Đè cương Thi tốt nghiệp môn Chuyên ngành Càu đường

E CUNG ON THI TOT NGHIEP
MON : XAY DNG CAU & XAY DNG N G
CNG N TP THI TT NGHIP

MN : XY DNG CU & XY DNG NG
I. XY DNG NG 1
Cu 1. Cng tc khi phc cc: a. Nguyn nhn: - Do khu kho st, thit k thng c tin hnh trc khu thi cng mt thi gian nht nh, mt s cc c nh trc ng v cc mc cao b tht lc, mt mt. - Do nhu cu cn chnh xc ha cc on nn ng c bit. b. Ni dung: - Khi phc ti thc a cc cc c nh v tr trc ng (tim ng). - Kim tra cc mc cao , lp cc mc o cao tm thi. - o c, kim tra v ng thm cc cc chi tit cc on c bit. - Kim tra cao t nhin cc cc. c. K thut khi phc cc: + Khi phc cc c nh trc ng: - Dng cc thit b o c (my kinh v, my ton c, my ton c in t..) v cc dng c khc (so tiu, mia, thc dy..). - Da vo h s thit k, cc cc c nh trc ng c, c bit l cc cc nh khi phc cc cc mt mt. - Cc to ng v tr: cc km, cc 0,5km, cc T,TC ng cong trn, ng cong chuyn tip. - Cc nh ng cc cc 100m, cc chi tit: + Cc chi tit trn ng thng: 20m ng 1 cc. + Cc chi tit trn ng cong: Ty thuc vo bn knh ng cong: R>500m, 20m ng 1 cc; R=100500m, 10m/1 cc; R<100, 5m/1 cc. - Ngoi ra ti cc v tr a hnh, a cht thay i t ngt (qua khe su, g, i, phn thy, ao h, sng, sui, t cng, t yu..), phi cm thm cc chi tit tnh ton khi lng o p chnh xc hn. + Kim tra mc cao , lp mc o cao tm thi: - Kim tra cao t nhin cc cc bng my thy bnh so snh vi n thit k. - Lp cc mc o cao tm thi ti cc v tr: cc on nn ng c khi lng cng tc tp trung, cc cng trnh trn ng (cu, cng, k), cc nt giao nhau khc mc. Cc mc phi c ch to bng btng chn cht vo t, hoc li dng cc vt c nh nm ngoi phm vi thi cng gi cao (g nn nh, tng to..) =>T cc mc o cao tm thi, kim tra cao o, p nn ng hoc cao thi cng ca cc hng mc cng trnh trn ng bng cc thit b n gin.
TRNG CAO ANG XAY DNG SO 3
SINH VIEN THC HIEN : TO VAN ANH
Cu 2. Cc phng n thi cng nn ng o: Gm: - o ton b theo chiu ngang; - o ho dc; - o tng lp theo chiu dc; - o hn hp. 1. Phng n 1 - o ton b theo chiu ngang: a. Tm tt: - o mt ln trn ton b chiu rng v chiu su t u ny ti u kia ca on, o t thp ti cao, o ngc dc.
- Ngoi ra tng din thi cng c th o t 2 u vo gia nu trc dc dc v 2 pha.
- TH trc dc dc 1 pha nhng mun tng din thi cng rt ngn thi gian o t do tin thi cng gp, khi lng cng tc ln.
=> C th o t 2 pha nhng pha o xui dc phi lm rnh bin tm m bo thot nc trong thi cng. - TH nn ng o su th phi chia lm nhiu bc thi cng.
+ Mi bc TC phi c chiu cao o ln my o y gu, c ng thot nc v vn chuyn ring. + C th o ht bc trn ri o xung bc di. tng din thi cng c th o ng thi, song phi o bc trn trc 1020m m bo an ton. b. Phm vi p dng: Rt thch hp thi cng: - on nn o su v ngn c khi lng o ln hn 5000 m3/100m di; - C ng vn chuyn t thun li. 2. Phng n 2 - o dc: Gm: - o theo lung; - o thnh tng lp. a. o theo lung (o ho dc): - Nn ng o s c o mt phn MCN trn ton b chiu su, sau o m rng ho dc v 2 pha cho n khi t kch thc mt ct ngang thit k.
- Ho dc s va l ni b tr nhn lc hoc my o, va l ng vn chuyn t ra v thot nc. - Hng thi cng v k thut o ho dc tng t PA1. - TH chiu su nn o qu ln, c th phi chia lm nhiu bc thi cng, mi bc thi cng o 1 ho dc ring.
* Phm vi p dng: Tng t PA1 nhng nn o c chiu rng ln, khng th o ngay mt ln trn ton b chiu rng nn ng. b. o tng lp theo chiu dc: - o nn ng thnh tng lp trn ton b chiu rng, t trn xung lp di cho ti khi t cao ;
- Mi lp t o c chiu dy t 1030cm ty theo loi t & my thi cng. * Phm vi p dng: Rt thch hp:
- Trc dc o, p xen k c c ly vn chuyn dc nh hn 200m, khi lng o p cn bng; - a cht l t ng nht, khng ln cc hoc phn lp nm ngang, o nn ng ly t p; - B mt mt t bng phng, dc ngang mt t khng ln hn 5%. 3. o hn hp: - Mt ho dc s c o trc, sau o cc ho ngang tng din thi cng.
* Phm vi p dng: - Thch hp nn o c chiu rng, su v c bit di, khng th o ngay mt ln trn ton b chiu rng & chiu su nn ng. - Ho dc v cc ho ngang c din thi cng rt ln, cho php tp trung nhiu my mc, nhn lc m khng cn tr nhau khi hot ng, c th rt ngn tin thi cng. 4. Cc yu cu i vi vic xy dng nn ng o: - Thi cng nn o n u, thi cng ngay h thng thot nc n y. - Phi lun m bo dc dc (0,5%), dc ngang (2%) ca cc lp t o nhanh chng thot nc mt. - Khi t b gn sng sui khng c chn ngang hay lm thu hp lng chy. nhng ni c d nh m rng sau ny th khng c t ti . - Khi ng t b ca nn o pha trn dc th phi lin tc to ngn nc. - Khi pha di dc phi gin on, nc thot ra ngoi mt cch thun li, ti a 50m b tr mt khe thot nc. - Khong cch t chn pha trong ng t b n nh mi nn o t nht l 5m, v phi sa cho phng v xui dc m bo cho nc chy vo rnh bin c d dng. Cu 3. Cc phng n thi cng nn ng p: 1. Yu cu: - Trc khi tin hnh p t nn ng phi x l nn t m bo nn ng khng b ln, trt, mt n nh,.. 2. Chn vt liu t p: - Chn vt liu phi thot nc tt, c cng cao, n nh vi nc, tnh trng n nh thun li cho vic m nn; - C ly vn chuyn nh, tt nht nn s dng t ti ch; - Khng dng cc loi t sau p nn ng: + t ln mui v thch cao qu 5%, t bn, t than bn; + t ph sa, t mn qu 10% h u c; + t st c trng n qu 4%; + t ln pho ng ha hoc d phong ha; + K hng dng t bi, t ln phong ha p phn nn b ngp nc. 3. Nguyn tc p t nn ng: - t c tnh cht khc nhau th p thnh tng lp nm ngang khc nhau, v m nn tng lp t cht yu cu; - Kh ng dng t thot nc km (st, st) bao quanh kn t thot nc tt (ct, ct..); - Khi t thot nc kh p di t thot nc d th b mt phi to dc ngang 2 b n > 4 % . - Khi kch c ht gia hai lp trn v lp chnh lch nhiu. V d, lp trn l t dnh, lp di l hc th gia 2 lp phi lm mt lp l c ngc bng vt liu , ct ngn nga khng cho t dnh chui vo khe h gia cc hn lm cho nn ng b ln.
4. Cc phng n thi cng nn ng p: Gm: - p tng lp ngang; - p t ng lp xin (p ln); - p hn hp. a. Phng n 1 - p tng lp nm ngang: - p nn ng thnh t ng lp nm ngang t di ln trn n khi t cao thit k.
- Chiu dy m i lp t p ph thuc vo loi t, c ng c m ln, cht yu cu, thng thng 15-20cm. (50cm) - Sau khi m nn lp di t cht, tin hnh x l b mt lp t trc khi p lp trn - y l PA p t nn ng tt nht, tha mn cc nguyn tc p t. b. Phng n 2 - p tng lp xin (p ln): - Phng n c mt u c nh, a hnh trng, ao h .., t vn chuyn t i li t v p thnh t ng lp xin theo kiu ln dn ko theo chiu d c ca ng; - t c p thnh lp dy, kh m cht.
c. Phng n 3 - Phng n p hn hp : - Cc lp di p thnh tng lp xin, cc lp trn p tng lp nm ngang.
