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n mn hc

Mc lc
Mc lc.................................................................................................................. 1
LI CM N...........................................................................................................2
M u...................................................................................................................3
Chng 1: TNG QUAN..........................................................................................4
1.1. Cam ............................................................................................................4
1.1.1. Ngun gc ,c im thc vt:.............................................................4
1.1.2. Thnh phn dinh dng ca cam ti c trnh by trn bng: .........5
1.1.3. Phn loi cc ging cam:.......................................................................5
1.2. Thnh phn ha hc ca v cam...............................................................10
1.2.1. Pectin.................................................................................................. 10
1.2.2. Cellulose.............................................................................................11
1.2.3. Hesperidin...........................................................................................12
1.2.4. Naringin...............................................................................................12
1.3. Sn phm mt...........................................................................................13
1.4. C s l thuyt ca cc qu trnh c bn...................................................14
1.4.1. Chn la v phn loi nguyn liu......................................................14
1.4.2. Ra......................................................................................................15
1.4.3. Chn....................................................................................................16
1.4.4. Thm thu ng ...............................................................................19
Chng 2: NGUYN LIU, PHNG PHP, NI DUNG NGHIN CU....................20
2.1. Nguyn liu.............................................................................................. 20
2.1.1.V cam.................................................................................................20
2.1.2. ng saccharose...............................................................................20
2.1.3. Mui n................................................................................................20
Phng php nghin cu..................................................................................21
Kho st cc yu t trong qu trnh nghin cu............................................21
nh gi cm quan v cht lng sn phm................................................21
2.3. Ni dung nghin cu..................................................................................26
2.3.1. Quy trnh sx d kin ...........................................................................26
Chng 3: KT QU NGHIN CU........................................................................38
3.1. Kho st nng ca dung dch ngm nh hng n v ng ca sn
phm................................................................................................................ 38
3.1.1. Dung dch Ru:..................................................................................38

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3.1.2. Dung dch mui:..................................................................................39


3.2. Kho st loi dung dch ngm nh hng n v ng ca sn phm.......39
3.3. Kho st thi gian chn nh hng n v ng ca sn phm. ...............40
3.4. Kho st t l v cam : ng v thi gian thm thu nh hng n nng
cht kh (%) ca sn phm. .......................................................................41
3.5. nh gi cm quan v cht lng sn phm............................................42
3.5.1. nh gi cm quan.............................................................................42
3.5.2. Phn tch nh gi cht lng cm quan sn phm mt v cam Vinh 43
3.6. Gi thnh sn phm. ...............................................................................44
Chng 4: THIT K QUI TRNH THIT B.............................................................45
4.1. My ngm: ................................................................................................45
4.2. My Phn loi: .........................................................................................45
4.3. Thit b Chn.............................................................................................45
4.4. Thit b sy...............................................................................................47
Chng 5. Kt lun v kin ngh..........................................................................48
TI LIU THAM KHO...........................................................................................50

LI CM N
Trong qu trnh hc tp v nghin cu hon thnh ti ny, ngoi s phn u ca bn
thn, nhm em cn nhn c rt nhiu s gip , h tr ca cc thy c, bn b Em xin
chn thnh gi li cm n n:
- C Nguyn Th Thu Huyn tn tnh hng dn, truyn t nhng kinh nghim
qu bu, b ch trong sut thi gian thc hin ti.
- Qu thy c B mn Cng ngh thc phm v Ban lnh o trng i hc K
Thut Cng Ngh nhit tnh gip trong thi gian qua.
- Cc bn 07DTP8 ngnh Cng ngh thc phm ng gp nhng kin b ch
trong thi gian hc tp v thc hin ti.

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- Cui cng, em xin gi li cm n n ba m, nhng ngi to mi iu kin


em c c thnh qu ny.
V thi gian thc hin ti c hn, qu trnh thc hin ti cn gp nhiu kh khn
nn khng th trnh khi thiu st. Em xin chn thnh n nhn nhng kin, ng gp ca
cc thy c v cc bn.
Xin chn thnh cm n!
Tp. HCM, ngy 19 thng 12 nm 2010

M u
Vit Nam l nc nm trong vng nhit i m nn cy n tri nhit i a dng v phong
ph, trong cam la loai cy n tri rt ph bin, trng c khp ca cac vung min
nc ta, co quanh nm, la loai trai cy ngon, gia tri dinh dng cao nhng gia
thanh re, c bit co nhiu tac dung cho sc khe nh: thanh nhit, gii c, tr ho...
nn rt c a chung.
Cam c tn dng tt c cc b phn: l, hoa, v, qu u cha tinh du, dng iu ch
hng liu; trong ht cam c rt nhiu pectin, c th thay th pectin ha hc trong ch bin
thc phm, trong sn xut thuc cha bnh; nc cam cha nhiu cht b dng nh cc loi
ng tri cy, bta caroten, vitamin C v cc cht khong Phospho, St.
Hin nay, ngoi vic mi cam c s dng ch yu dng n ti, p ly nc ung
ti th hu nh nhng b phn cn li c coi l d tha v b ph. Gn y, trong dn
gian cng c ngi tn dng v cam ti hay phi kh nu nc ung c tc dng tiu
m, d tiu nhng khng nhiu v cn mt lng rt ln v cam cha c tn dng. Vi

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mong mun tn dng ngun ph liu v cam di do, c th thu mua c d dng, rt r; to
ra sn phm mt c hng v mi l lm a dng ha cc sn phm thc phm.
ti c thc hin quy m sn xut th da trn cc qu trnh c bn trong ch bin
thc phm nhm mc tiu xy dng quy trnh sn xut sn phm Mt v cam; t chc
anh gia cam quan san phm bc u thu nhn phan hi v san phm, lam c s hoan
thin quy trinh san xut v ng dung vao thc t san xut.

Chng 1: TNG QUAN


1.1. Cam
1.1.1. Ngun gc ,c im thc vt:
Cy cam c bit n t rt lu khong 2200 nm trc cng nguyn Trung quc
nhng mt s ngi li cho rng cy cam c ngun gc t n . Cam c trng rt ph
bin t n . Sau c lan rng v pha ng n c vng ng Nam ,vo khong th
k th 3 trc cng nguyn, cy cam c a n Chu u,v n lan ra ti c vng a
Trung Hi. Sau cy cam c a n Chu M. Nhng nm sau , nhng ngi lm
vn Chu M v Chu u em cy cam n Chu c v Chu Phi. Ngy nay cy cam
c trng rt ph bin rt nhiu ni trn th gii.
Cam l loi cy n tri cng h vi bi thuc gii Plantae, ngnh Magnoliophyta, lp
Magnoliopsida, b Sapidales. Loi cam l mt cy lai c trng t xa, c th lai ging
gia loi bi (Citrus maxima) v qut (Citrus reticulata).

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Cam sinh trng v pht trin nhit 23-29 0C. Nhng vng c nhit bnh qun l
150C cng c th trng c cam qut. Cam c th chu c rt, nhit qu thp v ko
di cy s ngng sinh trng v cht. Nhng nhit cao qu t 400C tr ln, cy cng
ngng sinh trng, cnh l cy b kh ho. Cng c mt s ging cam chu c nhit
cao. S pht trin ca cam cng cn nh sng. Nu thiu nh sng th cy cam cng sinh
trng v pht dc km, kh phn ha mm hoa, nh hng ln n nng sut v sn lng.
Cam l loi cy tri a m. Lng ma thch hp hng nm l 1000-1500mm. Trng cam
nhng ni c m khng kh 70-80% cy d cho tri to, u, v bng, nc nhiu, phm
cht tri tt, t b rng. Loi t thch hp cho cam l t ph sa ven sng, xp nh, ph nhiu,
mu m. pH ca t khong 5,5-5,6.
1.1.2. Thnh phn dinh dng ca cam ti c trnh by trn bng:
Nc

87,5%,

Protid

0,9%

Glucid

8,4%

Acid hu c

1,3%

Cellulose

1,6%

Calcium

34mg%

St

23mg%

Caroten
Vitamin C

0,4mg%
40mg%

Cam l ngun viatmin C, c th t ti 150mg trong 100ml dung dch, hoc 200-300mg
trong 100g v kh. L v v cam cn xanh cha I-stachydrin, hesperdin, surantin, acid
aurantinic, tinh du cam rng (petitgrain). Hoa cha tinh du cam (nerili) c limonen, linalol,
geranoiol. Tinh du v cam c thnh phn chnh al2 D-limonen (90%) decyelicaldehyd to
nn mi thm, cc alcol nh linalool, D, L- terpineol, alcol nonylic, cn c acid butyric,
authrannilat methyl v ester caprylic.
1.1.3. Phn loi cc ging cam:
Tri cam

