GA Oncaptoc Toan

1
Bi 1: H phng trnh i s

Mt s loi h phng trnh thng gp:

I)H i xng loi I
1) Dng: H phng trnh
=
=
0 ) ; (
0 ) ; (
y x g
y x f
l h i
xng loi I nu
=
=
) ; ( ) ; (
) ; ( ) ; (
x y g y x g
x y f y x f

2)Cch gii : - t
x y S
xy P
+ =
. K:
2
4 S P > .
- Biu th h qua S v P .
- Tm S ; P tho mn iu kin
P S 4
2
> .
Khi x; y l 2 nghim ca phng trnh :
0
2
= + P St t . T c nghim ca h cho.

Ch 1 :
+) Nu h c nghim (a;b) th do tnh cht i
xng ca h nn h cng c ghim (b; a). V vy
h c nghim duy nht ch khi c duy nht x = y.
+) H c nghim khi v ch khi h S, P c nghim
S, P tha mn P S 4
2
> .
+) Khi P S 4
2
= th x = y = -S/2
Vy h c nghim duy nht khi ch khi c duy
nht S, P tha mn P S 4
2
= .
Ch 2 :
Nhiu trng hp ta c th s dng K cn tm
gi tr ca tham s sau thay vo h kim tra xem
c tho mn hay khng - (/K ).

II) H i xng loi II
1)H :
=
=
0 ) ; (
0 ) ; (
y x g
y x f
l h i xng loi II nu :
) ; ( ) ; ( y x g x y f =
2)Cch gii :
+)i vi hu ht cc h dng ny khi tr 2 v ta
u thu c phng tnh :
(x-y).h(x;y) = 0
Khi h cho
0 ( ; ) 0
( ; ) 0 ( ; ) 0
x y h x y
f x y f x y
= =
v

= =

( Ch : C nhng h i xng loi II sau khi tr
2 v cha xut hin ngay x - y = 0 m phi suy
lun tip mi c iu ny).
+) Phng php iu kin cn v :
Phng php ny c p dng tt cho h i
xng vi yu cu: Tm gi tr tham s h c
nghim duy nht.
/k cn:
Nhn xt rng: do tnh i xng ca h nn nu h
c nghim (x
0
;y
0
) th (y
0
;x
0
) cng l nghim ca
h, do h c nghim duy nht khi x
0
= y
0
(1)

Thay (1) vo mt phng trnh ca h, tm /k ca
tham s pt` c nghim x
0
duy nht ,ta c gi
tr ca tham s. l /k cn.

/k : thay gi tr ca tham s vo h kim tra,
ri kt lun.

III) H na i xng ca x v y
1)Dng h:
=
=
) 2 ( ; 0 ) ; (
) 1 ( ); ; ( ) ; (
y x g
x y f y x f
(Tc l c 1
phng trnh l i xng )
2)Cch gii:
Chuyn v bin i t (1) ta c dng phng
trnh tch: (x - y).h(x; y) = 0. T c: h cho
tng ng vi:

=
=
) 2 ( ; 0 ) ; (
0 ) ; ( ). (
y x g
y x h y x

=
=
=
=
0 ) ; (
0 ) ; (
0 ) ; (
0
y x g
y x h
y x g
y x

Ch :Nhiu khi t n ph mi c h i xng
V d :
= +
= +
=
=
= +
5
5
5
5
2
2
2
2
t y
y t
t x
x y
y x

IV) H ng cp i vi x v y
1) H phng trnh
=
=
0 ) ; (
0 ) ; (
y x g
y x f
c gi l h
ng cp bc 2 ca x; y nu mi hng t (tr s
hng t do) u c bc l 2.
2) Cch gii :
* Cch 1) Kh s hng t do. (Cch ny thng
dng khi h khng cha tham s, hoc tham s
s hng t do cho n gin)
* Cch 2) Kh x
2
( vi y = 0 ) hoc y
2
(vi x = 0):
(Cch ny thng dng khi h c cha tham s).

VI. Mt s h phng trnh khc.
*) Cch gii: gii h phng trnh khng mu
mc ta thng p dng mt s pp :
+ Phn tch thnh tch c v phi bng 0.
+ i bin (t n ph)
+ nh gi : BT hoc dng hm s.

Mt s v d:
1. H i xng I:
Giai cac he pt sau ay :
2 2
11
1)
30
xy x y
x y xy
+ + =
+ =

2
11
5; 6 5. 6
. 30
p s
hpt s p p s
p s
+ =
= = = =

S : x = 2; 3; 1; 5
2 -
2 2
3 3
30
35
5; 6 (2; 3) ; (3; 2)
x y xy
x y
hpt s p
+ =
+ =
= = =>

4 4
2 2
1
3)
1
11 1
0; 2 (0;1); (1;0) ( 2 ) 2 1
x y
x y
p s s
hpt
p p s p p
+ =
+ =
+ = =

= = => =

3
3
30
4) : ; 0; ; .
35
. 30
125, 5 6
3 35
x y y x
HD x y s x y p x y
x x y y
p s
hpt s s p
s sp
+ =
> = + =
+ =
=
= <=> = => =
Vay Hpt co ngh ( 4;9) ; ( 9;4).

5- cho:
5( ) 4 4
1
x y xy
x y xy m
+ =
+ =

a) Tm m e hpt co nghiem.
HD: Giai he S ;P ta c S= 4m ;p = 5m-1
K : S
2
-4p >0
1
; 1
4
m m s > .
b) Tm m h c nghim duy nht.
S: m = 1/4, m = 1.
6) a-Cmr: Hpt co ngh vi moi m :
2 2 2
2 1 x y xy m
x y xy m m
+ + = +
+ = +

b) Tm m hpt co nghien duy nhat .
HDS :
a-
2
1 1 2 2
2 1
.
; 1 1.
p s m
hpt
p s m m
s m p m s m p m
+ = +

= +
= = + = + =

S:heS
1
,P
1
Vn ;
2 2
2 2
4 ( 1) 0 S P m = > .
Vay: HPt co nghiem vi moi m.
b-HPT c ngh duy nht
2
2 2
4 0 S P =
2
( 1) 0 m = 1 m = .
=> x = y = 1 Vay : (1;1).

2. H i xng loi II:
Giai he pt :

3
3
3 8
1 :
3 8
x x y
hpt
y y x
= +

= +
3 4
2 :
3 4
y
x y
x
hpt
x
y x
y

2 2
2 2
2 3 2
3
2 3 2
x x y
y y x
=

HDS :
1-Hpt
2 2
3 3
( )( 5) 0
3 8 3 8
(0; 0) ( 11; 11) ( 11; 11)
x y x y x y xy
x x y x x y
= + + + =

= + = +

2- K : x = 0 ; y = 0. Hpt :
2 2
( )( 4) 0
6 4( ) 0
x y x y
x y xy x y
+ + =
+ + =
(-2; -2)
3-
2 2
2 2
2 3 2
2 3 2
x x y
y x x
=

Lay (1)-(2) : 3(x-y)(x+y-1 ) = 0 y=x hoac y = 1-x.
Ket hp (1) Khi y = x : (1;1) ; (2;2)
Khi y = 1 -x VN .
4-
1 3
2
1 1
2
x
y x
y
x y
+ =
+ =

Lay (1) - (2) : (x - y)(2 + 4/xy ) = 0 y = x ; y = -2/x
+ y = x : (1;1) ; (-1;-1) .
+ y = -2/x : ( 2; 2); ( 2, 2)

3) . H na i xng
VD. Gii h :
+ =
=
1 2
1 1
3
x y
y
y
x
x

Gii:
+ =
= +
=
+ =
= +
=
+ =
=
1 2
0 ) 1 )( (
0 .
1 2
0
0 .
1 2
1 1
3 3
2 2
3
x y
xy y x
y x
x y
y x xy y x
y x
x y
y
y
x
x

3
4
. 0
. 0
1
( ) ( )
2 1 0
2 0
x y
x y
x y I y II
x
x x
x x
=
=

= v =

+ =
+ + =

+ Ta c I):

= =
+
= =
= =
= +
=
=
2
5 1
2
5 1
1
) (
0 1 2
(
0 .
3
y x
y x
y x
I
x x
y x
y x

+ Ta c II) :
2 2 2
. 0
1
( )
1 1 3
( ) ( ) 0;( )
2 2 2
x y
II y
x
x x VN
+ + + =

3
4. H ng cp :
VD. Cho h phng trnh :
2 2
2
4 (1)
3 4 (2)
x xy y m
y xy
+ =

a) Gii h pt` vi m = 1
b) Tm a h c nghim
Gii:
Cch 1:
D thy y = 0 khng phi l nghim ca hpt.
t x = ty, ta c :
H
2 2 2 2
2 2
4
3 4
t y ty y m
y ty
+ =

2 2
2
( 4 1)
(1 3 ) 4
y t t m
y t
+ =

2
2
4 1
1 3 4
(1 3 ) 4
t t m
t
y t
+
=
(I)
Do y = 0 nn t y
2
(1 - 3t) = 4 1 - 3t > 0 t <
1
3

a) Vi m = 1 ta c h :
2
2
4 1 1
1 3 4
(1 3 ) 4
t t
t
y t
+
=

Gii h ta c kq : (1 ; 4), (-1 ; -4).
b) Ta c :
(I)
2
2
4( 4 1) (1 3 )
(1 3 ) 4
t t m t
y t
+ =

2
2
4 (16 3 ) 4 0 (*)
(1 3 ) 4
t m t m
y t
+ =

t f(t) = 4t
2
- (16 - 3m)t + 4 - m = th
H c nghim (*) c nghim tho mn t <
1
3
.
Ta li c
1 8
( ) 0
3 9
af = < m nn h lun c
nghim tho mn t
1
<
1
3
< t
2
. Vy h lun c
nghim vi m.
Cch 2 : Kh mt n.
H
2
2
4
3 4
x xy m
y xy
=

2
4 2 2
4
2 (8 ) (4 ) 0 (*)
x m
y
x
x m x m
+
=
+ =

(x = 0 tho mn h khi m = 4).
Vi m = 4 t : f(t) = 2t
2
+ (8 - m)t - (4 - m)
2
ta c
f(0) = -(4 - m)
2
< 0 nn phng trnh f(t) = 0 lun
c nghim t > 0 hay phng trnh (*) lun c
nghim vi m.

Cc bi tp luyn tp
Bi 1: Mt s h dng c bn
1) Cho h phng trnh
= + + +
= + +
8
) 1 )( 1 (
2 2
y x y x
m y x xy

a) Gii h khi m=12
b) Tm m h c nghim
2) Cho h phng trnh
2 2 2
1 1
2
a
x y
x y a
+ =
+ = +

Tm a h phng trnh c ng 2 nghim
phn bit
3) Cho h phng trnh
2 2
2 2
1
3 2
x xy y
x xy y m
+ =
+ =

Tm m h c nghim
4)
= +
= +
2 2
2 2
x y
y x

5)
= + + + + + + +
= + + +
m y x x y y x
y x
1 1 1 1
3 1 1

a) Gii h khi m=6
b) Tm m h c nghim
Bi 2:
+
=
+
=
2
2
2
2
2
3
2
3
y
x
x
x
y
y
(KB 2003)
HD:
Th1 x=y suy ra x=y=1
TH2 ch y: x>0 , y> 0 suy ra v
nghim
Bi 3:
= +
= +
35 8
15 2
3 3
2 2
y x
xy y x

HD: Nhm nhn t chung sau t
S=2x+y v P= 2x.y
s : (1,3) v (3/2 , 2)
Bi 4:
= +
=
) 2 ( 1
) 1 ( 3 3
6 6
3 3
y x
y y x x

HD: t (2) : -1 x , y 1 hm s :
( ) t t t f 3
3
= trn [-1,1] p dng vo phng
trnh (1)
4
Bi 5: CMR h phng trnh sau c nghim duy
nht
+ =
+ =
x
a
x y
y
a
y x
2
2
2
2
2
2

HD:
=
=
2 2 3
2 a x x
y x

xt
2 3
2 ) ( x x x f = lp BBT suy ra KQ
Bi 6:
= +
= +
2 2
2 2
x y
y x

HD Bnh phng 2 v, i xng loi 2
Bi 7:
= +
= +
) 1 (
) 1 (
2
2
x a y xy
y a x xy
xc nh a h c
nghim duy nht
HD s dng K cn v a=8
Bi 8:
+ =
=
) 2 ( 5
) 1 ( 20 10
2
2
y xy
x xy

HD : Rt ra y
y y
y
x + =
+
=
5 5
2

C si 5 2
5
> + = y
y
x .
20
2
> x theo (1) 20
2
s x suy ra x,y
Bi 9:
+ + = +
=
2
) 1 (
3
y x y x
y x y x
(KB 2002)
HD: t (1) t cn nh lm nhn t chung
(1;1) (3/2;1/2)
Bi 10:
= +
= + +
a y x
a y x
3
2 1
Tm a h c
nghim
HD: t (1) t 2 , 1 + = + = y v x u c
h di xng vi u, - v
Ch ra h c nghim th phng trnh bc hai
tng ng c 2 nghim tri du.
Bi tp p dng
1)
=
=
49 5
56 2 6
2 2
2 2
y xy x
y xy x

2)
+ = +
+ = +
) ( 3
2 2
2 2
y x y x
y y x x
KD 2003
3)
= + +
= + +
0 9 5
18 ) 3 )( 2 (
2
2
y x x
y x x x

4)
+ + = +
=
2
) ( 7
2 2
3 3
y x y x
y x y x

HD: tch thnh nhn t 4 nghim
5)
+ =
=
m xy x
y xy
26
12
2
2
Tm m h c
nghim
6)
=
=
19
2 . ) (
3 3
2
y x
y y x
dt t=x/y c 2 nghim
7)
= + +
= + +
6 4
9 ) 2 )( 2 (
2
y x x
y x x x
t X=x(x+2) v
Y=2x+y
8)
= + +
= +
4
) 1 ( 2
2 2 2 2
y x y x
y x y x
i bin theo
v,u t phng trnh s (1)
9)
= +
= +
2 2
3 3 3
6
19 1
x xy y
x y x
t x=1/z thay vo c
h y,z DS (-1/2,3) (1/3,-2)
10)
+ =
=
1 2
1 1
3
x y
y
y
x
x
(KA 2003)
HD: x=y V xy=-1
CM 0 2
4
= + + x x v nghim bng cch
tch hoc hm s kq: 3 nghim
11)
+ = +
+ = +
a x y
a y x
2
2
) 1 (
) 1 (
xc nh a h c
nghim duy nht HD s dng K cn v

12)
= +
= +
3
3
2 2
xy y x
x
y
y
x
HD bnh phng 2 v .
5

Bi 2: Phng trnh v bt phng trnh i s
Mt s dng phng trnh v bt phng trnh
thng gp
1) Bt phng trnh bc hai ;
nh l v du ca tam thc bc hai;
Phng php hm s.
2) Phng trnh, bt phng trnh cha gi tr
tuyt i

2 2
2 2
0 B
A B
A B
A B A B
A B
A B
A B
A B B A B
>
=

=
< <
>
>

<
< < <

3) Phng trnh, bt phng trnh cha cn thc
*PT cha cn thc:
2
0
0( 0)
0
0
2
B
A B
A B
A hayB
A B
A B
A
A B C B
A B AB C
>
= <=>

=
> >
= <=>

=
>
+ = <=> >
+ + =

* Bt phng trnh cha cn thc:
2 2
2 2
0 0
* 0 * 0
0 0
0 0
* *
0 0
A A
A B B A B B
A B A B
A A
B B
A B A B
B B
A B A B
> >

< > s >

< s

> >

< s

> >

> >

> >

Mt s v d
BAI TAP :
Bai 1: Bnh phng hai ve :
a) x
2
+ 1 1 x + =
Hd:
4 2
0
1 1
1
2 0
1 5
2
x
x
x
x x x
x
=
s s
=
=

b)pt: 5 1 3 2 1 0 x x x = K x > 1.
Chuyen ve, bnh phng hai ve : x = 2 ;
x = 2/11( loai ). Vay x=2 .
c) : 9 5 2 4 pt x x + = + K 2 x > .
Bnh phng hai la ta co : S x = 0 .
d) : 16 9 7 pt x x + + = . S: x = 0, x = -7.
e)
2 2
: (4 1) 9 2 2 1
: 1/ 4
pt x x x x
dk x
+ = + +
>

Bnh phng hai ln ta c :S x = 4/3.

Bai 2 : t n ph:
a)
2 2
3 3 3 6 3 x x x x + + + = . S: x = 1, x = 2.
b)
2
2
1 1 0 : 0 1
3
x x x x dk x + = + = s s
- at :
2
2
1
1 ; 0
2
t
t x x t x x

= + > => =

pt t
2
-3t +2 =0 t =1 ; t =2 Vn.
t =1 x = 0 ; x =1.
c)
2
2 3 1 3 2 2 5 3 16 x x x x x + + + = + + +
HDS:

2 2
: 1
2 3 1 0
3 4 2 2 5 3
5 3.
DK x
t x x
t x x x
pt t x
>
= + + + >
=> = + + + +
<=> = <=> =

2 2 2
2
) 7 2 3 3 19
. 2 7 / 4
5 3 13 4
1; 2
d x x x x x x
t x x
pt t t t t
x x
+ + + + + = + +
= + + >
<=> + + = + <=> =
=> = =

Bi 3:
1) 1 3 ( 1)(3 ) x x x x m + + + =
a) Giai pt khi m=2
b) Tm m pt co nghiem.
HDS:
K:
. 1 3 ; 2 2 2
: 2( )
t x x t
vi a b a b a b
= + + => s s
+ s + s +

2
0( )
1) 2 : 2 0 1, 3
2
t l
m t t x x
t
=
= = <=> => = =

2) f(t) = -t
2
/2 + t +2 = m (1) . Lap bang bien thien
: Taco : 2 2 2 2. m s s

Bi 4. Tm m phng trnh sau c nghim:
2
9 9 x x x x m + = + +
Bnh phng : at t= (9 ) 0 9/ 2 x x t => s s
KSHS
2
( ) 2 9 ; 9/ 2 9/ 4 10 f t t t o t Ds m = + + s s s s d)

Bi 5. Tm m phng trnh c nghim:
4 4 4
4 4 6 x x m x x m + + + + + =
HDS: at
4 2 4
4 0 : 6 0 t x x m pt t t = + + > + =
6

4 4
4
3 ( )
2
4 2
4 1 6
l o i t
P T
t
x x m
m x x
=
= > + + =
< = > = +

Lap BBT : m>19VN; m=19: 1 ngh ;m<19pt2ngh.

