung cn -1/N
khi bin tau (tau tr truyn dn trn cc tuyn) tng t 0 ti Tc (Tc l rng mt
chip);
b) Tr ca hm t tng quan l -1/N (khng i) khi bin tau tng t Tc ti (N1).Tc.
Nu N rt ln (nh s dng thanh ghi dch c m ln, trong cc h thng CDMA
nh IS-95 th m = 42 vi chui m di dng phn bit ngi s dng v bng 15
i vi m ngn dng phn bit trm BS) th trong on sau, hm t tng quan c
th xem l bng 0.
1.4.
Ngay c khi chng ta dng anten nh hng truyn tn hiu, sng cng c m
rng di dng hnh cu nhng mt nng lng khi s c tp trung vo mt
vng no do ta thit k. V th, mt cng sut ca sng gim t l vi din tch
mt cu. Hay ni cch khc l cng sng gim t l vi bnh phng khong cch.
Phng trnh tnh cng sut thu c sau khi truyn qua mt khong cch R
PR = PT GT GR
4 R
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Vi _ hBS , _ hMS << R l cao anten trm gc BS (Base Station) v anten ca trm di
ng MS (Mobile Station).
1.4.2. Hin tng tr a ng (Multipath fading)
ng truyn v tuyn t pha pht n pha thu lun c chng ngi vt nn
s gy ra hiu ng fading. Khi , tn hiu s n ni thu t nhiu ng khc nhau v
c tri tr khc nhau v li cng khc nhau, mi ng l bn sao ca tn hiu
gc.
C 3 trng hp c th xy ra trn ng truyn v tuyn: hin tng phn x,
tn x v nhiu x.
Tn x
LOS
Phn x
Nhiu x
Pht
Thu
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Tn hiu thu b trit tiu hay suy gim so vi tn hiu gc khi cc thnh phn
ngc pha
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1
= 0.5
1 + (2 Bc ) 2. 2
1
1
2 6
tri tr
< 0.1s
< 0.2s
0.5s
3 s
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(OFDM) c pht trin thnh h thng thng tin thng dng, ng dng rng ri
trong cc h thng thng tin tc cao. OFDM c xem l k thut tng lai ca cc
h thng thng tin v tuyn.
2.1.1. K thut iu ch n sng mang
Trong phng php iu ch n sng mang, dng tn hiu c truyn i trn
ton b bng tn B. Ton h thng c iu ch trn 1 sng mang duy nht f0. Tn s
ly mu ca tn hiu s bng rng bng tn B v mi mu tn hiu c di l:
TSC ( s) = 1 / B( Hz)
Trong thng tin v tuyn bng rng, knh v tuyn thng l knh ph thuc
tn s. Tn s ly mu rt ln nn chu k ly mu ( di 1 mu tn hiu) s rt b.
Nhc im ca phng php:
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OFDM tng hiu sut s dng ph tn s bng cch cho php chng ln
nhng sng mang con ln nhau m pha thu vn c th khi phc d liu.
Ph hp thit k h thng bng rng.
OFDM cho php thng tin tc cao bng cch chia knh truyn fading
Nh vic s dng tn s sng mang trc giao nn hin tng nhiu lin
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Frequency
Time
Pilot symbol
Data symbol
Df
Dt
Hnh 2.2 M hnh OFDM khi chn pilot
Hnh 2.2 m t m hnh ca d liu OFDM sau khi c chn pilot c v mt
tn s v thi gian. D liu pilot gip ta c lng v cn bng knh truyn. Bn cnh
n cng gip sa li sai pha tn hiu v c th s dng thc hin ng b gia
bn pht v bn thu.
D_f v D_t l nhng khong cch tng ng v mt tn s v thi gian chn
pilot. Nhng gi tr ny phi chn thch hp sao cho D_f phi nh hn sai lch v
tn s cc i ca s nh hng ca knh truyn ln tn hiu. V D_t phi nh hn
sai lch v mt thi gian m knh nh hng.
