CYBERNETICS

S.A.VINODH KUMAR, ANNA UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY TIRUNELVELI, TIRUNELVELI 627 007

ABSTRACT:
This paper is going to give an introduction to the field of cybernetics, and here discussing about what is cybernetics? What does the word cybernetics means? Time of its beginning, philosophy of cybernetics, feedbacks of cybernetics, how this technology is implementing at present, what are the areas its going to develop and what is the areas research are going. The last but not least is our idea how we may use this in our daily lifecybernetics is nothing but grouping a living organism with a machine this is cybernetics. Its not simple that clubbing the human with a machine that the machine needs to be controlled from living organisms body. The machine may have a connection from the living organism. The cybernetics is fully based upon feedback systems. The feedback obtains from its experience it needs to work for its next time. These feedback systems play vital role in this field. The areas in which the cybernetics is used are military, medical, sports, and implementing in many more areas. In military they are using some small insects inserted with microcontrollers for spying and collecting informations. In medicine they are using in two different ways one is replace damaged parts and the other is to develop new organic parts. In sports they are using prosthetic limps to replace physically changed one to participate with the normal people they wont feel any difference that they are being attached by some artificial limps it helps to consider physically challenged to a normal people. When this field came into existence there is no physically challenged everything can be replaced that they feel like their own. This field also helps to build new organisms to replace damaged organisms thus the death can be extended.

WHAT IS CYBERNETICS?
Cybernetics is about systems (and most things are a system), in particular, systems with feedback. Useful principles are equally well applied to technological systems as to those in humans and other animals, the environment and (in principle) the economy.

The subject transcends traditional academic subjects - hence it provides a different perspective on looking at systems - and thus we have the Escher inspired view (below), showing aspects of the subject.

to cybernetic principles. This was an explicit recognition that both living and non-living systems can have purpose. A scary idea in 1948

WHAT DOES THE WORD CYBERNETICS MEANS?

"Cybernetics" comes from a Greek word meaning "the art of steering. Cybernetics is about having a goal and taking action to achieve that goal. Knowing whether you have reached your goal (or at least are getting closer to it) requires "feedback", a concept that comes from cybernetics. From the Greek, "cybernetics" evolved into Latin as "governor".

Aritficial intelligence cybernetics:

and

Artificial Intelligence and cybernetics: Aren't they the same thing? Or, isn't one about computers and the other about robots? The answer to these questions is emphatically, No. Researchers in Artificial Intelligence (AI) use computer technology to build intelligent machines; they consider implementation (that is, working examples) as the most important result. Practitioners of cybernetics use models of organizations, feedback, goals, and conversation to understand the capacity and limits of any system (technological, biological, or social); they consider powerful descriptions as the most important result. The field of AI first flourished in the 1960s as the concept of universal computation [Minsky 1967], the cultural view of the brain as a computer, and the availability of digital computing machines came together to paint a future where computers were at least as smart as humans. The field of cybernetics came into being in the late 1940s when concepts of information, feedback, and regulation [Wiener 1948] were generalized from specific applications in engineering to systems in general, including systems of living organisms, abstract intelligent processes, and language.

When did cybernetics begin?

Cybernetics as a process operating in nature has been around for a long time. Cybernetics as a concept in society has been around at least since Plato used it to refer to government. In modern times, the term

Became widespread because Norbert Wiener wrote a book called "Cybernetics" in 1948. His sub-title was "control and communication in the animal and machine". This was important because it connects control (a.k.a., actions taken in hope of achieving goals) with communication (a.k.a., connection and information flow between the actor and the environment). So, Wiener is pointing out that effective action requires communication. Wiener's sub-title also states that both animals (biological systems) and machines (non-biological or "artificial" systems) can operate according

DEFINITIONS:

'The science of interacting systems as Cybernetics is not restricted to any one area, it can be applied to different systems - and typically these systems, or components within them, interact with each other. In a control system, such as a steersman, the controller (e.g. the steersman) interacts with the device being controlled (e.g. the boat), but the boat interacts with the steersman.' 'The acquisition, communication, processing and application of information' - definition used at University of Reading 'The science of effective organization' - from Stafford Beer, who pioneered the application of cybernetics to management. 'Should one name one central concept, a first principle, of cybernetics, it would be circularity.'Heinz von Foerster 'A way of thinking' - Ernst von Glasersfeld