Bai 6. Gii cc phng trnh sau:
1)
2 2
3 3 3
(2 ) (7 ) (7 )(2 ) 3 x x x x + + =
-at :
2 2 3
3 3
3
2 3
.
9
7
u x u v uv
pt
u v
v x
= + =

<=>

+ = = +

3
1; 2 1; 6
2
u v
u v x
uv
+ =
<=> <=> = = => =

2)
3
2 1 1 x x =
.K : x 1 >
3
3 2
2
1; 0
1
0;1; 2; 1; 0; 3
1
1; 2;10
u x
v x v
u v
u v
u v
x
= >
=
=> <=> = =
+ =
=

Mt s bi tp luyn tp:
Bi 1: Tm m m x x x x > + + + + ) 6 4 )( 3 )( 1 (
2

Tm m bt phng trnh trn nghim ng
vi mi x.
HD: s dng hm s hoc tam thc : m-2

Bi 2: Gii cc phng trnh, bt phng trnh
sau:
1) 0 1 4 1 6 8
2
s + + x x x
2) x x x 2 1 1 4 = + : x = 0
3)
2 2
2( 2 ) 2 3 9 0. : 1 5 x x x x DS x + = =
4) 2 1 1
2 2
= + + x x x x . Tch 2 nhn t
bng 1 suy ra cch gii.
5) 0 2 3 ) 3 (
2 2
> x x x x (KD 2002)
Bi 3: Tm m h sau c nghim
s +
s + +
0 1 2
0 9 10
2
2
m x x
x x
S m > 4.
Bi 4: Gii bt phng trnh:
2 2 1 2 > + x x x
HD :
nhn 2 v vi biu thc lin hp ca VT
Bin i v BPT tch ch y K
Bi 5: Gii bt phng trnh:
7
2
1
2
2
3
3 + < +
x
x
x
x
HD t 2 ,
2
1
> + = t
x
x t AD BT c si suy
ra K.
Bi 6: Gii bt phng trnh
4
) 1 1 (
2
2
>
+ +
x
x
x

HD
Xt 2 trng hp ch DK x -1.
Trong trng hp x 4 tin hnh nhn v chia
cho biu thc lin hp mu VT.
Bi 7: Cho phng trnh:
m x x x x + + = + 9 9
2

Tm m phng trnh c nghim.
HD
Bnh phng 2 v ch y K
t t= tch 2 cn thc Tm K t
S dng BBT suy ra KQ
Bi 9: Gii bt phng trnh (KA 2004)
3
7
3
3
) 16 ( 2
2
> +
x
x
x
x
x

Bi tp p dng
1) Tm m bt phng trnh sau c nghim
m x x s + 4 16 2 4
2) 16 2 12 2 4 4
2
+ = + + x x x x
3) 1 2 3 12 + + > + x x x
4) 1 2 1 2 ) 1 ( 2
2 2
= + x x x x x
HD: t 1 2
2
+ = x x t coi l phng trnh bc
hai n t.
5)
2
2 ) 2 ( ) 1 ( x x x x x = + +
6)
2
3
1 ) 2 ( 1 2
+
= + +
x
x x x x
7) 1
1
2 51
2
<

x
x x

8) 0 2 3 2 4 3
2
= + + + x x x .
9)
2
2 4 3 18 29 x x x x + = +
7

Bi 3: Phng trnh v
h phng trnh lng gic
Mt s kin thc cn nh
1. Cc cng thc bin i lng gic
a) Cng thc cng:
cos(a - b) = cosacosb + sinasinb
cos(a + b) = cosacosb - sinasinb
sin(a + b) = sinaccosb + cosasinb
sin(a - b) = sinacosb - cosasinb
( )
1
tga tgb
tg a b
tgatgb

b) Cng thc nhn i, nhn ba
cos2a = cos
2
a - sin
2
a = 2cos
2
a - 1 = 1- 2sin
2
a;
sin2a = 2sinacosa;
2
2
2 ,
2 4 2 1
tga
tg a a k a k
tg a

| |
= = + = +
|
\ .

3 3
sin3 3sin 4sin ; cos3 4cos 3cos ; a a a a a a = =
c) Cng thc h bc
2 2
1 cos 2 1 cos 2
cos ; sin ;
2 2
a a
a a
+
= =
d) Cng thc chia i
t ( ) 2
2
x
t tg x k = = + . Ta c:
2
2
2 2 2
2 1 2
sin ; cos ;
1 1 1
t t t
x x tgx
t t t
= = =
+ +
;
e) Cng thc bin i
* i tch thnh tng:
| |
| |
| |
1
cos cos cos( ) cos( )
2
1
sin sin cos( ) cos( )
2
1
sin cos sin( ) sin( )
2
a b a b a b
a b a b a b
a b a b a b
= + +
= +
= + +

* i tng thnh tch:
cos cos 2cos cos ;
2 2
cos cos 2sin sin ;
2 2
sin sin 2sin cos ;
2 2
sin sin 2cos sin ;
2 2
a b a b
a b
a b a b
a b
a b a b
a b
a b a b
a b
+
+ =
+
=
+
+ =
+
=

f) Mt s cng thc hay dng:
sin cos 2 sin 2 cos
4 4
sin cos 2 sin 2 cos
4 4
x x x x
x x x x

| | | |
+ = + =
| |
\ . \ .
| | | |
= = +
| |
\ . \ .

1 1
; ;
4 1 4 1
tgx tgx
tg x tg x
tgx tgx
+ | | | |
+ = =
| |
+
\ . \ .

2. Mt s phng trnh lng gic thng gp
a) phng trnh lng gic c bn:
+ sinx = a
1
2
1 (sin )
2
PTVN
PT cngh
a
x k
a a
x k

>
= +
s =
= +

+ cosx = a
1
1 2 (cos )
PTVN
PT cngh
a
a x k a
>
s = + =

+ tgx = a K:
2
x k
= + , x = k + (tgo = a).
+ cotgx = a, K: x k = , x = k + (cotgo = a).
b) Phng trnh bc nht, bc hai i vi mt
hm s lng gic.
* Phng trnh bc nht:
| |
( ) ( ) 2
sin ( ) sin ( ) ;
( ) ( ) 2
cos ( ) cos ( ) ( ) ( ) 2 ;
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ;
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ;
sin ( ) sin ( ) sin ( ) sin ( ) ;
cos ( ) cos ( ) cos (
tg tg
cotg cotg
f x g x k
f x g x
f x g x k
f x g x f x g x k
f x g x f x g x k
f x g x f x g x k
f x g x f x g x
f x g x f x
= +
+ =

= +
+ = = +
+ = = +
+ = = +
+ = =
+ = | | ) cos ( ) ;
sin ( ) cos ( ) sin ( ) ;
2
g x
f x g x g x
=

+ =

* Phng trnh bc 2:
2
sin sin 0 a x b x c + + = t t = sinx ( 1 t s ).
2
cos cos 0 a x b x c + + = t t = cosx ( 1 t s ).
2
2
0;
0;
atg x btgx c
acotg x bcotgx c
+ + =
+ + =

c) Phng bc nht i vi sinx v cosx.
asinx + bcosx = c.
Cch gii:
+ Cch 1: chia c hai v cho
2 2
a b + ; t:
2 2 2 2
cos , sin
a b
a b a b
= =
+ +

ta c PT:
2 2
sin( )
c
x
a b
+ =
+
;
*) Ch : Phng trnh c nghim
2 2 2
c a b s + .
+ Cch 2: t
b
tg
a
= ta c phng trnh:
sin( ) cos
c
x
a
+ = .
d) Phng trnh ng cp i vi sinx v cosx
8
2 2
sin sin cos cos a x b x x c x d + + =
Cch gii:
* Cch 1: Th vi cos
2
x = 0 sinx = 1 nu
nghim ng phng trnh th t cosx lm tha s
chung.
Vi cos
2
x = 0 chia c hai v cho cos
2
x ta c:
atg
2
x + btgx + c = d(1 + tg
2
x).
* Cch 2: H bc a v phng trnh bc nht i
vi sin2x v cos2x.
e) Phng trnh i xng i vi sinx v cosx
*) i xng: a(sinx + cosx) + bsinxcosx = c
t sinx + cosx = t, iu kin 2 t s
2
2
1
2 2 0
2
t
at b c bt at b c
| |
+ = + =
|
\ .

* Gi i xng: a(sinx - cosx) + bsinxcosx = c
t sinx - cosx = t, iu kin 2 t s
2
2
1
2 2 0
2
t
at b c bt at b c
| |
+ = + =
|
\ .
.
3. Mt s phng php thng dng khi gii
cc phng trnh lng gic:
+ p dng cc hng ng thc;
+ p dng cc cng thc bin i;
+ i bin s, t n ph;
+ Bin i v tch bng 0;
+ nh gi: dng BT, tp gi tr ca hm s y =
sinx; y = cosx, dng o hm;
+ Bin i v tng bnh phng bng 0.
4. Cc v d:
Gii cc phng trnh sau:
Bi 1:
x
x
tgx gx
2 sin
4 cos . 2
cot + = .
S:
3
x k
= + .
Bi 2:
) 1 (sin
2
1
3
2
cos
3
cos
2 2
+ = |
.
|
\
|
+ + |
.
|
\
|
+ x x x

S:
5
; 2 ; 2
6 6
x k x k x x k

= = + = = + .
Bi 3:
2
sin
2 sin
2 sin
sin
2
2
2
2
= +
x
x
x
x
.
S:
2
2 ; 2
3 3
x k x x k

= + = = + .
Bi 4:
8
1
3
.
6
3 cos . cos 3 sin . sin
3 3
=
|
.
|
\
|
+ |
.
|
\
|

+

x tg x tg
x x x x

HD:- t K rt gn MS=1
AD cng thc nhn 3
S:
6
x k
= + .
Bi 5:
0 cos . 6 ) sin . 2 ( 3 = + + x x tgx tgx
HD: Bin i theo sin v cos.
S:
3
x k
= + .
Bi 6:
3. 6sin 2sin( ) (1)
2
2sin 6sin( ) (2)
2
y
tg x y x
y
tg x y x
+ =
= +

HD: nhn (1) vi (2) rt gn y
y
tg
2 2
sin 4
2
= .
t
2
y
t tg
| |
=
|
\ .
t

= 0, t = 3 .
Bi 7:
x x x x x x cos 1 3 sin .
2
1
sin . 4 cos 2 sin . 3 cos + + =
HD : B tch thnh tng rt gn.
Bi 8:
2
1
5 cos 4 cos 3 cos 2 cos cos = + + + + x x x x x
HD: nhn 2 v vi 2.sin(x/2) ch xt trng hp
bng 0.
Nhn xt: Trong bi ton cha tng
nx x x T
nx x x T
sin .. 2 sin sin
cos .. 2 cos cos
+ + + =
+ + + =

thc hin rt gn bng cch trn.
Bi 9:
) cos . sin 2 (cos 3 sin . 2 sin .
2 2
x x x x x tgx + =
HD: B v dng:
2 2
(sin cos )(sin 3cos ) 0 x x x x + =
Bi 10

2
9
sin
cos
2
log 4.log 2 4
x
x
| |
|
\ .
=
HD:

( )
s i n si n
2
s i n
1
2 . l o g 2 . lo g 2 4
2
lo g 2 4
x x
x
=
=

5. Mt s phng trnh c tham s:
Bi 1. Tm m phng trnh:
sin2x + m = sinx + 2mcosx
c ng 1 nghim
3
[0; ]
4
x

e .
HD: PT (sinx - m)(2cosx - 1) = 0.
(2sinx - 1)(2cos2x + 2sinx + m) = 3- 4cos
2
x
c ng 2 nghim x e [0; t].
HD: PT (2sinx - 1)(2cos2x + m - 1) = 0.
9
mcos
2
2x - 4sinxcosx + m - 2 = 0
c nghim x e [0 ; t/3].
HD: t t = sin2x.
Bi 4: Cho phng trnh
0 2 sin 2 4 cos ) cos .(sin 2
4 4
= + + + + m x x x x
Tm m phng trnh c t nht mt nghin thuc
on 0;
2

.
HD: [-10/3;-2]
Bi 5: Cho phng trnh
3 cos 2 sin
1 cos sin 2
+
+ +
=
x x
x x
a
1) Gii phng trnh khi a=1/3.
2) Tm a phng trnh c nghim.
HD: a v dng
(2-a)sinx+(2a+1)cosx=3a+1
S [-1/2,2]
Bi 6: Tm nghim trong khong (0, t)
|
.
|
\
|
+ =
4
3
cos 2 1 2 cos . 3
2
sin 4
2 2

x x
x

6. Cc bi tp luyn tp:
1)
2
1
3 sin . 2 sin . sin 3 cos . 2 cos . cos = x x x x x x .
2) 2 cos . 3 sin cos . 3 sin = + + + x x x x .
3)
x
x
x
x
cos
1
3 cos . 2
sin
1
3 sin . 2 + = .
4)
x
x
x g
2 sin
2 cos 1
2 cot 1
2
= + .
5) 2 ) 1 . 2 ( cos 2 cos
2
= + x tg x x .
6) 0 3 cos 2 cos 8 4 cos 3
2 6
= + + x x .
7) 1
1 cos 2
3 sin
4 2
sin 2 cos ) 3 2 (
2
=
+ |
.
|
\
|

x
x
x
x

.
8) 0 2 cos 2 sin cos sin 1 = + + + + x x x x .
Mt s thi t nm 2002
1) Tm nghim thuc khong ( ) 0; 2 ca phng
trnh 3 2 cos
2 sin 2 1
3 sin 3 cos
sin 5 + = |
.
|
\
|
+
+
+ x
x
x x
x .
KA 2002
2) Gii phng trnh
x
x x
x tg
4
2
4
cos
3 sin ) 2 sin 2 (
1

= + (DB 2002)
3) Tm nghim thuc khong ( ) 0; 2 ca phng
trnh
x
x tgx x g
2 sin
2
2 sin 4 2 cot = + KB 2003
4) Tm x nghim ng thuc khong | | 0;14 ca
phng trnh cos 3 4cos 2 3cos 4 0 x x x + =
KB 2003
5) Gii phng trnh
4 4
sin cos 1 1
cot 2
5sin 2 2 8sin 2
x x
g x
x x
+
=
DB 2002
6) Gii phng trnh
2
cos cos sin 1 .
2
x
tgx x x x tgx tg
| |
+ = +
|
\ .
(DB
2002)
7) Cho phng trnh
2sin cos 1
(1)
sin 2cos 3
x x
a
x x
+ +
=
+

a) Gii phng trnh (2) khi
1
3
a =
b) Tm a phng trnh c nghim
8) Gii phng trnh
2
1
sin
8cos
x
x
= (DB
2002)
9) Gii phng trnh
2
cos 2 1
cot 1 sin sin 2
1 2
x
gx x x
tgx
= +
+
(KA
2003)
10) Gii phng trnh
( ) 3 2sin 6cos 0 tgx tgx x x + + = (DBKA
2003)
11) Gii phng trnh
( )
2
cos 2 cos 2 1 2 x x tg x = =
(DBKA 2003)
12) Gii phng trnh
6 2
3cos 4 8cos 2cos 3 0 x x x + + = (DBKB 2003)
13) Gii phng trnh
( )
2
2 3 cos 2sin
2 4
1
2cos 1
x
x
x
| |

|
\ .
=
(DBKB 2003)
14) Gii phng trnh
2 2 2
sin . cos 0
2 4 2
x x
tg x
| | | |
=
| |
\ . \ .
(KD 2003)
15) Gii phng trnh
( )
( )
2
cos cos 1
2 1 sin
cos sin
x x
x
x x
= +
+
(DBKD 2003)
16) Gii phng trnh
2sin 4
cot
sin 2
x
gx tgx
x
= +
(DBKD 2003)
17) Gii phng trnh ( )
2
5sin 2 3 1 sin t x x g x =
(KB 2004)
18) Gii phng trnh :
( )( ) 2cos 1 2sin cos sin 2 sin x x x x x + =
KB 2004.
10
Bi 4: H thc lng trong tam gic
Mt s kin thc cn nh
*Mt s php bin i thng dng
+ Cung lin kt
+ Cc cng thc bin i.
*Mt s h thc trong tam gic cn nh:
+ . 4 .
2 2 2
A B C
SinA SinB SinC Cos Cos Cos + + =
+ . 1 4sin sin sin
2 2 2
A B C
CosA CosB CosC + + = +
+ tgA + tgB + tgC = tgA.tgB.tgC
+
2
cot .
2
cot .
2
cot
2
cot
2
cot
2
cot
C
g
B
g
A
g
C
g
B
g
A
g = + +
+ 1
2 2 2
.
2 2
.
2
= + +
A
tg
C
tg
C
tg
B
tg
B
tg
A
tg
+ cotgA.cotgB + cotgB.cotgC + cotgC.cotgA = 1
+ sC CosACosBCo C Sin B Sin A Sin 2 2 .
2 2 2
+ = + +
+ C B A C Cos B Cos A Cos sin sin sin 2 1 .
2 2 2
= + +
+ Sin2A + Sin2B + Sin2C = 4SinA.SinB.SinC
+ Cos2A + Cos2B + Cos2C = -1 - 4CosACosBCosC
Cc v d
Bi 1: Cho tam gic ABC, CMR
. . 1
2 2 2 2 2 2
A B B C C A
tg tg tg tg tg tg + + =
Bi 2:Cho tam gic ABC c 3 gc nhn CMR:
a) tgA + tgB + tgC = tgA.tgB.tgC
b) 3 3 > + + tgC tgB tgA
du = xy ra khi no?
HD: p dng BT csi
3
. . 3 tgC tgB tgA tgC tgB tgA > + +
lp phng hai v thay tr li phng trnh u ta
c pcm.
Bi 3: CMR: trong mi tam gic ABC, ta lun c :
HD: Bin i lin tip tch thnh tng VP.
VP= [cos(B-C) cos(B+C)].cosA + [cos(C-A)
cos(A+C)].cosB + [cos(A-B) cos(A+B)].cosC
=Cos(B-C).cosA + Cos
2
A + Cos(C-A).cosB +Cos
2
B +
Cos(A-B).cosC + cos
2
C.
thc hin nhn ph ngoc xut hin cos2A, cos2B,
cos2C s dng cng thc nhn i thay bi cos
2
A,
cos
2
B, cos
2
C suy ra pcm.
Bi 4: CMR vi mi tam gic ABC ta c
( )
2 2 2
1 . 2. 1 Cos A Cos B Cos C CosACosBCosC =
T suy ra tam gic ABC c mt gc t khi v
ch khi 2 .
2 2 2
< + + C Sin B Sin A Sin
Bi 5: Cho tam gic ABC tho mn k:
2tgA = tgB + tgC
CMR : tgB.tgC = 3 V Cos(B - C) = 2CosA
HD: xut pht:
+
= +
tgC tgB
tgC tgB
C B tg
. 1
) ( pcm
T tgB.tgC = 3 khi v ch khi sinA.sinB=3cosB.cosC
(*)
M cos(B - C) =2.cos[ ) ( C B ] khai trin suy ra
ng thc (*).
Bi 6: CMR vi mi tam gic ABC ta c:
+ + +
= + +
2
cot
2
cot
2
cot
2 2 2 2
1
sin
1
sin
1
sin
1
A
g
A
g
A
g
C
tg
B
tg
A
tg
C B A

HD: thay
2
cot
2
cot
2
cot
2
cot .
2
cot .
2
cot
C
g
B
g
A
g
C
g
B
g
A
g + + =
p dng cng thc nhn i.
Bi 7: CMR trong mi tam gic ABC ta c
C B A B A C CCosA B
C Sin B Sin A Sin
cos sin sin 2 cos sin sin sin sin 2
.
2 2 2
+ +
= + +
Bi 8: Cho tam gic ABC c ba gc A, B, C
tho mn k 4A = 2B = C. CMR:
c b a
1 1 1
+ = v
4
5
.
2 2 2
= + + C Cos B Cos A Cos

