Background

Security cooperation means that two or more international actors, driven by mutually beneficial interests, take common actions to deal with the national security or regional security affairs in a coordinated way in order to achieve the anticipated goals of their respective national security. China and ASEAN member countries are important neighbors and strategic partners linked by the South China Sea and the straits of Malacca to its west. Therefore, this region is of great geostrategic to the world. At the same time, china and ASEAN countries are faced with a number of common challenges in their maritime security. However, it should be pointed out that regional security cooperation china and ASEN falls far behind the regional economic cooperation and development and does not meet the needs of the developing regional security situation. In fact, china ASEAN not only need the security cooperation, but has a great deal of common and complementary interests. Therefore, the maritime security cooperation between china and ASEAN has great strategic significance. The sea area around china and ASEAN states is at the crossroad linking the Indian and pacific oceans as well as the Asian and Oceania continents. Since ancient times, this area has been the strategic sea lane of communication (SLOC) between the countries in the east famously knows as the Silk Road at Sea. With the continue development of economic globalization this sea area is increasingly important to the global economic and military affairs. First, these waters house many straits and channels of strategic or sea traffic significance. For example, the Strait of Malacca is the strategic lane of communication linking the pacific and Indian Ocean. It is the communication hub at sea between the ASEAN, Africa and European continent and one of the busiest sea routes in the world with 30 per cent of the total world trade and almost 80,00o commercial ships each year running through it. Second, this sea area is rich in marine resources. It is one of the most affluent waters of the world in sea fishery, petroleum, natural gas and other marine resources. It has a huge reserve of petroleum and natural gas and abundant sea resources. There is no doubt that the peaceful

utilization of marine resources will play an active in promoting the regions economic development. After entering the 1990s, the region has witnessed sustained rapid economic development and tremendous expansion of foreign trade and investment .Against this backdrop, the demands for resources and the security of sea lanes are increasing, the strategic status of the seas is becoming more important. However, there remain some differences among countries in the region on such issues as claim of sovereignty over certain island in the South China Sea, division of continental shelf, demarcation of exclusive economic zones (EEZ), etc. Nontraditional security threats haves become more outstanding .With the end of the cold war ,global threats have been reduced notably ,with a declining possibility of any outbreak of majored wars between states. However, nontraditional threats such as terrorism, separatism, extremism, piracy, transnational crimes and arms proliferation are growing rampantly. Piracy has becoming increasingly rampant with each passing day. According to the international maritime Bureau (IMB) statistics, altogether 445 attacks on commercial ships occurred throughout the world in 2003, increasing by 20 per cent over the year 2002. Although china and ASEAN have witnessed a good beginning in maritime security cooperation, it is quite necessary to point out that this sort of regional security cooperation falls far behind the regional economic cooperation and development and cannot meet the needs of the developing regional security station. In fact ,china and ASEAN have not only the need for security cooperation, but have a lot of common and complementary interest, which serve as the foundation for further security cooperation of the two sides. Politically, China and ASEAN member states are all developing countries. Hence accelerating economic development and promoting social progress is the common and in countries have a long history of friendship. They are similar in values, strategic interests, and share the experience of being invaded and colonized. Although counties in the region vary from one another in terms of size, social system, religious belief and ideology, they all purse the principles of mutual respect ,and non- interference in other countries internal affairs in their respective foreign policies and non -military aggression especially for the objective of regime change of other

countries .These are not only the prerequisites of guaranteeing regional peace and prosperity ,but the political will for security cooperation between China and ASEAN. Economically, China and ASEAN countries are the worlds fastest growing economic since they are located in a region dynamically generating the greatest economic vitality and development potentialities. China and ASEAN complement each other with respective advantages on a wide range of economic issues, along with reasonable competition in between .In recent years, countries in the region have maintained friendly relations of mutual benefit and promotion with economic and trade exchanges increasing continuously .China and ASEAN witnessed the continued robust growth of bilateral trade in 2002.When the China -ASEAN free trade area (CAFTA) is established by 2010, it will definitely bring about fundamental influence on the East Asia and world economic at large. In the security area, there is no essential conflict of national security interest between china and ASEAN .Rather they are faced with common challenges from the field of non traditional security issues. Both china and ASEAN countries are opposed to the use of force in settling international disputes and the seeking hegemony by any country in dealing with international and regional affairs. They do not advocate the building of political- military alliance directed against any third party, or allow foreign countries to station troops in their territories. Except for the participation in station troops or establish military bases abroad. As the sole nuclear state the surrounding area of the South China Sea, China is the only nuclear power which declared to recognize and respect Southeast Asia as a nuclear weapons free zone. Faced with the complex and profound changes in the international situation in the 21st century ,the Chinese government has clearly proposed an eight Chinese character principle of befriending and partnering with our neighbors, and further put forward two key point in pushing forward chinas policies towards the surrounding countries , namely, enhancing good neighborly relations and strengthening regional cooperation. Both ASEAN and china advocate that relations between countries should be established on the basic of the Five Principles of Peaceful Co-Existence, namely mutual respect for sovereignty and territorial integrity, mutual non-aggression, non-interference in each others internal affairs ,equality and mutual benefit and peaceful co-existence. Although ASEAN and China have different opinion on some issues they share the view on the new security concept of mutual

trust, mutual benefit, equality and coordination, which can serve as a principle for guiding their security cooperation.