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C nhiu loi cam khc nhau ty tng quc gia v a phng. Trong thng mi, cam
c chia lm hai loi, cam ngt v cam chua. Cam chua thng c dng trong sn xut
mt cam. Cam ngt gm:
Cam trn:
Ging cam trn ph bin l valencia c ngun gc t o Azores v B o Nha. Cy
cam trn c kh nng thch ng vi nhng vng ni a, ni c s chnh lch su sc v kh
hu gia ngy v m, c tc dng lm hot ha h sc t ca v to cho n mu sc hp dn.
Tri cam trn c kch c nh ti trung bnh thch hp cho sn xut cng nghip. V
mng, da nhn, ht mu cam cam sng. Mi v dch p cam rt thm ngt ngay khi cn ti
hay sau khi ch bin thnh nc p.
Loi cam ny c hin tng regreen trong thi tit m. Khi tri chn trn cy, v cam
chuyn sang mu cam sng nhng khi nhit nng ln v hp th li chlorophyll t l nn
cam chn c mu xanh nht.
Thu hoch chnh v t thng 2 n thng 10. Sn phm s dng ch yu lm nc p
tri cy, t l dch tri thu c cao. Dch p c mu sm v bn.Tri c t ht nn khng to
v ng.Valencia cng c th dng bn dng ti.

Cam trn
Cam Navel
Cc ging cam Navel in hnh nh cam caracara, cam Washington. Cc ging cam ny
c trng Florida trc nm 1835 Brazil 1870, Trung Quc. Thu hoch chnh t thng
11 n thng 1.

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Tri cam vng Navel to hn cam valencia v cc loi cam ngt khc. V tar1i c mu
vng m sng cho ti cam dy v d lt. Loi cam ny khng c ht, t l thu dch p cao.
Thi tit lnh lm mu tri cam vng sng v th tri c th chn v vn cn mu xanh nht
trn da. Nhc im ca loi cam ny l to ra v ng nn dng sn xut nc cam p.

Cy cam Navel
Cam Blood:
Ging cam ny c xem l ngon v hp dn nht trong cc tri c mi c tm thy
u tin a Trung Hi. Kch thc tri c trung bnh vi v mng c t hoc khng ht.
Mi v tp cam c mu sm sng p. Dch p nhiu, ngt, c mu sm v t chua hn
cc loi cam khc. Nhc im ln nht ca cam Blood l hm lng anthocyanins to
m c khuynh hng b nht trong qu trnh ch bin v bo qun. Cam Blood c th dng
dng ti hay dng p.

Tri cam blood


Cam ngt
Loi cam ny trng a Trung Hi, cho nc p c hm lng acid thp khng kh
nng c ch vi sinh vt, ngt qu cao, v vy khng thch hp cho vic sn xut nc cam
p.

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Cam Vit Nam c chia lm ba nhm: cam chanh, cam snh v cam ng. Cam chanh
c ba nhm cam l cam thng, cam rn v cam . Cam snh c v dy, sn si, rut
vng , hng v thm ngon. Cam ng cha nhiu cht c v ng cht lng khng
cao.

Cy cam ngt
1.1.4. Mt s ging cam ph bin Vit Nam
Cam X oi (Ngh An): cy tng i cao, t cnh, trng X oi, tnh Ngh An.

Tri cam ngon, thm c v mng v bng, v ngt m t x. ng dng ch yu trong sn


xut nc cam, v mt cam.
Cam ng nh: cy to, l xanh nht, tai l to. Tri to, mu ta, nhiu nc, hi

chua, d trng, c sc chng chu, l ging lai gia cam v bi. Hin loi cam ny c
trng Hi Hng.
Cam ng: hng v gn ging qut hn cam. Cy cao 2-3m tn rng nhiu cnh

l, l khng c tai. Khi lng trung bnh 100g/tri, v mng, mu vng hay sm, d
bc, mi d chia.
C ba loi cam ng l cam Giy vi c ging cam Canh ,cam ng D, cam Ngc cc,
cam Hnh Thin, cam B, cam Chua, d trng sai tri, v hi chua, ph bin Hng
Sn,Tuyn Ha, cam Voi tri to 300-350g lai gia cam B v bi, trng Tuyn Ha.
Cam snh: c tn khoa hc Citrus nobilis var, nobilis, tn Anh l mandarin, king

organge. Cy cao 2-3m, phn cnh thp, l c tai nh. Dng tri hi dt, khi lng 200400g/tri c v sn si v mn, v dy, khi chn c mu vng hay sm, tuy dy nhng d
bc, rut , ht c mu nu lc, v ngt, hi chua, hng v thm ngon, thch hp lm
ngt tri nc ng.

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Vng chuyn canh BSCL l Tam Bnh, Tr n,. Din tch trng khong 2413 ha,
sn lng 48000 tn /nm, ma v chnh t thng 7 n thng 12.
Ging cam snh ph bin l cam B H trng bi ph sa H Bc trn t thot nc
,tri dt, nng trung bnh 200-250g, mu vng dp chn vo thng 11-12 qua n thng 1
nm sau v dp tt Nguyn n. Cam snh cn c tn l Citrus nobilis lour. Qut trc y
cng c xem l mt th cam snh.
Cam son: citrus sinensis thuc h Rutaceae, tn ting anh l sweet orange, c

trng l t BSCL.
Cam snh c l xanh sm v to hn cam mt. Tri to xanh ng vng khi chn dng tri
hnh cu phn di tri c nm ng tin lm vo bng u ngn tay. Cc tp cam ro nc,
v ngt thanh, hp vi khu v ngi Vit v Chu hn khu v dn u M.
Cn nhng loi cam gn vi chanh c v mng hn nhng kh bc ,khi chn mu vng.
nc ta cam hu nh c quanh nm nn c th dng tri ti. Ngi ta cng thng thu
hi tri non rng gc cy lm loi thuc dng ng Y.
1.1.5. Thu hoch v bo qun cam
nc ta cam c trng rng ri trn khp c nc ly tri n. Cy ra hoa quanh
nm,thng c hoa vo thng 1-2 ,c tri vo thng 11-12. Thi gian thu hi thch hp l vo
khong 212-221 ngy sau khi u tri.
Biu hin bn ngoi ca tri cam chn l v tri c mu vng nht v d dng tch ra khi
tht tri, phn v xp c mu hi vng, chnh gia y tri xut hin m trn (c ng knh
1,5-2mm) v chua ngt hi ha. Nu thu hi khi tri cn qu xanh, v tri s c mu xanh
m, v chua gt ,c v hu ng.
Ty theo ging sm hay mun m thi gian thu hoch khc nhau. Thu hi ng chn
khi 1/3 v tri chuyn mu vng. Khng nn tri chn hon ton trn cy ,tri s b xp,
kh nc. Chn ngy tri nng ro thu hoch cam. Dng ko ct st cung tri ,thao tc
cn nh nhng khng l dp ti tinh du ngoi v tri s d b hng khi bo qun.
Bo qun cam bng ct
Ct xp c tc dng hp th m ,nhit, CO2, thot ra t nguyn liu ,bo qun v ngn
chn mt phn s xm nhp ca kh. Nh vy cc tc dng iu chnh t nhin cc thng s
k thut bo qun. Ri mt lp cam ln trn lp ct ,sau li ri mt lp ct dy 5cm ln
trn mt lp cam. C nh vy lp ct ri lp cam cho n khi chiu cao ca ng cam t

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yu cu th ph mt lp ct trn cng dy 30cm. Trong thi gian bo qun ,c mi thng


kim tra mt ln pht hin h hng .Bng cch bo qun ny c th gi cam c trong 3
thng. Phng php bo qun cam ny ch thch hp cho bo qung quy m gia nh.
Bo qun bng ha cht:
Sau khi thu hi ,cam c lau chi sch s ri mi x l bng ha cht. Ha cht thng
dng l Topxin-M. Trc tin nhng cam vo nc vi bo ha, vt ra ro nc trong
khng kh. Khi c C trong khng kh s tc dng vi Ca(OH)2 to thnh mng CaCO3. Bao
quanh tra cam, hn ch s h hp ngn nga vi sinh vt xm nhp. Sau nhng cam vo
dung dch Topxin-M 0,1% ri li vt ra, ro. Khi ro nc cam c gi thnh tng
tri bng giy bn mm hoc ti polyethylen dy, 4mm. Xp cam vo st v a i bo qun
ni thong mt nhit thng hoc lnh.
1.2. Thnh phn ha hc ca v cam
1.2.1. Pectin
Pectin l cht nhy bao quanh v ht cam v trong ci qu bi chn. Bn cht ca n
l mt loi cht x, tan trong nc, lm tng nht.
Trong ci cam ti cha t 1-2% pectin (kh), nhng khi phi ci cam kh th
ch cn 0.5 1% pectin (kh).
Quanh v ht cam ti c t 3-16% pectin (kh), khi phi kh v ht cam (nhn
trong cn m) th c 4-20% pectin (kh).
Pectin tinh ch c dng cht bt trng mu xm nht, l mt cht keo ht nc v rt
d tan trong nc.
Trong qu cam ti, ci ti chim 10-40%. Ht ti chim 3-6%, v ngoi 10% (c
qu ht lp ht ch cn vi ht my).
Tc dng dc l ca pectin
Pectin l mt loi cht x ha tan trong nc. N khng cung cp nng lng nhng
c nhiu gi tr phng, cha bnh nh:
Ko di thi gian tiu ha thc n trong rut, c tc dng tng hp thu dng cht
trong thc n.