Cu 4. Mc ch m nn t nn ng: a. Khi nim: - Qu trnh m nn t nn ng l qu trnh tc dng ca ti trng tc thi v ti trng chn ng, sp xp li cc ht trong t, ht nh lp y khe h gia cc ht ln. - Hiu qu ca qu trnh m nn ph thuc: Loi vt liu, m, thit b m nn, chiu dy m nn. b. Mc ch ca cng tc m nn t: - Ci thin kt cu m bo t cht cn thit, cng & n nh di tc dng ca trng lng bn thn, ti trng xe c, cc yu t kh hu. - Nng cao cng nn ng, nh tng cht, tnh bin dng ca nn ng gim, mun n hi ca nn ng tng ln (Eo), c th gim bt chiu dy kt cu mt ng bn trn m ko lm gim cht lng khai thc ca tuyn ng. - Tng cng sc khng ct ca t,nng cao n nh c hc ca mi taluy p. - cht ca t c tng cng, rng gim i, lm gim tnh thm hi thm nc, gim nh tnh co rt & chiu cao mao dn ca t. Cu 5. Cc yu t nh hng n cng tc m nn t: Gm cc yu t sau: m trong t; b dy lp t m nn; s ln m nn; cng gii hn ca t. 1. m: - Quan st ng cong quan h g-w vi 1 cng m nn khng i nhn thy: + Khi W<Wo: m ca t tng ln, cht t c cng tng ln. + Khi W>Wo: m ca t cng tng, cht t c cng gim i. - Gii thch: + Khi W<Wo: Nc trong t khi m nn ng vai tr nh mt cht bi trn. Khi m nh, mng nc khng bao bc cc ht t, ma st gia cc ht ln, cng m nn phi hao tn mt lng ng k thng lc ma st trc khi y cc ht n v tr n nh mi, cht ca t m nn t c nh. Khi m tng, ma st gia cc ht gim, cht ca t m nn tng ln.
+ Khi W>Wo: Mng nc bao bc cc ht c chiu dy ln, cng m nn phi hao tn mt lng lm bin dng mng nc trc khi y cc ht n v tr n nh, cht ca t m nn cng nh i nu m cng tng. + Nh vy, m nn t m tt nht wo th lp t m nn s t c cht ln nht mc d cng m nn khng i. - m tt nht ca t c xc nh theo phng php m nn tiu chun, trng thi ny t c lin kt tt, lc nn ng rt kh thm nc ngha l n n nh vi nc. 2. B dy lp t m nn: - B dy ln nht cho php ca t khi m nn phi va ng sao cht phn y ca lp t cht yu cu. - Chiu dy lp t m nn c quyt nh ty theo: Tnh nng v loi cng c m nn; Tnh cht ca t v yu cu m nn. 3. S ln m nn: - Di tc dng ca ti trng lp khi m ln to ra bin dng tch ly. S lt lu u tin c tc dng cao, sau mt s lt lu nht nh th hiu qu m ln khng cn tc dng. - Nu lp t m nn dy, t c cht yu cu th phi m nn nhiu ln,hao ph cng m nn, ko kinh t. - S ln lu quan h vi tc lu ln. Nu tng tc lu trn lp t th thi gian tc dng ca ng sut ngn i, do vy s ln lu ln phi tng ln mi m bo cht yu cu. - Nu lu chm th cng lu ln s cao ln lm gim hiu qu m nn. - Trong khi lu ln m bo cht lng m nn v hiu qu kinh t khi chiu dy v s ln m nn c quyt nh, th thng dng lu nh trc, lu nng sau, lu u chm, sau nhanh, t mp ng vo gia ng, cc vt lu phi trng ln nhau t 15-20cm. 4. Cng gii hn ca t: - Trong khi m nn t nn ng thng xut hin hin tng t b chy v bin dng nhanh chng c th lm tng cht hoc ph hoi t nn, n lm thay i v tr ca cc ht lm o lon cc thnh phn do vy mun m nn tt th ti trng m nn phi ln hn cng ca t. Cu 6. K thut lu ln t: Gm cc vn : - Thit k s lu; - Chn ti trng lu ln; - Chn vn tc lu ln; - Chn chiu dy lp vt liu m nn; - Xc nh chiu di lu ln. 1.Thit k s lu: + Mc ch ca vic thit k s lu: - Thit k s lu m bo cc phng tin lu ln thc hin cc thao tc c thun tin, t nng sut v cht lng lu ln cao ; - Nhm iu chnh cc im trn nn ng sao cho s lt lu u nhau; - m bo an ton trong qu trnh lu ln.
+ Nguyn tc thit k s lu: - Lu ln t thp n cao; - Lu ln t ngoi vo trong hn ch t n hng; - Trong ng cong: lu t bng sang lng; - Vt lu u tin cch vai ng 0,5m m bo an ton (i vi nn p); - Cc vt lu phi chng ln nhau ti thiu 15-20cm mt lp t bng phng. 2. Chn ti trng lu: Theo cc giai on lu: - Giai on lu ln s b: Do lp t cn ri rc, sc khng ct nh, sc cn m nn nh, nn ch dng lu nh bnh cng (4-6T) trnh ph hoi lp t m nn. - Giai on lu ln cht: Dng cc loi lu khc nhau, c ti trng tng dn do lp t tng cng cht. + Lu trung bnh cng(7-9T),lu nng (10-12T); + Lu bnh lp: (2,5-4T/bnh); + Lu chn cu (loi ny khng cn lu ln s b); - Lu cho n khi lp t t cht. 3. Vn tc lu ln (km/h): + Nguyn tc: - chm lp t bin dng v cht li, khng lm lp t m nn b nt n, tri trt, ln sng; - ln t nng sut lu ln cao. + Chn vn tc: - Giai on lu ln s b: Lu ln vn tc chm (V=1,52km/h). - Giai on lu ln cht: Tng dn vn tc lu ln: + Lu bnh cng: V = 23k m/h; + Lu bnh lp: V=36(10) km/h; + Lu chn cu: V=35 km/h. - Cc lt sau cng nn lu vi vn tc chm do cht ca t ln, sc khng ln V=1,752,25km/h. 4. Chiu dy lp vt liu m nn: - Ty thuc vo cht yu cu, loi t m nn, loi phng tin, ti trng lu ln, trng thi vt l ca t m chiu dy lp t m nn s khc nhau. - Chiu dy lp t hiu qu: H min H hq H max + Hmin=10cm: m bo lp t ko b ph hoi cc b, ko b tri trt ln sng, v lp t pha di ko b h hng. +H : m bo lp t t cht ng u trong sut chiu dy m nn.
max
- Qui nh thng thng: + Lu bnh cng:15-18cm; + Lu bnh lp: 20-30cm; + Lu chn cu:15-20cm. 5. S lt m nn y.cu (lt/im): - Ty theo cc giai on lu ln, loi t nn ng,chiu dy lp t m nn, trng thi vt l ca vt liu m s lt m nn yu cu s khc nhau. - Giai on lu ln s b: 48 lt/im. - Giai on lu ln cht: + Lu bnh cng: 1218 lt/im;
+ Lu bnh lp:1014 lt/im; + Lu chn cu: 812 lt/im. 6. Chiu di on m nn L(m): - ln phng tin m nn t i s. - nh lu ln vt liu trng thi vt l tt nht v m. - Thng chiu di m nn: L = 40-200m. Cu 7. Nguyn tc chn my thi cng nn ng: - My chnh trong xy dng nn ng l cc loi my hon thnh cc khu cng tc chnh nh: o,p,vn chuyn t. - My ph l cc loi my hon thnh cc khu cng tc ph tr nh: ti m, san ri, lu ln, hon thin. - Khi chn my l phi theo nguyn tc: chn my chnh trc c nng sut cao, sau mi chn my ph trn c s pht huy ht nng sut cho my chnh. Chn my chnh: da trn 3 cn c: - Tnh cht cng trnh nn ng; - iu kin thi cng; - Kh nng cung cp my mc thit b ca n v thi cng. T 03 cn c trn, c th c nhiu phng n chn my thi cng nn ng khc nhau, phi tin hnh so snh kinh t - k thut chn phng n tt nht. 1. V tnh cht cng trnh nn ng: Bao gm: - Loi nn ng (o hay p); - Chiu cao o p; - C ly vn chuyn; - Khi lng v thi hn thi cng. a. Loi nn ng: + Nn ng o: - Nn ng o t v 2 pha c th s dng cc loi my chnh nh: my o, my i, my xc chuyn, my san. - Nn ng o ly t p c th s dng cc loi my chnh: my o, my i, my xc chuyn. - Nn ng o t bi thi ch s dng my o kt hp vi t vn chuyn t hoc my xc chuyn. + Nn ng p: - Nn ng p ly t on nn o khc c th s dng cc loi my chnh nh: my i, my xc chuyn, my o. - Nn ng p ly t thng u s dng cc loi my chnh: my i, my xc chuyn, my san. - Nn ng p ly t m t ch s dng t vn chuyn t. + Nn ng na o, na p: - Nn ng na o, na p ch yu s dng cc loi my chnh nh: my o, my i, my xc chuyn, my san. b. Chiu cao o, p t: - Khi h<0,75m: dng my san; - Khi h<1,5m: dng my i;
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- Khi h>1,5m: dng my xc chuyn; My o phi c chiu su o ln my o t c y gu. c. Khi lng t: - Khi khi lng t cng tc ln nn chn cc loi my thi cng t c nng sut cao. + My o, my xc chuyn c dung tch gu o, thng cp ln. + My i, my san c kch thc li i, san rng. - Khng nn chn phng n s dng nhiu my c cng sut nh v chi ph o, p ln; s lng my mc nhiu d cn tr nhau khi hot ng, t chc thi cng phc tp. - Khi khi lng t cng tc nh nn chn cc loi my thi cng t c nng sut thp, nu khng s khng tn dng ht kh nng lm vic ca my. d. C ly vn chuyn t: - C ly vn chuyn cng ln, nn chn my c dung tch thng cha ln. + L<100m:My i; + L= 100500m:My xc chuyn; + L>500m: t t . 2. V iu kin thi cng: - Da vo loi t, a cht thy vn, iu kin thot nc, iu kin vn chuyn ( dc, a hnh, a mo), iu kin kh hu (ma, gi, sng m), v iu kin cung cp vt liu. a. iu kin a cht: - t ln ,t cng,t c tnh dnh ln:nn dng my o hoc my i;t cng nu dng my xc chuyn phi xi trc. - t cng va,t xp ri,t t dnh:c th dng mi loi my thi cng t. - o t ngp nc nn dng my o gu nghch, gu dy. - Di chuyn trn t yu nn dng cc phng tin bnh xch(p lc bnh xch phn b trn mt t thng rt nh). b. iu kin a hnh: - Cc phng tin bnh lp ch di chuyn trc tip c trn cc a hnh bng phng, dc ngang mt t khng qu 10%. - Cc phng tin bnh xch c th di chuyn trc tip c trn cc a hnh gh gh, dc ngang mt t n 25%. - Trng hp phm vi thi cng c dc ngang ln hn cc gi tr k trn; c th o, i h dc ngang to din thi cng. Khi lng ny s khng c tnh ton vo khi lng o p & chi ph xy dng cng trnh. c. iu kin v ng vn chuyn: - Cc loi phng tin bnh lp ch pht huy c nng sut khi c iu kin vn chuyn thun li. 3. V kh nng cung cp cc ngun lc thi cng ca n v: Chn my phi m bo: - Tn dng ti a cc loi my mc, thit b m n v thi cng c th cung cp c, c thit b ph tng thay th, c i ng cng nhn & cn b k thut lnh ngh. - Khi chn my nn chn cc loi my c a nng, c th thi cng t trong cc iu kin khc nhau, lm c nhiu cng vic khc nhau.