Bi 9: CMR trong mi tam gic ABC ta u c:
C B A
R
r
cos cos cos 1 + + = +
bc
a A
Sin
2 2
= , CMR tam gic ABC cn
Bi 11:Cho tam gic ABC tho mn k
11
2 2
.
B
tg
A
tg tgB tgA =
CMR tam gic ABC cn
Bi 12. CMR nu tam gic ABC c

a
c b
C B
+
= + cos cos th tam gic vung
Bi 13: Cho tam gic ABC vi BC=a, AC=b,
AB=c
CMR tam gic ABC vung hoc cn ti A khi v
ch khi
2
C B
tg
c b
c b
=
+

Bi 14: Cho tam gic ABC c cc gc tho mn k:
3(cosB+2sinC) + 4(sinB+ 2cosC) =15
CMR tam gic vung
Bi 15:Cc gc tam gic ABC tho mn k
2
1
2
sin .
2
sin .
2
sin
2
cos .
2
cos .
2
cos =
C B A C B A

CMR tam gic ABC vung.
Bi 16: Cho tam gic ABC tho mn k
( )
( )
+
=
+
+ = +
2
4
2
sin
cos 1
1 ) (
2 2
3 3 3 2
b a
b a
C
C
a c b a c b a

CMR tam gic ABC u.
Bi 17: Tam gic ABC tho mn k:
gC gB
C A
cot cot 3
sin
1
sin
1
2 + s
+
CMR tam gic ABC l tam gic u
Bi 18: Tam gic ABC tho mn k
2
sin
2
sin
2
sin .
C A
CosC CosB CosA + + = + +
B
CMR
tam gic ABC l tam gic u
Bi 19: tam gic ABC c cc gc tho mn h
thc: 9
2 2
.
2
2 2 2
= + +
C
Cotg
B
Cotg
A
Cotg
Bi 20:CMR nu trong tam gic ABC ta c
2
cos
2
cos
2
cos sin sin sin
C B A
C B A + + = + +
th tam gic u
8(p-a)(p-b)(p-c)=abc
CMR tam gic u
Bi 22: Cho tam gic ABC tho mn k
gC gB gA
C B A
C
g
B
g
A
g
cot cot cot
2
cos
1
2
cos
1
2
cos
1
2
cot .
2
cot .
2
cot
+ + =
+ +

Bi 23: C tg B tg tgA C tg B tg A tg
2 2 8 8 8
. . 9 > + +
Bi 24: 81
6 6 6
= + + C tg B tg A tg
Bi 25: Tm GTNN biu thc
C B A
M
2 cos 2
1
2 cos 2
1
2 cos 2
1
+
+
+
+
=
Bi 26: Tam gic ABC bt k tm GTLN ca:
P= cosA+ cosB +cosC
Bi 27: <Dng phng php B Lng gic xut
hin bnh phng mt nh thc>
Cho tam gic ABC bt k. Tm GTLN ca biu
thc
) cos (cos 3 cos 3 C A B P + + =
Bi 28: Cho tam gic ABC tho mn h thc:
4
17
) cos cos (sin 3 sin . sin . cos 2 = + + + C B A C B B
Hi tam gic ABC l tam gic g? CM?
12

Bi 5. Phng trnh v h phng trnh
m - Lgarit
1. Mt s kin thc cn nh:
* Mt s php ton v lu tha:
( )
( ) ; ; . ;
; ;
m
n m
n
a a
ab a b a a a
b b
a
a a a a a
a
| |
= = =
|
\ .
= = =

* Mt s cng thc bin i v logarit:
1 2 1 2
1
1 2
2
log log
log ;
log ( . ) log log ;
log log log ;
1
log log ; log log ;
log ln lg
log ;
log ln lg
1
log ; ;
log
log .log .log log
b b
x
a
a a a
a a a
a a a
a
b
a
b
c a
a
b
a b c a
a b x b
x x x x
x
x x
x
x x x x
x x x
x
a a a
b a c
a
b c x x
= =
= +
=
= =
= = =
= =
=

2. Phng trnh m:
a) Dng c bn:
( )
( ) ( )
0
( ) log
( ) ( )
f x
a
f x g x
b
a b
f x b
a a f x g x
>
=

=
= =

b) c s c cha n:
| | | |
( ) ( )
( ) 1
( ), ( )
( ) ( )
( ) 0
( ) ( )
c ngha
f x g x
h x
f x g x
h x h x
h x
f x g x
=

=

>

phng trnh m:
+ a v phng trnh dng c bn.
+ Ly lgarit hai v;
+ t n ph (ch iu kin ca n ph);
+ nh gi: Dng BT, hm s, on nghim v
chng minh nghim duy nht,..
4. Phng trnh logarit:
a) Dng c bn:
0 1
log ( )
( )
( ) 0( ( ) 0)
log ( ) log ( )
( ) ( )
hoc
a
b
a a
a
f x b
f x a
f x g x
f x g x
f x g x
< =
=

=
> >
=

=

b) C s c cha n:
| | | |
( ) ( )
0 ( ) 1
log ( ) log ( )
( ) ( ) 0
f x f x
f x
g x h x
g x h x
< =
=

= >

phng trnh logarit:
+ a v cng c s;
+ t n ph gii phng trnh bc hai;
+ t n ph gii phng trnh m;
+ a v dng tch bng 0;
+ ng gi: Dng BT, Hm s, on nghim v
chng minh nghim duy nht,...
Mt s v d:
Bi 1. Gii cc phng trnh sau:
a)
3 2 1
2 .3 .5 4000;
x x x + +
=
b)
2 2 2 2
1 1 2
5 3 2 5 3
x x x x +

=

;
c)
2
2
3 ( 3) ;
x x
x x
=
d)
2 2
5 1 5
4 12.2 8 0
x x x x
+ = ;
e) 6.9 13.6 6.4 0;
x x x
+ = S: x = 1;
f) (5 24) (5 24) 10;
x x
+ + = S: x = 1;
g)
( ) ( )
3
5 21 7 5 21 2
x x
x+
+ + = ;
g) ( 15) 1 4
x x
+ = ; S: x = 2.
h)
3 2
2 3 7 14 2
x x x x
+ + = ;
Bi 2. Gii cc phng trnh sau:
a)
2
log 2.log ( 6) 1
x
x + = ;
b)
2
log (9 2 ) 3
x
x + = ;
c)
2 2
3 7 2 3
log (4 12 9) log (6 23 21) 4
x x
x x x x
+ +
+ + + + + =
d)
2
2 2
log ( 1) log 6 2 ; x x x x + =
e)
2 2
log log 3
27 30
x
x + = ;
f)
5 7
log log ( 2); x x = +
g)
8 4
6 4
2log ( ) log x x x + = ;
h)
2
3 2
log ( 3 13) log x x x = ;
i)
2 2
3 3
log ( 1) log 2 x x x x x + + = ;
j)
2
2
3 2
3
log 3 2
2 4 5
x x
x x
x x
+ +
= + +
+ +
;
Bi 3. Gii cc h phng trnh sau:
a)
log (3 2 ) 2
log (3 2 ) 2
x
y
x y
y x
+ =
+ =
;
b)
2 2 2
3 3 3
3
log 3 log log
2
2
log 12 log log
3
x
x y y
y
x x y
+ = +
+ = +

c)
2 3
2 2
log ( ) log ( ) 1
3
x y x y
x y
+ + =
;
13
d)
2 2
2 2
(log log )( 1)
1
x y
e e y x xy
x y
= +
+ =
;
Mt s bi luyn tp:
Bi 1: Cho phng trnh
0 1 2 1 log log
2
3
2
3
= + + m x x
1) Gii phng trnh khi m=2.
2) Tm m phng trnh c t nht mt nghim
thuc | |
3
3 ; 1 .
HD: m thuc [0;2]
Bi 2:
= +
= +
4 log log 2
5 ) ( log
2 4
2 2
2
y x
y x
s (4,4)
Bi 3: ) 4 ( log ) 1 ( log
4
1
) 3 ( log
2
1
2
8
4
2
x x x = + +
HD: K x>0 V x 1
S x=2 , 3 3 2 = x .
Bi 4: x x x x
3 5 3 5
log . log log . log + =
HD: di c s x=1 va x=15
Bi 5:
2 2
log ( ) log 3
2 2
9 3( ) (1)
3 3 6 (2)
xy
xy
x y y x
=
+ = + +

DH: lgarit hai v phng trnh (1) theo c s 3.
Bi 6:
x
x
=
+ ) 1 ( log
3
2

HD: K x>-1
TH1: -1<x<=0 phng trnh vn.
TH2: x>0 dt y=log
3
(x+1)
Suy ra 1
3
1
3
2
= |
.
|
\
|
+ |
.
|
\
|
y y
PP hm s.
Bi 7:
3 2
2
2
2 3
1
log x x
x
x
=
|
|
.
|
\
| +

HD: VP <= 1 vi x >0 BBT.
VT >=1 Csi trong loggrit
S x =1.
Bi 8:
=
+
+
=
+
y
y y
x
x x
x
2 2
2 4
4 5 2
1
2 3
S (0,1) (2,4)
Bi 9: Tm m phng trnh sau c nghim
thuc [32, +)
( ) 3 log 3 log log
2
4
2
2
1
2
2
= + x m x x
HD: t t =
2
log x (t > 5.)
2
0
1 3
1
3
m
m
t
m
t
>
< s
+
=

Bi 10
= +
=
3 2 2
log log
y x
x y
y xy

HD K x,y>= v khc 1
B (1) c
TH1: y=x thay vo (2) c nghim.
TH2:
2
1
y
x = thay vo (2) CM v nghim
chia thnh 2 min y >1 v 0<y<1.

Cc bi tp t luyn:
1) x
x
x
x
2
3
3 2 3
log
2
1
3
log log .
3
log + =
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|

2) ( ) ) 1 1 2 ( log . log log 2
3 3
2
9
+ = x x x
3)
=
= +
0 log log
0 3 4
2 4
x x
y x
K x, y>1 (1,1)(9,3)
4)
= +
= +
3 ) 5 3 2 ( log
3 ) 5 3 2 ( log
2 3
2 3
x y y y
y x x x
y
x

5)
= +
=
25
1 )
1
( log ) ( log
2 2
4
4
1
x y
y
x y
KA 2004 (3,4)
6) 6 ) 2 2 ( log ). 1 2 ( log
1
2 2
= + +
+ x x
. S x=log
2
3.
7) | | 1 ) 6 9 ( log log
3
=
x
x

8) Gii phng trnh
) 2 ( log ) 1 2 ( log
2
2
2
3
x x x x + = + +
9)
=
+ = +
+
y x
x y y x
x y x 1
2 2
2 2

10)
= +
= +
0 6 ) ( 8
1 3 ). (
4
4
4
4
y x
x y
y x
y x

11) Tm m phng trnh
( ) 0 log log 4
2
1
2
2
= + m x x
c nghim thuc khong (0;1).
12) Gii h phng trnh:
2 2
1 1
1 1
log (1 2 ) log (1 2 ) 4
log (1 2 ) log (1 2 ) 2
x y
x y
y y x x
y x
+
+
+ + + + =
+ + + =

14

Bi 6: Bt phng trnh v h bt phng
trnh m - lgarit
Mt s kin thc cn nh:
* Bt phng trnh m:
( ) ( )
1: ( ) ( )
0 1: ( ) ( )
f x g x
a f x g x
a a
a f x g x
> >
>

< < <

| | | |
( ) ( )
( ) 0
( ) ( )
[ ( ) 1][ ( ) ( )] 0
f x g x
h x
h x h x
h x f x g x
>
>

>
| | | |
( ) ( )
( ) 0
( ) ( )
[ ( ) 1][ ( ) ( )] 0
f x g x
h x
h x h x
h x f x g x
>
<

<

* Bt phng trnh logarit:
1: ( )
log ( )
0 1: 0 ( )
1: 0 ( )
log ( )
0 1: ( )
b
a
b
b
a
b
a f x a
f x b
a f x a
a f x a
f x b
a f x a
> >
>

< < < <
> < <

<

< < >

1: ( ) ( ) 0
log ( ) log ( )
0 1: 0 ( ) ( )
a a
a f x g x
f x g x
a f x g x
> > >
>

< < < <
( ) ( )
log ( ) log ( )
( ) 0
[ ( ) 1][ ( ) ( )] 0
f x f x
g x h x
f x
f x g x h x
>
>

>

Mt s v d:
V d 1. Gii cc bt phng trnh sau:
a)
2 2
5 6
1 1
;
3
3
x
x x
+
+
>
b)
2
2
(4 2 1) 1
x x
x x

+ + > ;
c) 9 3 2 3 9
x x x
+ > ;
d)
2 2 2
2.49 9.14 7.4 0;
x x x
+ >
e)
1
2 2 1
0
2 1
x
x
x
+
s
;
V d 2. Gii cc bt phng trnh sau:
a)
2
1 5
5
log ( 6 8) 2log ( 4) 0 x x x + + < ;
b)
9
log log (3 9) 1
x
x
<

;
c)
1
2 1
2
log (4 4) log (2 3)
x x
x
+
+ s ;
d)
2 2
4 2
log (2 3 2) 1 log (2 3 2) x x x x + + + > + + ;
e)
2
6 6
log log
6 12
x x
x + s ;

Bi tp luyn tp:
Bi 1: Tm k h phng trnh sau c nghim
3
2 3
2 2
1 3 0 (1)
1 1
log log ( 1) 1 (2)
2 3
x x k
x x
<
+ s

HD: K x > 1.
Gii (2) 1< x 2.
BBT: f(x) = (x -1)
3
-3x. S k > -5
Bi 2:
0 6 log ) 1 ( log 2 log
2
4
1
2
1
s + + x x
Bi 3:
1 )) 27 9 .( (log log
3
s
x
x

Bi 4:
| | 0 ) 2 ( log log
2
2
4
< + x x x

Bi 5:
0 6 log ) 5 2 ( log ) 1 (
2
1
2
2
1
> + + + + x x x x
HD
t t bng log ca x coi l phng trnh
bc 2 n t.
Ch so snh 2 trng hp t
1,
t
2

S (0;2] v (x 4)
x x
x
2 2
log
2
3
log
2
1
2 2 >
Ly logarit 2 v theo c s 2.
9 (2 1)6 .4 0 (1)
x x x
m m m + + s
nghim ng vi mi x e [0; 1].
0
1
) 3 ( log ) 3 ( log
3
3
1
2
2
1
>
+
+ +
x
x x


2
4 2
1 1
log ( 3 ) log (3 1) x x x
<
+

Bi 10. Gii bt phng trnh
3
3
1
2 9
2
2
2
2
s |
.
|
\
|
x x
x x

Bi 11. Gii bt phng trnh:

2 1
2
1 1
9. 12
3 3
x x
+
| | | |
+ >
| |
\ . \ .
(1)
Tm m mi nghim ca (1) u l nghim ca
bt phng trnh:
2x
2
+ (m + 2)x + 2 - 3m < 0 (2)
Bi 12. Gii bt phng trnh:

2
lg( 6) 4 lg( 2) x x x x + = + +
15

Bi 7. o hm v ng dng

Mt s kin thc cn nm vng:
- Cc quy tc tnh o hm.
- Bng o hm ca cc hm s thng gp.
- o hm cp cao.
1. o hm cp n:
PP tnh o hm cp n:
+ Bc 1: Tnh o hm cp 1, 2, 3.
+ D on cng thc tng qut;
+ Chng minh bng quy np;
+ Kt lun.
* Mt s cng thc tnh o hm cp n:
( )
1
1 1
( )
( )
( )
1 ( 1) . !
( )
( 1) ( 1)!
ln( )
( )
sin sin
2
cos cos
2
n n
n
n
n n
n
n
n
n
a n
y y
ax b ax b
a n
y ax b y
ax b
n
y x y x
n
y x y x
= =
+ +

= + =
+
| |
= = +
|
\ .
| |
= = +
|
\ .

V d 1. Cho hm s y =
1
1 x
.
a) Tnh y, y, y
b) Chng minh rng:
( )
1
!
(1 )
n
n
n
y
x
+
=
.
V d 2. Tnh o hm cp n ca hm s:
a) y =
2
2
1
x
x
; b) y =
2
2008
5 6
x
x x +
.
2. ng dng ca o hm chng minh bt
ng thc:
PP: chng minh f(x) > g(x) x e (a; b) ta t
m(x) = f(x) - g(x).
+ Xt x bin thin ca hm y = m(x) trn (a; b).
+ Da vo s bin thin chng t rng m(x) > 0,
x e(a; b).
* Ch : i khi ta phi chn hm s m(x) c
iu cn chng minh.
V d. Chng minh rng:
a) ln(1 + x) > x -
2
2
x
, x > 0.
b)
2
sin , (0; )
2
x
x x

> e .
HD:
a) t f(x) = ln(1 + x) - x +
2
2
x
vi x > 0.
C
2
1
'( ) 1 0, 0
1 1
x
f x x x
x x
= + = > >
+ +

f(x) > f(0) = 0 vi x > 0 pcm.
b) t f(x) =
sin 2 x
x
vi (0; )
2
x

e .
C
2
cos sin
'( )
x x x
f x
x
= .
t g(x) = xcosx - sinx.
g(x) = -xsinx < 0 vi (0; )
2
x

e g(x) l hm
NB trn (0; )
2
g(x) < g(0) vi (0; )

2
x

e .
f(x) l hm s NB trn (0; )
2

f(x) > f(
2
) =
2
, (0; )
2
x

e .
Bi tp luyn tp:
Chng minh cc BT:
a) e
x
> x + 1 vi x > 0; b) x > ln(1 + x) vi x > 0.
c) (x + 1)lnx > 2(x - 1) vi x > 1;
d) cosx > 1 -
2
2
x
vi x > 0; e) sinx > x -
3
6
x
vi
x>0;
3. ng dng nh ngha o hm tnh gii
hn.
0
0
0
0
( ) ( )
lim '( )
x x
f x f x
f x
x x
.
PP: tnh gii hn ca hm s bng nh ngha
o hm ti mt im ta lm theo cc bc:
+ Bc 1: a gii hn cn tnh v ng cng
thc:
0
0
0
( ) ( )
lim
x x
f x f x
x x

+ Bc 2: Xt hm s y = f(x). Tnh f(x
0
), f(x) v
f(x
0
).
+ Bc 3: Kt lun
0
0
0
0
( ) ( )
lim '( )
x x
f x f x
f x
x x
.
Ch : Mt s trng hp ta phi bin i v dng:
0
0
0 0
0
0
0
( ) ( )
'( )
lim
( ) ( )
'( )
x x
f x f x
x x f x
g x g x
g x
x x
.
V d. Tnh cc gii hn:
a)
3
0
1 1
lim
x
x x
x
+
;
HD: t f(x) =
3
1 1 x x + th gii hn c
dng:
0
( ) (0)
lim
0
x
f x f
x
. Do :
3
0
1 1
lim '(0)
x
x x
f
x
+
= .
C
2
3
1 1
'( )
2 1
3 ( 1)
f x
x
x
= +
+
; f(0) =
1 1 5
3 2 6
+ =
16
Vy
3
0
1 1 5
lim
6
x
x x
x
+
= .
b)
3 4
7
9 1
lim
7
x
x x
x
+ +
; S:
5
96

c)
3
1
(2 1) 3 9
lim
1
x
x x x
x
+ +
; S:
4
3

d)
3
3
0
1 1
lim
1 cos
x
x x
x x
+ +
+
; S:
5
2
.
HD:
3
3
3 3
0 0
1 1
1 1
lim lim
1 cos 1 cos
x x
x x
x x
x
x x x x
x