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Gim bo (do to cm gic no bng ko di, gim nng lng n vo, do gip
gim cn ngi bo ph).
Gim hp thu lipid.
Gim cholesterol ton phn trong mu (c bit l gim cholesterol xu LDL)
ngi ri lon lipid mu.
Khng ch tng ng huyt trc v sau ba n ngi c bnh tiu ng.
Cc ng dng ca pectin
Tc nhn to gel thc phm:
Pectin l tc nhn to gel thng dng c dng cho cc sn phm thc phm nh cc loi
jam truyn thng, jam t ng, jelly, ko jelly v nhiu sn phm khc.
ng dng trong nc gii kht:
HM pectin c DE cao hn 70% c s dng n nh sn phm sa thanh
trng, tit trng hoc sa chua, sa u nnh v cc sn phm khc.
Pectin c ng dng nhiu trong ngnh nc gii kht nh nc tri cy hoc
cc loi nc ngt khng cn. N c th s dng n nh bt tht qu hoc tinh du, n
nh trang thi l lng ca nc cam v ngn chn s lng cn cu m bo tri cy trong
nc cam c c c tng cc cht ha tan ln hn 45% bng cch to mt gel pectin yu.

1.2.2. Cellulose
Cellulose thuc loi polysaccharide cao phn t khng c tnh cht ng, l thnh phn
chnh ca t bo thc vt.
Tnh cht v nhng vai tr ca cellulose
Cellulose khng tan trong nc. Nc lm phng ln tng phn cellulose. N hp thu
nc vi lng 7 - 8% khi lng. Lng nc hp thu tng ln 22 - 24% trong trng hp
khng kh bo ha hi nc. S phng ln lm tng ng knh si cellulose nhng chiu di
khng i.
Tnh bn c hc l c tnh ch yu ca cc si cellulose. Tnh bn c hc ca
cellulose l do di ln ca i phn t v hng song song ca chng. Cc i phn t
lin kt vi nhau bng lin kt hydro gia cc nhm - OH.

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Con ngi khng th tiu ha c cellulose trong khu phn v khng c cc enzyme

cn thit phn hy chng. Tuy nhin, mt s loi vi khun c kh nng phn hy cellulose
thnh CO2 v H2O.
Cc tc nhn oxi ha nh ozeic, peroxide, hydro, natri hipocloride, C th oxi ha
cellulose to thnh hn hp phc tp gi l oxycellulose.
Cellulose c th tc dng vi kim c to thnh sn phm tng t cc ancolat gi l
cellulose - kim. Cellulose - kim d b thy phn tr li cellulose di dng hydrat cellulose,
dng ny ging cellulose v thnh phn ha hc nhng ho nc hn v t bn hn. Cellulose
- kim tc dng vi sulfurcarbon to thnh xentogenat cellulose. Xentogenat tan trong kim
thnh mt dung dch rt nht gi l vis.
Cellulose c th b este ha khi tc dng vi anhydride acetic (c mt H2SO4 lm xc

tc) to thnh mono, di, triacetat cellulose v c th nitrat ha thnh hn hp mono, di,
trinitrat cellulose. Chc nng ca cellulose v cc cht x thc n nh sau:
Phng nga ung th rut kt

Phng nga x va ng mch


Phng nga hnh thnh si mt, gim c hm lng m trong mu

Gy nh hng n mc ng huyt, gim bt tc dng da vo insulin ca

bnh nhn tiu ng


Ngn nga s tha nng lng v bo ph
1.2.3. Hesperidin
Hesperidin C28H34O5 ,c nhiu trong v qu h Citrus v cc m khung, khng c v
ng, c hot tnh vitamin P, gi vai tr iu chnh thm thu v tnh n hi ca cc thnh
mch mu. Khi thu phn, hesperidin s thu phn n ramnoza v aglucon hesperidin.
1.2.4. Naringin
Naringin C27H32O14 , c trong v trng v c trong dch qu h Citrus. Khi qu cn xanh,
naringin gy ra v ng. Khi qu chn, do tc dng ca enzyme peroxidaza, naringin b thu
phn thnh glucoza, ramnoza v aglucon naringin khng c v ng. Trong chanh non cn c
neohesperidin c v rt ng.
Bng tm tt thnh phn, t l phn trm, gi tr dinh dng v tc dng dc l ca cc
thnh phn trong qu cam:

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Thnh phn

T l (%)
V qu ngoi

19 21

Gi tr dinh dng v tc dng dc l


Cha ho c nhiu m, hen, y bng kh
tiu, au thot v, au d dy, ph thng.
- Chng lot d dy, lm bn thnh mch, h
huyt p, chng ng mu.

V qu
V qu gia

18 19

- Cha cc chng ri lon tun hon mao


mch tnh mch, phng nga nhi mu c
tim v bnh au d dy.

Dch qu

59 61

Cha chng thiu vitamin C


-B v ngoi, nng chn, nghin thnh bt
dng bi cha chc u.

Ht cam

12
-Cm mu, c th dng trong y hc(nh
rng)

1.3. Sn phm mt
Mt qu l cc sn phm ch bin t qu ti hoc t qu bn ch phm (pur qu,
nc qu, qu sunfit ha) nu vi ng n kh 65 70 %. Sn phm mt ni bt l v
ngt, thm t nhin tinh khit ca qu. Ngoi hm lng ng c sn trong qu, ngi ta
cn b sung thm mt lng kh ln ng.
ng cho vo mt qu khng ch tng ngt m cn bo qun sn
phm.Ta bit rng, hu ht mng t bo ca qu v vi sinh vt c tnh thm thu chn lc,
ngha l c th cho mt s dung mi hay cht tan nht nh i qua, ty thuc nng cht
tan cao hay thp trong mi trng bn ngoi t bo m c hin tng co hay trng
nguyn sinh. Nh vy, trong mt qu, hm lng ng trong mi trng bn ngoi cao
s lm vi sinh vt c trng thi co nguyn sinh v ngng hot ng. V vy, c nhiu loi
mt nu xong khng cn thanh trng. Mt s loi mt c hm lng ng tng i
thp cn phi thanh trng vi thi gian ngn, ch yu l dit nm men, nm mc trn
b mt mt. Mt qu c hm lng acid cao cng lm c ch hot ng ca vi sinh vt.
Phn ln cc loi mt qu cn c ng nht nh. Cht to ng c sn trong
qu l pectin. Trng hp cn tng ng ca mt qu, ngi ta pha thm pectin bt,
pectin c c, aga aga (thch) hoc cc loi qu giu pectin (nh to).

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n mn hc

Trong qu trnh tn tr, mt dn dn b va, thot u trn mt ri lan dn ra. Nu


bo qun nhit thp, sn phm c pH di 2.8 v c nhiu tp cht, hoc b tc ng
c hc, mt cng chng b va hn.
Phn loi mt: (theo trng thi cu trc sn phm).
Mt ng:

- Ch bin t nc p hay pur tri cy.


- To gel ng bng pectin hay agar.
- C 3 dng : Jelly, Jam, Marmalade
- Hm lng cht kh khong 60 65 %.
Mt rim:
- Ngi phn ci (bt ch, ming, tri) c thm sir ng, khng to gel ng.
- Hm lng cht kh khong 65 75 %.
Mt do:
- Dng ming hoc nguyn tri
- Mm, hi t, khng cn sir ng bao quanh ming mt (mt tc, mt me).
- Hm lng cht kh khong 70 75%.
Mt kh:
- Dng ming hay nguyn tri.
- Bn ngoi c mt lp v o ng.
- Hm lng cht kh 75 80%.
Sn phm Mt v cam l mt sn phm mi, c sn xut da trn quy trnh ca
cc loi mt kh c cha hm lng cht kh cao.
1.4. C s l thuyt ca cc qu trnh c bn
1.4.1. Chn la v phn loi nguyn liu
1.4.1.1. Khi qut
Chn la: l loi b cc thnh phn nguyn liu khng qui cch ch bin nh

b su, bnh thi hng, khng kch thc v hnh dng, mu sc khng thch hp.
Phn loi: nhm phn chia nguyn liu thnh cc phn c tnh cht ging nhau, c

cng kch thc, hnh dng, mu sc, trng lng... c ch x l thch hp cho tng

GVHD: Nguyn Th Thu Huyn

Page 14

n mn hc

loi v gip thnh phm c phm cht c ng u.