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T .K t .Q t
*Cng thc chung tnh nng sut my lm vic trong 1 ca: N
*Bin php nng cao nng sut: + Nng cao h s s dng thi gian Kt. + Nng cao khi lng cng tc trong 1 chu k Q + Gim thi gian thao tc trong 1 chu k t: - Xc nh ng iu kin s dng my; - Thit k s o t hp l; - S dng ti a ti trng ca my; - Hn ch khi lng t tn tht khi vn chuyn. - Thng xuyn tu sa, v sinh thng cha, gu o, li i, li san; - Chn phng thc o t hp l gim thi gian o t. - Thit k s chy my hp l; - Xc nh vn tc my khi thc hin cc thao tc ph hp; - Chun b ng vn chuyn thun li; - Chn hnh thc t hp l. Cu 8. Thi cng nn ng bng my i: + Th tch t trc li i khi xn l: Q + Chiu di xn t ca my i Lx: Lx
lH 2 (m 3 ) 2.Kr .tg
Q ( m) ; - h: chiu su xn t bnh qun. l.h + H s tn tht khi vn chuyn t Ktt c tnh theo cng thc: Ktt = 1- (0,005+0,004.L), L l c ly vn chuyn,m. lH 2 .Ktt (m 3 ) . + Th tch t trc li i khi vn chuyn n ni l: Qvc 2.Kr.tg 60T .Kt.Q.Kd 3 + Nng sut my i: N (m / ca ) ; t Lx Lc Ll Vi: T.gian lm vic trong 1 chu k ca my i: t 2t q t d 2t h ( m) . Vx Vc Vl * Cc bin php nng cao nng sut my i: - Nng cao h s s dng my: + Ngi: c sc khe tt, k lut; + My: bo dng thng xuyn, nh k; + Tng tc : Vx;Vc;Vl;
Tn dng ti a dc a hnh o & vn chuyn t.
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II. XY DNG NG 2
Cu 1. MT (MNG) NG CP PHI THIN NHIN: 1. Khi nim: - Mt (mng) ng, sau y gi chung l mt ng, cp phi thin nhin l loi mt ng hoc mng ng c xy dng t ngun vt liu ly t t nhin c thnh phn cp phi ph hp vi quy nh ca tiu chun. - Tiu chun p dng: Quy trnh k thut thi cng v nghim thu cc lp kt cu o ng bng cp phi thin nhin 22TCN 304 2003. 2. K thut thi cng: a. Chun b cp phi: - Vt liu cp phi thin nhin phi tp kt thnh ng bi cha vt liu sau th nghim cc ch tiu k thut; nu t cc yu cu k thut v c s ng ca gim st thi cng th mi c php vn chuyn n v tr xy dng. - Trc khi ri cp phi cn kim tra hin trng thi cng c th l: lp y o ng hay mng o ng phi hon thnh v c nghim thu m bo cht, kch thc hnh hc, cao ,.. theo yu cu ca thit k. - Khi lng cp phi phi c tnh ton ri lp mng ng chiu dy thit k vi h s ln p K; cn phi thi cng th mt on xc nh (h s ny thng thng K = 1,25 - 1,35). - Dng t t vn chuyn cp phi t bi tp kt ra hin trng, khi xc ln xe t nn dng my xc bng gu, nu dng th cng th dng st chuyn ln xe, khng dng xng ht ln xe. - Khi cp phi t xe xung ng th phi thnh ng, khong cch gia cc ng phi tnh ton sao cho cng san t nht hn ch s phn tng ca cp phi. - Cp phi khi xc v vn chuyn phi c m thch hp khi san v lu ln cp phi c m nm trong phm vi m tt nht (Wo) vi sai s cho php nh hn 1% (Wo). b. San cp phi: - Trc khi san ri cp phi phi kim tra m, nu cp phi kh th phi ti thm nc theo cc hnh thc sau: + Dng bnh hoa sen ti nhm trnh cc ht nh tri i. + Dng xe tc vi vi phun cm tay chch ln tri to ma. + Ti trong khi san ri cp phi nc thm u.
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- Tu thuc phng tin lu san ri cp phi bng my san, my i hoc my ri chuyn dng. Chiu mi lp khng c qu 20cm. - Trong qu trnh san ri cp phi nu thy c hin tng phn tng, gn sng hoc nhng du hiu khng thch hp th phi tm bin php khc phc ngay. - Trc khi ri cp phi lp sau, mt ca lp di phi m v c nghim thu theo quy nh. Thng ti nc to dnh bm t 2 3 lt/m2 c. Lu ln cp phi: - Ngay sau khi san ri cp phi th phi tin hnh m ln ngay. Ch tin hnh lu ln vi m cp phi l m tt nht (Wo) vi sai s 1%. - Nht thit phi c s lu ca cc thit b. - S ln lu ln cn c c th vo kt qu th im v lu ln ti thc a. - Phi sa cha ngay nhng ch khng bng phng, gn sng trong qu trnh lu, tt nht l trong giai on lu s b. - Lu th im: + Trc khi thi cng i tr phi tin hnh lu th im xc nh s ln lu ln thch hp vi tng loi thit b lu v quan h gia m, s ln lu, cht. + Thc hin th im trn on ng c di 50m, rng ti thiu 2,75m (thng ly bng chiu rng mt na mt ng hoc mt ln xe). + Khi tri ma th phi ngng ri ra v ngng lu ln cp phi. Nu ang lu gp tri ma th phi ngng lu, i tnh ma nc bc hi n khi m t m tt nht mi c lu tip. d. Bo dng: - i vi lp mt loi B1, B2 bng cp phi thin nhin th sau khi thi cng xong trong vng 7-14 ngy cn phi thc hin cc bc sau y: + iu chnh cho xe chy phn b u trn b rng phn xe chy; + Qut ct sn lp bo v vng ra ngoi tr li phn xe chy; + Nu nng kh phi ti m u trn phn xe chy mi ngy mt ln. - i vi lp mng bng cp phi thin nhin: + Nu phi bo m thng xe ngay trn mng th vic bo dng cng phi c thc hin nh trn (trong trng hp ny cng nn ri ct sn bo v b mt, nu thi gian ch thi cng lp trn di hng thng m vn phi m bo giao thng vi lu lng 50 xe/ngy m); + Nu lp trn c thi cng ngay trong vng mt tun th khng cn lm lp bo v, vic bo dng lc ny c thc hin bng cch iu chnh xe v ti m nh trn.
