CHNG 1: S IN LI I.

TM TT KIN THC
1. Cht in li mnh: l cht khi tan trong nc, cc phn t ho tan u phn li ra ion. - Axit mnh: HCl, H2SO4, HNO3, HClO4.... - Baz mnh: NaOH, KOH, Ba(OH)2... - Cc mui tan: NaCl, K2SO4, Ba(NO3)2,... 2. Cht in li yu: l cht khi tan trong nc ch c mt phn s phn t ho tan phn li ra ion, phn cn li vn tn ti di dng phn t trong dung dch. - Axit yu: CH3COOH, HClO, H2S, HNO2,HF, H2CO3, H2SO3... - Baz yu: Mg(OH)2, Bi(OH)3, Cu(OH)2... - H2O in li rt yu. 3. in li ca cht in li l t s gia s phn t phn li ra ion (n) v tng s phn t ho tan (no)
=
n C = no C 0

( 0 1)

4. Tch s ion ca nc:

K H 2O = [H+][OH] = 1,0.10-14

5. Tnh pH: nh gi axit v kim ca dung dch,ngi ta dng pH vi quy c: [H+] = 1,0.10-pH M pH = -lg[H+] Mi trng Axit Trung tnh Baz [H+] > 1,0.10-7 M = 1,0.10-7 M < 1,0.10-7 M pH <7 =7 >7

6. Phn ng trao i ion trong dung dch cc cht in li

- Phn ng xy ra trong dung dch cc cht in li l phn ng gia cc ion - Phn ng trao i ion trong dung dch cc cht in li ch xay ra khi cc ion kt hp c vi nhau to thanh t nht mt trong cc cht sau: Cht kt ta Cht in li yu Cht kh - Phng trinh ion rt gn cho bit bn cht ca phn ng trong dung dch cc cht in li. Trong phng trnh ion rt gn, cc cht kt ta, cht in li yu, cht kh c gi nguyn di dng phn t. Lu : Trong dung dch: -Tng s mol in tch dng ca cation bng tng s mol in tch m ca anion. mol =mol
cation anion

- Khi lng mui bng tng khi lng cc ion to mui.

mmui = cc _ ion

II. BI TP
DNG 1: BI TP V NNG ION Cu 1: Tnh nng mol ca cc ion trong dung dch: a) Trong 0,2 l dung dch c ha tan 11,7 g NaCl b) Dung dch HNO3 10% (D = 1,054 g/l) c) 250 ml dung dch NaCl 0,1M trn ln vi 250ml dung dch NaCl 0,2M

d) Trn ln 117 ml dung dch c cha 2,84g Na2SO4 v 212ml dung dch c cha 254 g NaCl v 354 ml H2O Cu 2: Trong mt dung dch cha a (mol) Ca2+, b (mol) Mg2+, c (mol) Cl-, d (mol) NO31) Lp biu thc lin h gia a, b, c, d 2) Nu a = 0,01 ; c = 0,01 ; d = 0,03 th b bng bao nhiu Cu 3: Mt dung dch c cha 2 loi cation l Fe2+ 0,1 mol ; Al3+ 0,2 mol cng 2 loi anion l Cl- x mol v SO42y mol. Tnh x; y bit khi c cn dung dch v lm khan thu c 46,9 g cht rn Cu 4: 500ml mt dung dch cha 0,1 mol K+ ; x mol Al3+ ; 0,1 mol NO3- v y mol SO42-. Tnh x; y bit khi c cn dung dch v lm khan thu c 27,2 g cht rn. DNG 2: PHNG TRNH PHN T, ION RT GN Cu 1: Vit PTPT, PT ion rt gn cho cc phn ng (nu c) xy ra gia cc cp cht sau: 1. FeSO4 + NaOH 18. Ca(HCO3)2 + HCl 2. Fe2(SO4)3 + NaOH 19. Ca(HCO3)2 + NaOH 3. (NH4)2SO4 + BaCl2 20. Ca(HCO3)2 + Ca(OH)2 4. NaF + HCl 21. Fe(NO3)3 + Ba(OH)2 5. NaF + AgNO3 22. KHCO3 + HCl 6. Na2CO3 + Ca(NO3)2 23. Cu(NO3)2 + Na2SO4 7. Na2CO3 + Ca(OH)2 24. CaCl2 + Na3PO4 8. CuSO4 + Na2S 25. NaHS + HCl 9. NaHCO3 + HCl 26. CaCO3 + H2SO4 10. NaHCO3 + NaOH 27. KNO3 + NaCl 11. HClO + KOH 28. Pb(NO3)2 + H2S 12. FeS ( r ) + HCl 29. Mg(OH)2 + HCl 13. Pb(OH)2 ( r ) + HNO3 30. K2CO3 + NaCl 14. Pb(OH)2 ( r ) + NaOH 31. Al(OH)3 + HNO3 15. BaCl2 + AgNO3 32. Al(OH)3 + NaOH 16. Fe2(SO4)3 + AlCl3 33. Zn(OH)2 + NaOH 17. K2S + H2SO4 34. Zn(OH)2 + HCl Cu 2: Vit PTPT v ion rt gn cho cc phn ng theo s sau: a. MgCl2 + ? MgCO3 + ? b. Ca3(PO4)2 + ? ? + CaSO4 c. ? + KOH ? + Fe(OH)3 d. ? + H2SO4 ? + CO2 + H2O Cu 3: Vit PTPT cho cc PT ion rt gn sau: a. Ag+ + Br AgBr e. CO32- + 2H+ CO2 + H2O b. Pb2+ + 2OH- Pb(OH)2 f. SO42- + Ba2+ BaSO4 c. CH3COO- + H+ CH3COOH g. HS- + H+ H2S d. S2- + 2H+ H2S h. Pb2+ + S2- PbS Cu 4: Trong dung dch c th tn ti ng thi cc ion sau y c khng? Gii thch a, Na+, Cu2+, Cl-, OHb, K+, Ba2+, Cl-, SO4 2-. c, K+, Fe2+, Cl-, SO4 2-. d, HCO3-, OH-, Na+, ClDNG 3: BI TP V pH V NNG DUNG DCH