La chn c tin hnh ngay sau khi thu nhn, khi a vo ni ch bin:
Ra, vn chuyn, ct gt, cho sn phm vo bao b...
Vic phn loi, la chn thng tin hnh bng phng php th cng. Nhng vi
phng php th cng s tn nhiu cng sc, v do gi gic lm vic lin tc, hot ng
cng thng, nn cng nhn chng mt mi, thng nh hng khng tt n cht lng phn
loi. Do ngi ta c th c kh ha vic la chn phn loi, da trn s khc nhau v mu
sc, kch thc v khi lng ring ca nguyn liu.
1.4.1.2. Cc nguyn tc phn loi, la chn

i vi cc nguyn liu cn phn loi theo mu sc:


Nh ng dng tnh cht ca t bo quang in hot ng theo s thay i ca tia
sng. Ty theo trng thi b mt ca nguyn liu (mu sc, nhn) m nh sng phn
chiu c di sng khc nhau, t c cng kch thch khc nhau ln t bo quang
in .

i vi nguyn liu cn phn loi theo kch thc


- S dng my phn c kiu ry lc: My c nhiu tng ry, c kch c mt li khc

nhau, tng trn cng mt li rng nht, tng cui cng mt li nh nht. H thng ry
thc nh: u phng, mn...
- My phn c kiu dy cp: B phn phn loi l h thng dy cp cng gia hai trc
quay, chuyn ng theo chiu dc ca dy. Khe h gia 2 dy cp to dn. Qu i gia 2
dy cp, s ri dn theo th t t nh n ln. My ny dng phn loi qu to nh cam,
bi, da leo, c tm ...

i vi nguyn liu cn phn loi theo trng lng ring (phn loi ht kh)
S dng my phn loi thy lc: My phn loi da theo ni khc nhau
trong cht lng do khi lng ring ca nguyn liu chnh lch nhau. My phn loi
thy lc dng phn loi nguyn ht: u, lc ( u phng) v.v...

1.4.2. Ra
1.4.2.1. Khi qut:
Sau khi la chn phn loi, nguyn liu c a qua khu ra. giai on r ny

GVHD: Nguyn Th Thu Huyn

Page 15

n mn hc

nhm mc ch l loi tr cc tp cht, bi, t ct bm xung quanh nguyn liu, ng thi


lm gim 1 lng ln vi sinh vt nguyn liu.
Yu cu nguyn liu sau khi ra: Phi sch, khng b dp nt, t b tn tht cht dinh

dng (khi r trnh nguyn liu tip xc vi nc lu).


1.4.2.2. Tiu chun nc dng trong cng nghip thc phm:
Nc ra cng nh nc dng trong khi ch bin (nh chn, pha ch) phi l nc s
dng cho thc phm, m bo cc ch tiu theo qui nh. Nc phi trong, khng mu,
khng mi v .
1.4.3. Chn
1.4.3.1. Khi qut:
Trong qu trnh ch bin, nhiu loi nguyn liu trong ch bin s b bng c hc,

cng nh trc khi cho vo bao b c x l bng nhit. Ngi ta nhng nguyn
liu vo nc hay dung dch, hay x l nguyn liu bng hi nc, ty theo tnh cht nguyn
0
liu v yu cu ch bin, nhit 75 - 100 C, trong thi gian 3-15 pht.
Cc yu t nh hng n thi gian chn: trong qu trnh chn, ngoi mc ch v
hot enzyme, cn phi m bo cht lng sn phm, nn thc phm phi c gia
nhit nhanh. Do , vic la chn nhit v thi gian ph hp cho mi loi nguyn liu c
ngha rt quan trng v thi gian gia nhit ph thuc vo cc yu t:
Loi nguyn liu
Kch thc nguyn liu
Nhit gia nhit
Phng thc gia nhit
Sau khi chn, hp xong cn lm ngui nhanh.
Hp th tn tht cht dinh dng t hn chn, nhng trong thc t sn xut, ngi ta
thng chn v thao tc thun tin, thit b n gin, truyn nhit tt hn khi hp.
1.4.3.2. Mc ch:
Chn hp nguyn liu nhm cc mc ch:
nh ch cc qu trnh sinh ha xy ra trong nguyn liu, gi mu sc ca
nguyn liu khng hoc t b bin i.

GVHD: Nguyn Th Thu Huyn

Page 16

n mn hc

i vi nguyn liu thc vt, di tc

dng

ca enzyme peroxidase,

polyphenoloxidase trong cc nguyn liu thng xy ra qu trnh oxy ha cc cht


cht, to thnh flobafen c mu en. Chn, hp, un nng lm cho h thng enzyme b
ph hy nn nguyn liu khng b thm en.
i vi nguyn liu ng vt, qu trnh chn, hp lm cho qu trnh phn gii b
nh ch. Nc chn nguyn liu c th c s dng lm nc rt hp.
Lm thay i trng lng v th tch ca nguyn liu cc qu trnh ch bin tip
theo c thun li.
Khi gia nhit, cc nguyn liu cha nhiu tinh bt ht nc s trng n, nh u
kh sau khi chn s tng th tch gn 2 ln v khi lng tng 1,85 ln, nn khi thanh
trng s chng chn, dung dch rt vo khng b ht nhiu. Vi nguyn liu giu protid,
do b ng t di tc dng ca nhit, s lm gim th tch v trng lng. S thay i
trng lng v th tch ca nguyn liu sau khi gia nhit lm cho sn phm n nh, p
ng cc yu cu v t l ci - nc v thnh phn cc cu t trong hp.
Gim t l tn tht nguyn liu v nng cao hiu sut ch bin
i vi nguyn liu thc vt, qu trnh chn, hp lm cho tinh bt b h ha,
gip nguyn liu n hi, kh gy v khi xp hp. Mt khc, khi chn protopectin thy
phn thnh pectin ha tan, lm cho vic bc v b ht nhanh v ph liu t. Lm tng
thm thu ca cht nguyn sinh, lm cho dch bo thot ra d dng (khi p nc qu)
hoc dung dch nc rt d ngm vo nguyn liu (trong sn xut qu nc
ng, mt ming, rau ngm gim)
i vi nguyn liu ng vt, khi x l nhit th colagen chuyn thnh gelatin
gip cho qu trnh tch tht ra khi xng, da d dng, do nng cao hiu sut ch bin.
ui kh c trong gian bo ca nguyn liu
Nhm hn ch tc dng ca Oxy xy ra trong hp, trnh phng hp, n mn v hp
st, oxy ha vitamin...Chn cn lm gim cc cht c mi v khng thch hp nh v
ng (mng, c tm) cc hp cht lu hunh (rau ci, ci bp, gia cm).
Lm cho rau qu c mu sng hn do ph hy mt s cht mu
Khi chn trong dung dch acid citric hoc NaHSO3...nhng cht ny s ph hy
mt s hp cht mu, lm cho nguyn liu c mu sng hn.
Lm gim lng vi sinh vt bm trn b mt ca nguyn liu.

GVHD: Nguyn Th Thu Huyn

Page 17

n mn hc

Mc d x l nhit khng cao lm, vi thi gian khng di, nhng c th


nhng c th tiu dit mt s vi sinh vt km chu nhit bm trn b mt nguyn liu.
1.4.3.3. nh hng ca qu trnh chn, hp n cht lng sn phm
V dinh dng
Trong qu trnh chn, hp, cht lng sn phm gim khng nhiu. S mt mt cht
dinh dng thng do ha tan hn l b bin i. Cc cht khong, vitamin cng nh mt s
cc cu t ha tan b ho tan trong nc chn.
Lng cc cu t ha tan ph thuc vo cc yu t sau:

Mi trng cht ti nhit (nc, hi nc hay khng kh nng): qu trnh hp s

tn tht cht ho tan t hn chn, tuy nhin cu to thit b phc tp v chi ph tn km hn.

Nhit , thi gian chn, hp: nhit cng cao, thi gian cng di, s tn tht

dinh dng cng nhiu.