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Cu 2. MT (MNG) NG CP PHI DM: 1. Khi nim: - Mt (mng) ng, sau y gi chung l mt ng cp phi dm l loi mt ng hoc mng ng c xy dng t hn hp cc ht c kch c khc nhau c nghin t nguyn khai hoc si cui, c thnh phn cp phi ph hp vi quy nh ca tiu chun. - Nguyn l s dng ca vt liu l: nguyn l cp phi. Vic hnh thnh cng ca lp vt liu l do lc dnh ca cc thnh phn ht nh c tnh do v s chn mc, ma st gia cc thnh phn ht ln trong ct liu. - Tiu chun p dng: Quy trnh k thut thi cng v nghim thu lp mng cp phi dm trong kt cu o ng t 22TCN 334 2006. 2. K thut thi cng: a. Chun b thi cng: - Chun b mt bng: + Tin hnh khi phc, kim tra h thng cc nh v tim v mp mng ng, ln khun ca lp cp phi dm . + Vic thi cng cc lp mng CPD ch c tin hnh khi mt bng thi cng c nghim thu. + i vi mt bng thi cng l mng hoc mt ng c, phi pht hin, x l trit cc v tr h hng cc b v b vnh nhng ch cn thit. + Khi b vnh bng CPD th chiu dy b vnh ti thiu phi ln hn hoc bng 3 ln c ht ln nht danh nh Dmax. - Chun b thit b: Cn huy ng y v ng chng loi thit b phc v cho vic thi cng theo kt qu ca on thi cng th nghim v phi c kim tra hot ng ca thit b trc khi thi cng. b. Chun b cp phi dm: - Phi tin hnh la chn cc ngun cung cp vt liu CPD cho cng trnh: Kho st, kim tra, nh gi v kh nng p ng cc ch tiu k thut. Kh nng cung cp vt liu theo tin cng trnh lm c s T vn gim st chp thun ngun cung cp vt liu. - Vt liu CPD t ngun cung cp phi c tp kt v bi cha ti chn cng trnh tin hnh cc cng tc kim tra, nh gi cht lng vt liu. + C 3000 m3 vt liu ti m phi ly 01 mu kim tra. + C 1000 m3 vt liu vn chuyn n cng trnh phi ly 01 mu kim tra
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- Bi cha vt liu nn b tr gn v tr thi cng v phi tp kt c khi lng vt liu CPD ti thiu cho mt ca thi cng. - Khng tp kt ln ln nhiu ngun vt liu vo cng mt v tr; - Trong mi cng on vn chuyn, tp kt, phi c cc bin php nhm trnh s phn tng ca vt liu CPD. c. Thi cng on th nghim: - Vic thi cng on th phi c tin hnh trong cc trng hp sau: + Trc khi trin khai thi cng i tr; + Khi c s thay i thit b thi cng chnh nh: lu nng, my san, my ri; + Khi c s thay i v ngun cung cp vt liu hoc loi vt liu CPD. - Mi on thi cng th nghim c chiu di 50m v c tin hnh nhiu on vi nhiu phng n thi cng v thit b khc nhau. - Cc phng n thi cng trong qu trnh th nghim phi ph hp vi thit b phc v cho cng tc thi cng i tr v phi c s chp thun ca t vn gim st. - Kt qu cn thu thp t vic thi cng on th nghim: + S tp kt vt liu, s vn hnh ca my san hoc my ri; + H s lu ln, chiu dy ti u ca lp thi cng; + S lu ln ca mi loi lu vi th t v hnh trnh lu, vn tc v s ln lu qua mt im; + Cc cng tc ph tr nh b ph, x l phn tng v cc bc kim tra, gim st cht lng v tin thi cng. d. Vn chuyn cp phi dm: - Vic vn chuyn cp phi dm c th s dng xe t t , xe chuyn dng. - Phi ti m cp phi dm trc khi vn chuyn n v tr thi cng. - Khi xc cp phi ln xe phi c bin php hp l trnh phn tng vt liu. - Vt liu c vn chuyn n cng trnh c trc tip vo my ri hoc thnh tng ng vi c ly hp l nu ri bng my san. - Khong cch gia cc ng phi c tnh ton vi h s ln p khong 1,3 nhng khng c ln hn 10m. e. San ri cp phi dm: - Ti nc to dnh bm trc khi ri vt liu. - i vi lp mng trn cp phi dm phi c ri bng my ri. - i vi lp mng di, nn s dng my ri nng cao cht lng cng trnh. Ch c s dng my san ri vt liu CPD khi c T vn gim st chp thun.
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- Cn c vo tnh nng ca thit b, chiu dy thit k, c th phn thnh cc lp thi cng. Chiu dy ca mi lp thi cng sau khi lu ln khng nn ln hn 18cm i vi mng di v 15cm i vi lp mng trn v chiu dy ti thiu ca mi lp phi khng nh hn 3 ln c ht ln nht danh nh Dmax. - bo m cht lu ln trn ton b b rng mng, khi khng c khun ng hoc va, phi ri vt liu CPD rng thm mi bn ti thiu l 25 cm so vi b rng thit k ca mng. - Nu b rng mng ln phi chia thnh nhiu vt ri, ti cc v tr tip gip vi vt ri trc, phi tin hnh loi b cc vt liu CPD ri rc ti cc mp ca vt ri trc khi ri vt tip theo. - Trong sut qu trnh san, ri vt liu phi thng xuyn kim tra m ca cp phi, chiu dy ri, dc ngang, ng u ca cp phi kp thi x l v thay th vt liu ti nhng v tr vt liu b phn tng. e. Lu ln cp phi dm: - Vic lu ln ch c thc hin khi m ca vt liu nm trong gii hn Wo + 2%, phi c s lu c t vn gim st chp thun. - S dng lu nh vi vn tc chm lu nhng lt u, sau s dng lu c ti trng nng lu tip cho n khi t cht yu cu. - S ln lu ln phi m bo ng u i vi tt c cc im trn mt mng. - Vic lu ln phi thc hin t ch thp n ch cao, vt bnh lu sau chng ln vt lu trc t 20 - 25cm. Nhng on ng thng, lu t mp vo tim ng v cc on ng cong, lu t pha bng ng cong dn ln pha lng ng cong. - Ngay sau giai on lu ln s b, phi tin hnh ngay cng tc kim tra cao , dc ngang, bng phng v pht hin nhng v tr b li lm, phn tng b ph, sa cha kp thi: + Nu thy c hin tng khc thng nh rn nt, gn sng, x dn hoc ri rc khng cht,.. phi dng lu, tm nguyn nhn v x l trit ri mi c lu tip. Tt c cc cng tc ny phi hon tt trc khi t c 80% cng lu. + Nu phi b ph sau khi lu ln xong, th b mt lp mng CPD phi c cy xi vi chiu su ti thiu l 5 cm trc khi ri b. - Trong qu trnh lu, nu khng thy vt hn ca bnh xe trn mt th phi tng ti trng lu cho n khi t cht yu cu. f. Cng tc bo dng v thi cng lp nha thm bm: - Nu thi cng nhiu lp th phi ti m lp di v thi cng ngay lp trn.
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- Nu thi cng lp mng trn th phi ti nha thp bm bng nha pha du hoc nh tng nha ng. - Khng cho xe c i li trn lp mng khi cha ti nha thm bm v phi thng xuyn gi m trn mt lp mng CPD trnh cc ht mn b gi thi. - Trc khi ti nha thm bm, phi tin hnh lm v sinh b mt lp mng nhm loi b bi, rc, vt liu ri rc bng cc dng c thch hp nh chi, my nn kh nhng khng c lm bong bt cc ct liu ca lp mng. - Khi ti nha thm bm, phi m bo vt liu c nhit lm vic thch hp (khong 30 - 65oC i vi nha pha du v 25 - 70oC vi nh tng nha ng) v nhit khng kh ln hn 80C. - Tin hnh phun ti lp nha thm bm ng u trn ton b b mt lp mng bng cc thit b chuyn dng vi p lc phun t 2 - 5 at vi nh mc l 1,2 0,1 lt/m2. - Nu phi bo m giao thng, ngay sau khi ti lp thm bm, phi ph mt lp mt kch c 0,5 cm x 1,0 cm vi nh mc 10 1 lt/m2 v lu nh khong 2 - 3 ln/im. ng thi, phi b tr lc lng duy tu, bo dng hng ngy nh: thot nc b mt, b ph, qut gt cc ht b vng dt v lu ln li nhng ch c hin tng b bong bt do xe chy. Cu 3. MT NG BTNG NHA: 1. Khi nim: - Mt ng btng nha l mt ng c xy dng t hn hp ct liu , ct, bt khong v nha ng trng thi nng c trn vi nhau theo mt t l nht nh ti cc trm trn sau em ri v lu ln nhit thch hp. - Nguyn l s dng vt liu l nguyn l cp phi. Vic hnh thnh cng l nh ma st gia cc ct liu v lc dnh do nha ng to ra. - Tiu chun p dng: Quy trnh cng ngh thi cng v nghim thu mt ng btng nha 22TCN 249 98. 2. K thut thi cng: a. Cng tc chun b: - Phi hp cc cng vic trc khi thi cng: + Phi kim tra s vn hnh bnh thng ca cc thit b nh trm trn, t vn chuyn, thit b ri v lu ln. + Ch thi cng lp btng nha trong nhng ngy thi tit nng ro khng c ma v nhit khng kh khng thm hn 50C.