Cu 1: Tnh pH ca cc dung dch sau: - H2SO4 0,00005M - NaOH 0,0001M. - HNO3 12,6%, D= 1,12 g/ml. Cu 2:. a,Tnh pH ca dung dch cha 1,46 g HCl trong 400ml. b, Tnh pH ca dung dch cha 1,6 g NaOH trong 200ml. Cu 3: Mt dung dch cha 0,01 mol Cu2+, 0,02 mol Al3+, 0,02 mol Cl-, 0,04 mol SO42- v H+ trong 0,4 lt. ( b qua s thy phn ca ca ion Cu2+ v Al3+) . Tnh pH ca dung dch. Cu 4: Trn 20ml dung dch HCl 0,05M vi 20ml dung dch H2SO4 0,075M. Nu coi th tch sau khi pha trn bng tng th tch ca hai dung dch u th pH ca dung dch thu c l bao nhiu? Cu 5: Tnh pH ca dung dch thu c khi cho: a. 1 lt dung dch H2SO4 0,005M tc dng vi 4 lt dung dch NaOH 0,005M. b. 50 ml dd HCl 0,12 M vi 50 ml dd NaOH 0,1M. c. Tnh pH ca dung dch to thnh sau khi trn 100ml dd HCl 1M v 400ml dd NaOH 0,375M Cu 6: Tnh nng cc ion trong cc dung dch: a,HNO3, pH = 4 b, H2SO4 , pH= 3 c,KOH, pH= 9 d, Ba(OH)2, pH=10 Cu 8: a. Cho 220ml dung dch HCl c pH = 5 tc dng vi 180ml dung dch NaOH c pH = 9 th thu c dung dch A. Tnh pH ca dung dch A. b. Cho 2,75 lt dung dch Ba(OH)2 c pH = 13 tc dng vi 2,25 lt dung dch HCl c pH = 1 th thu c dung dch B. Tnh pH ca dung dch B. Cu 9: Ho tan m gam kim loi Ba vo nc thu c 2,0 lit dung dch X c pH =13. Tnh m. Cu 10: Cn bao nhiu gam NaOH pha ch 300ml dung dch c pH= 10 Cu 11: Tnh th tch dung dch HCl 0,3M cn trung ho 100ml dung dch hn hp NaOH 0,1M v Ba(OH) 2 0,1M. Cu 12: Trn 100 ml dung dch (gm Ba(OH)2 0,1M v NaOH 0,1M) vi 400 ml dung dch (gm H2SO4 0,0375M v HCl 0,0125M), thu c dung dch X. Xc nh gi tr pH ca dung dch X. Cu 13: trung ho hon ton 600ml dung dch hn hp HCl 2M v H2SO4 1,5M cn bao nhiu mililit dung dch hn hp Ba(OH)2 v KOH 1M. Cu 14: Trn 250 ml dung dch hn hp gm HCl 0,08M v H2SO4 0,01M vi 250 ml dung dch Ba(OH)2 a mol , thu c m gam kt ta v dung dch sau phn ng c th tch 500 ml v c pH = 12. Tnh m v a. Cu 15: Trn 3 dung dch H2SO4 0.1M ; HNO3 0,2M; HCl 0,3 M vi nhng th tch bng nhau c dung dch A. Ly 300 ml dung dch A cho tc dng vi dung dch B gm NaOH 0,2 M v KOH 0,29 M. Tnh th tch dung dch B cn dng khi trn vi 300 ml dung dch A c dung dch c pH = 2. Cu 16: Cho dung dch HCl c pH = 4. Hi phi pha long dung dch trn bng nc ct bao nhiu ln thu c dd HCl c pH = 6. Cu 17: Cho dung dch NaOH c pH = 13. Cn pha long dung dch bng nc ct bao nhiu ln thu c dd NaOH c pH = 10. Cu 18: Pha long 10 ml dung dch HCl vi H2O thnh 250 ml dung dch c pH = 3. hy tnh nng molca HCl trc khi pha v pH ca dung dch . Cu 19: Thm t t 100 gam dung dch H2SO4 98% vo nc v iu chnh c 1 lt dung dch A. Tnh nng molca ion H+ trong A v pH ca dung dch A. Phi thm vo 1 lt dung dch A bao nhiu dung dch NaOH 1,8M thu c: - Dung dch c pH = 1. - Dung dch c pH = 12.