V mu sc

Mu chlorophyl

Chlorophyl thng tn ti 2 dng: chlorophyl A v chlorophyl B. Trong chlorophyl


A tng i nhy cm vi nhit hn chlorophyl B. Chlorophyl bin i khi x l trong mi
trng acid hoc c oxy (chlorophyl c mu xanh bin i thnh pheophytin c mu vng
xanh vng olive.
Chlorophyl A

Nhit, acid

Pheophytin A

Nhit,
acid
Chlorophyl B

Pheophytin B

Mu anthocyan

Trong nguyn liu, anthocyan thng tn ti dng phc hp leucoanthocyan.


Anthocyan l cht ha tan trong nc. Do , khng nn chn nguyn liu cha
anthocyan trong mi trng c nhiu nc.

GVHD: Nguyn Th Thu Huyn

Page 18

Mu caroten

Caroten tng i bn nhit, v vy t b bin i trong qua trnh chn, hp. Mt khc,
trong qu trnh tn tr, nguyn liu c chn, hp th hm lng caroten li n nh hn
nguyn liu khng chn.
V mi v
Cc cht mi thng hin din trong nguyn liu l cc hp cht ester d bay hi. V
vy, mi v gim mt t sau khi chn.
V cu trc
Mt trong nhng mc ch ca qu trnh chn, hp l lm mm cu trc ca rau qu,
to iu kin d dng khi cho vo bao b hoc tch v, ht ra khi tht qu. Tuy nhin, i
vi mt s sn phm th qu trnh chn, hp, lm mm cu trc khng mong mun. M
mt trong nhng nguyn nhn lm mm cu trc l do protopectin bin thnh
pectin. V vy, duy tr cng ca sn phm, ta c th cho thm CaCl 2 vo nc chn,
to thnh phc pectat calci
1.4.4. Thm thu ng
Thm thu l hin tng mt khi c mt s khc bit nng (hay chnh xc hn s
khc bit nng (hay chnh xc hn, mt khc bit ca hot tnh ha hc ca dung mi) lm
cho dung mi (nc) i xuyn qua mt mng c tnh cht thm dung mi tt hn cht tan.
Mng gi l mng bn thm.
Thm thu l mt trng hp c bit ca khuch tn. l s khuch tn qua mng bn
thm nc c th thm qua mng,cc cht tan khc khng qua mng c.
Thm thu l mt s vn chuyn ca nc ngang qua mt mng bn thm t pha c
nng
nc cao hn n pha c nng nc thp hn.Khi hai dung dch c nng cht tan
khc nhau phn tch nhau bi mng bn thm nc nhau phn tch nhau bi mng bn thm,
nc t dung dch long s qua mng bn thmvo dung dch m c hn gim gradient
nng .

S di chuyn nc s ngng khi no nng ca hai dung dch bng nhau.Th tch ca phn
dung dch long s gim li v th tch ca phn dung dch m c s tng ln sau khi tin trnh
chm dt.
Hnh: S thm thu nc qua mng t bo

Chng 2: NGUYN LIU, PHNG PHP, NI DUNG NGHIN CU


2.1. Nguyn liu
2.1.1.V cam
C 2 ngun cung cp v cam ch yu:
T ph liu ca cc nh my sn xut nc p tri cy vn rt sn c ti Vit Nam
Thu gom t cc h gia nh trong khu vc Thnh Ph H Ch Minh, nguyn liu sn c ti nh.
2.1.2. ng saccharose
S dng ng tinh luyn Bin Ha

Saccharose

>= 99.8%

m ( Moisture)

<=0.05%

mu ( colour value )

<= 20 ICUMSA

ng kh ( reducing sugar)

<= 0.03 %

Tro (Ash)

<=0.03%

Ngun gc: Cng Ty C Phn ng Bin Ha


Khu cng nghip Bin Ha 1 ng Nai Vit Nam
2.1.3. Mui n
Mui tinh sy I-T

Thnh phn

Ch tiu cht lng

Tc dng

NaCl (Sodium Chloride)

98% Min

tng v v ngn nga s h hng


sn phm

m (Moisture)

1% Max

Cht khng tan (Insoluble


Matter)

0.3% Max

It (Iodine)

30 ppm 50 ppm

Chng li bnh bu c hay thiu


nng tr tu

Ngun gc: Tp on Mui Min Nam


a ch : 137 Hai B Trng, P6, Q3, TP HCM.
Phng php nghin cu
Kho st cc yu t trong qu trnh nghin cu
sn xut ra sn phm Mt v cam c cu trc, mu sc v mi v hi ha, tin hnh nghin
cu cc yu t sau:
Kho st nh hng ca dung dch ngm, nng ca dung dch ngm n v ng
ca v cam.
Kho st nh hng thi gian chn n v ng ca v cam.
Kho st t l v cam : ng, thi gian nu v cam trong ng nh hng n cu
trc, mu sc v mi v ca sn phm.
nh gi cm quan v cht lng sn phm.
2.2.1.1.

Ch tiu cm quan:
Mc ch:

Kho st mc a thch ca ngi tiu dng dnh cho sn phm xem xt mc thnh
cng ca ton b qu trnh nghin cu.
i vi thc phm, phng php cm quan tr thnh phng php chnh thc, khng th
thiu trong vic nh gi cht lng sn phm v y l phng php khoa hc c s dng

gi ln, o c, phn tch v gii thch nhng cu tr li ca ngi thv tnh cht cm quan vn
c ca mt sn phm thc phm (mu sc, hnh thi, mi v v cu trc), nh gi cht lng sn
phm da trn vic s dng cc thng tin thu c nh nhng c quan th cm nh th gic, xc
gic, thnh gic, khu gic v v gic.
Trong thc t, mt sn phm thc phm c ch tiu v dinh dng rt tt nhng hnh thc
bn ngoi v mi v khc thng s kh c tiu dng chp nhn.
Do ngi ta cn dng khi nim dnh g cm quan l vic phn tch cc tnh cht cm
quan thng thng khng ch da trn tnh cht vn c ca thc phm m cn da trn mc
a thch ca ngi th i vi sn phm hay tnh cht .
Phng php cm quan c nhiu loi, trong phng php c s dng ph bin nht l
phng php cm quan th hiu.

Yu cu:

Kho st phi c thc hin trn nhiu i tng s dng khc nhau.

Bin php thc hin:

Lp phiu iu tra cm quan th hiu cho bn ch tiu cm quan ca sn phm l mu sc, cu


trc, v.
V khng c thi gian o to nn ch chn mi bn sinh vin ngnh cng ngh thc phm
dnh gi cm quan.

X l kt qu: im s ng vi mi mu l v tr m ngui th sp t cho

chng. Ta tnh tng theo ct, mu c tng ct nh nht l mu oc nh gi cao nht.


Da vo khon cch gia tng b nht so vi tng ln nht. Nu 2 gi tr ny cch xa nhau,
s sai khc cng c ngha. Tra bng ph lc 8 sch K Thut Phn Tch Cm Quan Thc Phm
ca thy H Duyn T. Cho ta cc gi tr ti hn mc ngha = 5% tng ng vi 10 ngi
th v s mu th l 3 l 15 25 v 16 24. Nu 1 hay nhiu tng ct nh hn gi tr bn tri
hoc ln hn gi tr bn phi th s khc nhau gia cc mu l c ngha.Trong :
A: mt v cam mt
B: mt v cam vinh
C: mt gng.

Phng th nghim phn tch cm quan


PHIU TR LI
Php th so hng
H v tn:

.....................................................Ngy th:. ..............................................

Bn nhn 3 mu mt. Bn hy nm th 3 mu v chn mu m bn thch t cao ti thp.


Mu m bn thch nht c vo v tr s 1 v mu t nht vo v tr s 3.
Tr li:
Mu

V tr

2.2.1.1.

Cht lng sn phm

Phng php phn tch cm quan c qui nh trong tiu chun Vit Nam TCVN 321579_ Sn phm thc phm _ Phn tch cm quan _ Phng php cho im. Trong phng php
cho im, c th s dng nhiu h thang im, nhiu bc v trong mi bc c th c nhng thang
im khc nhau. Tiu chun Vit Nam s dng h 20 im xy dng mt thang im thng nht
6 bc 5 im (0 n 5) v im 5 l im cao nht cho ch tiu nh gi.
y l sn phm mt kh nn ch tiu cu trc v mu sc thng nh hng nhiu n s
chn la ban u ca ngi tiu dng. Do chn h s quan trng ca cc ch tiu l:
_ H s quan trng ca ch tiu cu trc l: 1,2
_ H s quan trng ca ch tiu mu sc l: 0.8
_ H s quan trng ca ch tiu v l: 1.0
_ H s quan trng ca ch tiu mi l: 1.0

S ngi tham gia phn tch, nh gi l 10 ngi. Cc ch tiu ty thuc vo mc th


hin c cho im nh sau:
Ch tiu

Mu sc

Cu trc

H s quan
trng

0,8

1,2

1.0

Yu cu

im

Mu vng cam c trng ca sn phm.