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+ Phi tin hnh on thi cng th nghim vi khi lng ti thiu bng 80tn, on th nghim phi t yu cu theo thit k nu khng phi lm li on khc. - Chun b lp mng: + Trc khi ri lp btng nha phi lm sch, kh, m bo bng phng, dc ngang theo yu cu thit k v phi c nghim thu theo quy nh. + Nu thi cng nng cp mt ng c th cng vic dm v mt ng bng btng nha ngui phi c tin hnh trc khi thi cng lp btng nha t nht 15 ngy. Nu dm v bng btng nha nng th phi m ln t cht trc khi thi cng lp btng nha bn trn. + Trc khi ri btng nha cn phi phun ti nha dnh bm cch t 4 6h, c th nh sau: - S dng nha c pha du ha: liu lng 0,8 1,3 lt/m2, nhit 45 + 100C. - Nu lp di l btng nha, lng nha, thm nhp nha va mi thi cng xong th ch cn ti nha lng hoc nh tng vi liu lng 0,2 - 0,5 lt/m2, nhit 110 + 10 0C. + Phi nh v phm vi ri v cao ri theo ng yu cu thit k cho tng vt ri. b. Sn xut btng nha: - Ton b khu va trm trn phi m bo thot nc tt gi cho vt liu kh sch. - Khu vc un nha v cha ct liu trc khi a vo trng sy phi c mi che, bt khong phi c ct kho kn, chng m tt. - Vt liu trc khi a vo sn xut phi c th nghim kim tra v c s chp thun ca t vn gim st. - Quy trnh sn xut btng nha: + Nu s b nha n nhit 80 100 0C sau c bm qua thit b nu nha un n nhit lm vic t 140 1500C trc khi cho vo thng trn. + Cn s b ct trc khi a vo trng sy vi sai s khng qu +5%. + Ti trng sy, ct liu c sy 150 - 1600C v m ct liu sau khi sy khng qu 0,5% mi a ct liu sang thng trn. + Bt khong c cn chnh xc v cho trc tip vo thng trn. + Thi gian trn btng nha phi tun th theo ng quy trnh k thut ng vi tng loi my trn. + Nhit ca hn hp btng nha khi ra khi my trn t 140 1500C.
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c. Vn chuyn btng nha:
- Dng t t vn chuyn hn hp btng nha t trm trn n v tr thi cng. - Nhit trong qu trnh vn chuyn phi c duy tr khng thp hn 1200C. - Thng xe phi kn, sch v c qut du chng dnh y v thnh, pha trn phi c bt che ph. - Mi chuyn xe xut xng phi c phiu xut xng ghi r: khi lng, nhit , cht lng, thi im i, ni n, tn li xe. d. Ri btng nha: - Phi ri btng nha bng my ri, nhng v tr my ri khng hot ng c th cho php ri bng th cng nhng phi tun th quy nh. - t vn chuyn thng hn hp btng nha vo my ri, phi kim tra nhit hn hp btng nha ti phu ca my ri v m bo nhit ri khng nh hn 1200C. - Chiu di mi vt ri t 25 n 80m ng vi nhit khng kh t 5 300C. - Trc khi ri phi cho my ri lm vic khng ti 10 - 15 pht. - Khi dc dc ng ln hn 4% th ri t chn dc ln nh dc. - Trong qu trnh ri phi thng xuyn kim tra chiu dy iu chnh kp thi. - Phi b tr nhn cng i theo xe ri tin hnh cng tc b ph kp thi. - Khi kt thc ca lm vic, my ri phi chy khng ti ra khi vt ri t nht t 5 7m mi c ngng hot ng. - X l mi ni dc v ngang: + Cui ngy lm vic phi xn thng vt ri, phi tin hnh ngay sau khi lu ln xong v nhit hn hp khng qu 70 0C. + Trc khi ri tip hoc thi cng vt bn cnh phi sa li mp v qut mt t nha lng hoc nh tng . + Khe ni dc gia lp trn v lp di phi cch t nht 20cm, khe ni ngang gia lp trn v lp di phi cch nhau t nht l 1m. - X l khi my ri b hng trong lc ri: + Bo ngay v trm trn ngng trn. + Dng my san ri ht hn hp cn li nu chiu dy > 4cm hoc ri bng th cng nu khi lng cn li t. - X l khi ri gp ma: + Bo ngay v trm trn ngng trn. + Nu hn hp c lu n 2/3 cht yu cu th tip tc lu.
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+Nu hn hp lu cha n 2/3 cht yu cu th ngng lu v loi b hn hp ri. + Ch c thi cng li khi mt ng kh ro. + Nu cn thit phi thi cng ngay sau khi ma th c th lm kh mt ng bng cc cch sau: o Ch ct rang nng n 160 170 0C ri dy 2cm trn mt ng sau qut sch ct v ti nha dnh bm ri thi cng tip. o Dng my hi p hoc n kh lm kh ro mt ng. - Ri bng th cng: + Dng xng xc hn hp v thp tay trnh b phn tng. + Dng co v bn trang tri u hn hp m bo chiu dy v dc ngang. e. Lu ln btng nha: - S dng kt hp cc loi lu: bnh hi v bnh cng, lu rung v bnh cng, lu rung v lu bnh hi lu ln hn hp btng nha n cht yu cu. - Phi c s lu, s phi hp gia cc loi lu, s lt lu v tc lu c xc nh thng qua thi cng th nghim v c s chp thun ca t vn gim st. - Phi lu ngay sau khi ri hn hp btng nha m bo nhit lu ln hiu qu t 120 1400C, khi nhit hn hp nh hn 700C th lu ln khng cn hiu qu. - Trong qu trnh lu, bnh lu phi thng xuyn c lm m bng nc hoc du chng dnh chng dnh bm, nu c dnh bm th phi dng xng co ngay v bi t mt bnh lu ng thi phi b ph vo v tr hn hp b bc ln. - Tin hnh lu t mp vo gia, vt lu sau phi chng ln vt lu trc t nht l 20cm. - Khi lu vt ri trc phi cha li 10cm dc theo vt ri lu ng thi vi vt ri sau. - Xe lu khng c dng li lu khi btng nha cha t cht hoc ngui hn. - Sau lt lu u tin phi kim tra bng phng tip tc b ph kp thi. f. Kim tra, nghim thu: - Kim tra trc khi thi cng: + Kim tra s vn hnh bnh thng ca trm trn, thit b cn ong, thit b ri, thit b lu ln. + Kim tra cht lng u vo ca ct, dm, bt khong, nha: o C 5 ngy hoc c s thay i v loi phi ly mu kim tra 1 ln.
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o C 3 ngy hoc c s thay i v loi ct phi ly mu ct kim tra 1 ln. o C 5 ngy ly mu bt khong kim tra 1 ln. o C mi ngy phi ly mu nha kim tra 1 ln. + Kim tra cht lng btng nha sau khi trn: o Kim tra nhit o Kim tra cht lng o C 200 tn hn hp hoc trong mi ca thi cng phi ly mu btng nha kim tra t nht 1 ln. + Kim tra lp mng: o Kim tra kch thc hnh hc, cao , bng phng, dc ngang. o Kim tra sch v kh ro. o Kim tra lp nha dnh bm. - Kim tra trong khi thi cng: o Kim tra nhit hn hp o Kim tra chiu dy ri o Kim tra bng phng o Kim tra cng tc lu ln theo s lu. - Kim tra nghim thu: + Kch thc hnh hc bng thc thp + Kim tra cao v chiu dy bng my thy bnh hoc khoan mu. + Kim tra dc ngang mt ng, lu im o cch mp l 50cm v khong cch 2 im o khng qu 10m. + Kim tra bng phng bng thc 3 mt + Kim tra cng mt ng bng cn benkenman hoc tm p tnh. - Sai s cho php tham kho tiu chun. Cu 4. MT NG BTNG XIMNG: 1. Khi nim: - Mt ng btng ximng l loi mt ng cng c xy dng t 1 tm btng cng ln t trn mt nn n hi bn di gm nn t v cc lp mng. - Nguyn l s dng vt liu l nguyn l cp phi. Vic hnh thnh cng l do ximng thy ha to ra lc lin kt cc ct liu thnh mt khi vng chc, c cng cao, c kh nng chu nn v chu ko khi un. - Tiu chun p dng: Kt cu btng v btng ct thp ton khi Quy phm thi cng v nghim thu TCVN 4453 1995.