2.2.
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t1
Trong ,
nm
n=m
0,
f n (t ). f m* (t ) dt =
k ,
fn : sng mang ph th n
f n (t ) = exp( j 2 f nt )
f n = f 0 + f = f0 + n
Trong ,
f : tn s offset ban u.
Ta c th chng minh tnh trc giao ca cc sng mang con OFDM. Xt biu
thc (2.4)
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t2
f (t ). f
n
t1
*
m
t2
= 0 vi n m.
Khi n = m th tch phn trn bng T/2 khng ph thuc vo n,m.
Nu cc sng mang con trc giao vi nhau th biu thc (2.4) phi xy ra nn
biu thc lun ng.
Nu tt c cc sng mang khng phi l sng mang mong mun b trn xung
cc tn s bng mt s nguyn ln 1/T (T l chu k tn hiu), th chng s c tch phn
bng 0 trn mt chu k tn hiu. Nh vy cc sng mang s l c lp tuyn tnh hay
trc giao vi nhau nu cc sng mang c gin cch l 1/T.
Trong thc t khi thit k h thng, ta nhn thy php bin i Furier nhanh
IFFT chnh l 1 bin php chia tn hiu thnh nhng sng mang con c tnh trc
giao vi cc sng mang con cn li.
Cng thc tnh IFFT vi chui s chiu di N:
xn =
n
j 2 k
1 N 1
N
X
.
e
k
N n =0
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Bin
nh bp sng chnh
im Null cc
sng mang khc
Tn s (f)
2.3.
t l bit li khi truyn, sau chuyn thnh pha v bin cc sng mang con biu
din di dng cc s o qua php iu ch BPSK, QPSK hoc M-QAM. Cc sng
mang con c ly mu trong min tn s. S dng php bin i IFFT chuyn ph
cc sng mang con vo min thi gian, mi sng mang con trc giao vi nhau. Tn
hiu OFDM sau khi c ng gi s c x l tng t nng tn v truyn v
tuyn.
My thu (Receiver): Thc hin ng b v tin hnh ngc li pha pht, gii
m tr v d liu ba u.
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Serial
Data
Input
X bits
Serial to
Signal
Parallel
Mapper
Converter
d0
S0
d1
S1
IFFT
dn-1
Sn-1
Parallel to
Guard
Serial
Interval
Converter
Insertion
D/A
Transmitter
Up
Channel
Serial
Down
Receiver
Data
Output
X bits
Parallel to
Serial
Converter
Signal
Demapper
d0
S 0
d1
S 1
dn-1
FFT
Serial to
Guard
Parallel
Interval
Sn-1 Converter
A/D
Removal
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2.4.1.2.
Copy
IFFT
Khong
IFFT
bo v
TG
Khong
bo v
IFFT
TIFFT
Tsymbol
K hiu th N
K hiu th N-1
K hiu th N+1
max <<
xT gT
Trong ,
max l tri tr cc i
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M Gray
0000
0001
0011
0010
0110
0111
0101
0100
C s 10
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
M Gray
1100
1101
1111
1110
1010
1011
1001
1000
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M ho Gray c th s dng cho ton b cc s iu ch PSK (QPSK, 8PSK, 16-PSK,) v QAM (16-QAM, 64-QAM, 256-QAM,). i vi QAM th mi
trc s c ghp ring s dng m ho Gray.
Hnh 2.7 minh ha s IQ cho php iu ch 16-QAM s dng m Gray. y
l php iu ch s c s dng trong sn phm thc hin h thng truyn thng
OFDM bn di.
Nh trong hnh ca php iu ch th ta c th thy r th mi t m ng cnh
nhau ch sai khc nhau 1 bit theo php m ha Gray.