+ +
+ +
=
+ +
.
e)
3
0
1 2 1 3
lim
x
x x
x
+ +
; f)
3 2
2
1
5 7
lim
1
x
x x
x
;
4. ng dng o hm tm GTLN, GTNN
* Bi ton 1: GTLN, GTNN ca hm s trn mt
khong.
PP: + Lp BBT ca hm s trn khong cn tm.
+ Nu trn khong hm s c duy nht mt
im cc tiu th l GTNN.
+ Nu trn khong hm s c duy nht mt
im cc i th l GTLN.
* Bi ton 2: Tm GTLN, GTNN ca hm s trn
mt on.
PP: + Tm TX, tm cc im ti hn x
1
, x
2
, x
3
, ....
ca f(x) trn on [a; b].
+ Tnh f(a), f(x
1
), f(x
2
), ..., f(b).
+ Tm s ln nht M v s nh nht m trong cc s
trn ri kt lun.
M =
[ ; ]
max ( )
a b
f x , m =
[ ; ]
min ( )
a b
f x
* Bi ton 3: Xc nh tham s cc phng trnh
hoc bt phng trnh c nghim.
+ F(x) = m m e [MaxF(X); minF(x)]
+ F(x) > m vi mi x . .<=> m < minF(x)
+ F(x) > m c nghim . .<=> m<MaxF(x) . . .
Ch : khi i bin phi tm K ca bin mi
c th s dng phng php min gi tr.
Cc v d
Bi 1: Tm GTLN, GTNN ca hm
s
1
1
2
+
+
=
x
x
y trn on [-1;2].
Bi 2: Tm GTLN,GTNN ca hm s
x
x
y
2
ln
=
trn on [1;e
3
].
Bi 3: Tm GTLN, GTNN ca hm s
3 2 6
) 1 ( 4 x x y + = trn on [-1;1] .
Bi 4: Tm m bt phng trnh sau c nghim
vi mi x thuc [-1/2;3]
) 3 5 2 ( ) 3 ).( 2 1 (
2
+ + > + x x m x x
HD t t= ) 3 ).( 2 1 ( x x + T min xc inh ca
x suy ra
e
4
2 7
; 0 t .
Bin i thnh f(t) = t
2
+ t > m + 2.
Tm min gi tr ca VT m < -6.
Bi 5: Tm a nh nht bt phng trnh sau
tho mn vi mi x thuc [0;1]
2 2 2
) 1 ( ) 1 .( + + s + x x x x a
HD t t = x
2
+ x dng min gi tr suy ra
a = -1.
2 2
1 1 x x x x m + + + + =
HD: m > 2.
vi mi x
4 2 2
3cos 5.cos3 36.sin 15cos 36 24 12 0 x x x x m m + + >
HD t t = cosx BBT 0 s m s 2.
Bi 8: Tm m phng trnh sau c nghim trn
[-t/2; t/2]
2
) cos 1 ( 2 sin 2 2 x m x + = +
x x y 2 cos sin 2
4 8
+ =
HD : 3 v 1/27
2 2 (4 4 )
x x x x
y

= + + vi 0 x 1 s s .
2
4 x x y + =
* PP tm GTLN, GTNN ca hm s bng min gi
tr ca hm s.
V d:
Tm GTLN, GTNN ca cc hm s:
a)
2
2
3
12
x
y
x x
+
=
+ +
; b)
2
8 3
1
x
y
x x
=
+
;
c)
2sin 1
cos 2
x
y
x
+
=
+
; d)
sin cos
sin 2cos 3
x x
y
x x
=
+ +
.
17

Bi 8: Tip tuyn, tip xc v
tng giao
1. Phng trnh tip tuyn ca hm s.
Cho hm s y = f(x) c th l (C).
* Tip tuyn ti im M(x
0
; y
0
) (C):
y - y
0
= f(x
0
)(x - x
0
).
* Tip tuyn c h s gc k cho trc:
+ Gi x
0
l honh tip im. Ta c f(x
0
) = k.
+Gii phng trnh ta tm c x
0
, ri tm y
0
=
f(x
0
)
T ta vit c phng trnh.
Ch : Nu A l tip tuyn v:
+ A // d: y = ax + b k
A
= a.
+ A d: y = ax + b k
A
= -1/a.
+ A hp vi trc Ox mt gc o k
A
= tg(o).
+ A hp vi tia Ox mt gc o k
A
= tg(o).
* Tip tuyn i qua mt im A(x
1
; y
1
).
Cch 1: Gi x
0
l honh tip im.
PTTT ti x
0
l: y = f(x
0
)(x - x
0
) + f(x
0
).
Ae TT y
1
= f(x
0
)(x
1
- x
0
) + f(x
0
).
Gii phng trnh n x
0
ri tm f(x
0
), f(x
0
).
Cch 2: ng thng A i qua A c h s gc k c
phng trnh: y = k(x - x
1
) + y
1
.
A l tip tuyn ca (C) h PT sau c nghim:
1 1
( ) ( )
'( )
f x k x x y
f x k
= +

gii h phng trnh bng phng php th tm
k.
2. iu kin tip xc ca hai th:
th 2 hm s y = f(x) v y = g(x) tip xc nhau
h phng trnh sau c nghim:
( ) ( )
'( ) '( )
f x g x
f x g x
=

nghim ca h l honh tip im.
c bit th hm s y = f(x) tip xc vi trc Ox
h phng trnh sau c nghim.
3. im c nh ca h ng cong.
im c nh l im c to (x
0
; y
0
) nghim
ng phng trnh: y
0
= f(x
0
, m). V vy: mun tm
im c nh m h ng cong (C
m
) i qua ta lm
theo hai bc tu theo dng hm s nh sau:
+ a phng trnh v dng:
*
2
0
0 0
0
A
Am Bm C m B
C
=
+ + = =

*
0
0
0
A
Am B m
B
=
+ =

=

+ Gii h iu kin trn ta tm c im c nh.
4. Tip tuyn c nh
* PP:
- Dng 1: H ng cong i qua im c
nh: Ta tm im c nh M(x
0
; y
0
), ri chng
minh f(x
0
) = hng s vi m.
- Dng 2: H ng cong khng i qua im
c nh: p dng iu kin tip xc ca th hai
hm s, ta c h phng trnh sau c nghim vi
mi m:
( )
'( )
f x ax b
f x a
= +
.
5. Tng giao
Honh giao im ca th 2 hm s y = f(x)
v y = g(x) l nghim ca phng trnh: f(x) =
g(x).
Ch bi ton tm s giao im ca th hm s
vi trc honh.
* th hm s y = ax
3
+ bx
2

+ cx + d ct trc
honh ti 3 im lp thnh cp s cng hm s
c 2 cc tr v im un nm trn trc honh
' 0
0
un
c hai nghim phn bit y
y
=
.
* th hm s y = ax
4
+ bx
2
+ c ct trc honh ti
4 im lp thnh cp s cng phng trnh:
at
2
+ bt

+ c = 0 c 2 nghim dng t
1
< t
2
tho mn
t
2
= 9t
1
.
Cc bi t p luyn tp:
a) Cc bi tp v phng trnh tip tuyn:
Bi 1. Cho hm s y = x
3
- 2x
2
+ 2x c th l
(C).
1) Vit PTTT ca (C) bit tip tuyn vung gc vi
ng thng y = -x +1.
2) Chng minh rng trn (C) khng c 2 im m
tip tuyn vi (C) ti hai im ny vung gc vi
nhau.
HD: 1) S: y = x, y = x + 2/27.
2) CM: y > 0 vi x.
Bi 2. Vit PTTT ti im un ca th hm s y
= x
3
- 3x
2
. CMR y l tip tuyn c h s gc nh
nht trong cc h s gc ca tip tuyn ca th.
HD: S: y = -3x + 1.
CMR y> - 3 vi x.
3
- 3x + 1. Vit PTTT vi
(C) bit tip tuyn i qua im A(1; 6).
S: y = 9x - 15.
Bi 4. Cho hm s y =
1
2
x
x
+
. CMR tip tuyn ti

mt im bt k ca th lun ct hai ng tim
cn v tam gic to thnh c din tch khng i.
HD: + Giao vi TC ti
0
0
4
(2; )
2
x
A
x
+
, giao vi
TCN ti
0
(2 2;1) B x .
18
Bi 5. Cho hm s y = f(x) =
( )
( )
u x
v x
.
1) CMR h s gc ca tip tuyn ti giao im x =
x
0
ca th vi trc honh l k =
0
0
'( )
( )
u x
v x
.
2) Tm m th hm s y =
2
2
2
x x m
x
+ +
+
ct trc
honh ti 2 im m cc tip tuyn ca th ti 2
im ny vung gc vi nhau.
S: m = 2/5.
b) Cc bi ton v tip tuyn c nh:
Bi 6. CMR th hm s
2
2 (1 ) 1 x m x m
y
x m
+ + +
=
lun tip xc vi mt
ng thng c nh ti mt im c nh.
HD: im c nh (-1; -2). y(-1) = 1.
Bi 7. CMR vi m=0 th th hm s
( 1) m x m
y
x m
+ +
=
+
lun tip xc vi mt ng
thng c nh.
HD: im c nh (0; 1), y(0) = 1.
Bi 8. Chng minh rng th hm s
2
( 2) ( 2 4) m x m m
y
x m
+
=
lun tip xc vi hai

ng thng c nh.
HD: G/s tip tuyn c nh l y = kx + b. Ycbt
h:
2
4
1
4
( )
m kx b
x m
k
x m
= +
c nghim vi m .
S: y = x + 3, y = x - 5.
c) Cc bi ton v tip xc:
Bi 9. Tm m hm s y = x
3
- 3mx + m + 1 tip
xc vi trc honh.
S: m = 1.
Bi 10. Cho (C): y= (x
2
- 1)
2
v (P): y = ax
2
- 3.
Tm a (C) v (P) tip xc nhau. Vit PT cc tip
tuyn chung ca (C) v (P).
HD: a = 2, tip im l x = 2 .
Bi 11. Tm m (P): y = x
2
+ m tip xc vi
th hm s:
2
1
1
x x
y
x
+
=
.
S: k = -1.
d) Cc bi ton v tng giao:
Bi 12. Tm m th hm s y = x
3
- 3mx
2
+
4m
3
ct trc honh ti 3 im lp thnh mt CSC.
HD: m = 0, m =
1
2
.
4
- 2(m + 1)x
2

+ 2m + 1 ct trc honh ti 4 im lp thnh mt
CSC.
S: m = 4, m = -4/9.
Bi 14: Cho hm s ) 1 (
1
) 2 (
2
+
+ +
=
x
m x m x
y
Tm m ng thng y=-x-4 ct th hm s (1)
ti 2 im i xng nhau qua ng thng y=x.
HD: Ycbt trung im on thng thuc ng
thng y = x.
Bi 15: Cho hm s ) 1 (
1
1
+
=
x
x
y
1) Tm m ng thng D: y= 2x + m ct (C )
ti 2 im phn bit A,B sao cho tip tuyn ca
(C ) ti A, B song song vi nhau.
2) Tm tt c cc im M thuc (C ) sao cho
khong cch t M n giao im 2 ng tim
cn l ngn nht.
Bi 16: Cho hm s ) 1 (
1
1 2
=
x
x
y
Gi I l giao im 2 ng tim cn ca (C ) Tm
im M thuc (C) sao cho tip tuyn ti M vung
gc vi dng thng IM.
Bi 17: Cho hm s ) 1 (
1
2
+ +
=
x
m x mx
y
Tm m th hm s (1) ct trc honh ti 2
im phn bit c honh dng.
Bi 18: Cho hm s ) 1 ( 1
2 4
+ = m mx x y
Tm m th ca hm s ct trc honh ti 4
im phn bit
Bi 19: Cho hm s ) 1 (
1
2 2
2
+
=
x
x x
y
Tm to 2 im A,B nm trn (C ) v i xng
nhau qua ng thng x - y - 4 = 0.
Bi 20: Cho hm s ) 1 ( 4
2 4
m x x y + =
Gi s th ct trc honh ti 4 im phn bit.
Hy xc nh m sao cho hnh phng gii hn bi
th (C) v trc honh c din tch phn pha
trn v phn pha di i vi trc honh bng
nhau.
HD: K ct 0<m<4 v minh ho gi x
1
, x
2
, x
3
,
x
4
, l nghim
S
trn
= S
dui
<=>
3 4
3
0
( ) ( )
x x
x
f x dx f x dx =

Vn dng tnh cht i xng , nh ly vit m=20/9
Bi 21: Cho hm s ) 1 (
2
9 2
2
+
=
x
x x
y
Xc nh m (d) y = m(x - 5) + 10 ct th (C )
ti 2 im phn bit nhn I(5;10) l trung im.
Bi 22. Cho hm s
2
2 1
(1)
1
x x
y
x
+ +
=
+

19
CMR tch cc khong cch t M thuc (C ) dn 2
tim cn ca (C ) khng ph thuc vo v tr ca
M.

Cc bi t p t luyn:

Bi 1 (39.I): Cho y = x
3
+ 3x
2
+ 3x + 5.
1. CMR: Trn th khng tn ti hai im m hai
tip tuyn ti vung gc vi nhau.
2. Tm k trn th c t nht mt im m tip
tuyn ti vung gc vi ng thng y = kx.
Bi 2: Tm cc im M e th hm s y =
2
2
2
x x
x
+
sao cho tip tuyn ti M ct cc trc to

ti A v B to thnh tam gic vung cn OAB.
Bi 3 : Tm tip tuyn c h s gc nh nht ca y
= x
3
+ 3x
2
- 9x + 5.
Bi 4 : Vit tip tuyn vi y = -x
3
+ 3x
2
bit tip
tuyn vung gc vi y =
1
9
x.
Bi 5: Vit pttt qua M(
2
3
; 1) vi y = -x
3
+3x -1.
Bi 6:Vit pttt i qua M(1 ; 0) vi y =
2
1
1
x x
x
+ +
+
.
Bi 7: CMR trn th ca y =
3 2
1
x
x
+
khng c
tip tuyn no i qua giao hai tim cn.
Bi 8: Qua A(-2; 5) c my tip tuyn vi y = x
3
-
9x
2
+ 17x + 2.
Bi 9. Tm m th hm s y = (x - 1)(x
2
+ mx
+ m) tip xc vi trc honh.
Bi 10. Cho hm s
2
1
1
x x
y
x
+
=
. Xc nh a
hm s tip xc vi Parabol y = x
2
+ a.
Bi 11. Cho hm s
2
2 1
1
x x
y
x
+
=
c th l
(C). Vit phng trnh tip tuyn ca th (C) sao
cho cc tip tuyn y vung gc vi tim cn xin.
Chng minh rng tip im l trung im ca on
thng tip tuyn b chn bi hai ng tim cn.
Bi 12. Cho hm s
2
2 x mx m
y
x m
+
=
+
c th l
C
m
. Tm m th (C
m
) ct trc Ox ti hai im
v tip tuyn ti hai im vung gc vi nhau.
3
- 3x
2
+ 2 c th (C).
Qua A(1; 0) k c my tip tuyn ti (C). Vit
cc phng trnh tip tuyn y. Chng minh rng
khng c tip tuyn no ca th song song vi
tip tuyn qua A(1; 0).
3
+ mx
2
+ 1
tip xc vi ng thng d c phng trnh y = 5.
Bi 15. Tm m ng thng y = m ct th
hm s y = x
4
- 2x
2
ti 4 im phn bit.
Bi 16. Tm m th (C) ca hm s y =
1
1
x
x
+

ct ng thng d: y = mx + 1 ti 2 im thuc 2
nhnh khc nhau ca th.
Bi 17. Tm m ng thng y = m ct th (C)
ca hm s y =
2
3 3
2( 1)
x x
x
+
ti hai im A, B sao
cho AB = 1.
Bi 18. Tm m ng thng y = m ct th (C)
ca hm s y =
2
1
x mx m
x

ti hai im phn bit

A, B sao cho OA OB.
3
+ mx
2
- m
ct trc honh ti 3 im lp thnh cp s cng.
Bi 20. Tm m th hm s y =
4
2
1
2 2
x
mx m + ct trc honh ti 4 im lp
thnh mt cp s cng.

20

Bi 9. Tnh n iu v cc tr

1. Tnh n iu ca hm s:
Hm s y = f(x) B/(a; b) f(x) > 0 x e (a; b).
Hm s y = f(x) NB/(a; b) f(x) s 0 x e (a; b).
Ch :
Cho tam thc bc 2: f(x) = ax
2
+ bx + c (a = 0).
+ f(x) s 0 x
0
0
a <
A s
; f(x) >0 x
0
0
a >
A s

f(x) c 2 nghim x
1
, x
2
tho mn:
+ o s x
1
< x
2

0
( ) 0
2
af
S
A >
>
>

+ x
1
< x
2
s o
0
( ) 0
2
af
S
A >
>
<

2. Cc tr ca hm s.
Cn nm vng hai quy tc tm cc tr.
* Cho hm s y = f(x).
+ Hm s t cc i ti x = x
0

0
0
'( ) 0
''( ) 0
f x
f x
=
<
.
+ Hm s t cc tiu ti x = x
0

0
0
'( ) 0
''( ) 0
f x
f x
=
>
.
* i vi hm s y = ax
3
+ bx
2
+ cx + d.
+ Hm s c cc tr y = 0 c 2 nghim phn
bit. Khi hm s c mt CT v mt C.
+ Khi chia y cho y ta c: y = y.g(x) + r(x).
Nu x
0
l im cc tr th y
CT
= r(x
0
) y = r(x)
chnh l ng thng i qua 2 im cc tr.
* i vi hm s y = ax
4
+ bx
2
+ c:
+ Hm s lun c mt im cc tr nm trn trc
tung.
+ V y = 2x(2ax
2
+ b) nn hm s c 3 cc tr
phng trnh 2ax
2
+ b = 0 c 2 nghim phn bit
khc 0.
+ Do tnh cht i xng nn nu hm s c 3 cc
tr th lun c 2 cc tr i xng nhau qua trc Oy.
* i vi hm s
2
' '
ax bx c
y
a x b
+ +
=
+
:
+ Hm s c cc tr y = 0 c 2 nghim phn
bit =
'
'
b
a
. Khi hm s c mt CT v mt C.
+ Hm s c 2 cc tr tri du
' 0
0
c 2 nghim phn bit
v nghim
y
y
=

+ Hm s c 2 cc tr cng du
' 0
0
c 2 nghim phn bit
c 2 nghim phn bi t
y
y
=

+ Nu hm s t cc tr ti x
0
th y(x
0
) =
0
2
'
ax b
a
+
.
+ ng thng i qua 2 im cc tr l
2
' '
a b
y x
a a
= + .
Mt s v d :
* Cc v d v tnh n iu ca hm s:
V d 1. Cho hm s y = x
3
- 3x
2
+ mx + 1.
1) Tm m hm s B trn R.
2) Tm m hm s B vi x > 1.
HD:
1) K y > 0 vi x g(x) = 3x
2
- 6x + m > 0
vi x A s 0 9 - 3m s 0 m > 3.
2) K y > 0 vi x > 1. Xt 2 trng hp:
+ TH1: A s 0 m > 3 y > 0 x y > 0 vi
x > 1.
+ TH2: A>0 th y > 0 vi x > 1 g(x) c 2
nghim x
1
, x
2
tho mn: x
1
< x
2
s 1.
S: m > 3.
Cch 2: Dng PP hm s.