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2. K thut thi cng: a. Cng tc chun b: - Thi cng lp mng bn di:
+ Lp mng c thi cng thnh 2 giai on, giai on 1 cha hon thin b mt, giai on 2 hon thin b mt trc khi thi cng tm btng bn trn. + Lp mng phi m bo bng phng, cng , phi c thi cng v nghim thu theo ng quy nh. + Trc khi thi cng cn phi lm mt lp ngn cch bng cch phun ti nh tng hoc tri mt n hai lp giy du bn trn mt mng. V tr ni tip ca giy du phi chng ln nhau t nht 10cm, v tr ni tip lp trn v lp di phi cch nhau t nht 50cm. - Chun b vt liu: + Vt liu trc khi a vo s dng gm ct, dm, ximng, nc v ph gia nu c phi c kim tra cht lng theo quy nh v c s chp thun ca t vn gim st. + Phi thit k thnh phn cp phi btng ximng m bo cc yu cu k thut v st v cng theo yu cu ca thit k. - Chun b my mc, thit b: + Trm trn btng ximng l loi trm trn cng bc v phi m bo cc sai s khi cn ong nh sau: o dm + 3% o Tng ct liu ct v dm + 2% o Nc + 1% o Ph gia + 2% + Chun b cc thit b m ln nh m di, m mt. + Chun b vn khun thp c b phn c nh xung lp mng bn di. - Trn th 3 m btng theo thnh phn c thit k, mi m trn phi kim tra st 3 ln khi x btng (gm u, gia v cui), c 3 t mu kim tra cng (chu nn, chu un), kt qu trn th phi m bo: + st 9 ln th phi m bo thit k. + Cng chu ko un trung bnh 7 ngy tui ca 27 mu phi ln hn thit k. + lch chun v cng ca mu so vi thit k khng qu 0,6 MPa. (6daN/cm2).
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b. Lp t vn khun: - nh v v lp t vn khun;
- C nh vn khun xung lp mng bn di, phi m bo vng chc, khng x dch khi thi cng. - Kim tra cao vn khun ng vi chiu dy lp btng. - Chn cc khe h v qut du chng dnh vo mt vn khun. - Vn khun phi m bo cc yu cu sau: + Sai s cho php i vi cao nh vn khun + 3mm; + Sai s cho php v v tr vn khun + 5mm; + Vn khun phi thng ng, gc lch khng qu 100. c. Gia cng lp t ct thp, b tr khe ni: - Gia cng ct thp truyn lc v li ct thp trong tm btng nu c. - Ct thp phi s dng ng quy cch v ng knh, loi thp v cc ch tiu c l ca thp phi tha mn yu cu ca thit k v c s chp thun ca t vn gim st. - Lm gi nh v cho ct thp truyn lc. - Lp t li ct thp nu c. - Lp t cc tm g m ti cc v tr khe ni. d. Ch to hn hp btng: - Btng c trn ti trm trn cng bc theo ng thnh phn cp phi thit k v c chp thun. - C 500m3 ct liu a vo sn xut phi kim tra cht lng 1 ln; - Ximng kim tra cht lng 1 ln khi nhp kho; - C 200 tn hn hp btng kim tra st 1 ln; - Mi ca thi cng c 3 t mu th nghim un (mi t mu gm 3 mu). Nu sau 2 tun kim tra lin tc v kt qu m bo yu cu th sau mi ca ch cn c 1 t mu; - Cng 7 ngy tui khng c thp hn th nghim trong phng khng qu 0,7 MPa (7daN/cm2). e. Vn chuyn btng: - C th s dng t t hoc xe vn chuyn btng chuyn dng vn chuyn btng t trm trn n v tr thi cng. - Nu dng t t th thng xe phi qut du chng dnh v pha trn phi c bt che ph chng mt nc.
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- Khi c dng ph gia tng tnh do, btng c s st ln v t l N/X nh th c th s dng xe vn chuyn btng chuyn dng va vn chuyn va trn. - Thi gian vn chuyn btng phi c khng ch kp thi hon chnh cng tc thi cng trc khi ximng bt u ninh kt. - Hn hp btng vn chuyn n phi c kim tra v st trc khi . - Hng ngy phi v sinh xe vn chuyn. f. v m nn btng: - Vic btng c th s dng my bm btng trc tip v vn khun, c th s dng cc thit b ci tin hoc my ri chuyn dng. - My ri chuyn dng c kh nng ri btng theo chiu dy nh sn, m cht v hon thin b mt btng c m. C kh nng b tr ct thp truyn lc khi btng cha ng cng. - Nu s dng cc phng tin ci tin hoc bm bng my bm btng th phi tin hnh cng tc to phng b mt v m nn btng nh sau: + Dng trang, co gt phng cho b mt btng va . + m di: mi v tr 45 giy v khong cch di chuyn l 1,5 R (R- bn knh nh hng ca m). + m bn: 1 v tr 45 60 giy, vt m phi chng ln nhau ti thiu 10cm. g. Hon thin b mt v bo dng btng: - Khi btng bt u ng cng, tin hnh san sa li b mt cho bng phng mt ln na, loi b hn hp b d tha v to nhm bng cch dng bn chi st to cc khe nhm vung gc vi hng xe chy v su khong 2mm. - C th bo dng btng theo cc cch sau: + Ph mt lp ct ln trn mt v thng xuyn ti m trong sung thi gian bo dng. + Dng bao b tm t ph ln mt btng v thng xuyn duy tr m. + To mng bo dng. - Khi btng t 25% cng th c th tho vn khun (thng l 2 3 ngy). h. Hon chnh khe ni: - Sa li khe ni cho m bo kch thc v su theo thit k. - Qut sch khe ni bng chi hoc my thi kh nn. - un bitum v vo cc khe ni.
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Cu 5. T CHC THI CNG NG T: A. Cc phng php t chc thi cng: 1. Phng php t chc thi cng tun t: a. Khi nim: T chc thi cng theo phng php tun t l phn chia tuyn ng thnh nhng on c khi lng xp x bng nhau, mt n v thi cng s hon thnh ln lt cc hng mc cng tc trong tng on, t on ny n on kia theo mt th t nh sn. b. c im: - Tuyn ng c chia thnh nhiu on c khi lng thi cng tng ng. - Mt n v thi cng thc hin ton b cc cng tc trong tng on sau li chuyn n on tip theo. - Trn bng tin thi cng, cc ng nm ngang th hin thi gian hon thnh cc hng mc trong tng on cng nh thi gian hon thnh ca tng on v c tuyn ng. c. u, nhc im, phm vi p dng: - u im: + Khng cn tp trung nhiu my mc thit b, nhn lc, vt t ng thi nn gim p lc cho khu cung cp. + Yu cu lng vn lu ng nh. + D iu hnh, qun l v kim tra. + t chu nh hng ca kh hu, thi tit. - Nhc im: + Thi gian thi cng b ko di. + My mc, nhn lc phi ch i nhau nn lm gim hiu qu s dng, lm tng gi thnh xy dng cng trnh. + Phi di chuyn c s sn xut nhiu ln. + Khng c iu kin chuyn mn ha. - Phm vi p dng: + Tuyn ngn, khi lng thi cng nh. + Thi gian thi cng khng b khng ch. + Hn ch v iu kin cung cp ngun vn, my mc, nhn lc, vt t phc v thi cng. + Cng tc n b, gii phng mt bng kh khn. + a hnh him tr, cht hp khng c ng tm, khng cho php tp trung mt s lng ln my mc, vt t phc v thi cng.
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2. Phng php t chc thi cng song song: a. Khi nim: T chc thi cng theo phng php song song l vic chia tuyn ng thnh nhiu on c khi lng thi cng xp x nhau. Mi on giao cho mt n v thi cng hon thnh ton b cc hng mc cng tc t khi chun b n khu hon thin. b. c im: + Tuyn ng c chia thnh nhiu on c khi lng xp x nhau. + Mi n v thi cng c giao ph trch thi cng mt on ng. + Cc cng tc t trin khi n hon thnh c tin hnh ng thi trn ton b chiu di tuyn. + Trn bng tin thi cng, cc ng nm ngang th hin thi gian hon thnh cc hng mc trong tng on cng nh thi gian hon thnh ca tng on v c tuyn ng. c. u, nhc im, phm vi p dng: - u im: + Rt ngn thi gian thi cng + Cho php thi cng trong thi gian c thi thit thun li. + Nhanh quay vng vn. + Cc i thi cng khng phi di chuyn nhiu ln. - Nhc im: + Gy p lc ln cho cng tc cung cp vt t, my mc, nhn lc. + Thi gian s dng my mc, nhn lc khng nhiu nn hiu qu khng cao, lm tng gi thnh xy dng. + Vic tp trung mt khi lng ln vt t, my mc, thit b c th gy chng cho, cn tr nhau. + Yu cu lng vn lu ng ln. + Khng c iu kin chuyn mn ha. + Gy kh khn cho cng tc qun l, iu hnh v kim tra cht lng v din thi cng ko di trn ton tuyn. + nh hng ca iu kin kh hu thi tit (nu c) n cht lng thi cng rt ln. - Phm vi p dng: + Tuyn di, khi lng thi cng ln. + Thi gian thi cng yu cu nhanh, gp.