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TRC
.100%
TFFT + TGI
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N taps = ceil (
Wt .N FFT
)
Ft
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Bin (dB)
ft =0.4 Hz
50
ft =0.2 Hz
0
-50
-100
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
Tn s chun ha ft
Hnh 2.9 c tuyn b lc dng ca s Kaiser =3.4
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M u
Bt k mt h thng vin thng ni chung no cng u cn c khu ng b
thng OFDM ni ring. H thng OFDM c nhiu li ch trong vic s dng hiu qu
ph tn nh tnh trc giao ca cc sng mang con v iu ch thch nghi nh
trnh by. Tuy nhin chnh nhng c im ny li lm cho h thng s dng k thut
OFDM c bit d dng b nh hng li do ng b, li v s sai lch tn s, nh
hng ca hiu ng Doopler khi di chuyn, gy ra nhiu giao tn s ICI.
Mt h thng OFDM s khng th thc hin tt nu khng c s ng b chnh
xc. Nh chng ta bit, tn hiu OFDM l tng hp ca cc sng mang ph trc
giao vi nhau, v ta ch c th thu c tn hiu chnh xc khi c cc sng mang
vn cn tnh trc giao. Cc sng mang ny ch hon ton trc giao khi bn pht v
bn thu s dng nhng tn s hon ton ging nhau. Tuy nhin, b dao ng bn
pht v bn thu s khng th hot ng cng mt tn s nh nhau c. Hn na vi
vic thc hin truyn thng v tuyn th di nh hng ca mi trng truyn dn th
cc sng mang con s kh cn m bo tnh trc giao. Ngoi ra, v qu trnh iu ch
v xuyn nhiu knh nn cc tham s tn s sng mang v thi khong k t khng
cn chnh xc. Do cn phi c lng v ng b chng.
Vy, nu cc ng h tn s ly mu pha pht v pha thu hot ng chnh
xc th khong dch tn s sng mang v khong thi gian symbol l nhng yu t
chnh nh hng n s mt ng b. Khong dch tn s sng mang gy ra nhiu ICI
v dch khong thi gian gy ra nhiu ISI.
Tng qut, mt qu trnh ng b trong h thng OFDM s phi qua 3 bc
nh hnh 3.1:
-
Nhn
bit
khun
g
c lng
khong
FFT
dch tn s
Bm
Gi
ui
lng
pha
knh
53
Nguyn ng Quang _ T5-K50
im S
im F
Symbol Pilot
Symbol Data
Hnh 3.2 Nhn bit khung truyn
khi ng b vi pha thu c th suy ra ranh gii gia cc symbol OFDM bng vic
quan st nh tng quan.
M ( g ) = y ( g + i ). y *( g + i + 1).d (i )
i =0
Trong ,
55
Nguyn ng Quang _ T5-K50
Trong ,
A : phn nguyn
: phn thp phn thuc (-1/2 ; 1/2)
Phn thp phn c c lng bng cch tnh tng quan gia cc mu tn
hiu cch nhau mt khong thi gian T. Phn nguyn c tm bng cch s dng
chui PN c m ha vi phn qua cc sng mang ph.
3.2.2.1.
y ( l ) = s( l ) .e
Trong ,
+z ( l )
y(l)
: mu tn hiu thu.
z(l)
: nhiu.
1
s (l ) =
N
Trong ,
U (k ) C (k ) e
jk
2
l
N
l =0
J = y (l ).y (l + N )
l =0
1
arg J
2
3.2.2.2.
1
2 N SNR
y ' (l ) = e
j 2
l
N
y (l )
l [0,2 N )
57
Nguyn ng Quang _ T5-K50
j 2A
l
N
l [0, N )
N
1
s (l ). e
l =0
j 2A
l
j 2n l
N +z (l ) e
N
n A , N )
+ Z(n)
j (2fC T )( m
Trong ,
NS l
+ )
N N
=e
j 2 ( A+ )( m
NS l
+ )
N N
: ch s symbol,
: ch s mu.
Nu cho FOE ng, khi tha s pha sau khi b khong dch tn s l:
j 2 ( m
NS l
+ )
N N
j 2 m
=e
NS
N
j 2
.e
l
N
= .