Mu vng cam bnh thng.

Mu vng hi nu.

Mu vng sm.

Bin mu(mu nu)

Bin mu do sn phm b h

Do c trng ca sn phm.

Hi do.

Hi cng.

Hi b.

Mm.

Cng.

V the ngt hi ha.

V the ngt khng hi ha.

V ngt gt.

V the.

C v l.

V ca sn phm b h hng.

Mi

1.0

C mi thm c trng ca v cam.

t thm mi v cam.

Mc cht lng
Tt
Kh

Khng nghe mi v cam.


im
Nghe mi ng chy.
18,6-20
Nghe mi l.
15,2-18,5
Nghe mi h hng.

Trung bnh

11,2- 15,1

Km

7,2- 11,1

Rt km

4- 7,1

Hng

0- 3,9

3
2
1
0

Cch tnh im:


Tnh trung bnh ca cc thnh vin i vi tng ch tiu cm quan, ly chnh xc n mt ch s
thp phn. Sau em nhn vi h s quan trng tng ng ca tng ch tiu.
Tnh tng s im c trng lng ca tt c cc ch tiu cm quan. Ri phn hng cht lng sn
phm da vo tng s im trung bnh theo nh mc cht lng c quy nh trong TCVN.
Mc cht lng nh gi sn phm:
Sn phm t cht lng khi im trung bnh cha c trng lng ca mt ch tiu bt k phi
t nh nht l 2,8 v im cht lng khng nh hn 11,2. Nu hi ng thng nht cho mt
ch tiu no 0 th im chung bng 0 v sn phm coi

nh hng. Nu thnh vin no cho lch qu 1,5 im trung bnh cha c trng lng ca hi
ng, th im ca thnh vin b loi.
Phiu cho im nh sau:
Phng Th Nghim Phn Tch cm quan
PHIU CHO IM
Php th cho im cht lng (TCVN 3215-79)

M s ngi th:......................................................................Ngy th:............................


Sn phm: mt v cam vinh
Tr li:
Cc ch tiu

im s cht lng

Nhn xt

Mu sc
Cu trc
V
Mi

Nhn xt:
Mi thnh vin nhn c 1 phiu cho im v cho im trn mi phiu. X l bng im cho
bi cc thnh vin, cho kt qu cui cng sn phm thuc mc cht lng no.

2.3. Ni dung nghin cu


2.3.1. Quy trnh sx d kin
2.3.1.1. S quy trnh

V cam

X l

Ch v

Ngm mui

X sch

Chn

X sch

Lm kh

Thm thu ng

Lm ngui

Bao gi

Mt

2.3.1.2. Thuyt minh

V cam mua cc ca hng c chn va ,khng qu ho, khng b cn trng n trn b


mt, b mt nguyn liu phi bng p.
a) X l:
Mc ch:
Lm sch bi bn ,v loi b nhng phn khng cn thit ca v cam chun b cho qu
trnh ch bin tip theo.
Bin php thc hin:
V cam c c ct thnh tng lt nh c chiu di khong t 5 6 cm. dy
khong t 0.4 0.6 cm, nu qu dy phi loi b bt phn v trng.
Yu cu:
V cam sch khng ln bi bn hay tp cht, c cu trc cng.
b) Ch v:
Mc ch:
Lm mt i mt phn v ng ca v cam.
Bin php thc hin:
Ch v cam vo vt cng (vd: r ,r,bn mi). ly i mt phn mng ca lp v
nhm loi bt mt phn cc ht tinh du bm trn v.
Yu cu:
Sau khi ch v th phn cn li sau ch khng c qu mng. V cam phi gi
nguyn hnh dng ban u khng b gy hay b nt, c cu trc cng.
c) Ngm ru mui:
Mc ch:
Khi s dng ru ngm v rc c kh nng ho tan cc ht tinh du, v mui c tc
dng thm thu nn mt phn mui ngm vo t bo, cn phn tinh du trong v cam th s
qua mng t bo ra ngoi, do ta s loi c v ng c trong v cam.
Bin php thc hin:

Giai on u ngm v cam trong dung dch ru c nng 15 ru. Ch dung


dch ru phi ngp u nguyn liu, thnh thong bp nh tay, ng nt nguyn liu. Ngm
khong 3 gi.
Giai on tip theo ngm v cam trong dung dich nc mui pha long c nng
6%. Trong lc ngm thnh thong dng tay bp nh nguyn liu ,trnh nt nguyn liu.
Ngm trong khong 3 gi, sau x qua nc lnh.
Yu cu
V cam khng cn ng c cu trc ng
d) X sch:
Mc ch:
Loi b mi ca ru ,v v mn ca mui.
Bin php thc hin:
Cho nguyn liu vo thao x n khi no nm th v cam thy ko cn v ng v mi
hng ca ru
Yu cu:
Nguyn liu khng cn v mn v mi hng ca ru .
e) Chn v x sch:
Mc ch:
Trong v cam hai cht gy nn v ng l naringin v hisperdin, hai glucoside ny tan
trong nc. Trong nc nng, do tc dng ca nhit, s di ng ca cc phn t nc tng v
lin kt hydro gia chng gim. Do , kh nng tip xc gia nc v cc glucoside tng,
ha tan ca cc glucoside vo nc s tng ln. Di tc dng ca nhit , cc tinh du the
cng b li ko ra ngoi, v ng v the gim.
nh ch cc qu trnh sinh ho ca nguyn liu, gip mu sc nguyn liu khng b

xu i. Chn lm cho h thng cc men peroxidase, polyphenoloxidase trong cc nguyn liu


rau qu b nh ch, khng to cht mu.

Thy phn protopectin thnh pectin ha tan, to ng cho sn phm


Tng thm thu ca cht nguyn sinh, lm cho tinh du thot ra d dng, v dung
dch ng d ngm vo t bo.
Tiu dit cc vi sinh vt bm bn ngoi nguyn liu.
Bin php thc hin:
Tin hnh:
V cam cho vo nc si chn (theo t l nh trn) vi 3 mc thi gian nh trn
l 5 pht, 8 pht, 10 pht. Sau mi ln chn,vt v cam ra ,x qua vi nc lnh 3 ln , 5 ln ,
7 ln. Tin hnh nh gi cm quan v ng theo bng v chn ra thi gian v s ln chn, s
ln x thch hp.
Kt qu thu nhn:
Ta thy cng s ln x, thi gian chn cng lu th v ng cng gim do thi
gian cng di th kh nng ha tan ca cc cht ng vo nc cng nhiu. cng thi gian
chn, s ln x cng tng th v ng cng gim do tc dng c hc, tch phn ng cn li
trong v bi sau qu trnh chn.
Qua nh gi cm quan, ta thy chn v bi trong thi gian 8 pht v x nc
lnh 5 ln s loi c v ng tt nht, v vy, chn kt qu ny.
f) Lm kh:
Mc ch:
Loi b mt phn nc trong nguyn liu sau giai on chn. Lm ho nguyn
liu. thnh phm sau ny c dai ,n hi.
Bin php thc hin:
em phi nng trong khong thi gian 3 gi, hoc vo t sy 60 0C trong

khong thi gian l 30 pht.

Yu cu:
Nguyn liu khng c qu kh, ch lm ho b mt ca nguyn liu, trnh lm
bin i hnh dng ban u ca nguyn liu l nh hng n gi tr cm quan.
g) Thm thu ng:
Mc ch:
Tng hm lng cht kh, to mi v cho sn phm, tng thi gian bo qun
nguyn liu.
Cho ng ngm vo sn phm, ng thi qu trnh c cn s hn ch lng
pectin thot ra ngoi dung dch ng, gip sn phm c ng cao.
V bi c nu trong dung dch acid citric 0.2% nhm chuyn protopectin sang
pectin, to ng cho sn phm.
Bin php thc hin:
Ngm v cam trong 10 gi, trong lc ngm thnh thong thc hin o trn
nguyn liu, ng thm vo nguyn liu.
Tin hnh:
V cam sau cng on chn c cho vo nu trong dung dch acid citric 0.2%
vi 3 mc thi gian l 30 pht, 45 pht, 60 pht. Tin hnh nh gi cm quan, chn ra thi
gian nu thch hp cu trc sn phm tt nht.
Cho ng ngm vo sn phm, ng thi qu trnh c cn s hn ch lng
pectin thot ra ngoi dung dch ng, gip sn phm c ng cao
Hon thin cu trc, tng cht lng sn phm
Tng nng cht kh ca dung dch nn hn ch s pht trin ca vi sinh vt v
ko di thi gian bo qun.
Kt qu thu nhn:

Khi nu trong dung dch acid, protopectin c trong v bi s b thy phn v


chuyn sang pectin ha tan, to iu kin hnh thnh cu trc gel cho sn phm. Do , qu
trnh nu c nh hng quan trng n cu trc v mu sc ca sn phm.
Nu thi gian nu qu ngn, thi gian thy phn khng nn lng pectin to
thnh trong khi v thp, lng gel trong sn phm km.
Nu thi gian nu qu lu, pectin hon ton thot ra mi trng nhiu v lng
pectin cn li trong khi v t, lng gel hnh thnh trong sn phm t, sn phm c cu trc
kh, cng.
Qua nh gi cm quan, ta chn thi gian nu v cam trong dung dch acid citric
0.2% l 45 pht.
h) Lm ngui:
Sn phm sau khi c c c nhit kh cao nn cn c lm ngui, sau cho vo bao
gi v bo qun.
i) Kt qu sn phm mt cam:
Cu trc: dn, trong u, khng c vng trng, b mt khi v khng c qu
t, c do va phi, khng c ng kt tinh bm trn b mt khi mt.