Survey of literature
XU Kes (year) paper turns to the maritime security by addressing the prominent issue of piracy in Southeast Asia. It is generally accepted that piracy, though having a long history, has become one of the most serious non-traditional security issues in the post-Cold War era. According to Xu, since piracy in Southeast Asian waters is a trans-national crime, any unilateral or bilateral anti-piracy action is not sufficient to suppress piracy, and suppression of piracy requires consistent and comprehensive multilateral and international cooperation. He devoted his discussion mainly to anti-piracy cooperation between ASEAN and China. While they have made important progress in their joint anti-piracy efforts, there are still a number of difficulties existing in this anti-piracy cooperation.

Related to the South China Sea is the critical issue of maritime security. Though the issue of piracy has been discussed in the section of non-traditional security issues above, CHEN Haibos paper is concerned more with the safety of sea-lane navigation. She argues, quite rightly, that maritime safety could only be assured by cooperation among all the interested countries in line with international law, including the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea and numerous International Maritime Organization conventions, guidelines and directives. However, by examining the status of ASEAN states and China (including Hong Kong) in this global cooperation framework, Chen points out four disadvantages, e.g., non-enforcement of some international treaties in Southeast Asia, which can block maritime safety cooperation in Southeast Asia. She also provides three forms of regional cooperation on maritime safety, such as regional bilateral cooperation, as the foundation for ASEAN-China regional maritime safety cooperation. She also discusses the process of such cooperation and suggests in the end that certain maritime safety cooperation measures and projects should be given priorities.

Michael Richardson sees a resurgence of tension, which can hardly be about ornithology and tourism. It is largely about China and Japans growing need to secure control over natural resources, especially offshore oil and gas. Joint development programs have been proposed but not yet implemented. Richardson has several suggestions for ASEAN and Chinas regional security: step up naval training exercises with counter-terrorism and anti-piracy components, and expand participation in the US-led Cobra Gold military cooperation exercises. China could further diffuse tensions, he suggests, by abandoning its broken-line maritime boundary claim and freezing its activities concerning disputed areas. Guo Xinning, argued, ASEAN-China relations are generally healthy. The strategic partnership between ASEAN and China will be further enhanced if coordinated efforts are taken to address terrorism and maritime security. Maritime security is becoming a security issue of greater significance for both ASEAN countries and China. Maritime security may undermine economic and social development, and to a greater extent, national security. The author also argued that, maritime security, the sea plays a hugely important economic role for both Southeast Asia and China. The sea carries the vast bulk of trade and communication, provides food supplies, and supplies substantial energy resources. As such, maritime security will be of increasing concern to Southeast Asia and China. Piracy is perhaps the most serious maritime security problem in the region. In recent years, piracy in Southeast Asia has been more and more rampant According to the International Maritime Organization (IMO), the reported number of acts of piracy and armed robbery in 2004 was 330. Among all regions in the world, the Far East (including the Malacca Straits and South China Sea) was the most affected area. Relating to issues of piracy and maritime security is the security of sea lanes of communication. For China, the security of sea lanes is vital to ensure the continued import of oil, energy and raw materials, all of which are crucial for its economic growth. Meanwhile, most ASEAN economies are export oriented, heavily dependent on foreign trade, thus making sea lane security vital for the sustained economic development of countries in the region. .

John F. Bradford explains, The Sea dominates Southeast Asia, covering roughly 80 percent of its area. The regions islands and peninsulas, wedged between the Pacific and Indian oceans, border major arteries of communication and commerce. Thus the economic and political affairs of Southeast Asia have been dominated and political affairs of Southeast Asia have been dominated by the sea. Today more than half of the worlds annual merchant tonnage traverses Southeast Asian waters; its oceans and seas yield vast revenues in such industries as fishing, hydrocarbon extraction, and tourism. In fact, more than 60 percent of Southeast Asians today live in or rely economically on the maritime zones. However, the sea is also the source of a variety of dangers that not only menace the prosperity of local populations but directly threaten the security of states. Those dangers include territorial disputes, nonstate political violence, transnational crime, and environmental degradation. Maritime security, accordingly, is at the forefront of Southeast Asian political concerns. Successful response to maritime security requires international cooperation, because those threats are primarily transnational.