Gi tr
NS
N
j 2
m
Y ( m, k ) = e
NS
N
U ( m , k ) C ( m , k ) + Z ( m, k )
Li pha do sai s ly mu ( 2 m
NS
) tng tuyn tnh trn cc symbol.
N
Trong ,
3.3.
: h s tt dn
: tn s ca DPLL
ng b k t
ng b k t cng chnh l ng b thi gian v n khc phc c li thi
ng b k t da vo tin t lp CP
Copy
Nsymbol
IFFT
Khong
Khong
bo v
copied
IFFT
NIFFT
Ging nhau CP
Copy
Copy
im u khung
Hnh 3.5 c im lung d liu
Hnh 3.5 ch ra nhng phn tn hiu ging nhau ca lung d liu v c th s
dng n thc hin ng b.
L thuyt v cc hm tng quan ca cc qu trnh xc sut
Hm tng quan nh gi s tng quan (c th hiu l s lin h vi nhau, so
snh s tng t, ging nhau n mc no) ca 2 qu trnh xc sut.
-
Rxy ( ) = E[ x (t ). y (t + )]
Rxx ( ) = E[ x (t ).x (t + )]
61
Nguyn ng Quang _ T5-K50
Trong ,
H s t tng quan
Rxx ( ) mx2
xx ( ) =
x2
xy ( ) =
Rxy ( ) m xm y
x y
xx
( )e j d
62
Nguyn ng Quang _ T5-K50
63
Nguyn ng Quang _ T5-K50
ng b k t da vo Pilot
64
Nguyn ng Quang _ T5-K50
3.3.1.3.
F
S
GI
data
GI
data
GI
data
GI
data
C
D liu truyn
Khung ng b
Hnh 3.8 Cu trc khung OFDM s dng khung ng b FSC
C th biu din tn hiu khung OFDM nh sau:
S (t ) =
S F(tSC+
) S d(tata T
,
FSC
Trong
66
Nguyn ng Quang _ T5-K50
s ( n) = C A ( n)
nk
j 2
1 N 1
N
s
(
n
)
=
X
(
k
)
e
m
m
N
k =0
Trong ,
CL
n = 1, 2, ..., CL : FSC
k = 0, 1, ..., N 1: data
: di bit ca FSC.
67
Nguyn ng Quang _ T5-K50
68
Nguyn ng Quang _ T5-K50
4 1 P /2
I 0 (e )
2P
ng b tn s
Nh chng ta bit, k thut OFDM rt nhy cm vi nhng sai li v s sai
70
Nguyn ng Quang _ T5-K50
71
Nguyn ng Quang _ T5-K50
3.4.1. ng b tn s ly mu
S = FS / FS( receiver )
e j 2l S 1
yl xl
+
j 2l S
Vi N >>:
Vi S <<:
ej 2
x
k
k l
yl xl
(1 j
l +
S )
xk
[k(1+
S)-l]
j 2[k(1+ )-l]
S
k . S
k l
k l
1
42 4
3
nguy n
_nh n
_g y
_nhi
u _ICI
Trong ,
73
Nguyn ng Quang _ T5-K50
74
Nguyn ng Quang _ T5-K50
75
Nguyn ng Quang _ T5-K50
Loi b CP v
P/S
Tn hiu
A/D v S/P
cao tn
e-j (2 (f c-f frac
liu
ra
f=f(ffrac )
)t+)
Dao ng ti
ch c PLL
(VCO)
X l s
77
Nguyn ng Quang _ T5-K50
3.4.2.2.
CP
CP
n = N 1
n=0
n =L +1
Gi
T l chiu di ca 1 symbol.
= f c .T .