V d 2. Tm m hm s y =
2 2
5 6
3
x x m
x
+ + +
+

B trn khong (1; +).
HD: Hm s xc nh vi xe(1; +).
2 2
2
6 9
'
( 3)
x x m
y
x
+ +
=
+
.
K y > 0 vi x > 1 g(x) = x
2
+ 6x + 9 - m
2

> 0 vi x > 1 m
2
s x
2
+ 6x + 9 x > 1 m
2
s
mint(x) = x
2
+ 6x + 9 x > 1.

S: -4 s m s 4.
V d 3. Tm m hm s
2 2
2 3
2
x mx m
y
x m
+
=

ng bin trn khong (1; +).
HD: Hm s xc nh vi x > 1 2m s 1 m
s 1/2.
2 2
2
4
'
( 2 )
x mx m
y
x m
+
=
.
K y > 0 vi x > 1 g(x) = x
2
- 4mx + m
2
>
0 vi x > 1. Xt 2 trng hp:
+ TH1: A s 0 m = 0.
+ TH2: A>0 m < 2 - 3 .
* Cc v d v cc tr ca hm s:
21
Dng 1. Tm m hm s c cc tr:
3
- 3x
2
+ 3(2m - 1)x + 1.
Tm m hm s c C v CT.
HD: y = 3x
2
- 6x + 3(2m - 1).
K y = 0 c 2 nghim phn bit A
y
> 0
m > -1.
Bi 2. Cho hm s:
y =
3 2 2
1
( 2) (5 4) 1
3
x m x m x m + + + +
Tm m hm s c C, CT v x
1
< -1 <x
2
.
HD: K 1.f(-1) < 0 m < -3.
Bi 3. Cho hm s:
3 2 2 2
1
( 2) (3 1) 5
3
y x m m x m x = + + + + +
Tm m hm s t cc tiu ti x = -2.
HD: K
'( 2) 0
''( 2) 0
y
y
=
>
. S: m = 3.
Bi 4. Cho hm s
3 2
1
1
3
y x mx x m = + + .
Tm m hm s c C, CT v khong cch gia
chng l nh nht.
HD: y = x
2
-2mx - 1, y = 0 x
2
-2mx - 1 = 0 (1).
C A= m
2
+ 1 > 0 m hm s lun c C v
CT.
Chia y cho y ta c:
2
1 2 2
'. ( ) ( 1) ( 1)
3 3 3
y y x m m x m = + + + .
Gi 2 im cc tr l: A(x
1
; y
1
), B(x
2
; y
2
) vi x
1
, x
2

l nghim ca (1) th:
y
1
=
2
1
2 2
( 1) ( 1)
3 3
m x m + + + ;
y
2
=
2
2
2 2
( 1) ( 1)
3 3
m x m + + + ;
AB
2
= (x
2
- x
1
)
2
+ (y
2
- y
1
)
2
= (4m
2
+ 4)[1+
2 2
4
( 1)
9
m + ] >
4 52
4(1 )
9 9
+ = .
AB >
2 13
3
; AB min m = 0.
Dng 2. Biu thc i xng ca cc tr:
Bi 5. Tm m hm s y =
2
3
4
x x m
x
+ +
c C,
CT v 4
CD CT
y y = .
HD: y =
2
2
8 12
( 4)
x x m
x
+

HS c C v CT y = 0 c 2 nghim phn bit
khc 4
4 0
4.
16 32 12 0
m
m
m
A = >
<
+ =

Gi (x
1
; y
1
), (x
2
; y
2
) l cc im cc tr th:
y
1
= -2x
1
+3, y
2
= -2x
2
+ 3.
2
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
4 2 4 ( ) 4 4 y y x x x x x x = = + =
m = 3.
Bi 6. Tm m hm s y =
2
2 3 2
2
x x m
x
+ +
+
c
C, CT v 12
CD CT
y y < .
S: m e
9
0;
2
| |
|
\ .
.
Bi 7. Tm m hm s :
y =
2 2
( 1) 4 2
1
x m m m
x
+ +

c C, CT v y
C
.y
CT
l nh nht.
S: y
C
.y
CT
nh nht = -4/5 khi m = 7/5.
Bi 8. CMR hm s y =
2
1
x mx m
x
+
lun c C,
CT v khong cch gia chng khng i.
Dng 3. V tr ca C v CT trong mt phng
Oxy.
Bi 9. Cho hm s
2 2
3 4 1
1
mx mx m m
y
x
+ + +
=
.
Tm m hm s c C, CT nm v hai pha ca
trc Ox.
HD:
2
2
2 5 1
'
( 1)
mx mx m
y
x
+
=
;
K
' 0
0
c 2 nghim phn bit
v nghim
y
y
=

S: 0 < m < 4.
Bi 10. Tm m hm s y =
2
( 1) 1 x m x m
x m
+ + +

c 2 cc tr cng pha.
K
' 0
0
c 2 nghim phn bit
c 2 nghim phn bi t
y
y
=
.
Bi 11. Cho hs:
2 2 3
( 1) 4 mx m x m m
y
x m
+ + + +
=
+
.
Tm m hm s c C, CT nm gc phn t
th II v th IV.
HD:
K
0
' 0
0
c 2 nghim tr i du
v nghi m
m
y
y
<
.S:
1
5
m< .
Cc bi t p t luyn:
Bi 1: Cho hm s ) 1 (
1
2 2
2
+
=
x
mx x
y
Tm m hm s (1) c 2 im cc tr A, B. CMR
khi ng thng AB song song vi ng thng
2x - y -10 = 0.
Bi 2: Cho hm s ) 1 ( 3 ) (
3
x m x y =
22
Tm m hm s cho t cc tiu ti im c
honh x = 0.
3 1 2
2 2
m x
m mx x
y
+ +
=
Tm m hm s c 2 im cc tr nm v 2 pha
ca trc tung.
Bi 4: Cho hm s ) 1 ( 1 2
2 2 4
+ = x m x y
Tm m th ca hm s (1) c 3 im cc tr l
3 nh ca mt tam gic vung.
1
1 ) 1 (
2
+
+ + + +
=
x
m x m x
y
CMR vi m bt k th ( C
m
) lun lun c im
cc tr v khong cch gia 2 im bng 20 .
Bi 6: Cho hm s:
) 1 (
) ( 2
4 ) 1 2 (
2 2
m x
m m x m x
y
+
+ + + + +
=
Tm m hm s c cc tr v tnh khong cch
gia hai im cc tr ca th ca hm s.
Bi 7: Cho hm s
2
(5 2) 2 1
(1)
1
x m x m
y
x
+ +
=

Tm m hm s c cc tr v khong cch gia
im C,CT nh hn 2 5 .
Bi 8: Cho hm s ) 1 ( 1 2
2 2 4
+ = x m x y .
1) Kho st s bin thin ca th ca hm s khi
m=1
2) Tm m th ca hm s (1) c 3 im cc
tr l 3 nh ca mt tam gic vung cn.
Bi 9: Cho hm s y=
2
3( 1) 1
2
x m x m
x
+ + +
+
.
1) Kho st khi m =2.
2) Tm m hm s ng bin vi x = -2.
Bi 10: Cho hm s y=mx
3
-(2m-1)x
2
+ (m-2)x - 2.
1) Kho st khi m = 1.
2) Tm m hm s ng bin vi x.
Bi 11: Cho hm s y =
2
2 3
1
x x m
x
+
.
2) Tm m hm s ng bin vi x e(3, +).
Bi 12: Cho hm s y =
2
2 2 x mx m
x m
+ +
.
2) Tm m hm s ng bin trn tng khong
xc nh.
Bi 13: Cho hm s y = (m + 2)x
3
+ 3x
2
+ mx - 5.
Tm m hm s c cc tr.
Bi 14: Cho hm s y = x
3
+ mx
2
+ 3mx + 5.
Tm m hm s c cc tr.
3
+ mx
2
+ 7x + 3.
1) Kho st khi m= 5.
2) Tm m hm s c cc tr, vit phng trnh
ng thng i qua hai im cc tr.
Bi 16: Cho hm s y =
2 2
(2 ) 2 1 mx m x m
x m
+
.
Tm m hm s c 2 cc tr.
Bi 17: Cho hm s y =
2 2
2 (1 ) x m x m m
x m
+ +
.
Tm m hm s c hai cc tr tri du.
Bi 18: Cho hm s y =
2
1
mx x m
x
+ +
+
.
2) Tm m hm s khng c cc tr.
Bi 19: Cho hm s y =
2
2 2
1
x x m
x m
+ +
+
.
Vit phng trnh ng thng i qua cc im
cc tr.
Bi 20: Cho hm s y =
2 2
2 2
1
x x m
x
+ + +
+
.
1) Kho st khi m= 0.
2) Tm m : th hm s c hai im cc tr tri
du; khong cch t cc tiu v cc i n Ox
bng nhau.
4
- 2mx
2
+ m
4
. Tm m
hm s c ba cc tr v cc im cc tr to thnh
mt tam gic u.

23

Bi 10. Bin lun s nghim ca phng trnh
bng th

bin lun s nghim phng trnh F(x, m) = 0
ta c th bin i v dng: f(x) = g(m), trong y
= f(x) l hm s kho st hoc c th d dng
kho st cn y = g(m) l ng thng ph thuc
tham s m.
Vi phng php ny ta ch ti cch v th
cc hm s c cha du gi tr tuyt i:
* th hm s y = f(|x|):
th hm s y = f(|x|) c suy ra t th hm
s y = f(x) bng cch:
+ Gi nguyn phn th pha bn phi trc Oy.
+ B phn th pha bn tri trc Oy v ly i
xng phn bn phi qua trc Oy.
* th hm s y = |f(x)|:
th hm s y = |f(x)| c suy ra t th hm
s y = f(x) bng cch:
+ Gi nguyn phn th pha trn trc Ox.
+ B phn th pha di trc Ox v ly i xng
phn pha di qua trc Ox.
* th hm s
2
' '
ax bx c
y
a x b
+ +
=
+
c suy ra t
th hm s
2
' '
ax bx c
y
a x b
+ +
=
+
(1) bng cch:
+ Gi nguyn phn th hm s (1) vi
'
'
b
x
a
> .
+ B phn th hm s (1) vi
'
'
b
x
a
< v ly
i xng phn qua trc Ox.

Bi tp p dng:
Bi 1. Kho st y = (x + 1)
2
(x - 1)
2
(C). Bin lun
s nghim ca (x
2
- 1)
2
- 2m +1 = 0 (1).
HD: y = x
4
- 2x
2
+ 1.
Bi 2. Kho st y = x
3
-3x
2
+ 2. Bin lun s
nghim ca PT: x
3
-3x
2
+ 2 = 2(
2
1 m
m
+
).
HD:
2
1 1 1
2
+
= + > + >
m
m m
m m m

2
1
2
+
s
m
m

hoc
2
1
2
+
>
m
m
.
Bi 3. Kho st y =
2
2
1
x x
x
+
. Bin lun s
nghim ca:
cos
2
x - (m -1)cosx + m + 2 = 0 (1) (0 s x s t).
HD: t cosx = t (-1 s t s 1) th
(1) t
2
- (m -1)t + m + 2 = 0
2
2
1
+
t t
t
= m.
Bi 4. Kho st y =
2
2 2
x x
x
+
. Bin lun s nghim

ca phng trnh:
2
2 2
x x
x
+
= m.
Bi 5. Kho st y =
2
3
2 2
x x
x

. Bin lun s
nghim ca PT: x
2
+ 3x + 2kx - 1= 0 (1).
HD: (1)
2
3
2 2

=
x x
k
x
.
Bi 6. Kho st y =
2
1
1
x
x
+
. Bin lun s nghim

ca PT
2
1
1
x
k
x
+
=
.
Bi 7. Kho st y =
2
1
1
x x
x
+
. Bin lun s
nghim ca PT: x
2
- x - k 1 x + 1 = 0. (1)
Bi 8. Kho st y = -x
3
+ 3x
2
- 2. Bin lun s
nghim: x
3
- 3x
2
+ m = 0.
Bi 9. Kho st y =
2
2 2 3
( 1)
x x
x
+
. Bin lun s
nghim ca PT:
2
2 3 2
1
x x
x
+
= m.
Bi 10. Kho st y = 4x
3
- 3x - 1 (C). Tm m
phng trnh
3
4 3 x x m = c 4 nghim phn
bit.
Bi 11. Cho hm s ) 1 (
2
2
2
+
=
x
m x x
y
a) Kho st s bin thin ca th ca hm
s khi m=1
b) Xc nh m hm s (1) nghch bin trn
on [-1;0]
c) Tm a phng trnh sau c nghim:
2 2
1 1 1 1
9 ( 2).3 2 1 0
t t
a a
+ +
+ + + = (2)
HD:
t x =
2
1 1
3
t +
. iu kin x > 3.
(2) x
2
- (a + 2)x + 2a + 1 = 0
2
2 1
2
x x
a
x
+
=

Xt hm s
2
2 1
2
x x
y
x
+
=
trn [3; + ).
DS: m > 4.
24

Bi 11. Tch phn - din tch- th tch

1. Bng nguyn hm ca cc hm s.
2. Cc phng php tnh tch phn:
a) Phng php i bin s:
* Loi 1:
Dng:
2 2
a x dx
,
2 2
dx
a x
t x = asint.
Dng:
2 2
dx
x a
t x = atgt,
2 2
( )
dx
ax b c
+ +

t tg ax b c t + = .
* Loi 2: ( ( )) '( ) .
b
a
f u x u x dx
t t = u(x).
+ Nhiu khi phi bin i mi xut hin u(x)dx.
+ Ta cng c th bin i:
( ( )) '( ) ( ( )) ( ( ))
b b
a a
f u x u x dx f u x d u x =

b) Phng php tch phn tng phn:
Dng: ( )sin ,
b
a
P x xdx
( )cos ,
b
a
P x xdx
( ) ,
b
x
a
P x e dx

t u = P(x), dv = sinxdx (dv = cosxdx, dv = e
x
dx).
Dng:
2 2
, ,
cos sin
b b
a a
x x
dx dx
x x

t u = x, dv =
2
cos
dx
x
hoc dv =
2
sin
dx
x
.
3. Mt s tch phn thng gp:
a) Tch phn hu t:
( )
( )
b
a
P x
dx
Q x
P(x), Q(x) l cc
a thc.
+ Nu bc P(x) > bc Q(x) chia P(x) cho Q(x).
+ Nu bc ca P(x) < bc Q(x) dng phng php
i bin hoc phng php h s bt nh.
b) Tch phn cha cc hm s lng gic.
+ Nm vng cc cng thc bin i.
c) Tch phn hi quy:
Dng sin ,
b
x
a
e xdx
cos .
b
x
a
e xdx

t u = sinx (u = cosx), dv = e
x
dx. Tch phn tng
phn 2 ln.
Dng: sin(ln ) , cos(ln ) .
b b
a a
x dx x dx

t u = sin(lnx) (u = cos(lnx)), dv = dx. Tch phn
tng phn 2 ln.
d) Tch phn hm s chn, l:
Nu y = f(x) lin tc trn on [-a; a] v:
+ y = f(x) chn th
0
( ) 2 ( )
a a
a
f x dx f x dx
=

.
+ y = f(x) l th: ( ) 0
a
a
f x dx
.
e) Tch phn dng
( )
1
x
f x
dx
a
trong f(x) l
hm s chn.
Cch gii: Tch thnh 2 tch phn :
0
0
( ) ( ) ( )
1 1 1
x x x
f x f x f x
dx dx dx
a a a

= +
+ + +

Xt tch phn
0
( )
1
x
f x
dx
a

+
i bin s x = -t.
Kt qu ta c
0
( )
( )
1
x
f x
dx f x dx
a

=
+

.
f) Tch phn dng:
0 0
( ) ( )
a a
f a x dx f x dx =

trong
f(x) l hm s lin tc trn [0; a].
i bin x = a - t.