LET US SEE SOME COMMON FEEDBACK ABOUT CYBERNETICS: Cybernetics and the steersman
Feed

back can be very useful - particularly for control. Consider the case of the steersman (which gives the name Cybernetics) responsible for ensuring a boat follows a given course despite the effects of winds and tides. Without feedback, the steersman would perhaps point the boat towards the correct destination and in effect keep his eyes closed and hope that the boat ends up at the right place. However winds or tides would push the boat off course and the steersman would not know - as he can't see. Inevitably the boat will not go where it should. The

These are some common definitions for cybernetics given by famous personalities.

solution - feedback - the course the boat is following is found and that information is

feedback to the steersman (achieved by the steersman looking to see where he is going!). If the boat is off course the steersman takes the appropriate action, turning the rudder left or right, to get back on course. Effectively you see what your system (in this case the boat) is doing, and if it is not doing the right thing (here the boat is off course), suitable corrective action is taken (the rudder is turned left or right). It's a nice concept, easily extended to other systems.

camera!) despite hills or wind which can affect the speed. Here the speed of the vehicle is measured (you look at the speedometer) and that information is feedback to the driver, who puts his foot on the accelerator to speed up, or eases his foot off the accelerator or even puts his foot on the brake if the car is going too fast. You will note that the block diagram used to represent this system is very similar to that used for the steersman. The concept can

Vehicle and robot control

Feed

also be applied to a manipulator robot, whose gripper is to be used, say, to pick up an object. Here the current position of the gripper is measured and this is fedback to the robot's controller. If the gripper is not in the right place, then the joints of the robot are moved, so that the gripper becomes in the right place. This too can be represented by a similar block diagram.

back has been shown to be useful for allowing a steersman to keep his boat on course - it can also be used, for instance, by a driver to keep a car on course. It can easily be adapted to ensure a car or any other vehicle is travelling at the right speed (particularly important when there is a speed

In

'processing'

elements.

However,

even

modern computers are not that advanced perhaps it would be better to develop systems more like the most powerful fact it is slightly more complicated, in that for the gripper to be in the right place, each joint has to be at the right angle, an d that is achieved by having such a feedback control system for each joint. But the concept is the same. learning systems - brains. A brain comprises simple processing

elements - called neurons - which act rather slowly - typically doing 1000 operations a second, whereas a computer does many millions. However, the brain has billions of neurons - connected together in a network the net result of which is much more powerful than a normal computer. Thus we 'borrow' from nature

Neural networks
We

and try to develop artificial neural networks ANNs - being many neurons connected together. There are many ways of implementing these, but one method is to have neurons which multiply each input by its 'weight' being a value associated with the connecting link to the neuron, and the

have seen a need for systems to learn (a process which involves feedback) - but how can this be implemented? Can we in fact produce systems that are 'intelligent'? We could use a computer, suitably programmed - which in effect has one (or a few)

neuron output is the sum of all such weights. The neuron output may well provide the input to other neurons.

So

until you have put the mouse in the right place? This is very

that such a network can generate the 'right' results for any system, the correct weights are needed, but finding them is non trivial. So a 'training set' of inputs and correct answers is provided. For each set, the inputs are passed to the network, the outputs are calculated, and any error between this calculated outputs and the expected outputs are used to adjust the weights it is a feedback process. simple HCI - more sophisticated HCI is Virtual Reality. Here a computer generates the necessary information so that the human can seem as if he or she is in an artificial world - i.e. the computer generates what the world looks like, perhaps sounds like, smells like and feels like (for which hap tics is needed - a speciality at Reading).