J = y (i ).y (i + N )= e
*
L 1
| y (i ) |
j2
i =0
=i 0
Vy, ta c gi tr c lng:
J*
1
=
arg
2
| J |
Trong ,
c lng th:
Thc hin ging nh trn vi mt khong d liu ngn hn, y ta chn vi
mt phn t chiu di khong CP, l L/4. Gi tr c lng:
K=
L /41
y (i ).y (i + N ) = e
*
i =0
j 2 /4
L /4 1
| y (i ) |
i= 0
78
Nguyn ng Quang _ T5-K50
4 2
| K |
| K | 2
| J |
2
Trong ,
3.4.2.3.
y m (n) =
ke
j 2n ( k + ) / N
; n = 0,1,2 N 1
H : p ng xung ca hm truyn t.
Tn hiu thu s c chuyn t min thi gian sang min tn s vi php bin
i FFT:
N 1
Yk = yn e.
j 2k
n
N
n =0
N 1
y
N
m ( n) e
j 2nk
n =0
Y2 (k ) =
1
N
2 N 1
m (n) e
j 2nk
n =N
79
Nguyn ng Quang _ T5-K50
N 1
y
N
m ( n +N ) e
j 2nk
n =0
e j 2
N
N 1
m ( n) e
j 2 nk
n =0
Hm c lng:
N 1
Im[ Y
(2
)k Y(1)]
k*
0
=
tan 1 Nk =
1
2
Re[ Y
(2
)k Y(1)]
k
k =0
CP
n= N 1
n = 2N 1
n = N 1
80
Nguyn ng Quang _ T5-K50
3.5.
ES
1 + 0.5947 N sin( )
O
D 10 log
sin e 2
10
E
( )2 S
3ln10
NO
11
E
(4 ) S
6 ln10
NO
ES
( )
1 +
3N O
D 10 log
Khng ng k
vy, suy hao SNR [dB] theo nhiu pha tng ln khi tng s lng sng mang.
-
82
Nguyn ng Quang _ T5-K50
Kt lun
Chng ta va im qua nhng k thut ng b truyn thng trong cc h
83
Nguyn ng Quang _ T5-K50
M u
Trong chng ny, chng ta s tm hiu nhng vn c bn, cc c im v
tnh cht ni bt ca k thut a truy nhp phn tn trc giao OFDMA. ng thi
nghin cu c bn vn ng b trong h thng hot ng theo k thut ny. Qua
chng ta c th thy c nhng u im v nhng tn ti ca k thut ny trong h
thng truyn thng v tuyn. T c th ng dng n mt cch ng n.
4.2.
C bn v k thut OFDMA
Orthogonal frequency-division multiple access (OFDMA) l k thut a truy
nhp phn chia theo tn s sng mang trc giao. y l cng ngh a sng mang
pht trin da trn nn k thut OFDM. Trong OFDMA, mt s cc sng mang con,
khng nht thit phi nm k nhau, c gp li thnh mt knh con (sub-channel) v
cc user khi truy cp vo ti nguyn s c cp cho mt hay nhiu knh con
truyn nhn ty theo nhu cu lu lung c th.
a truy nhp ghp knh phn chia theo tn s trc giao (OFDMA) l mt k
hoch ghp knh/a truy nhp cung cp hot ng ghp knh ca lung d liu t
nhiu ngi s dng trn cc knh con ng xung v a truy nhp ng ln bi
cc knh con ng ln. Nhiu ngi dng cng chia s mt bng tn nn c gi l
OFDMA. Mi ngi dng c th dng mt s sng mang con nh trc hoc thay
i ty theo thng tin cn truyn (s iu khin ny ph thuc vo lp MAC).
OFDMA s dng ging vi k thut OFDM, nhng thm vo chc nng chia
tng s sng mang bng cch s dng tn hiu OFDM gp thnh cc nhm ca cc
84
Nguyn ng Quang _ T5-K50
sng mang khng k nhau, m nhng user khc nhau c ch nh cc sng mang
khc nhau. iu ny l cn thit vi vic chia tng s sng mang OFDM cho nhiu
hn mt ngi s dng mt thi im.