Mu sc: mu vng sng.

Mi v: v chua ngt hi ha, khng c mi v l.

Sn phm mt v cam

2.3.2. S nghin cu
V cam

Kho st loi dung dich ngm


Ngm
Kho st dung dich ngm

Chn

Kho st thi gian chn

Kho st t l v cam : ng
Thm thu
ng
Kho st thi gian thm thu

Sn
phm

2.3.3. S b tr th nghim
2.3.3.1. Cng on ngm
Khi ngm ru
V cam

X l s b

Ngm ru

Nng ru

14%

15%

X sch

Th cm quan

16%

Nhn t c nh l thi gian ngm 3h


Ch tiu nh gi l th cm quan xem v ng t yu cu ca sn phm.

Khi ngm mui


Nhn t c nh l thi gian ngm 3h
Ch tiu nh gi l th cm quan xem v ng t yu cu ca sn phm.

Kho st cc loi dung dch ngm chn ra cch ngm trong trng hp no tt nht

V cam

X l s b

Ngm

Nc

Mui

Ru

X sch

Th cm quan

Mui + Ru

Nhn t c nh :

Thi gian ngm 3h

Nng dung dch :


Mui 6% ( kho st trn )
Ru 15% ( kho st trn )

Ch tiu nh gi l th cm quan xem v ng t yu cu ca sn phm.


2.3.3.2. Cng on chn

Chn

Thi gian

5 pht

8 pht

X sch

Th cm quan

Nhn t c nh:
+T l nc chn : v bi = 3 :1

10 pht
pht

+ T l nc x : v bi = 4 :1
+ Nhit chn: 95 100oC
Ch tiu nh gi l th cm quan xem v ng t yu cu ca sn phm.

2.3.3.3. Cng on thm thu ng

Thm thu ng

V cam : ng

Thi gian

30

1:1.5

45

1:2

60

30

45

1:2.5

60

Th cm quan,
o m

30

45

60

Nhn t c nh l nhit 75 800C


Ch tiu nh gi l th cm quan xem v ng t yu cu ca sn phm.
m phi t 20 25% , nng cht kh khong 80%.
Chng 3: KT QU NGHIN CU
3.1. Kho st nng ca dung dch ngm nh hng n v ng ca sn phm
3.1.1. Dung dch Ru:
Ngi th

Nng ru (%)
14

15

16

Trung bnh

1.2

2.2

2.6

Gii thch: ng vi nhng cp ca v ng s c m ha thnh cc s liu nh sao


ng nht : 1
ng va : 2
t ng : 3
i vi cam vinh da vo gi tr trung bnh cc nng khc nhau ta thy gi tr trung
bnh ca nng l 15% l cao nht cho nn ta s chn v ch tiu ca sn phm l c v ng
nh nht nn nng 15% c bnh chn l t ng nht.
Tng t i vi cam ta cng da vo gi tr trung bnh cc nng khc nhau ta thy gi
tr trung bnh ca nng l 16% l cao nht cho nn ta s chn v ch tiu ca sn phm l c v
ng nh nht nn nng 16% c bnh chn l t ng nht. V v cam ta c hm lng cht
the v ng cao hn ca cam vinh.

3.1.2. Dung dch mui:


Nng mui (%)

Ngi th

Trung bnh

1.4

1.8

2.8

Gii thch: ng vi nhng cp ca v ng s c m ha thnh cc s liu nh sao


ng nht : 1
ng va : 2
t ng : 3
i vi cam vinh da vo gi tr trung bnh cc nng khc nhau ta thy gi tr trung
bnh ca nng l 6% l cao nht cho nn ta s chn v ch tiu ca sn phm l c v ng nh
nht nn nng 4% c bnh chn l t ng nht.
Tng t i vi cam ta cng da vo gi tr trung bnh cc nng khc nhau ta thy gi
tr trung bnh ca nng l 6% l cao nht cho nn ta s chn v ch tiu ca sn phm l c v
ng nh nht nn nng 6% c bnh chn l t ng nht. V v cam ta c hm lng cht
the v ng cao hn ca cam vinh.

3.2. Kho st loi dung dch ngm nh hng n v ng ca sn phm


Loi dung dch
Ngi th
Nc
Ru
Mui
Ru + Mui
1

1.2

2.8

2.6

3.4

Trung bnh

Gii thch: ng vi nhng cp ca v ng s c m ha thnh cc s liu nh sao


ng nht : 1
ng va : 2
t ng : 3
Khng cn ng : 4
Da vo gi tr trung bnh cc loi dung dch khc nhau ta thy gi tr trung bnh ca
phng php ngm mui ri ngm ru l cao nht cho nn ta s chn v ch tiu ca sn phm
l c v ng nh nht nn phng n trn l lm gim v ng tt nht.
p dng cho c 2 loi cam l cam Vinh v cam Ta, trong thc nghim chng ti thy iu
.
3.3. Kho st thi gian chn nh hng n v ng ca sn phm.
Thi gian chn ( pht )
Ngi th
5
8

10

Trung bnh

1.2

2.2

2.6

Gii thch: ng vi nhng cp ca v ng s c m ha thnh cc s liu nh sao


ng nht : 1
ng va : 2
t ng : 3
i vi cam Vinh da vo gi tr trung bnh cc thi gian chn khc nhau ta thy gi tr
trung bnh ca thi gian chn l 10 pht l cao nht, tuy nhin khong thi gian di s lm nh
hng n cu trc ca sn phm ( i mu, mm nhn). Cho nn ta s chn thi gian chn l 8
pht. Tng t i vi cam Ta.

3.4. Kho st t l v cam : ng v thi gian thm thu nh hng n nng cht kh (%)
ca sn phm.
T l
A (1 : 1,5)
B ( 1 : 2)
C (1 : 2,5)
Thi gian

30 pht

45 pht

60 pht

62.01

65.10

67.68

63.30

66.02

68.90

62.71

65.90

67.97

55.45

68.50

71.45

66.60

67.90

72.34

66.34

68.61

61.32

73.10

75.22

80.57

72.50

76.01

81.56

73.40

76.70

81.89

X l s liu bng phng php thng k s dng phn mm STATGRAPHICS. Ta dng


bng ANOVA cho mu hon ton ngu nhin 2 yu t. ( c b sung bng ANOVA pha cui).
Kt qu cho thy gi tr P_value ca thi gian v t l (INTERACTIONS) bng 0.6240 nn 2
yu t trn khng c tng tc vi nhau.
Ngoi ra ca P_value yu t thi gian bng 0.0000 v P_value ca t l v cam : ng
bng 0.0009, c 2 P_value u nh hn 0.05, nn c hai yu t ny u nh hng n nng
cht kh ca sn phm tin cy l 95%.Tip tuc trc nghim LSD ca tng yu t ta c kt
qu l trong yu t thi gian th thi gian l 60 pht c s khc bit vi 2 khong thi gian cn
li v c gi tr trung bnh hm lng cht kh l cao nht.
Tip tc trc nghim LSD ca tng yu t ta c kt qu l trong yu t t l th t l l
C(1:2.5) c s khc bit vi 2 t l cn li v c gi tr trung bnh hm lng cht kh l cao
nht
V v sn phm i hi phi c nng cht kh cao t khong 75 80% nn ta chn thi
gian thm thu ng l 60 pht, vi t l v cam : ng l B(1:2).
n giai on ny ta khng kho st cc thng s ca thm thu i vi 2 loi v cam m xt
chung cho c 2 loi cam lun.

