2 Conceptualarchitecture

2.1 Dimensionalrelationship
The oldest known code of dimensional relationships of man was found in a burial chamber of the pyramids near Memphis and are estimated to date back to roughly 3000 BC. Certainly since then, scientistsandartistshavebeentryinghardtorefinehumanproportionalrelationships. We know about the proportional systems of the Empire of the Pharaohs, of the time of Ptolemy, the Greeks and the Romans, and even the system of Polycletes, which for a long time was applied as the standard,thedetailsgivenbyAlberti,LeonardodaVinci,Michelangeloandthe2peopleofthemiddle Ages. In particular, the work of Drer is known throughout the world. In all of these works, the calculations for a mans body were based on the lengths of heads, faces or feet. These were then subdivided and brought into relationship with each other, so that they were applicable throughout generallife.Evenwithinourownlifetimes,feetandellshavebeenincommonuseasmeasurements. The details worked out by Drer became a common standard and were used extensively. He started withtheheightofmanandexpressedthesubdivisionsasfractions:

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1/2h= thewholeofthetophalfofthebody,fromthecrotchupwards 1/4h=leglengthfromtheankletothekneeandfromthechintothenavel 1/6h=lengthoffoot 1/8h= headlengthfromthehairpartingtothebottomofthechin,distancebetweenthenipples 1/10h=faceheightandwidth(includingtheears),handlengthtothewrist 1/12h=facewidthatthelevelofthebottomofthenose,legwidth(abovetheankle)andsoon. Thesubdivisionsgoupto1/4Qh. During the last century, A. Zeising, brbught greater clarity with his investigations of the dimensional relationshipofmansproportions.Hemadeexactmeasurementsandcomparisonsonthebasisofthe goldensection.Unfortunately,thisworkdidnotreceivetheattentionitdeserveduntilrecently,whena significantresearcherinthisfield,E.Moessel,endorsedZeisingsworkbymakingthoroughtestscarried out following his methods. From 1945 onwards, Le Corbusier used for all his projects the sectional relationshipsinaccordancewiththegoldensection,whichheca!ledLeModulor 32

 The function of housing is to protect man against the weather and to provide an environment that maintainshiswellbeing.Therequiredinsideatmospherecomprisesgentlymoving(i.e.notdraughty), welloxygenatedair,pleasantwarmthandairhumidityandsufficientlight.Toprovidetheseconditions, important factors are the location and orientation of the housing in the landscape as well as the arrangementofspacesinthehouseanditstypeofconstruction. Theprimerequirementsforpromotingalastingfeelingofwellbeingareaninsulatedconstruction,with appropriatelysizedwindowsplacedcorrectlyinrelationtotheroomfurnishings,sufficientheatingand correspondingdraughtfreeventilation.

2.2 Manandcolour
Colourshaveapoweroverhumans.Theycancreatefeelingsofwellbeing,unease,activityorpassivity, forinstance.Colouringinfactories,officesorschoolscanenhanceorreduceperformance,inhospitalsit can have positive influence on patients health. This influence we indirectly through making rooms appearwiderornarrowtherebygivinganimpressionofspace,whichpromotesfeelingofrestrictionor freedom.Italsowedirectlythroughthephysicalreactionsorimpulsesevokedbytheindividualcolours. The strongest impulses effect comes from orange; then follow yellow, red, green, and purple. The weakestimpulseeffectcomesfromblue,(greenyblueandviolet(i.e.coldandpassivecolours). Strongimpulsecoloursaresuitableonlyforsmallareainaroom.Conversely,lowimpulsecolourscan be used for large areas. Warm colours have an active and stimulating effect, which in certain circumstancescanbeexciting.Coldcolourshaveapassiveeffectcalmingandspiritual.Greencauses nervoustension.Theeffectsproducedbycoloursalsodependonbrightnessandlocation. Warmandbrightcoloursviewedoverheadhaveaspirituallystimulatingeffect;viewedfromtheside,a warming,drawingclosereffect;and,seenbelow,alightening,elevatingeffect. Warm and dark colours viewed above are enclosing or dignified; seen from the side, embracing and, seenbelow,suggestsafetogripandtotreadon. 33

Cold and bright colours above brighten things up and are relaxing; from the side they seem to lead away;andseenbelow,looksmoothandstimulatingforwalkingon. Cold and dark colours are threatening when above; cold and sad from The side; and burdensome, draggingdown,whenbelow. Whiteisthecolouroftotalpurity,cleanlinessandorder.Whiteplaysaleadingroleinthecolourdesign of rooms, breaking up and neutralising other groups of colours, and thereby create an invigorating brightness.Asthecolouroforder,whiteisusedasthecharacteristicsurfaceforwarehousesandstorage places,forroadlinesandtrafficmarkings.