OFDMA cho php nhiu ngi dng cng truy cp vo mt knh truyn bng
cch phn chia mt nhm cc sng mang con (subcarrier) cho mt ngi dng ti mt
86
Nguyn ng Quang _ T5-K50
Cc k hiu l
Sng mang con d liu
Sng mang con hoa tiu
88
Nguyn ng Quang _ T5-K50
4.2.3. c im
Trong OFDMA, vn a truy nhp c thc hin bng cch cung cp cho
mi ngi dng mt phn trong s cc sng mang c sn. Bng cch ny, OFDMA
tng t nh phng thc a truy nhp phn chia theo tn s thng thng (FDMA);
im khc vi chun FDMA l cc sng mang OFDMA cho cc user khc nhau l rt
gn vi nhau v cho php cc sng mang vt l c th thay i t symbol ny n
symbol khc. V n khng cn thit c di phng v ln cn rng nh trong FDMA
tch bit nhng ngi dng khc nhau.
Hnh 4.7 m t mt v d v bng tn s thi gian ca OFDMA, trong c 7
t
Hnh 4.7 Th d v OFDMA
90
Nguyn ng Quang _ T5-K50
Trong DL c 4 thnh phn m n mang thng tin cho php my thu gii iu ch
tn hiu: preamble, FCH, DL-MAP v UL-MAP.
Preamble
Preamble l bt u ca mi khung downlink. N bao gm cc sng mang
iu ch (BPSK,QAM, ) v c di 1 symbol OFDMA.
Preamble c s dng vo hai mc ch:
- B tr tun t pilot vo trong preamble lm cho n d dng hn cho my
thu trong vic nh gi li tn s v pha v ng b vi my pht. Chng c s
dng nh gi v cn bng knh.
- S sng mang preamble s dng ch ra 3 segment c s dng. Cc Sng
mang 0,3,6... ch ra rng segment 0 l c s dng, cc sng mang 1,4,7... ch ra
segment 1 c dng, v cc sng mang 2,5,8,.. ch ra segment 3 c dng.
FCH
Frame control header(FCH) c iu ch (QPSK, ) v c di 2 symbol
OFDMA. V tr vt l ca trng FCH l c nh, khi trong preamble khng c
thng tin th n s m t a ch.
Ni dung ca FCH m t Subchannel s dng, di ca DL-MAP v cc
tham s truyn dn khc s c cho bn di.
DL-MAP /UL-MAP
DL-MAP (downlink map) m t v tr ca cc burst cha trong Downlink
Zones. N gm s cc downlink burst, di ca chng theo c hng thi gian
(=symbol) v tn s (= subchannel).
UL-MAP (uplink map) c truyn nh burst u tin trong ng
xung(downlink) v gm cc thng tin v v tr ca UL burst cho cc ngi s dng
khc nhau.
Trong OFDM-TDMA v OFDMA, s lng sng mang con thng c gi
bng nhau vi ph c sn. S sng mang con khng thay i dn n khng gian sng
mang con thay i trong cc h thng khc nhau. iu ny lm cho vic chuyn giao
92
Nguyn ng Quang _ T5-K50
93
Nguyn ng Quang _ T5-K50
4.3.
0 n N + L1
= xd ( n);
n N+L
y ( n ) = h (m ) x ( n m )
m =0
Trong :
j n + 0
N
y (n) + (n )
0 : gc pha ban u.