Virtual Reality and Human Computer Interaction

Feedback we have seen for control and for learning. It is also used in the interaction between humans and machines, such as computers: human-computer interaction or HCI. In fact, when you use a mouse to position the cursor you are using feedback - you look at the cursor on the screen and move the mouse until the cursor is correctly placed or is it that the computer moves the cursor

But, were the human to turn his/her head, the world should look different - so the computer has to generate a new image of the world. This

means that the system is a feedback process with information being generated by to the the computer communicated

human, and information (e.g. position of

head) about the human being communicated to the computer. Note, there are related topics such as tele-operation, where the information passed to the human is that of a real world. Also augmented reality where artificial information is added to real world information: e.g. head-up displays for pilots.

hypothesis states that the Earth is a self regulating cybernetic system, with feedback loops aimed at controlling temperature, the amount of oxygen, salinity of the sea, etc. This it does as a result of feedback in which life and the planet work together to their mutual advantage, producing conditions suitable for both Earth and the life on it. This concept was at first dismissed by many biologists who believed that life adapted to its environment. To demonstrate how life and the planet could interact, Lovelock produced a simple model, Daisy world. Daisy world is a grey planet orbiting a sun which is heating up (like our own). In the soil are seeds of daisies which grow between 7 and 37 degrees, but grow best at 22 degrees. Initially the planet is too cold, but once it becomes warm enough, daisies grow and keep the temperature constant for a long period at 22 degrees. This happens due to feedback. If the

Cybernetics and environment

the

We have seen that feedback applies in technological systems and systems involving animals - it also applies to the environment a complex set of interacting systems. There are interactions between different species, for instance, predator - prey systems, but also so called mutualistic systems where two species help each other. In fact, the

Earth itself comprises feedback loops. This is illustrated by the Gaia hypothesis, postulated by James Lovelock, a former Visiting Reading. Professor At its to Cybernetics the at Gaia strongest, temperature is below the optimum, more black daisies grow, absorbing heat and heating the surrounding area. If the temperature is above the optimum, white

daisies thrive which reflect heat away, thereby cooling the surrounding area. Once again, a feedback system, with two opposite control actions, either heating or cooling the planet.

Philosophy of CYBERNETICS:
Paul Pangaro 1990 AI is predicated on the presumption that knowledge is a commodity that can be stored inside of a machine, and that the application of such stored knowledge to the real world constitutes intelligence [Minsky 1968]. Only within such a "realist" view of the world can, for example, semantic networks and rule-based expert systems appear to be a route to intelligent machines. Cybernetics in contrast has evolved from a "constructivist" view of the world [von Glasersfeld 1987] where objectivity derives from shared agreement about meaning, and where information (or intelligence for that matter) is an attribute of an interaction rather than a commodity stored in a computer [Winograd & Flores 1986]. These differences are not merely semantic in character, but rather determine fundamentally the source and direction of research performed from a cybernetic, versus an AI, stance.

(c)

Underlying philosophical differences between AI and cybernetics are displayed by showing how they each construe the terms in the central column. For example, the concept of "representation" is understood quite differently in the two fields. Relations on the left are causal arrows and reflect the reductionist reasoning inherent in AI's "realist" perspective that via our nervous systems we discover the-world-as-it-is. Relations on the right are non-hierarchical and circular to reflect a "constructivist" perspective, where the world is invented (in contrast to being discovered) by an intelligence acting in a social tradition and creating shared meaning via hermeneutic (circular, self-defining) processes. The implications of these differences are very great and touch on recent efforts to reproduce the brain [Hawkins 2004, IBM/EPFL 2004] which maintain roots in the paradigm of "brain as computer". These approaches hold the same limitations of digital symbolic computing and are neither likely to explain, nor to reproduce, the functioning of the nervous system.

Cybernetics Today
The term "cybernetics" has been widely misunderstood, perhaps for two broad reasons. First, its identity and boundary are difficult to grasp. The nature of its concepts