The objectives
The main aims and objevives of the research is to examine the situation of the China-ASEANs maritime co-operation with a view to proposing steps to strengthen such cooperation. The main objectives are To exploring, how maritime cooperation between ASEAN and China evolve? To examining how can ASEAN and China develop a common interest in maintaining freedom of navigation while building maritime cooperation?
To identify the place occupied by the South China Sea and China in ASEAN maritime

strategic.
To indentify the appropriate means of dealing with the global and regional maritime

security concerns regarding ASEAN maritime strategic as far as the South China Sea and china concern.

The Research Questions of the proposed Study

How does ASEAN view maritime strategic? What is content of ASEAN maritime strategic? How does ASEAN maritime strategic related to its overall diplomatic and geostrategic relations with China? What is important of the South China Sea to ASEAN and what comprises the maritime dimension of ASEAN relation with china?

Hypothesis of proposed Study

ASEAN and China might not be equal partners in maritime security cooperation, because of there power

asymmetry. Therefore this cooperation should be somewhat marginal.

ASEAN and China both have made important progress in there joint anti-piracy efforts,

there are still number of difficulties existing in anti-piracy cooperations.

Methodology of the Study

To understand the subject matter of China ASEAN Maritime Cooperation, the study will use historical and analytical methods. The present study will mainly rely on secondary source materials like books; datas published by public, private research institutes and organizations and internet sources. To have a deeper insight into the related issues relevant articles from academic journals will also be used. Together with these the proposed study will use online papers including government documents and reports.

Tentative Chapters

Introduction The concept of sea lines of communications (SLOC).

Chapter two, ASEAN views on maritime strategic and ASEAN maritime strategic in the context of its overall diplomatic and geostrategic relations. Chapter three will focus on the maritime dimension of ASEAN-china relations through the importance of the South China Sea and the maritime dimension of ASEAN relation with china.

Conclusion

WORKING BIBLIOGRAPHY

Books-

Da, D,Cunha, (ed.), Southeast Asia Perspectives On Security, Singapore: Institute Of Southeast Asian Studies, 2000. Wong J, Keyuan Z, Huaqun Z, (ed.). China ASEAN Relations: Economic and Legal Dimensions, Singapore: World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd. 2000. Hock, S,S, . L, S, W,C,K (ed.), Asean China Relations: Realities and Prospects, Singapore: Institute Of Southeast Asian Studies, 2000.

Articles
Brown, F, Z, (1991), Security Issues in Southeast Asia, Proceedings of the Academy of Political Science, Vol. 38, No. 2, The China Challenge: American Policies in East Asia, pp. 120130 To, L, Lai, (2001), Chinas Relations with ASEAN: Partners in the 21st Century? pacific Review, Volume 13, Number 1, pp.1-11. Acharya, A, (1991), The Association of Southeast Asian Nations: "Security Community" or "Defense Community, Pacific Affairs, Vol. 64, pp. 159-178. Mingjiang, L, (2009), China and Asian Regionalism: Pragmatism Hinders Leadership, pp.144. Lai, F, (2001), Maritime Security Southeast Asia: Issues and perspectives, pp.1-11.

Xinning, G, (2005), Anti-Terrorism, Maritime Security, and ASEAN-China: Cooperation A Chinese Perspective, Trends in Southeast Asia Series: 15(2005), pp-1 41. Li, M, (2010), China and Maritime Cooperation in East Asia: Recent Development and Future Prospect, Journal of Contemporary China, Vol.19 (64), March, pp. 1-21. Buszynski, L. S, I, (2007), Maritime Claims and Energy Cooperation in the South China Sea, Contemporary Southeast Asia: A Journal of International and Strategic Affairs, Volume 29, and Number 1, pp. 143-171 (Article) Simon, W.S, (2007), ASEAN and Its Security Offspring: Facing New Challenge. August 2007, pp. 1-45. Bradfrod, F.J, (2005), The Growing Prospects for Maritime Security, Cooperations In Southeast Asia, Naval War College Review, Vol. 58, No. 3, pp.1-24. Story, L, (2009), Maritime Security in Southeast Asia: Two Cheers for Regional Cooperation, Southeast Asian Affairs, Volume 2009, pp. 1-24 (Article)

Liss, C, (2007), The Privatization of Maritime Security Maritime Security in Southeast Asia: Between a rock and a hard place? Working Paper No.141 February 2007, pp. 1- 27. Ho, H, J, The Security of Sea Lanes in Southeast Asia, pp. 1-17.

Valencia, J, M (2005), The Asian maritime security context, Adelphi Papers, 45: 376, 9 23
To link to this Article: DOI: 10.1080/05679320500379269URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/05679320500379269

Cowan, D, C, (1968), Continuity and Change in the International History of Maritime South East Asia, Journal of Southeast Asian History, Vol. 9, No, pp. 1-11.

Anand, R. P, (1981), Maritime Practice in South-East Asia until 1600 A. D. and the Modern Law of the Sea, The International and Comparative Law Quarterly, Vol. 30, No. 2, pp. 440454.
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M. Phil Draft Synopsis on

ASEAN AND CHINA MARITIME SECURITY COOPERATION