Cc v d
Bi 1: Tnh tch phn
+
=
1
0
2
3
1
dx
x
x
I
S I =1/2(1-ln2).
Bi 2: Tnh tch phn
+
=
3 ln
0
3
) 1 (
dx
e
e
I
x
x

HD: a v dng
b
a
u du
. S 1 2 = I
Bi 3: Tnh tch phn
+ + =
0
1
3 2
) 1 ( dx x e x I
x

HD Tch thnh 2 tch phn.
S I=3/4e
-2
- 4/7
Bi 4: Tnh tch phn
=
2
0
5 6 3
cos . sin . cos 1
dx x x I
HD: t =
6 3
1 cos x cos
3
x = 1- t
6
.
S I =12/91
Bi 5: Tnh tch phn
+
=
3 2
5
2
4 .
1
dx
x x
I
HD: nhn c t v mu vi x ri t 4
2
+ = x t .
S I=1/4.ln5/3
Bi 6: Tnh tch phn
+
=
4
0
2 cos 1
dx
x
x
I
25
HD:a v dng tch phn tng phn.
S I = /8-1/4.ln2
Bi 7: Tnh tch phn
=
1
0
2 3
1 dx x x I
Bi 8: Cho hm s
x
e bx
x
a
x f .
) 1 (
) (
3
+
+
= Tm a,b
bit rng f(0) = -22 v
=
1
0
5 ) ( dx x f
Bi 9: Tnh tch phn
+
=
3
4
2
cos 1 . cos
dx
x x
tgx
I
HD: Bin i v dng
3
2 2
4
cos . 1
tg
tg
x
I dx
x x
=
+
.
t
2
1 tg t x = + .
Bi tp p dng
1) Tnh tch phn
+
=
3
1
3
1
dx
x x
I
2) Tnh tch phn
+ =
8 ln
3 ln
2
. 1 dx e e I
x x

3) Tnh tch phn
=
2
0
2
cos ) 1 2 (
xdx x I
4) Tnh tch phn
+
=
3
1
2
1 ln
ln
e
dx
x x
x
I
5) Tnh tch phn
+ =
2
0
sin
cos ) cos (
xdx x e I
x

6) Tnh tch phn
+
+
=
2
0
2
4
4
1
dx
x
x x
I
7) Tnh tch phn
+
+
=
7
0
3
1
2
dx
x
x
I
8) Tnh tch phn
+ =
4
0
sin
) cos (
dx x e tgx I
x

9) Tnh tch phn
=
3
0
2
. . sin
dx tgx x I
10) Tnh tch phn
=
2
0
cos
. 2 sin
dx x e I
x

11) Tnh tch phn
+
=

0
2
cos 1
sin .
dx
x
x x
I
12) Tnh tch phn
+
+
=
3
0
2
3 5
1
2
dx
x
x x
I
13) Tnh tch phn
=
e
dx x x I
1
2
. ln
14) Tnh tch phn
1
2 2
0
4 3 I x x dx =

15) Tnh tch phn
4
0
sin 2 cos
1 cos
x x
I dx
x
=
+

16) Tnh tch phn:
1 4
2
1
sin
1
x x
I
x
+
=
+

17) Tnh tch phn
2
sin
2 1
x
x
I dx

=
+

18) Tnh tch phn
2
1
2 2
1
( sin )
x
I e x e x dx
= +

19) Tnh tch phn
1 2
1
1
1
x
x
I dx
e
=
+

20) Tnh tch phn
2
0
sin
4 cos
x x
I dx
x
.
4. Din tch:
* Bi ton 1: Tnh din tch hnh phng gii hn
bi th 2 hm s y = f(x), y = g(x) trn on [a;
b]. Trong phng trnh: f(x) - g(x) = 0 v
nghim trn [a; b].
( ) ( )
b
a
S f x g x dx =

bi th 2 hm s y = f(x), y = g(x) trn on [a;
b]. Trong phng trnh: f(x) - g(x) = 0 c t nht
mt nghim x = x
0
trn [a; b].
0
0
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
x b
a x
S f x g x dx f x g x dx = +

bi th 2 hm s y = f(x), y = g(x).
GPT: f(x) - g(x) = 0, c cc nghim x = a, x = b.
( ) ( )
b
a
S f x g x dx =

5. Th tch:
* Quay quanh Ox:
2
( ) v i
b
a
V y dx y f x = =

* Quay quanh Oy:
2
( ) v i
b
a
V x dx x g y = =

Cc v d :
26
Bi 1: Tnh th tch vt th trn xoay sinh ra bi
php quay xung quanh trc ox ca hnh phng gii
hn bi trc Ox v ng ) 0 ( sin 2 s s = x x y .
Bi 2: Tnh din tch hnh phng gii hn bi cc
ng : 3 , 3 4
2
+ = + = x y x x y
S:
Bi 3: Tnh din tc hnh phng gii hn bi cc
ng
2 4
,
4
4
2 2
x
y
x
y = =
S:
Bi 4. Tnh din tch hnh phng gii hn bi (P): y
= -x
2
+ 6x - 8, tip tuyn ti nh ca (P) v Oy.
Bi 5. Tnh din tch hnh phng gii hn bi th
hm s y = x
3
- 3x v tip tuyn vi th ti im
c honh x = -
1
2
.
Bi 6. Tnh din tch hnh phng gii hn bi th
hm s v cc tip tuyn ca th k t im
5
; 1
2
M
| |
|
\ .
M.
Bi 7. Tnh th tch cc vt th trn xoay to nn
do hnh phng gii hn bi cc ng sau y
quay quanh Ox:
1) y = x
3
, y = 0, x = 0, x = 1.
2) y = -3x
2
+ 3x + 6, y = 0.

Bi 12. i s t hp - cng thc nh thc niu tn
Mt s kin thc cn nm vng
+ Hai quy tc m c bn: Quy tc cng v quy
quy tc nhn.
+ Cc khi nim: Hon v, chnh hp, t hp.
+ Cc cng thc:
1
1 1
! !
!; ; (0 )
( )! !( )!
;
k k
n n n
k n k k k k
n n n n n
n n
P n A C k n
n k k n k
C C C C C

= = = s s

= + =

+ Cng thc nh thc Niutn
0 1 1
( ) ... ...
n n n k n k k n n
n n n n
a b C a C a b C a b C b

+ = + + + + +
Mt s cng thc c bit:
0 1
(1 ) ... ...
n k k n n
n n n n
x C C x C x C x + = + + + + +
0 1
... 2 ;
n n
n n n
C C C + + + =
0 1 2
... ( 1) ... ( 1) 0
k k n n
n n n n n
C C C C C + + + + + =
t P(x) =
0 1
(1 ) ...
n n n
n n n
x C C x C x + = + + +
P(x) l a thc bc n nn ta c th tnh gi tr ti
mt im bt k; ly o hm; tch phn trn mt
on bt k. Khi ta c cc bi ton mi.
V d:
P(2008) =
0 1
2008 ... 2008 2009
n n n
n n n
C C C + + + =
1 2 2 3 1
1
'( ) 2 3 ...
(1 ) ' (1 )
n n
n n n n
n n
P x C xC x C nx C
x n x
= + + + +
= + = +

1 2 3 1
'(1) 2 3 ... .2
n n
n n n n
P C C C nC n

= + + + + =
1 2 3
'( 1) 2 3 ... ( 1) 0
n n
n n n n
P C C C nC = + + + =
1 2 2 3 1 1
'( ) 2 3 ... (1 )
n n n
n n n n
P a C aC a C na C n a

= + + + + = +
1 2 2 3 3 1
'( ) 2 3 ... (1 )
n n n
n n n n
xP x xC x C x C nx C nx x

= + + + + = +

1 2 2 2 2 3 2 1
1 2
2 3 ...
(1 ) ( 1) (1 )
n n
n n n n
n n
C xC x C n x C
n x n n x x

+ + + +
= + + +

2 3 2 4 2
1 2
''( ) 2 3.2 4.3 ... ( 1)
(1 ) ' ( 1)(1 )
n n
n n n n
n n
P x C xC x C n n x C
n x n n x

= + + + +
= + = +

2 3 4 2
''(1) 2 3.2 4.3 ... ( 1) ( 1)2
n n
n n n n
P C C C n n C n n

= + + + + =
0 1
0 0 0
1
0 2 1 3 2 1
( ) ( ... ) (1 )
1 1 1 (1 ) 1
...
2 3 1 1
a a a
n n n
n n n
n
n n
n n n n
P x dx C C x C x dx x dx
a
aC a C a C a C
n n
+
+
= + + + = +
+
+ + + + =
+ +

....
Mt s bi tp:
1. Cc bi ton v php m:

Bi 1: C bao nhiu s t nhin chia ht cho 5 m
mi s c 4 ch s khc nhau.
HD: Xt 2 trng hp. S: 9.8.7 8.8.7 952 + = .
Bi 2: i tuyn hc sinh gii ca trng gm 18
em. Trong c 7 hc sinh khi 12, 6 hc sinh
khi 11, 5 hc sinh khi 10. Hi c bao nhiu cch
c 8 hc sinh trong i i d tri h sao cho mi
khi c t nht 1 hc sinh c chn
HD:
8 8 8 8
18 11 12 13
( ) 41811 C C C C + + = .
Bi 3: T cc ch s 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 c th lp
c bao nhiu s t nhin m mi s c 6 ch s
khc nhau v trong mi s tng ca 3 ch s
u nh hn tng ca 3 ch s cui mt n v.
HD: V tng tt c cc s l 21 nn ba s u c
tng l 10, ba s cui c tng l 11.
C 3 cp s tho mn l:
+ Cp 3 s u gm cc s 1, 4, 5 ba s cui gm
cc s 2, 3, 6. C 3!.3! = 36 s.
cc s 1, 4, 6. C 3!.3! = 36 s.
cc s 2, 4, 5. C 3!.3! = 36 s.
Vy c: 3.36 = 108 s.
Bi 4: T cc ch s 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 c th lp
c bao nhiu s t nhin m mi s c 6 ch s
khc nhau v ch s 2 ng cnh ch s 3.
HD: Coi hai s 2 v 3 l mt cp. Xt 2 trng
hp:
+ TH1: cp 2,3 ng u, c: 2.4! = 48 s.
27
+ TH2: cp 2, 3 ng cc v tr khc, c: 4.2.3.3!
= 144.
S: 192
Bi 5: T cc ch s 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 c th
lp c bao nhiu s t nhin, mi s gm 6 ch
s khc nhau v tng ca cc ch s hng chc,
hng trm, hng nghn bng 8.
S:
3
6
2. .3! 1440 A = .
Bi 6: T cc ch s 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 c th lp
c bao nhiu s t nhin, mi s gm 5 ch s
khc nhau v nht thit phi c 2 ch s 1 v 5.
S:
3
5
5.4. 1200 A = .
Bi 7: Mt i vn ngh c 15 ngi gm 10 nam
v 5 n. hi c bao nhiu cch lp mt nhm ng
ca gm 8 ngi, bit rng trong nhm phi c t
nht 3 n.
S:
3 5 4 4 5 10
5 10 5 10 5 3
. . . C C C C C C + +
Bi 8: Mt t gm 7 hc sinh n v 5 hc sinh nam
cn chn ra 6 hc sinh trong s hc sinh n phi
nh hn 4. Hi c bao nhiu cch chn nh vy?
S:
Bi 9: C bao nhiu s t nhin chn gm 4 ch s
i mt khc nhau v nh hn 2158.
S:
Bi 10: Mt i thanh nin tnh nguyn c 15
ngi, gm 12 nam v 3 n. Hi c bao nhiu
cch phn cng i thanh nin tnh nguyn v
gip 3 tnh min ni sao cho mi tnh c 4 nam
v 1 n.
S:
4 1 4 1 4 1
12 3 8 2 4 1
( . ).( . ).( . ) 207900 C C C C C C = .

2. Cc bi ton nh thc, phng trnh bt
phng trnh t hp, chnh hp.
1) Bit rng
100
100 1 0
100
... ) 2 ( x a x a a x + + + = +
CMR: a
2
< a
3
. Vi gi tr no ca k th a
k
< a
k+1

(0 k 99).
100 100 100 1 100 1
100 1 100
100 100 1
1 100 100
2 . ; 2 .
2. 3 98 32
k k k k
k k
k k
k k
a C a C
a a C C k k

+

+
= =
< < < s

2) Tm s nguyn n >1 tho mn ng thc:
12 6 2
2
n
2
= +
n n n
A P A P .
3) Tnh gi tr ca biu thc:
( 1)!
4 3
n 1 n
A 3A
M
n
+
+
=
+
neN*
Bit rng: 149 2 2
2
4
2
3
2
2
2
1
= + + +
+ + + + n n n n
C C C C
4) Tm h s ca x
7
trong khai trin thnh a thc
ca (2 - 3x)
2n
, trong n eN* tho mn:
1024 .....
1 2
1 2
5
1 2
3
1 2
1
1 2
= + + + +
+
+ + + +
n
n n n n
C C C C .
5) Gi s
0 1
(1 2 ) ... .
n n
n
x a a x a x + = + + + Bit rng:
729 ...
1 0
= + + +
n
a a a . Tm n v s ln nht
trong cc s :
n
a a a ,..., ,
1 0
.
6) Gii bt phng trnh
2
3
5
60
)! (
+
+
+
s
k
n
n
A
k n
P
vi 2
n n, k thuc N. (TNPT 2003 - 2004)
7) Gii bt phng trnh :
1 2 ......
2003 2
2
4
2
2
2
> + + +
x
x x x
C C C .
8) Tm s n nguyn dng tho mn bt phng
trnh: n C A
n
n n
9 . 2
2 3
s +

S n = 4 v n = 3.
9) Gi s n l s nguyn dng v

n
n
n
x a a a x + + + = + ... ) 1 (
1 0

Bit rng k nguyn (0< k < n) sao cho:
24 9 2
1 1 +
= =
k k k
a a a
.
Tnh n. S n =10
10) Gi s n l s nguyn dng v
10 11 10
1 10 11
(1 ) ( 2) ... x x x a x a x a + + = + + + . Hy tnh
h s a
5
. S 672
11) Tm h s ca s hng cha x
8
trong khai trin
nh thc:
n
x
x
|
.
|
\
|
+
5
3
1
.
Bit rng: ) 3 ( 7
3
1
4
+ =
+
+
+
n C C
n
n
n
n
S 495
12) Tm h s ca s hng cha x
8
trong khai trin
nh thc
8
2
1 (1 ) x x +

.
13) Tm s t nhin n tho mn:
100 . . 2 .
3 3 3 2 2 2
= + +
n
n n n n
n
n n
C C C C C C
14) Tm s t nhin n bit (KA 2005):
1 2 2 3 3 4 2 2 1
2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1
2.2 3.2 4.2 ...(2 1).2
2005
n n
n n n n n
C C C C n C
+
+ + + + +
+ + +
=

15) Tm s nguyn dng n sao cho:
0 1 2 3
1 1 1 ( 1) 1
...
2 3 4 1 2008
n
n
n n n n n
C C C C C
n
+ + + =
+

16) Tm s nguyn dng n sao cho:
1 1 2 2 3 3 1
2 2.2 3.2 ... ( 1) 2008
n n n n n
n n n n
C C C nC

+ + =
17) Chng minh rng
2
1 3 5 2
2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1 2 1
...
2 4 6 20 2 1
n
n
n n n n
C C C C
n
+ + + + =
+
.
(KA 2007)
28

Bi 13. Hnh hc phng

+ To ca vect, ca im;
+ Tch v hng ca hai vect, gc gia hai vect,
di vect, di on thng.
+ Phng trnh ng thng;
+ Cc ng bc hai trong mt phng: ng trn,
elp, hypebol, parabol. Vi mi ng cn nm
vng:
Dng phng trnh chnh tc, cc yu t;
Phng trnh tip tuyn ca mi ng,
iu kin mt ng thng l tip tuyn
ca mi ng.
Mt s bi tp luyn tp:
PHAN 1: NG THANG
Bai 1: Cho tam giac ABC: A(2;0), B(4; -1),
C(1; 2).
a) Tnh goc BAC. Tm chu vi va tnh
dien tch tam giac.
b) Tm toa o trong tam G, trc tam H, tam
ngoai I. Chng minh G, H, I thang hang.
HD: a)
0
143 7' 48'' ABC = , 2p = 2 5 3 2 + , S =
3
2
.
b) G(7/3; 1/3), H(-2; -4), I (-9/2; -5/2).
Bai 2: Trong mp Oxy cho iem B tren
ng thang x + 4 = 0 va iem C
tren ng thang x3 =0
a) Xac nh toa o B va C sao cho tam
giac OBC vuong can nh O.
b) Xac nh toa o B; C sao cho OBC
la tam giac eu.
HD: a) B(-4; -3), C(3; -4) vB(-4; 3), C(3; 4)
b)
Bai 3: Trong mat phang toa o Oxy cho
cac iem A(5 ; 5), B(1 ; 0), C(0; 3). Viet
phng trnh ng thang d trong
cac trng h p sau:
a) d i qua A va cach B mot khoang
bang 4.
b) d i qua A va cach eu hai iem B,
C.
HD: a) x - 5 = 0 v9x - 40y +165 = 0.
b) y = 5 v5x - 3y -10 = 0.
Bai 4:Trong mat phang toa o Oxy cho
hai ng thang d: x + 2y 6 = 0 , d : x
3y +9 = 0.
a) Tnh goc tao bi d va d. Tnh
khoang cach t M(5;3) en hai
ng thang d va d.
b) Viet phng trnh cac ng
phan giac cua cac goc ta o bi d va
d. Tm phan giac goc nhon.
c) Tm toa o giao iem cua d va d.
Tm phng trnh d oi xng
vi d qua d.
HD: a) (d; d ) = 45
0
; d(M, d) = 5 ; d(M, d )=
2 5
2
.
b)
( 2 1) (2 2 3) 6 2 9 0 (1)
( 2 1) (2 2 3) 6 2 9 0 (2)
x y
x y
+ + =
+ + + =
;
Ly N(6; 0)e d; d(N, (1)) < d(N, (2)) (1) l phn
gic ca gc nhn.
c) I (0; 3); d : 2x - y + 3 = 0 (d l ng thng
qua I hp vi d mt gc 45
0
).
hai ng thang a: 3x 4y + 25 = 0,
b: 15x + 8y 41 = 0.
a) Viet phng trnh cac ng
phan giac cua cac goc hp bi hai
ng thang a, b
b)Goi A, B lan lt la giao iem cua a,
b vi Ox, I la giao iem cua a, b.
Viet phng trnh phan giac trong cua
goc AIB.
c) Viet phng trnh ng thang
i qua I va tao vi Ox mot goc 60
0
.
HD: a)
3 4 25 15 8 41
5 17
x y x y +
=
b) A(-25/3; 0), B(41/15; 0). So snh v tr ca A,
B vi hai ng ph n gic.
c)
3 3 83
3 0
70 14
3 3 83
3 0
70 14
x y
x y
+ + =
+ + =

Bai 6: Tam giac ABC co A(-1 ; - 3), cac
ng cao co phng trnh BH: 5x + 3y 25 = 0;
CH: 3x + 8y 12 = 0. Viet phng trnh cac
canh cua tam giac ABC va ng cao con
lai.
HD: AB: 8x - 3y - 1 = 0, AC: 3x - 5y - 12 = 0; BC:
5x + 2y - 20 = 0. AH: 2x - 5y - 13 = 0.
Bai 7: Trong he toa o Oxy cho hai em A(1 ;
6), B(-3; -4), C(4 ; 1) va ng thang d: 2x y
1 = 0.
a) Chng minh rang A, B nam ve cung mot
pha; A, C khac pha oi vi ng thang d.
29
b) Tm iem A oi xng vi A qua d.
c) Tm M thuoc d sao cho MA + MB nho nhat,
|MA - MB| ln nhat.
HD: b) M l giao im ca A'B vi d. S: M(0; -
1)
c) MA MB AB s du "=" xy ra M, A, B thng
hng M l giao im ca AB vi d. M(-9; -19)
Bai 8: Cho A(1 ; 1), B(-1 ; 3) va ng thang d:
x + y + 4 = 0.
a) Tm iem C tren d cach eu hai iem A, B.
b) Vi C va tm c, tm D sao
cho ABCD la hnh bnh hanh. Tnh
dien tch hnh bnh hanh o.
HD:a) chuyn d v PT tham s.
b)

Bai 9:
a) Tm phng trnh ng thang
qua A(8 ; 6) va tao vi hai truc toa o
tam giac co dien tch bang 12.
b) Lap phng trnh ng thang
qua A(2 ; 1) va ta o vi ng thang
2x + 3y + 4 = 0 goc 45
0
.
HD:

Bai 10: Cho tam giac ABC can tai A co BC:
3x y + 5 = 0, AB: x + 2y 1 = 0. Lap
phng trnh AC biet AC i qua iem
M(-1 ; 3).
HD:

PHAN 2: NG TRON
Bai 11: Trong mat phang to a o Oxy cho
ng tron (T) co phng trnh: x
2