and the breadth of its applications, as described above, make it difficult for nonpractitioners to form a clear concept of cybernetics. This holds even for professionals of all sorts, as cybernetics never became a popular discipline in its own right; rather, its concepts and viewpoints seeped into many other disciplines, from sociology and psychology to design methods and post-modern thought. Second, the advent of the prefix "cyb" or "cyber" as a referent to either robots ("cyborgs") or the Internet ("cyberspace") further diluted its meaning, to the point of serious confusion to everyone except the small number of cybernetic experts. However, the concepts and origins of cybernetics have become of greater interest recently, especially since around the year 2000. Lack of success by AI to create intelligent machines has increased curiosity toward alternative views of what a brain does [Ashby 1960] and alternative views of the biology of cognition [Maturana 1970]. There is growing recognition of the value of a "science of subjectivity" that encompasses both objective and subjective interactions, including conversation [Pask 1976]. Designers are rediscovering the influence of cybernetics on the tradition of 20th-century design methods, and the need for rigorous models of goals, interaction, and system limitations for the successful development of complex products and services, such as those delivered via today's software networks. And, as in any social cycle, students of history reach back with minds more open than was possible at the inception of cybernetics, to reinterpret the meaning and contribution of a previous era.

The Areas In Which Cybernetics Is Trying To Implement: In Medicine

In medicine, there are two important and different types of cyborgs: Restorative and the Enhanced. Restorative technologies restore lost function, organs, and limbs.] The key aspect of restorative cyborgization is the repair of broken or missing processes to revert to a healthy or average level of function. There is no enhancement to the original faculties and processes that were lost The enhanced cyborg follows a principle, and it is the principle of optimal performance: maximizing output (the information or modifications obtained) and minimizing input (the energy expended in the process) . Thus, the enhanced cyborg intends to exceed normal processes or even gain new functions that were not originally present.

In The Military
Military organizations' research has recently focused on the utilization of cyborg animals for inter-species relationships for the purposes of a supposed tactical advantage. DARPA has announced its interest in developing "cyborg insects" to transmit data from sensors implanted into the insect during the pupal stage. The insect's motion would be controlled from a MEMS, or Micro-Electro-Mechanical System, and would conceivably surveil an environment and detect explosives or gas. Similarly,

DARPA is developing a neural implant to remotely control the movement of sharks. The shark's unique senses would be exploited to provide data feedback in relation to enemy ship movement and underwater explosives.

prosthetic device was included within his passport photograph as confirmation of its permanent and embedded cyborg status.

MY IDEA OF IMPLEMENTATION:
Now a days in our culture we are losing our relations in the further future its hard to know what is the meaning of brother and sisters I think so if we had a cyborg which can able to think like us and act like can became substituent for that place we may reprogrammed for our needs and it will be more helpful as a servant too. By using this developing technology I think we may maintain our relations. Not only in this now a days our space shuttles may have a chance to explode to instead of sending humans to outer space its nice to send a cybrog to collect information and we may control it from our controls

In Sports
The cyborgization of sports has come to the forefront of the national consciousness in recent years. Through the media, America has been exposed to the subject both with the BALCO scandal and the accusations of blood doping at the Tour de France levied against Lance Armstrong and Floyd Landis. But, there is more to the subject; steroids, blood doping, prosthesis, body modification, and maybe in the future, genetic modification are all topics that should be included within cyborgs in sports.

SOME OF THE LIVING CYBORG:

In 2002, under the heading Project Cyborg, a British scientist, Kevin Warwick, had an array of 100 electrodes fired in to his nervous system in order to link his nervous system into the internet. With this in place he successfully carried out a series of experiments including extending his nervous system over the internet to control a robotic hand, a loudspeaker and amplifier. This is a form of extended sensory input and the first direct electronic communication between the nervous systems of two humans. In 2004, under the heading Bridging the Island of the Colorblind Project, a British and completely colorblind artist, Neil Harbisson, had an eyeborg installed on his head in order to hear colors. His

CONCLUSION:
Every development in science leads to both the good and bad. Those who sees the good only can use it for what they need its created on the other hand it may leads to use extreme danger too. The cybernetic technology may help in human in many ways until its under our control if it gone out of control the human race has to face a lot of damages in their future. So from now onwards lets have the safe earth only for and we use our creatives for the useful purpose and live happily in our own blue planet.

REFERENCES:
1. Paulpangaro P.H.D , PANGAROINCORPARATED,

WWW.PANGARO.COM
2. KEVIN WARWICK Professor of Cybernetics at the University of Reading, England,

WWW.KEVINWARWICK.COM 3. Cyborg - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.mht