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+ iu kin cung cp ngun vn, my mc, nhn lc, vt t phc v thi cng di do. + Cng tc n b, gii phng mt bng hon tt. + a hnh thun li cho php tp trung mt s lng ln my mc, vt t phc v thi cng. + Phi c i ng cn b k thut iu hnh, gim st tt c cc mi thi cng. 2. Phng php t chc thi cng dy chuyn: a. Khi nim: T chc thi cng theo phng php dy chuyn l chia ton b khi lng cng tc trn tuyn thnh nhiu cng vic khc nhau theo trnh t cng ngh hp l c giao cho cc n v chuyn nghip thc hin trn ton b chiu di tuyn. b. c im: + Khi lng thi cng tuyn c chia thnh nhiu cng vic c tnh cht khc nhau theo trnh t cng ngh thi cng. + Mi cng vic c giao cho mt i thi cng chuyn nghip thc hin trn sut chiu di tuyn. + Trn bng tin thi cng, mi cng vic c th hin bng cc ng thng xin c th song song hoc khng song song nhau. + Nu dy chuyn c tc khng i th chiu di on ng hon thnh trong mt ca lm vic s bng nhau, cc on lm sau k tip cc on lm trc to thnh mt di lin tc t u tuyn n cui tuyn. + Sau khi i thi cng cui cng hon thnh cng vic th tuyn ng cng hon thnh. c. u, nhc im, phm vi p dng: - u im: + Cc on ng c hon thnh u n theo tng ca thi cng v phc v li cho vic thi cng cc on tip theo, gim chi ph lm ng tm. + Nu tuyn ng c chiu di ln th c th a nhng on tuyn hon thnh trc vo khai thc, y nhanh qu trnh quay vng vn. + C tnh chuyn mn ha cao v vy c th nng cao tay ngh ca cng nhn cng nh nng lc ca cn b k thut, lm tng nng sut lao ng, rt ngn thi gian xy dng, nng cao cht lng cng trnh. + Vic t chc, qun l, iu hnh v kim tra trong qu trnh thi cng thun li v din thi cng khng dn tri.
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+ t chu nh hng ca kh hu, thi tit. - Nhc im: + Phi c cc i thi cng chuyn nghip vi y my mc, nhn lc. + Yu cu phi c vn ln p ng cho vic thi cng. + Phi thng xuyn thay i cc cng trnh ph tm phc v thi cng khi tuyn c chiu di ln. - Phm vi p dng: + Tuyn di, khi lng thi cng ln. + Thi gian thi cng khng yu cu nhanh, gp. + iu kin cung cp ngun vn, my mc, nhn lc, vt t phc v thi cng di do. + Cng tc n b, gii phng mt bng p ng kp vi tin thi cng. + a hnh thun li cho php tp trung mt s lng ln my mc, vt t phc v thi cng. + Phi c i ng cn b k thut iu hnh, gim st tt c cc cng tc thi cng. 3. Phng php t chc thi cng hn hp: - Khi t chc thi cng tuyn ng khng mang li hiu qu cao th nn chn phi hp nhiu bin php t chc thi cng ng thi p ng yu cu v tin cng nh m bo nng lc cung cp my mc, thit b, vt t v nhn lc ca n v thi cng. - Trong thc t thi cng ng hin nay nc ta, phng php t chc thi cng hn hp c p dng kh ph bin. - Gii thiu mt s trng hp t chc thi cng theo phng php hn hp. * Phi hp gia phng php dy chuyn v phng php tun t - Trng hp 1: Ch t chc thi cng dy chuyn i vi mt ng, cc hng mc khc c t chc thi cng theo phng php tun t. - Trng hp 2: T chc tng dy chuyn cng ngh thi cng tun t tng hng mc cng tc. Sau khi hon thnh xong th t chc li dy chuyn thi cng hng mc tip theo. - Trng hp 3: Trong tng on tuyn th t chc thi cng dy chuyn, gia cc on tuyn th t chc thi cng tun t. * Phi hp gia phng php dy chuyn v phng php song song - Trng hp 1: Ch t chc thi cng dy chuyn i vi mt ng, cc hng mc khc c t chc thi cng theo phng php song song.
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- Trng hp 2: My mc thit b thi cng di do, tin thi cng gp, trin khai song song nhiu on thi cng dy chuyn. * Phi hp gia phng php tun t v phng php song song * Phi hp gia phng php dy chuyn, phng php tun t v phng php song song B. T chc thi cng theo phng php dy chuyn 1. Cc loi dy chuyn: a. Dy chuyn chuyn nghip: Dy chuyn chuyn nghip (i chuyn nghip) l mt n v c bn khi t chc thi cng theo phng php dy chuyn. Mi dy chuyn chuyn nghip c t chc thc hin mt cng vic hoc mt hng mc cng tc no . Do c im ca cng tc xy dng ng l khi lng phn b khng u trn tuyn nn trn thc t c cc 2 loi dy chuyn chuyn nghip: + Dy chuyn chuyn nghip c bin ch c nh => tc thi cng thay i theo khi lng. + Dy chuyn chuyn nghip c tc thi cng khng i => khi khi lng thi cng thay i th bin ch ca dy chuyn cng phi thay i tng ng. b. Dy chuyn tng hp: Tp hp v thng nht ton b cc dy chuyn chuyn nghip thc hin v hon thnh ton b khi lng xy lp trn tuyn c gi l dy chuyn tng hp. 2. Cc thng s c bn ca dy chuyn: a. Thi gian hot ng ca dy chuyn (Th): Thi gian hot ng ca dy chuyn l tng thi gian lm vic ca mi lc lng lao ng v my mc thuc dy chuyn. Vi dy chuyn chuyn nghip th thi gian hot ng l tng thi gian k t khi trin khai n khi hon tt. Vi dy chuyn tng hp th thi gian hot ng l tng thi gian t khi dy chuyn chuyn nghip u tin trin khai cho n khi dy chuyn chuyn nghip cui cng hon tt cng vic. b. Thi gian khai trin ca dy chuyn (Tkt): Thi gian khai trin ca dy chuyn l khong thi gian cn thit ln lt a ton b lc lng sn xut vo hot ng theo ng trnh t cng ngh.
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Vi dy chuyn chuyn nghip th thi gian khai trin l khong thi gian t khi a ngi hoc my u tin vo hot ng cho n khi ngi hoc my cui cng vo lm vic, thng t vi gi n vi ca.
Vi dy chuyn tng hp th thi gian khai trin l khong thi gian t khi dy chuyn chuyn nghip u tin bt u hot ng cho n khi dy chuyn chuyn nghip cui cng bt u hot ng, thng t vi ca n vi chc ca.
Thi gian khai trin cng di th khi lng d dang cng nhiu, lng vn lu ng, vt t, my mc, nhn lc cn cung cp phi cng nhiu, cng vic thi cng s b nh hng nhiu di tc ng ca thi tit, kh hu v vy nn rt ngn thi gian khai trin cng ngn cng tt. Thng thng khng nn qu t 10 n 15 ca.
Khng nn dy chuyn ngng hot ng gia chng v s mt thi gian trin khai li.
c. Thi gian hot ng thc ca dy chuyn (Tth): Thi gian hot ng thc ca dy chuyn thng l thi gian thi cng theo lch tr i nhng ngy ngh l v ngy c thi tit xu d kin theo ma v c xc nh: Tth = Th Tng Tkt Trong : Tng Thi gian dng hot ng ca dy chuyn do ngh l hoc thi tit xu. c th hon thnh cng trnh ng tin th chiu di tuyn ng hon thnh trong thi gian hot ng thc ca dy chuyn phi ln hn chiu di tuyn cn xy dng: Lth = Tth . Vdc > L Trong : Vdc Tc ca dy chuyn (m/ca) L Chiu di tuyn cn xy dng (m) d. Thi gian hon tt ca dy chuyn (Tht): Thi gian hon tt ca dy chuyn l khong thi gian cn thit a mi my mc, nhn lc ca dy chuyn ra khi dy chuyn sn xut khi chng hon thnh cng vic ca mnh theo ng trnh t cng ngh. Vi dy chuyn chuyn nghip th thi gian hon tt l khong thi gian t khi ngi hoc my u tin hon tt cng vic cho n khi ngi hoc my cui cng hon tt cng vic.
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Vi dy chuyn tng hp th thi gian hon tt l khong thi gian t khi dy chuyn chuyn nghip u tin hon tt cng vic cho n khi dy chuyn chuyn nghip cui cng hon tt cng vic.
Thi gian hon tt ca dy chuyn thng ly bng vi thi gian khai trin ca dy chuyn.
e. Thi gian n nh ca dy chuyn (T): Thi gian n nh ca dy chuyn l khong thi gian m mi lc lng lao ng, my mc thuc dy chuyn hot ng ng thi v c xc nh: T = Th Tkt Tht Trong thi gian n nh, dy chuyn hot ng c hiu qu nht v mi my mc, nhn lc u hot ng. f. Tc ca dy chuyn (Vdc): Vi dy chuyn chuyn nghip th tc ca dy chuyn l chiu di on ng m dy chuyn chuyn nghip hon tt trong mt ca lm vic. Vi dy chuyn tng hp th tc ca dy chuyn l chiu di on ng hon thnh trong mt ca lm vic. Tc ca dy chuyn c xc nh theo 2 c s: + Tc ca dy chuyn phi ln hn tt ti thiu c xc nh:
Vdc Vmin L L Tth Thd Tng Tkt (m / ca)
+ m bo lc lng thi cng ca dy chuyn pht huy hiu qu cao nht, mun vy phi xut pht t iu kin khng ch thi gian thi cng cho php v nng lc thc t ca dy chuyn chn nhiu phng n tc khc nhau v so snh chn ra tc dy chuyn ti u. g. Chiu di dy chuyn (Ldc): Vi dy chuyn chuyn nghip th chiu di dy chuyn l chiu di on ng m trn b tr ton b lc lng thi cng ca dy chuyn chuyn nghip v c xc nh:
Ldc Vdc .ni ( m)
Trong :
ni l tng s on thi cng thuc dy chuyn.