2.3 Theeyeperception
Theactivityoftheeyeisdividedintoseeingandobserving.Seeingfirstofallservesourphysicalsafety but observing takes over where seeing finishes; it leads to enjoyment of the pictures registered through seeing. One can differentiate between a still and a scanned picture by the way that the eye stays on an object or scans along it. The still picture is displayed in a segment of the area of a circle, whose diameter is the same as the distance of the eye from the object. Inside this field of view the objectsappeartotheeyeataglance.Theidealstillpictureisdisplayedinbalance.Balanceisthefirst characteristic of architectural beauty. (Physiologists are working on a theory of the sixth sense the sense of balance or static sense that underpins the sense of beauty we feel with regard to symmetrical,harmoniousthingsandproportions. Outside this framework, the eye receives its impressions by scanning the picture. The scanning eye worksforwardalongtheobstaclesofresistancewhichitmeetsasitdirectsitselfawayfromusinwidth ordepth.Obstaclesofthesameorrecurringdistancesaredetectedbytheeyeasabeatorarhythm, whichhasthesameappealasthesoundsreceivedbytheearfrommusic.ArchitectureisFrozenMusic. Thiseffectoccursevenwhenregardingastillorscannedpictureofanenclosedarea. Aroomwhosetopdemarcation(theceiling)werecognizeinthestillpicturegivesafeelingofsecurity, butontheotherhandinlongroomsitgivesafeelingofdepression.Withahighceiling,whichtheeye canonlyrecognizeatfirstbyscanning,theroomappearsfreeandsublime,providedthatthedistance betweenthewalls,andhencethegeneralproportions,areinharmony.Designersmustbecarefulwith thisbecausetheeyeissusceptibletoopticalillusions.Itestimatestheextentofwidthmoreexactlythan 34

depthsorheights,thelatteralwaysappearinglarger.Thusatowerseemsmuchhigherwhenseenfrom aboveratherthanfrombelowp.24cj~andtj~.Verticaledgeshavetheeffectofoverhangingatthetop andhorizontalonesofcurvingupinthemiddle.

Whentakingthesethingsintoaccount,thedesignershouldnotresorttotheotherextreme(Baroque) and, for example, reinforce the effect of perspective by inclined windows and cornices (St Peters in Rome)orevenbycornicesandvaultingpaintedinperspectiveandthelike.Thedecisivefactorforthe measurementofsizeisthesizeofthefieldofviewand,ifapplicable,thefieldofvisionand,fortheexact differentiationofdetails,thesizeofthefieldofreading.Thedistanceofthelatterdeterminesthesizeof thedetailstobedifferentiated. TheGreekscompliedexactlywiththisrule.Thesizeofthesmallestmouldingunderthecorniceofthe individual temples of varying height is so dimensioned that, at an angular distance of 27, it complies withthereadingfieldof01.Fromthisalsoresultsthereadingdistancesforbooks(whichvarieswith thesizeoftheletters)andtheseatingplansforauditoriumsetc. 35

2.4 Dimensionrelationships
Therehavebeenagreementsonthedimensioningofbuildingssinceearlytimes.Essentialspecificdata originatedinthetimeofPythagoras.Hestartedfromthebasisthatthenumericalproportionsfoundin acousticsmustalsobeopticallyharmonious.Fromthis,Pythagorasdevelopedhisrightangledtriangle. Itcontainsalltheharmoniousintervalproportions,butexcludesboththedisharmoniousintervals(i.e. thesecondandseventh). Spacemeasurementsaresupposedtohavebeenderivedfromthesenumericalproportions.Pythagoras ordiophantineequationsresultedingroupsofnumeralsthatshouldbeusedforthewidth,heightand lengthofrooms.Thesegroupscanbecalculatedusingtheformula a2+b2=c2. a2+b2=c2 a=m(y2x2) b=m2xy c=m(y2+x2) Inthisxandyareallwholenumbers,xissmallerthany,andmisthemagnificationorreductionfactor.

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2.5 Dimensionsandspacerequirements
Thespacerequirementcanvarywiththeapplication,spaceavailability,environmentetc.howeveritis playingavitalroleindesigning.Becausetheoccupationscomfortismainlygovernbythesatisfactionof theminimumspacerequired.Followingfigureswillillustratesomeoftheusefulmansactivitiesandthe minimumrequiredspace.

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