+ y
2
4x 2y 4 = 0.
a) Tm toa o tam va tnh ban knh
cua ng tron (T).
b) Vi gia tr nao cua b th
ng thang y = x + b co iem
chung vi ng tron (T)
c) Viet phng trnh tiep tuyen vi
ng tron song song vi ng
pha n giac goc xOy.
d) Viet phng trnh cac tiep tuyen
vi (T) i qua iem M (5 ; -3).
HD:

ba iem A(1 ; 2), B(5 ; 3), C(-1 ; 0).
a) Viet phng trnh ng tron
tam B va tiep xuc vi ng
thang AC.
b) Tm ng tron ngoai tiep tam
giac ABC. Tm tam va tnh ban knh
cua ng tron o.
c) Viet phng trnh ng tron i
qua A, C va co tam tren Ox.
d) Viet phng trnh ng tron i
qua A, B va tiep xuc vi truc Oy.
HD:

tam giac ABC vi A(5 ; 4), B(2 ; 7), C(-2 ;-
1).
a) Tm toa o trc tam H cua ^ABC
va viet phng trnh cac ng
cao AE, BF cua no.
b) Viet phng trnh ng tron
ngoai tiep t giac ABEF.
HD:

Bai 14: Cho ng tron (T) co
phng trnh: x
2
+ y
2
2x + 4y 20 = 0.
a) Viet phng trnh tiep tuyen cua
(T) tai cac iem A(4 ; 2), B(-3 ; -5).
b) Viet phng trnh tiep tuyen cua
(T) i qua C( 6 ; 5).
c) Viet phng trnh tiep tuyen chung
cua (T) va (T) co pt: x
2
+y
2
-10x + 9 = 0.
d) Vi gia tr nao cua m th (T)
tiep xuc vi ng tron (T)
co pt: x
2
+ y
2
2my = 0.
HD:

PHAN 3: CONI C
Bai 16: Tren mat phang toa o Oxy cho
Elp (E) co phng trnh: 1
4 25 , 6
2 2
= +
y x

a) Tm toa o cac nh, toa o
cac tieu iem, tnh tam sai,viet
phng trnh cac ng chuan
cua Elp o.
b) Tm tung o cua iem thuoc (E)
co x = 2 va tnh khoang cach t
cac iem o ti hai tieu iem.
c) Tm cac gia tr cua b e
ng thang y = x + b co iem
chung vi Elp.
30
d) Viet phng trnh cac tiep tuyen
vi (E) song song vi ng thang
2x y + 1 = 0.
e) Viet phng trnh cac tiep tuyen
vi (E) i qua M (
5
; 4
2
).
HD:

Bai 17: a) Tren mat phang toa o Oxy
viet phng trnh chnh tac cua elp
(E) co mot tieu iem F
2
(5 ; 0) va o
dai truc nho 2b = 4 6 .
b) Hay tm toa o cac nh va tie u
iem F
1
va tnh tam sai cua (E).
c) Tm iem M tren (E) sao cho MF
1
= MF
2
.
HD:

Bai 18: Cho Elp
2 2
1
18 2
x y
= (E), vi
1 2
, F F theo th t la tieu iem trai,
phai cua (E).
a) Tm ( ) M E sao cho
1 2
5 MF MF = .
b) Tm ( ) M E sao cho
0
1 2
60 F MF = .
HD:

hai iem F
1
(-7 ; 0), F
2
(7 ; 0) va iem A(-
2 ; 12).
a) Viet phng trnh chnh tac cua
Elp i qua A va co tieu iem F
1
, F
2
.
b) Viet phng trnh chnh tac cua
Hypebol i qua A va co tieu iem F
1
, F
2
.
HD:

ng hypebol (H) co phng trnh:
1
24 25
2 2
=
y x
.
a) Tm toa o cac nh, cac tieu
iem, tnh tam sai, viet phng trnh
cac ng chuan cua (H).
b) Tm tung o iem M thuoc (H) co
hoanh o x = 10, tnh cac ban knh
qua tieu cua iem M.
c) Tm cac gia tr k e ng
thang y = kx 1 tiep xuc vi (H).
HD:

Bai 21: Cho hypebol (H): 9x
2
16y
2
= 144. Viet
phng trnh tiep tuyen vi (H):
a) Tai iem M( 5 ;
4
9
).
b) Biet tiep tuyen vuong goc vi ng
thang 4x + 5y 3 = 0.
c) Qua iem P(-4 ; 3).
HD:

Bai 22: Cho Hypebol (H):
2 2
2 2
1
x y
a b
= trong mat
phang Oxy.
a) Tm a, b e (H) tiep xuc vi hai ng
thang =
1
( ) : 5 6 16 0 d x y .
=
2
( ) : 13 10 48 0 d x y .
b) Chng minh tch cac khoang cach t mot
iem bat k thuoc (H) en cac tiem can la
mot hang so.
HD:

ng cho parabol (P) co phng
trnh chnh tac y
2
= 12x.
a) Tm toa o tieu iem va phng
trnh ng chuan cua parabol o.
b) Mot iem tren parabol co hoanh
o x = 2. Hay tnh khoang cach t
iem o en tieu iem.
c) Viet phng trnh tiep tuyen vi
(P) tai M(3 ; -6).
d) Viet phng trnh tiep tuyen vi
(P) qua M(1; 4).
e) Qua I(2 ; 0) ve mot ng thang
thay oi cat parabol tai hai iem A; B.
Chng minh rang tch so cac
khoang cach t A va B ti truc Ox
la mot hang so.
HD:

Bai 24:
a) Tm quy tch cac iem M t
o ke c hai tiep tuyen vuo ng
goc vi nhau ti (E): 1
3 6
2 2
= +
y x
.
b) Viet phng trnh tiep tuyen chung
cua hai Elp: 1
2 3
2 2
= +
y x
, 1
3 2
2 2
= +
y x
.
c) Chng minh rang trong cac tiep
tuyen vi parabol y
2
= 4x ke t M
1
(0 ;
1), M
2
(2 ; - 3) co hai tiep tuyen vuo ng
goc vi nhau.
HD:
31

Bi 14: Hnh hc khng gian

Mt s kin thc cn nm vng
Cho hai vect:
1 1 1 2 2 2
( ; ; ), ( ; ; ) a x y z b x y z

+ Tch v hng:
1 2 1 2 1 2
. a b x x y y z z = + +

.
+ Gc gia hai vect
1 2 1 2 1 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1 1 2 2 2
cos( , )
.
xx y y z z
a b
x y z x y z
+ +
=
+ + + +

+ Tch c hng ca hai vect:
1 1 1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2 2 2
[ , ] , ,
y z z x x y
a b
y z z x x y
| |
=
|
\ .

+ K/c gia 2 im A(x
A
; y
A
; z
A
), B(x
B
; y
B
; z
B
):
2 2 2
B A B A B A
AB= (x - x ) +(y - y ) +(z - z )
+ Din tch AABC:
1
| [ , ] |
2
ABC
S AB AC =

+ ng cao AH ca AABC:
| [ , ] | AB AC
AH
BC
=

+ Th tch hnh hp:
. ' ' ' '
[ , ]. '
ABCD A B C D
V AB AC AA =

+ Th tch t din ABCD:
1
[ , ].
6
ABCD
V AB AC AD =

+ mp(o) c cp vtcp ( ; ; ), '( '; '; ') u x y z u x y z

c vtpt:
, ' ; ;
' ' ' ' ' '
y z z x x y
n u u
y z z x x y
| |

= =
|

\ .

+ ng thng c pttq:
Ax +By +Cz+D= 0
A'x +B'y +C'z+D' = 0

c vtcp:
B C C A A B
; ;
B' C' C' A' A' B'
u
| |
=
|
\ .

+ K/c t im M(x
0
; y
0
; z
0
) n mp(o):
Ax + By + Cz + D = 0
0 0 0
2 2 2
| Ax +By +Cz +D|
d(M,( )) =
A +B +C
o
+ K/c t im M
1
n ng thng A qua M
0
c
vtcp u
:
1
0 1
| [ M M , ] |
d(M , ) =
| u|
u
A

+ Khong cch gia hai ng thng cho nhau A
v A:
'
0
'
'
'
0
| [ , ].M M |
d( , ) =
| [u, ] |
u u
u
A A

+ ng trn (C)l giao ca mt cu (S) v mp(o):
2 2 2 2
( ) ( ) ( )
0
x a y b z c R
Ax By Cz D
+ + =
+ + + =

C tm H l hnh chiu ca I trn mp(o), c bn
knh r =
2 2
R d vi ( , ( )) d d I = .

Mt s bi tp luyn tp:
Bi 1: Trong h trc Oxyz cho

1 2
1
1
) (
1
z y x
d =
+
=
= +
= +
0 1 2
0 1 3
) (
2
y x
z x
d
1) CMR 2 ng thng trn cho nhau v vung
gc vi nhau.
2) Vit phng trnh ng thng (d) ct c 2
ng thng trn v song song vi ng
thng
2
3
4
7
1
4
) (
A
z y x
.
S: 1)
Bi 2: Trong khng gian vi h to Oxyz cho 2
ng thng
2 1 1
:
1
z y x
d = =
+ =
=
=
t z
t y
t x
d
1
2 1
:
2

a) Xt v tr tng i ca 2 ng thng trn.
b) Tm to cc im M thuc d
1
, N thuc d
2

sao cho MN song song vi mt phng (P) x-
y+z=0 v 2 = MN .
S:
Bi 3: Trong h trc Oxyz cho mt cu:
(S) 9 ) 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 1 (
2 2 2
= + + + z y x v mt phng:
(P) 2x + 2y + z - m
2
- 3m = 0.
Tm m (P) tip xc vi mt cu (S). Vi m tm
c hy xc nh to tip im.
HD:
Bi 4: Trong h trc Oxyz cho A(0;1;1) B(1;0;0)
C(1;2;-1). Tm to tm ng trn ngoi tip
tam gic ABC.
HD:
Bi 5: Oxyz cho
= +
= +
0 4 2 2
0 1 2 2
) (
z y x
z y x
d
(S) 0 6 4
2 2 2
= + + + + m y s z y x
Tm m mt cu (S) ct ng thng (d) ti M,N
sao cho MN = 9.
HD:
Bi 6: Trong khng gian vi h to Oxyz cho
cc im A(2;0;0) B(2;2;0) S(0;0;m)
a) Khi m=2, tm to im C i xng vi gc
to O qua mt phng SAB.
a) Gi H l hnh chiu vung gc ca O trn
ng thng SA. CMR vi mi m>0 din tch
tan gic OBH < 4.
Bi 7: Trong khng gian vi h to Oxyz cho
cc im A(1;1;1) B(1;2;0) v mt cu (S) c pt:

2 2 2
6 4 4 13 0 x y z x y z + + + =
a) Vit phng trnh mt phng cha AB v tip
xc vi (S).
32
b) Tm mt phng (P) tip xc vi (S), song song
vi AB v khong cch gia (P) v AB nh nht
(ln nht).
HD: + s dng phng php chm mt phng qua
AB.
+Tm M thuc (S) sao cho k/c (M,AB) nh nht,
(P) tip xc vi (S) ti M.

Bi 8: Trn h trc Oxyz cho A(2a;0;0) B(0;2b;0)
C(0;0;2c) a,b,c>0.
a) Tnh khong cch t O ti mt phng (ABC).
b) Tnh th tch khi t din OABE vi E l chn
ng cao t E trong tam gic ABC.
HD:
Bi 9: Oxyz cho hnh chp t gic u S.ABCD
Bit S(3;2;4) B(1;2;3) D(3;0;3).
a) Lp phng trnh ng vung gc chung ca
AC v SD.
b) Gi I l tm mt cu ngoi tip hnh chp Lp
phng trnh mt phng qua BI v song song vi
AC.
c) Gi H l trung im BD, G l trc tm tam gic
SCD Tnh di HG.

Bi tp p dng:
1) Trong khng gian vi h to Oxyz cho lng
tr ng OAB.O
1
A
1
B
1
vi A(2;0;0) B(0;4;0)
O
1
(0;0;4).
a) Tm to cc im cn li. Vit phng trnh
mt cu i qua 4 im O,A,B,O
1
.
b) Gi M l trung im AB. Mt phng (P) qua M
vung gc vi O
1
A v ct OA , AA
1
ln lt
ti N, K. Tnh di on KN.
2) Trong khng gian vi h to Oxyz cho hnh
lp phng ABCD. ABCD Vi A(0;0;0)
B(2;0;0) D(0;2;2).
a) Xc nh to cc nh cn li ca hnh lp
phng. Gi M l trung im BC. CMR
(ABD) v (AMB) vung gc vi nhau.
b) CMR t s khong cch t im N thuc ng
thng AC vi N khc A ti (ABD) v
(AMB) khng ph thuc vo v tr ca im
N.
3) Trong khng gian vi h to Oxyz cho hnh
chp S.ABCD c y ABCD l hnh ch nht
AC ct BD ti gc to O. Bit
( 2; 1; 0) A , ( 2; 1; 0) B , S(0;0;3).
a) Vit phng trnh mt phng qua trung im M
ca cnh AB, song song vi 2 ng thng AD
v SC.
b) Gi (P) l mt phng qua im B v vung gc
vi SC. Tnh din tch thit din ca hnh chp
S.ABCD vi mt phng (P).
4) Trong khng gian vi h to Oxyz cho 2
ng thng :
2
1
1
2
3
1
:
1
+
=
+
=
z y x
d
= +
= +
0 12 3
0 2
:
2
y x
z y x
d
a) CMR 2 ng thng trn song song vi nhau.
Vit phng trnh mt phng (P) cha c 2
ng thng trn.
b) Mt phng (Oxz) ct d
1
, d
2
ti A, B Tnh din
tch tam gic OAB.
5) Cho 2 ng thng:

1
8 23 0
:
4 10 0
x z
d
y z
+ =
+ =

2
2 3 0
:
2 2 0
x z
d
y z
=
+ + =

a) CMR ng thng d
1
v d
2
cho nhau.
b) Vit phng trnh ng thng (d) ct c 2
ng thng trn v song song vi Oz.
6) Cho 2 im A(2;-1;1) B(-2;3;7) v ng thng
3
1
2
2
2
2
:
+
=
=
z y x
d
a) CMR ng thng d v ng thng AB cng
thuc 1 mt phng.
b) Tm im I thuc d sao cho IA+IB nh nht.
7) Cho 2 im A(2;4;1) B(3;5;2) v ng thng:

2 1 0
( ) :
2 0
x y z
x y z
+ + =
A

+ + =

a) Xt v tr tng i gia AB v ().
b) Tm im M thuc thuc () sao cho MA MB +

t GTNN.
8) Cho 3 im A(2; 0; 1) C(1 ; 0 ;1) B(2 ; -1; 0)
v ng thng:

0
( ) :
2 0
x y z
d
x y
+ =

Tm im M thuc thuc (d) sao cho
MA MB MC + +

t GTNN
9) Trong h trc Oxyz cho A(2; 0 ; 0) C(0 ; 4; 0)
S(0 ; 0 ; 4).
a) Tm to B thuc Oxy sao cho OABC l hnh
ch nht. Vit phng trnh mt cu i qua 4
im O, B, C, S.
b) Tm to im A
1

xng A qua SC.
10) Cho hnh chp S.ABCD c y ABCD l hnh
vung cnh a, SA vung gc vi (ABC) v SA
= a, E l trung im CD. Tnh theo a khong
cch t S ti BE.
11) Trong khng gian Oxyz cho hai ng thng:
1 2
1
2 4 0
( ) : , ( ) : 2
2 2 4 0
1 2
x t
x y z
y t
x y z
z t
= +
+ =
A A = +

+ + =

= +

a) Lp PT mp(P) cha (A
1
) v song song vi (A
2
).
b) Cho M(2; 1; 4). Tm to He ((A
2
) sao cho
di on thng MH l ngn nht.
33

Bi 15 GII HNH HC KHNG GIAN BNG
PHNG PHP TA

I. PHNG PHP GII TON
gii c cc bi ton hnh khng gian bng
phng php ta ta cn phi chn h trc ta
thch hp. Lp ta cc nh, im lin quan da
vo h trc ta chn v di cnh ca
hnh.
PHNG PHAP:
Bc 1: Chon he truc toa o Oxyz thch
hp (chu y en v tr cua goc O).
Bc 2: Xac nh toa o cac iem co lien
quan (co the xac nh toa o tat ca cac
iem hoac mot so iem can thiet).
Khi xac nh toa o cac iem ta co the da
vao :
- Y ngha hnh hoc cua toa o iem (khi
cac iem nam tren cac truc toa o, mat
phang toa o).
- Da vao cac quan he hnh hoc nh bang
nhau, vuong goc, song song, cung phng,
thang hang, iem chia oan thang e tm
toa o
- Xem iem can tm la giao iem cua ng
thang, mat phang.
- Da vao cac quan he ve goc cua ng
thang, mat phang.
Bc 3: S dung cac kien thc ve toa o
e giai quyet bai toan.
Cac dang toan thng gap:
- o dai oan thang;
- Khoang cach t iem en mat phang;
- Khoang cach t iem en ng thang;
- Khoang cach gia hai ng thang;
- Goc gia hai ng thang;
- Goc gia ng thang va mat phang;
- Goc gia hai mat phang;
- The tch khoi a dien;
- Dien tch thiet dien;
- Chng minh cac quan he song song, vuong
goc;
- Bai toan cc tr, quy tch;
Bo sung kien thc :
1) Neu mot tam giac co dien tch S th hnh
chieu cua no co dien tch S
'
bang tch cua S
vi cosin cua goc gia mat phang cua tam
giac va mat phang chieu: cos .
'
S S = .
2) Cho khoi chop S.ABC. Tren ba ng thang
SA, SB, SC lay ba iem A
'
, B
'
, C
'
khac vi S.
Ta luon co:
SC
SC
SB
SB
SA
SA
V
V
ABC S
C B A S
' ' '
.
' ' '
.
. . =
Phng php chn h trc to :
1. Hnh chp tam gic:
a. Dng tam din vung: T din OABC c OA=
a, OB = b, OC = c i mt vung gc. Ta chn h
trc to Oxyz c O O, OA, OB, OC ln lt
nm trn cc tia Ox, Oy, Oz. Khi O(0; 0; 0),
A(a; 0; 0), B(0; b; 0), C(0; 0; c).
b. Dng chp c mt cnh vung gc vi mt mt:
T din SABC c SA vung gc vi y, AABC
vung ti C. SA = a, AC = b, BC = c.
Chn h trc Oxyz c O A; Oy, Oz ln lt cha
AC, AS, b sung thm trc Ox tu theo gi thit
y c tnh cht g.
c. Hnh chp u S.ABC: Chn h trc Oxyz c O
O; Ox, Oz ln lt cha OA, OS, trc Oy qua O
v song song vi BC.
2. Hnh chp t gic:
a. Hnh chp A.ABCD c SA(ABCD) v ABCD l
hnh vung (hoc hnh ch nht). Chn h trc
Oxyz c O O; Ox, Oy, Oz ln lt cha OA, OB,
OS. Khi O(0; 0; 0), A(a; 0; 0), B(0; b; 0), S(0;
0; h).
b. Hnh chp S.ABCD c y l hnh vung (hoc
hnh thoi) tm O ng cao SO (ABCD). Chn
h trc Oxyz c O O; Ox, Oy, Oz ln lt cha
OA, OB, OS. Gi s SO = h, OA = a, OB = b. Khi
O(0; 0; 0), A(a; 0; 0), B(0; b; 0), S(0; 0; h), C(-
a; 0; 0). D(0; -b; 0).
c. Hnh chp S.ABCD c y ABCD l hnh ch
nht v AB = b. SAD u cnh a v vung gc
vi y. Gi H l trung im AD, trong
mp(ABCD) v tia Hy vung gc vi AD. Chn h
trc to Oxyz sao cho O H; Ox, Oz ln lt
cha HA, HS. Khi H(0; 0; 0), A(
2
a
; 0; 0),
B(
2
a
; b; 0), S(0; 0;
3
2
a
), C(-
2
a
; b; 0). D(-
2
a
; 0;
0).
3. Hnh lng tr ng, hnh hp
Tu theo hnh dng ca y m ta chn h trc nh
cc dng trn.