3.5. nh gi cm quan v cht lng sn phm.


3.5.1. nh gi cm quan
Kt qu:
Ngi th

Mu
A

10

Tng

27

14

19

Trong kho st trn, ta thy mu B c yu thch nht l mt v cam vinh, mu C yu thch tip
theo l mt gng, v cui cng l mt v cam mt t c yu thch. Do vy, ta chn nguyn liu
l v cam vinh lm mt.

3.5.2. Phn tch nh gi cht lng cm quan sn phm mt v cam Vinh


Bng im nh gi:
Ngi th

Mu sc

Cu trc

Mi

10

Trung bnh

3.9

4,1

3,4

4,1

Bng im c h s trng im:


Ch tiu

m trung

H s trng

im trung

bnh cha c

im

bnh c

HST

HST

Mu sc

3,9

0,8

3,12

Cu trc

4,1

1,2

4,92

3,4

1,0

3,4

Mi

4,1

1,0

4,1

im tng

15,5

15,54

Nhn xt: t kt qu nh gi cm quan, ta thy sn phm c nhiu ngi a thch, cu trc


v mi c nh gi cao. Tuy nhin, v ca sn phm cha c hi ha (v ca sn phm hi
ng hn mong mun ) nn cn cch khc phc bng cch iu chnh li lng ng hoc b
sung thm acid citric.
im ca sn phm l 15,54. Sn phm c nh gi l kh c th sn xut c.
3.6. Gi thnh sn phm.

Qu trnh ch bin
- Nguyn liu (v cam + ng + mui)
(1kg v cam + 2kg ng)
- V cam mua cc ca hng : 1200/1kg.
- ng

: 24000/1kg.

- Mui

:7000/ 1kg

Thnh tin (nguyn liu) = 1200 + 48000 + 420 (mui) = 49620

Sn phm
(0.75 kg)

Chng 4: THIT K QUI TRNH THIT B


4.1. My ngm:
Ngm l cch lm sch n gian nht trong cc phng php lm sch t v thng c
s dung nh l cng on lm sch s b trong qu trnh lm sch cc loi rau c v cc loi
nguyen liu b nhim bn nhiu.khi ngm nguyn liu, dt bm vo nguyn liu s tr nn mm
v mt phn c tch ra cng vi ct, v cc loi tp cht c ma st ln kh .thng ngm
nguyn liu thng c ch to bng kim loi. b tong,hoc cc loi vt liu xy dng khc ph
hp vi iu kin v sinh. Khng nn s dung cc loi vt liu c kh nng ht nc nh g
lm vt liu thng cha.
Ngoi ra, mt gii php cng thng p dng tng hiu qu lm sch l thi kh vo trong
hn hp nguyn liu v nc.phng php ny thng c p dng i vi cc loi nguyen
liu c lp v mm d b tn thng,v cc loi nguyn liu m trn b mt c rnh( trn, tp
cht c th bm trong cc rnh ny)
4.2. My Phn loi:
Da trn kch thc thng c chnh xc km hn so vi da trn khi lng ,nhng chi
ph thc hin thng r hn .nh bit , kch thc v hnh dng ca nguyn liu dng vt liu
ri thng rt kh xc nh.kch thc ca nguyn liu dng vt liu ri thng ph thuc vo
mt s thng s vt l nh ng knh ,chiu dai hay mc li ,lm ca nguyn liu i vi
cc loi nguyn liu c hnh dang cn i (hnh cu nh c chua ,cc loi qu c mi hoc hnh
tr nh da leo) th qu trnh phn loi c thc hin d dng hn
Khi phn loi da trn kch thc ,vic phn ring thng c thc hin bng sng.hai loai
sng ph bin s dng trong qu trnh phn loi ny l loi sang c kch thc l c nh thng
s dng l sng phng hoc sng thng quay v thng c lp t thnh mt chui gm nhiu
sng ni tip nhau (ty thuc vo yu cu ca qu trnh phn loa).sng v tr gn u vo
nguyn liu c kch thc l ln nht.nhc im ca sang c kch thc l c nh l khi
nguyn liu tip xc vi b mt sang ,c th gy hin tng bt l sang ,ng thi .lc ma st c
th lm tn thng b mt ca nguyn liu.sng ny thng ch s dng cho cc loi nguyn liu
c kch thc nh nh ng cc ,u i vi cc loi nguyn liu ln hn nh cc loi tri cy,
sang c kch thc l bin thin ,kch thc l c th thay i lin tc hoc theo dng bc
thang.phng php ny thng p dng cho nguyn liu co kch thc ln v t b tn thng b
mt do ma st.thit b phn loi ph
bin dng ny l thit b phn loi
dng trc ln.

4.3. Thit b Chn


Thit b chn dng ng hm

1- vng x l nhit
2- khu vc gia nhit
3- khu vc chn
4- b phn gia nhit
5- b phn trao i nhit
6- vng thnh phm
7- khu vc lm ngui s b
8- khu vc lm ngui kt thc
9- ca np nguyn liu
10- ca tho thnh phm

H thng thit b chn bng hi nc


1- Thit b np nguyn liu vo vng gia nhit
2- ng hm gia nhit nguyn liu bng hi nc
3- Thit b nng hi xy ra qu trnh chn
4- Vng l ngui
5- Ca np nguyn liu
6- Ca np hi nc
7- Ca tho sn phm

4.4. Thit b sy
Thit b sy khay :thit b c dng hnh hp ch nht ,bn trong c cc khay c xp song
song nhau theo phng nm ngang.nguyn liu cn sy s c cho vo khay

My trn WSH-150 c gia nhit


c im:
My trn bng dao kp c lm bng Inox thch hp dng trn cc loi bt dng que ngn,
dng dnh, bt dng trong cc ngnh dc, ngnh ha hc, thc phm..
Cu trc chnh:
H thng hot ng an ton, m bo. Hai cnh khuy c lm bng Inox, b phn iu

chnh tc ca thng nghch o c t pha tri.


Cnh trn hnh W c lm bng Inox v cc li dao khuy chnh v ph c s dng

chnh xc khuy vi cht lng cao v sch s trong qu trnh trn nguyn liu. Khi
khuy xong th vic v sinh my v thay i cc loi nguyn liu khuy khc rt d dng.
Thn my c t nm, cao hp l, qu trnh chy n nh, ting n thp.
Thit b trn d dng c th iu khin, thao tc d dng bng cc nt n n gin. My

trn c thit k vi cc cng on gn nh n gin thun tin cho vic s dng v bo


tr.

Chng 5. Kt lun v kin ngh


Sn phm Mt v cam c cm quan hp dn, giu cht x ph hp vi nhu cu dinh dng
hin nay. Sn phm va gp phn a dng ha cc sn phm ch bin t v cam, ng thi tn

dng c ngun ph phm, mang li gi tr kinh t cao. ti Nghin cu sn xut mt t v


cam ny c kh nng ng dng vo thc t sn xut bi cc yu t sau:
+ Nguyn liu d kim, r tin, c quanh nm.
+ Quy trnh cng ngh n gin d thc hin, c th p dng thch hp quy m sn xut
gia nh.
+ Sn phm lm ra ngon, ph hp vi th hiu a dng sn phm ngy nay, gi thnh r.
Tuy nhin, v ti ch va c nghin cu sn xut th nn cc s liu cha c chnh xc,
do , khi c iu kin, ti nn c tip tc theo hng:
+ Phn tich cac chi tiu co s liu cu th ap dung cho quan ly sn xut c tt, v d:
nu ng ky sn xut v a sn phm ra thi trng thi cn lam nhng vic gi; tham khao TCVN
(Tiu chun Vit Nam) bit cac chi tiu cho sn phm mt, chn loi bao b thch hp cho sn
phm,
+ Tm t l thch hp cho tng loi ph gia.

TI LIU THAM KHO


[1]. Hunh Th Dung, Tin s Nguyn Hunh Minh Quyn, Gio s. Tin s Nguyn Hu ng.
2003. Cy n qu c mi (Cam, chanh, qut, bi). Nh xut bn Ngh An.
[2]. Hunh Th Dung v Nguyn Th Kim Hoa. 2007. Bo qun, ch bin rau, tri cy v hoa
mu. Nh xut bn H Ni.
[3]. L Kh K. 1962. Phn loi thc vt. Nh xut bn Gio dc.
[4]. Nguyn Vn Tip, Quch nh v Ng M Vn. 2000. K thut sn xut hp rau qu.
Nh xut bn Thanh Nin.
[5]. www.rauhoaquavietnam.vn
[6]. www.wikipedia.com.vn
[7]. http://camxahoc.vn
[8]. http://www.ykhoavn.net

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