VD: Chiu di ca mt dy chuyn chuyn nghip thm btng nha:
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Vi dy chuyn tng hp th chiu di dy chuyn l chiu di on ng m trn b tr mi lc lng thi cng thuc dy chuyn tng hp v c xc nh: Ldc Lidc a j Z k Trong : Lidc Chiu di cc dy chuyn chuyn nghip thuc dy chuyn tng hp. aj on gin cch theo cng ngh thi cng gia cc dy chuyn chuyn nghip. Zk Chiu di d tr gia cc dy chuyn chuyn nghip m bo khi v mt l do no m dy chuyn i trc phi ngng hot ng th dy chuyn i sau vn hot ng bnh thng.
(m)
Ni chung nn rt ngn on gin cch v on d tr gim bt thi gian khai trin dy chuyn.
h. nh gi hiu qu ca dy chuyn: Hiu qu ca dy chuyn c nh gi thng qua h s: K hq

To Th
Khi K hq > 0,7 T chc thi cng theo phng php dy chuyn c hiu qu cao. Khi Khq = 0,3 0,7 Nn t chc theo phng php hn hp gia phng php dy chuyn v cc phng php khc. Khi K hq < 0,3 Nn t chc thi cng theo phng php tun t hoc song song.
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III - MN XY DNG CU
Cu 1. Trnh by c im cng tc lao lp cc phin dm BTCT c sn (CN lp ghp): - Cc khi c sn trong trong KCN BTCT lp ghp thng rt nng n, v vy vic lao lp rt kh khn, phc tp, i hi rt phi cn thn v nh nhng. - Lp ni cc khi lp ghp cng tn nhiu cng sc v mt nhiu thi gian, v vy khi thit k, ch to cn ch phn phi cho ph hp vi phng tin vn chuyn v lao lp. - Cc mi ni khi ch to cng nh thi cng phi chnh xc, nu khng KCN s chi lc khng theo thit k v gy ra nhiu kh khn sau ny. - Cu kin BTCT v BT ST l nhng kt cu chi lc theo s nht nh v khng ng u cc chiu khc nhau, v vy trong qu trnh xp d, vn chuyn v lao lp phi ht sc cn thn v mc cu ti nhng v tr thch hp. - BT l vt liu dn, khi lao lp ch khng cu kin va chm mnh v BT phi cng quy nh. - Thit b cu lp phi m bo thao tc nhanh gn, y mnh tin thi cng v tt nht c th d dng di chuyn cu kin v mi pha. - Cn c bit ch kim tra an ton cc thit b trc khi lp ghp. - Cng vic cu lp cu kin c sn trong kt cu lp ghp v bn lp ghp bao gm 2 giai on: Chun b v lp rp. + Giai on 1 gm: Chun b hin trng nh lm gin gio, dng cn trc, chun b bi c dm, ng vn chuyn, tip nhn cu kin, lm v sinh v ty g cc chi tit, mi ni, sa cha v cc khuyt tt v sai lch, lp th, kim tra thit b kch ko, cn trc. + Giai on 2 gm: B tr cc gi lp buc v cu dm, lao lp cc phin dm vo v tr bng cn trc hoc gi lao, iu chnh v lin kt cc mi ni, hon thin mt ng trn cu. - Khi buc v nng dm phi c bit ch v tr buc phi chnh xc, nng lc trng ti ca thit b cu phi m bo cu c trng lng ca phin dm. - Khi cu lp phi ng chiu chi lc ca cu kin, tuyt i khng c quay lt tu tin. + Trnh t cng ngh: - Xy dng b c, lp t b cng v vn khun. - Lp t ct thp thng. - Lp t ct thp DL. - Cng ko ct thp DL. - v bo dng BT. - Ct ct thp DL. - v bo dng BT. - Ct ct thp DL. - Tho d vn khun. - Di chun dm ra khi vn khun.
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+ Yu cu i vi b c dm: - Phi m bo bng phng, gia c nn t tht n nh trnh hin tng b ln khi thi cng; - B c phi cao hn trnh nc ng khi tri ma; + Yu cu i vi b cng v vn khun: - Phi thit k sao cho m bo n nh, cng v cng; - m bo chnh xc v kch thc v hnh dng; - Phi c kh nng ti s dng nhiu ln; - Vn khun, b cng phi nghip thu sau khi lp t v trc khi BT. Cu 2. Trnh by u, nhc im v phm vi p dng ca cng ngh c y: 1. u im: - Vic c dm thc hin trong iu kin cng xng ho trn nn ng u cu, d kim tra hiu chnh kp thi m bo cht lng trong qu trnh c dm. - Vic c dm khng chi nh hng ca kh hu, nuc l v thi tit. - Dm v tr c th c tin hnh thi cng song song, nh c th rt ngn thi gian thi cng chung cho c cng trnh. - Cng trng chim t mt bng thi cng, khng i hi nhiu nhn cng. - Khng cn s dng cc thit b thi cng loi ln. - Cc khe ni gia cc t dm m bo kn cht, tc l m bo tnh lin khi ca ton dm. 2. Nhc im: - Vic thi cng b c nn ng u cu rt kh khn v phi m bo yu cu v cng ln, khng b bin dng trong qu trnh c v lao dm cu. - Phm vi p dng khng nhiu, v vic thit k dm cho chiu cao khng i l khng hp l v mt s dng vt liu. - Trong qu trnh c y, s chi lc ca cc mt ct thay i lin tc v khc vi thit k, nn tn km trong vic tng cng dm ph tm thi trong lc thi cng. c. Phm vi p dng: Cng ngh c y thng c p dng vi cc KCN tho mn c im sau: - Cu thng hoc cong ngang vi bn knh khng i. - Cu cong ng vi bn knh khng i. - Cu c chiu cao dm khng i, tit din hnh hp. Cu 3. Trnh by ni dung tng cng trong qu trnh c y: - gim bt mmen un trong cc mt ct dm BTCT trong qu trnh lao hng ra, cn phi lp mi dn tm thi vo u t th nht ca dm. Mi dn c th hot ng c lp or cng c th kt hp vi khung thp v dy cng xin. - Trong sut qu trnh thi cng, cc mt ct phi chi cc ni lc ln v nhiu ln i du v s tnh hc thay i, dn ti ni lc cng thay i theo. Ni lc trong khi thi cng c th khc v du cng nh tr s so vi cc ni lc tnh ton ti cc mt ct tng ng trong qu trnh khai thc. - trnh ng sut ko lm hng kt cu BT lc lao dm, ngi ta s dng cc b thp DL tm thi m c th tho lp d dng c, thng l DL ngoi. - S lng cc b thp DL tm thi ny v cch b tr chng tu thuc vo:
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+ Chiu di nhp lao hng; + Chiu di mi dn; + Trng lng bn thn ca dm BTCT; + Xc nh thng qua tnh ton. Cu 4. Trnh by khi nim v k hoch tin thi cng: - K hoch tin thi cng l mt loi biu k hoch quy nh r trnh t khi cng v thi gian thi cng ca cc cng trnh trong mt cng trng hay ca cc cng vic trong mt cng trnh xy dng. - Ni dung trn c biu din bng nhng on thng nm ngang lin tc hoc t qung, t l vi thi gian, ngi ta gi l t chc tin theo s ngang. - ng biu din th hin cng vic, thi gian hon thnh, cng vic cng trnh. Pha trn ng biu din th hin s cng nhn hoc s ca my thc hin trong mt ngy (theo tng ngy). - K hoch tin nhm vch ra k hoch ch o thi cng gip cho cn b qun l, cn b k thut v b phn nghip v theo di ch o mi cng tc thi cng thi cng cng trnh c thun li, ch ng m bo thi gian, p ng yu cu cung cp khc nh: vt t, nhn lc, v thit b my mc, tin vn. - Cc loi k hoch tin thi cng gm: + K hoch tng tin thi cng cng trnh: L k hoch c lp ch o thi cng cho ton b cng trnh, c khi lng ln, thi gian thi cng ko di. + K hoch tin thi cng cc hng mc n v: L k hoch lp ra ch o thi cng cho 1 hng mc n v trong cng trnh . + K hoch tin thi cng ngn ngy: L k hoch lp ra ch o cho tng cng vic trong thi gian 1 tun hoc 1 thng, chi tit v khi lng, thi gian v v tr ca tng cng vic, nhu cu v vt liu, nhn cng v cc dng c thit b phc v cho cng vic. Bin son : T vn Anh Lp : C08C2 Trng C..X.D S 3 Lin h : 1. ST : 0973.630.877 2. Mail: anhc08cd2@yahoo.com.vn 3. Yahoo: Mientrungngaplu_anhkute
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Đè cương Thi tốt nghiệp môn Chuyên ngành Càu đường

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E CUNG ON THI TOT NGHIEP

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CNG N TP THI TT NGHIP

TRNG CAO ANG XAY DNG SO 3

SINH VIEN THC HIEN : TO VAN ANH

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TRNG CAO ANG XAY DNG SO 3

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