(n) : l gi tr trung bnh ca nhiu trng vi phng sai 2
| P( d ) |
R(d )
94
Nguyn ng Quang _ T5-K50
P (d ) = r (n + d )r ( N n + d )
n=0
R (d ) = | r (n + d ) | 2
n=0
t
r1 (n) = r (n)r ( N n)
= s1 (n) + 1 (n)
Trong ,
s1 (n) = s (n) s( N n)
T biu thc :
N 1
N 1
n =0
n= 0
P (d ) = s1(n + d ) + 1(n + d )
Gi tr ln ca P(d) s l:
1
2
2 2
N 1
N 1
N 1
| P (d ) |= s1 (n + d ) + inphase 1 (n + d ) + quadphase 1 (n + d )
n =0
n=0
n=0
Trong ,
N 1
n=0 1
N 1
N 1
| P (d ) |= s1 ( n + d ) + inphase 1(n + d )
n =0
n=0
l = 0 m= 0
PI (d ) = x(n + d ) x( N n + d )
n =0
l + m N 1
PI d
= x (n + d l )x (N n + d m )
2 n=0
96
Nguyn ng Quang _ T5-K50
p = | x p ( n = L) | 2
n =0
(d ) = E y (n + d ) y ( N n + d )
n=0
N 1
N 1
2
2
+2 E y (n + d ) + 2 E y ( N n + d )
n =0
n =0
2
|P|
N 1
+ N E y (n + d ) y ( N n + d )
n=0
2
|P2| ( L) = N 2 x4 |h|4 (0) |h|2 (0) + N 4 2 x2 |h| 2(0) + 2
97
Nguyn ng Quang _ T5-K50
Trong ,
2
L1 1 L1 1
l+m
2
2
1 (d ) = E h(l ) h(m) PI d
2
l =0 m=0
98
Nguyn ng Quang _ T5-K50
M u
C l ngn ng rt c hiu qu v c a chung nht vit cc phn mm h
99
Nguyn ng Quang _ T5-K50
Xy dng m hnh
M ha
16-
file
QAM
Chn
Chn
zeros
pilot
Thc
hin
Chn
GI
IFFT
a ra
sound
card TX
Pha pht
Knh truyn
C nhiu
Pha thu
Ghi
Gii
Loi
li
m 16-
file
QAM
zeros
Tch
pilot
Thc
hin
FFT
Loi
b GI
Thu t
sound
card RX
100
Nguyn ng Quang _ T5-K50
5.2.
Gi tr
64
48
32
5
1
16-QAM
11025 Hz
din chia ra thnh cc khu vc gip thn thin vi ngi s dng. C th d dng thay
i theo mun.
Vng th hin tn hiu tng t ca d liu pha truyn sau khi qua
sound card.
+)
+)
+)
+)
+)
+)
+)
+)
Status th hin trng thi h thng ang lm vic (nh ang truyn file,
hay dng truyn ).
Hnh 5.3 l giao din ca chng trnh pha thu. Giao din gm c:
-
Khu vc Menu
+)
+)
103
Nguyn ng Quang _ T5-K50
104
Nguyn ng Quang _ T5-K50
Hnh 5.5 Giao din chng trnh pha nhn khi chy tht
y ta nhn thy tn hiu tng t thu c pha thu gn ging nh tn hiu
pha pht.
Chm sao QAM cng gn vi nhng gi tr l tng ca kiu iu ch 16QAM ta thc hin pha thu. S d c s lch ra nh trn l do c s nh hng ca
nhiu ln tn hiu truyn. Chng ta ch cn lm sao chm sao c nhng im t li
nh pha pht. Sau khi lm trn li gi tr, ta c th gii m ra file ban u.
Kt qu thu c 1 file C:\kq.txt
Chng trnh ph thuc kh nhiu vo vic x l sound card. Mt iu ch l
khi thu v gii m d liu qua sound card, ta cn iu chnh volume thu sao cho tn
hiu c bin khng vt qu gii hn t -1 n 1. V sound card ch nhn nhng gi
tr t -1 n 1 khi thu m thanh. Nu vt qu th d liu s khng c vn ton.
V ta cn t cc thng s u vo ca h thng gia bn pht v bn thu l
ging nhau chng trnh c th hot ng.
105
Nguyn ng Quang _ T5-K50
5.3.
chy theo thi gian thc, cha th nghin cu nhng k thut cao hn trong OFDM.
