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DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURES

Topic 9: Bracing Connections

Erik Anders Nelson PE SE

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Bracing Connections (Fillet Welded HSS)

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Braced Frames and Rigid Frames

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Braced Frames

Diagonal bracing creates stable triangular configurations within the steel building frame (AISC 2002) Braced frames are often the most economical method of resisting wind loads in multi-story buildings (AISC 1991). Some structures, like the one pictured above, are designed with a combination braced and rigid frame to take advantage of the benefits of both
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Concentric Braced Frames

X brace (above left) Two story Xs

Chevron (above right) ( g ) Single diagonals

X bracing is possibly the most common type of bracing Bracing can allow a building to have access through the brace line depending on configuration
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X Bracing

Connections f X b i are l C ti for bracing located at b t d t beam t column j i t to l joints Bracing connections may require relatively large gusset plates at the beam to column joint The restriction of space in these areas may have an impact on the mechanical and plumbing systems as well as some architectural features
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Chevron Bracing

Chevron bracing members use two types of connections The floor level connection may use a gusset plate much like the connection on X braced frames. The bracing members are connected to the beam/girder at the top and converge to a common point If gusset plates are used, it is important to consider their size when laying-out mechanical and plumbing systems that pass through braced bays (AISC 2002)

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Eccentrically Braced Frames

Stiffeners Link Beam or Girder Gusset

Eccentric Brace

Eccentric brace with typical brace to beam connection

Eccentric bracing is commonly used in seismic regions and allows for doorways and corridors in the braced bays. The difference between Chevron bracing and eccentric bracing is the space between the bracing members at the top gusset connection In an eccentrically braced frame bracing members connect to separate points on the beam/girder. The beam/girder segment or link between the bracing members absorbs energy from seismic activity through plastic deformation (AISC 2002)
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Eccentrically Braced Frames

Eccentrically braced frames look similar to frames with Chevron bracing A similar V shaped bracing configuration is used (AISC 2002)
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Bolts and Weld not sharing

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Concentrically Braced Frames (CBFs)

Beams, columns and braces arranged to form a vertical truss. Resist lateral earthquake forces by truss action. Develop ductility through inelastic action in braces. - braces yield in tension - braces buckle in compression Advantages - high elastic stiffness Disadvantages - less ductile than other systems (SMFs EBFs BRBFs) (SMFs, EBFs, - reduced architectural versatility

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Single Diagonal

Inverted V- Bracing

V- Bracing

X- Bracing

Two Story X- Bracing

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Pu sin

Consider load path through connection region

Pu cos

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The KISS Method

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Parallel Force Method

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The Uniform Force Method

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The Uniform Force Method

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Inelastic Response of CBFs under Earthquake Loading

Tension Brace: Yields (ductile)

Compression Brace: Buckles (nonductile) Columns and beams: remain essentially elastic
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Inelastic Response of CBFs under Earthquake Loading

Compression Brace Tension Brace (previously (previously in tension): in compression): Yields Buckles (ductile) (nonductile) Columns and beams: remain essentially elastic
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SDM

Pu= Ry Fy Ag

Pn = (0.75) Ae (Rt Fu)

Per Section 6.2: use expected tensile strength Rt FU when checking net section fracture of bracing member, since Ry Fy of the same member is used to computed the required strength

Limit state: fracture of net section

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SDM

Pu= Ry Fy Ag
Limit state: fracture of net section

For A36 Angles:

Ae 1.5 36 ksi 1.03 Ag 0.75 1.2 58 ksi
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SDM

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