Cu 20: Tm nng mol ca cc ion trong dung dch H 2SO4 c pH = 3. Cn pha long dung dch trn bao nhiu ln bng dung dch NaOH c pH = 12 thu c dung dch mi c pH = 5. DNG 4: BI TP V IN LI V KCB CA DUNG DCH AXIT V BAZ YU ( 11 NNG CAO) Cu 1: Dung dch HClO 0,2M c nng H+ bng 0,008M. Tnh in li ca HClO trong dung dch. Cu 2: Tnh pH ca dung dch CH3COOH 0,01M bit = 4,25%. Cu 3: Tnh hng s phn li ca CH3COOH bit rng in li ca axit trong dung dch 0,1 M l 1,32%. Cu 4: Tnh in li : - axit HClO (hipoclor) trong dung dch 0,2M bit Ka = 4.10-8. - HCOOH nu dung dch 0,46%( D = 1) ca axit c pH =3. Cu 5: Tnh pH: - dung dch axit flohiric HF 0,1 M bit hng s phn li l 6,8.10-4. - dung dch CH3COOH 0.1 M sau khi cho thm CH3COONa n nng 0,1 M. Bit hng s phn li Ka = 1,8.10-5. Cu 6: Tnh nng H+ (mol/l) trong cc dung dch sau: a. CH3COONa 0,1 M Bit Kb ca CH3COO- l 5,71 .10-10. b. NH4Cl 0,1 M . Bit Ka ca NH4+ l 5,56 .10-10. Cu 7: C hai dung dch sau: a. CH3COOH 0,10M ( Ka= 1,75.10-5). Tnh nng mol ca ion H+. b. NH3 0,10M ( Kb= 1,80.10-5). Tnh nng mol cu ion OH Cu 8: Tnh nng mol ca cc ion H+ v OH- trong dung dch NaNO2 1M. Bit rng hng s phn li baz ca NO2- l Kb = 2,5 .10-11. Cu 9. Tnh pH ca ca dung dch HCOOH 10-3M = 0,13 v dung dch NH310-2M, Kb = 1,8.10-5 Cu 10: Mt dung dch c cha 3 gam axit CH3COOH trong 250 ml dung dch. Cho bit phn ly ca axit l 1,4%. a. Tnh nng mol ca phn t v ion trong dung dch axit . b. Tnh pH ca dung dch axit trn. DNG 5: D ON pH CC DUNG DCH. (11 NNG CAO) Cu 1: Cc cht v ion cho di y ng vai tr lng tnh, trung tnh, axit hay baz: Al3+ ; NH4+ ; C6H5O- ; S2- ; Zn(OH)2 ; Al(OH)3 ; Na+ ; Cl- ; CO32- . Ti sao? Ho tan 6 mui sau y vo nc: NaCl; NH4Cl ; AlCl3 ; Na2S ; Na2CO3 ; C6H5ONa thnh 6 dung dch, sau cho vo mi dung dch mt t qu tm. Hi dung dch c mu g? Cu 2: Theo nh ngha mi v axit- baz ca Bronsted cc ion: Na+ ; NH4+ ; CO32- ; CH3COO- ; HSO4 ; HCO3-; K+ ; Cl- l axit, baz, lng tnh hay trung tnh? Ti sao? Trn c s hy d on pH ca cc dung dch cho sau y c gi tr nh th no so vi 7: Na2CO3 ; KCl ; CH3COONa ; NH4Cl ; NaHSO4. Cu 3: Dng thuyt Brosted hy gii thch v sao cc cht AlOH)3 ; Zn(OH)2 ; H2O ; NaHCO3 c coi l nhng cht lng tnh. Cu 4: Vit cng thc tng qut ca phn Nhm- Amoni, cng thc ca Xda. Theo quan nim mi v axit- baz th chng l nhng axit hay baz? Gii thch. Cu 5: Cho a mol NO2 hp th vo dung dch cha a mol NaOH. Dung dch thu c c pH ln hn hay nh hn 7? Gii thch.