Nguyn tc thu v gii m file y l: trc khi pht phi bt u qu trnh
thu trc. Bn thu s thc hin thu tn hiu m thanh trong mt khong thi gian nh
trc. Trong khong thi gian ta phi pht xong d liu m bo bn thu c th
nhn c v nhn . Sau khi nhn c d liu t card m thanh, chng trnh thc
hin qu trnh ng b gii m ra file truyn.
C th tip tc pht trin chng trnh c th:
Thu Pht theo thi gian thc nh sau:
-
Ta phi tnh ton thi gian c th v chnh xc cho vic x l v truyn khung
OFDM ny.
-
Bn thu s thc hin thu tng khung OFDM v thc hin gii m ngay
106
Nguyn ng Quang _ T5-K50
+)
k thut c lng tuyn tnh c s dng trong chng trnh nh: phng
107
Nguyn ng Quang _ T5-K50
trnh khi b nh hng bi knh truyn bt nh. V chc chn khi thu d liu
s c li xy ra. Vic nghin cu n cc loi m sa sai v p dng vo h
thng s l cn thit nu mun a ra s dng thc t.
-
108
Nguyn ng Quang _ T5-K50
Kt qu t c
109
Nguyn ng Quang _ T5-K50
Kt lun
Chng ta im qua nhng im quan trng nht ca h thng truyn nhn d
liu thc hin qua sound card ca my tnh m chng ti thc hin.Trong iu kin
v kin thc c hn nn h thng mi ch truyn v nhn file text n gin. iu c
bit l nh n gip ta hiu r tt c cc quy trnh ca mt h thng truyn thng v
tuyn ni chung v h thng s dng k thut OFDM ni ring. Mong rng sau ny s
c th pht trin tip h thng ny c th t c kt qu tt hn na.
110
Nguyn ng Quang _ T5-K50
KT LUN CHUNG
Xu th tt yu ca cc h thng truyn thng v tuyn tng lai chc chn s s
dng k thut OFDM bi nhng u im ni bt ca n. Ngoi hai c im ni bt l
kh nng chng nhiu ISI, ICI v nng cao hiu qu s dng ph tn, vic s dng
OFDM cn c cc u im l cho php thng tin tc c truyn song song vi tc
thp trn cc knh hp. H thng OFDM chng c nh hng ca fading la
chn tn s v thc hin iu ch n gin, hiu qu nh s dng k thut bin i
FFT. Cc h thng c th ng dng k thut OFDM nh: h thng pht thanh s DAB,
h thng HyperLan/2 (IEEE802.11a), h thng WiMax(IEEE802.16a,e), truyn hnh
s mt t DVB-T v th h di ng th t 4G.
Trong n, em nghin cu r rng v cng ngh OFDM, m hnh h thng
truyn dn d liu s dng k thut OFDM, cch to v thu tn hiu. Ta phn tch
r nh hng ca cc loi nhiu in hnh ISI, ICI n hiu sut h thng v hiu qu
ca k thut OFDM trong vic khc phc cc loi nhiu . n cng nghin cu v
cc k thut ng b trong OFDM nh ng b thi gian, ng b tn s Tuy
nhin, h thng thc hin cha c s tham gia, kt hp vi phn cng nn cha th
kim nghim r cc phng php ng b tinh c nh nghin cu. i su vo vn
ng b th cn nhiu vn kh khn nhng qua y ta phn no hiu nhng
vn chnh trong khu ng b v cch gii quyt chng. Mong rng, trong thi gian
ti em c th pht trin v hon thin nhng ni dung n cha lm c v nghin
cu, khc phc c nhng nhc im ca k thut ny. T p dng a vo s
dng thc t.
Mc d em c gng ht sc nhng do kin thc c hn nn trong n ny
khng th trnh khi nhng sai st, mong rng qua vic thc hin n ny em s c
c nhng kinh nghim hu ch cho mnh sau ny. Mt ln na em xin chn thnh
cm n tt c cc thy, c gip em hon thnh n ny.
111
Nguyn ng Quang _ T5-K50
112
Nguyn ng Quang _ T5-K50