II. Cc v d v bi tp
1. Cc v d:

V d 1. T din ABCD: AB, AC, AD i mt
vung gc vi nhau; AB = 3; AC = AD= 4.
Tnh khong cch t A ti mt phng (BCD)
Li gii:
+ Chn h trc Oxyz sao cho A O; DeOx;
CeOy v B e Oz.
A(0;0;0); B(0;0;3); C(0;4;0); D(4;0;0)
Phng trnh on chn ca mp(BCD) l:
34
1
4 4 3
+ + =
x y z
3x + 3y + 4z 12 = 0
Khong cch t A ti mt phng (BCD) l:
d(A, (BCD)) =
3.0 3.0 4.0 12
12
9 9 16 34
+ +
=
+ +
.
V d 2. Cho hnh chp O.ABC c OA = a, OB =
b, OC = c i mt vung gc. im M c nh
thuc tam gic ABC c khong cch ln lt n
cc mp(OBC), mp(OCA), mp(OAB) l 1, 2, 3.
Tnh a, b, c th tch O.ABC nh nht.
HD: Chn h trc Oxyz sao cho A O; Ae Ox; B
e Oy v C e Oz. Ta c: O(0; 0; 0), A(a; 0; 0), B(0;
b; 0), C(0; 0; c).
d[M, (OAB)] = 3 = z
M
= 3.
Tng t = M(1; 2; 3).
pt(ABC):
x y z
1
a b c
=
1 2 3
M (ABC) 1
a b c
= = (1).
O.ABC
1
V abc
6
= (2).
3
1 2 3 1 2 3
(1) 1 3 . .
a b c a b c
= = _

1
abc 27
6
= _ .
(2)
min
1 2 3 1
V 27
a b c 3
= = = = = = .
V d 3. Cho t dien ABCD co AD vuong
goc vi mat phang (ABC) va tam giac
ABC vuong tai A, AD = a, AC = b, AB = c.
Tnh dien tch S cua tam giac BCD theo a,
b, c va chng minh rang :
( ) 2S abc a b c > + + .
HD: + Chn h trc Oxyz sao cho A O; BeOx;
CeOy v D e Oz. A(0;0;0), B(c;0;0), C(0;b;0),
D(0;0;a)

( ) ( ) ( )

= = =

= = + +

+ + > + +
+ + > + +

2 2 2 2 2 2
BCD
2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
BC c; b; 0 , BD c; 0; a , BC, BD ab; ac; bc
1 1
S BC, BD a b a c b c
2 2
pcm a b a c b c abc(a b c)
a b a c b c abc(a b c)
Theo BT Cauchy ta c :
>
>
`
+ >
)
+ + > + +
2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
a b +b c 2ab c
b c +c a 2bc a
c a a b 2ca b
Cong ve: a b a c b c abc(a b c)

V d 4. T din S.ABC c cnh SA vung gc
vi y v ABC ^ vung ti C. di ca cc
cnh l SA = 4, AC = 3, BC = 1. Gi M l trung
im ca cnh AB, H l im i xng ca C qua
M. Tnh cosin gc phng nh din [H, SB, C]
HD:
Chn h trc ta nh hnh v, ta c:
A(0; 0; 0), B(1; 3; 0), C(0; 3; 0), S(0; 0; 4) v
H(1; 0; 0).
mp(P) qua H vung gc vi SB ti I ct ng
thng SC ti K, d thy
[H, SB, C] =
( )
IH, IK

(1).
SB ( 1; 3; 4) =
, SC (0; 3; 4) =
suy ra:
ptts SB:
x 1 t
y 3 3t
z 4t
'
1 =
1
1
1
1
=
|
1
1
1
=
1
1+
, SC:
x 0
y 3 3t
z 4t
'
1 =
1
1
1
1
=
|
1
1
1
=
1
1+

v (P): x + 3y 4z 1 = 0.
( ) ( )
5 15 3 51 32
I ; ; , K 0; ;
8 8 2 25 25
=
IH.IK
cos[H, SB, C]
IH.IK
= =

=
Ch : Nu C v H i xng qua AB th C thuc
(P), khi ta khng cn phi tm K.

V d 5. (khi A 2002). Cho hnh chp tam gic
u S.ABC c di cnh y l a. Gi M, N l
trung im SB, SC. Tnh theo a din tch ^AMN,
bit (AMN) vung gc vi (SBC).
HD:
Gi O l hnh chiu ca S trn (ABC), ta suy ra O
l trng tm ABC ^ . Gi I l trung im ca BC,
ta c:
3 a 3
AI BC
2 2
= =
a 3 a 3
OA , OI
3 6
= = =
Trong mp(ABC), ta v tia Oy vung gc vi OA.
t SO = h, chn h trc ta nh hnh v ta
c:
O(0; 0; 0), S(0; 0; h),
a 3
A ; 0; 0
3
( )

( )

a 3
I ; 0; 0
6
( )

=

( )
,
a 3 a
B ; ; 0
6 2
( )

( )
,
a 3 a
C ; ; 0
6 2
( )

( )
,
a 3 a h
M ; ;
12 4 2
( )

( )

v
a 3 a h
N ; ;
12 4 2
( )

( )
.

35
2
( AMN)
ah 5a 3
n AM, AN ; 0;
4 24
( )
l
= = =

l
l
( )

,
2
(SBC)
a 3
n SB, SC ah; 0;
6
( )
l
= =

l
l
( )

2
2
(AMN) (SBC)
2
AMN
5a
(AMN) (SBC) n .n 0 h
12
1 a 10
S AM, AN
2 16
^
l = = = =
l
= = =
l
l

V d 6. Cho hnh lp phng ABCD A'B'C'D'.
CMR: AC' vung gc mp (A'BD)
HD:
Li gii: Chn h trc ta Oxyz sao cho O A;
B e Ox; D e Oy v A' e Oz Gi s hnh lp
phng ABCD A'B'C'D' c cnh l a n v
A(0;0;0), B (a;0;0), D(0;a;0), A' (0;0;a)
C'(1;1;1) Phong trnh on chn ca mt
phng (A'BD): x + y + z = a hay x + y + z a = 0
Php tuyn ca mt phng (A'BC):
( ) ABC n
= (1;1;1) m AC' = (1;1;1).

Vy AC' vung gc (A'BC)

V d 7. Cho hnh chp SABC, cc cnh u c
di bng 1, O l tm ca AABC. I l trung im
ca SO.
1. Mt phng (BIC) ct SA ti M. Tm t l th
tch ca t din SBCM v t din SABC.
2. H l chn ng vung gc h t I xung cnh
SB. CMR: IH i qua trng tm G ca ASAC.
HD:
Chn h trc Oxyz sao cho O l gc ta AeOx,
SeOz, BC//Oy. Ta cc im:
3
( ; 0; 0)
3
A ;
3 1
( ; ;0)
6 2
B ;
3 1
( ; ;0)
6 2
C ;
6
(0; 0 )
3
S ;
6
(0;0; )
6
I
Ta c:
(0;1; 0) =
BC ;
3 1 6
( ; ; )
6 2 6
=
IC ;
6 3
, ( ; 0; )
6 6

=

BC IC
Phng trnh mt phng (IBC) l:
6 3 6
( 0) 0( 0) ( ) 0
6 6 6
+ + = x y z
6
2 0
6
+ = z .
m ta li c:
3 6
( ; 0; ) // (1; 0; 2)
3 3
=

SA SA SA u
Phng trnh ng thng SA:
3
;
3
= + x t 0; 2 = = y z t .
+ Ta im M l nghim ca h:
3
(1)
3
0 (2)
2 (3)
6
2 0(4)
6
= +
+ =
x t
y
y t
x z
Thay (1) (2) (3) vo (4) c:
3 6 3 6
; 0; ( ; 0; )
12 4 12 4
= = = x y z M ;
3 6
( ; 0; ) 4
12 12
= =

SM SA SM
M nm trn on SA v
1
4
=
SM
SA
( ) 1
( ) 4
=
SBCM
SABC
V
V
.
2. Do G l trng tm ca ASC
SG i qua trung im N ca AC
GI c (SNB) GI v SB ng phng (1)
Ta li c ta G
3 1 6
( ; ; )
18 6 9
3 1 6
( ; ; )
18 6 18
=
GI
. 0 (2) =

GI SB GI SB
T (1) v (2) = GI SB H

V d 8. Cho hnh lng tr ABCD A
1
B
1
C
1
c y
l tam gic u cnh a. AA
1
= 2a v vung gc vi
mt phng (ABC). Gi D l trung im ca BB
1
;
M di ng trn cnh AA
1
. Tm gi tr ln nht, nh
nht ca din tch AMC
1
D.
Li gii:
+ Chn h trc ta Oxyz sao cho A O; Be
Oy; A
1
e Oz. Khi : A(0;0;0), B(0;a;0);
A
1
(0;0;2a);
1
3
( ; ; 2 )
2 2
a a
C a v D(0;a;a). Do M di ng trn
AA
1
, ta M (0;0;t)vi te[0;2a].
Ta c :
1
1
1
,
2
A

=

DC M
S DC DM
Ta c: 1
3
( ; ; ); (0; ; )
2 2
a a
DC a DM a t a = =

,

=

DG DM ( 3 ; 3( ); 3)
2
a
t a t a a

2 2 2
, ( 3 ) 3( ) 3
2
a
DG DM t a t a a

= + +

36
1
2 2
2 2
4 12 15
2
1
. . 4 12 15
2 2
A
= +
= +
DC M
a
t at a
a
S t at a

Gi tr ln nht hay nh nht ca
1
DC M
S ty thuc
vo gi tr hm s

Xt f(t) = 4t
2
12at + 15a
2
(t e[0;2a])
f'(t) = 8t 12a

3
'( ) 0
2
= =
a
f t t .
Lp BBT GTLN ca
1
2
15
4
=
DC M
a
S khi t = 0 hay
M A.
2. Bi tp p dng:
1. CC BI TON V HNH CHP TAM GIC
Bi 1. Cho hnh chp O.ABC c cc cnh OA =
OB = OC = 3cm v vung gc vi nhau tng i
mt. Gi H l hnh chiu ca im O ln (ABC)
v cc im A, B, C ln lt l hnh chiu ca
H ln (OBC), (OCA), (OAB).
1. Tnh th tch t din HABC.
2. Gi S l im i xng ca H qua O. Chng
t S.ABC l t din u.
Bi 2. Cho hnh chp S.ABC c ABC ^ vung
cn ti A, SA vung gc vi y. Bit AB = 2,
0
(ABC),(SBC) 60 = .
1. Tnh di SA.
2. Tnh khong cch t nh A n (SBC).
3. Tnh gc phng nh din [A, SB, C].
Bi 3 (trch thi i hc khi D 2003). Cho hai
mp (P)(Q) giao tuyn l ng thng (d). Trn
(d) ly hai im A v B vi AB = a. Trong (P) ly
im C, trong (Q) ly im D sao cho AC (d),
BD (d) v AC = BD = AB. Tnh bn knh mt
cu ngoi tip t din ABCD v khong cch t
nh A n (BCD) theo a.
Bi 4. Cho hnh chp S.ABC c y l tam gic
vung ti B, AB = a, BC = 2a. Cnh SA vung gc
vi y v SA = 2a. Gi M l trung im ca SC.
1. Tnh din tch MAB ^ theo a.
2. Tnh khong cch gia MB v AC theo a.
3. Tnh gc phng nh din [A, SC, B].
Bi 5. Cho t din S.ABC c ABC ^ vung cn
ti B, AB = SA = 6. Cnh SA vung gc vi y.
V AH vung gc vi SB ti H, AK vung gc vi
SC ti K.
1. Chng minh HK vung gc vi CS.
2. Gi I l giao im ca HK v BC. Chng
minh B l trung im ca CI.
3. Tnh sin ca gc gia SB v (AHK).
4. Xc nh tm J v bn knh R ca mt cu
ngoi tip S.ABC.

2. CC BI TON V HNH CHP T GIC
Bi 7. Cho hnh chp S.ABCD c y hnh vung
cnh a, SA = a v vung gc vi y. Gi E l
trung im CD.
1. Tnh din tch ^SBE.
2. Tnh khong cch t nh C n (SBE).
3. (SBE) chia hnh chp thnh hai phn, tnh t
s th tch hai phn .
Bi 8. Cho hnh chp S.ABCD c y hnh vung
cnh a. Cnh bn SA vung gc vi y v
SA a 3 = .
1. Tnh khong cch t nh C n (SBD).
2. Tnh khong cch gia hai ng thng SD
v AC.
3. Tnh gc phng nh din [B, SC, D].
Bi 9. Cho hnh chp S.ABCD c y l hnh ch
nht, AB = a, AD = b. Cnh bn SA vung gc vi
y v SA = 2a. Gi M, N l trung im cnh SA,
SD.
1. Tnh khong cch t A n (BCN).
2. Tnh khong cch gia SB v CN.
3. Tnh cos((SCD), (SBC)).
4. Tm iu kin ca a v b
3
cosCMN
3
= .
Trong trng hp tnh th tch hnh chp
S.BCNM.
3. CC BI TON V HNH HP LNG
TR NG

Bi 10. Cho hnh lp phng ABCD.ABCD.
Tnh gc phng nh din [B, AC, D]. (KA-2003)
Bi 11. Cho hnh lp phng ABCD.ABCD
cnh a.
1. Chng minh AC vung gc vi (ABD).
2. Tnh gc gia (DAC) v (ABBA).
3. Trn cnh AD, DB ly ln lt cc im M,
N tha AM = DN = k (0 k a 2). < <
a. Chng minh MN song song (ADBC).
b. Tm k MN nh nht. Chng t khi
MN l on vung gc chung ca AD v DB.
Bi 12 (trch thi i hc khi B 2003) Cho
hnh lng tr ng ABCD.ABCD c y hnh
thoi cnh a,
0
BAD 60 . = Gi M, N l trung im
cnh AA, CC.
1. Chng minh B, M, D, N cng thuc mt mt
phng.
2. Tnh AA theo a BMDN l hnh vung.
37
Bi 16. Bt ng thc
I. Cc tnh cht ca bt ng thc:
1) a > b, c > d a + c > b + d;
a > b, c <d a - c > b - d;
2)
0
a b
ac bc
c
>
>
>
;
0
a b
ac bc
c
>
<
<

3)
0
0
a b
ac bd
c d
> >
>
> >
;
4) 0
n n
a b a b > > > (n chn);
0
n n
a b a b > > > (n l).
5)
n n
a b a b > > .
6)
1 1
0
a b
ab a b
>
<
>
.
II. Cc bt ng thc thng dng:
-
2 2
0; 0 a a > s ;
- 0 a > du = xy ra khi a = 0.
- a a a s s ;
- a b a b a b s + s + Du = xy ra khi ab>0.
- a b a b > .
III. Mt s bt ng thc hay dng:
1)
2 2
2 a b ab + > ;
2)
2
( ) 4 a b ab + > hay
2
2
a b
ab
+ | |
>
|
\ .
; 2 a b ab + >
3)
2 2 2 2 2
( ) ( )( ) ab cd a c b d + s + + ;
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
( )( ) ax by a b x y a b x y + s + + = + +
4)
1 1 4 1 1
( ). 4 a b
a b a b a b
| |
+ > + + >
|
+
\ .
;
5)
1 1 1 9
a b c a b c
+ + >
+ +
;
6) 2
a b
b a
+ > vi ab>0.
IV. Mt s phng php chng minh bt ng
thc:
1. Dng nh ngha
2. Dng cc php bin i tng ng
3. Dng phng php quy np, lm tri.
4. Dng phng php phn chng.
5. S dng bt ng thc Csi.
6. S dng bt ng thc Bunhiacopxki.
7. S dng cc bt ng thc v gi tr tuyt i.
8. S dng phng php tam thc bc hai.
9. Phng php lng gic ha.
10. Phng php to .
11. Dng o hm.

V. Mt s k thut s dng bt ng thc csi.
1. Tch cc s hng ca tng:
V d 1. Cho a, b >0 tho mn: a + b = 5. Chng
minh: a
2
b
3
s 108.
Gii:
2 3
5
2 3
2 3
5
5 5 .
2 2 3 3 3 4 27
5 5 108
108
a a b b b a b
a b
a b
a b
= + = + + + + >
> s
.
V d 2. Tm cc gc A, B, C ca tam gic ABC
sao cho biu thc AB
2
C
3
ath gi tr ln nht.
HD:
2 3 2 3
2 3
6 6
180
2 2 3 3 3
6 . . 30 108.30
4 27 108
B B C C C
A B C A
B C AB C
A AB C
= + + = + + + + +
> s s

Du = xy ra
30
60 2 3
180
90
A
B C
A
B
A B C
C
=
= =

=

+ + =
=

.
2. Nhn thm cc h s cho tha s.
V d. Cho a e [0 ; 2], be [0; 4]. Chng minh:
1372
(2 )(4 )(3 2 )
81
a b a b + s .
Gii:
Phn tch: V nguyn tc ta phi kh c a v b.
V tri l tch ca 3 nhn t, tch ln nht th
tng ca chng phi khng i. Nh vy ta phi
thm bt c mt tng khng i.
C:
1 1
(2 )(4 )(3 2 ) (6 3 ) (8 2 )(3 2 )
3 2
1
(6 3 )(8 2 )(3 2 )
6
a b a b a b a b
a b a b
+ = +
= +
3
3
1 6 3 8 2 3 2 14 1372
6 3 6.27 81
a b a b + + + | |
s = =
|
\ .
.
Du = xy ra 6 - 3a = 8- 2b = 3a + 2b =
14
3

4 5
;
9 3
a b = = .
3. Tm thm s hng thch hp
V d 1. Chng minh:
2 2 2
a b c
a b c
b c a
+ + > + + .
Gii:
2 2
2 2
a a
b b a
b b
+ > = ;
2 2
2 2
b b
c c b
c c
+ > = ;
2 2
2 2
c a
a a c
a a
+ > = ;
38
2 2 2
2 2 2
a b c
b c a a b c
b c a
+ + + + + > + +
2 2 2
a b c
a b c
b c a
+ + > + + .
Du = xy ra a = b = c.
V d 2. Cho x, y, z > 0.
Chng minh:
3 3 3
2 2 2
x y z
x y z
y z x
+ + > + + .
Gii:
Phn tch : ta phi kh c mu bng cch p
dng bt ng thc Csi.
C:
3 3
3
2 2
3 3
3
2 2
3 3
3
2 2
3 . . 3
3 . . 3
3 . . 3
x x
y y y y x
y y
y y
z z z z y
z z
z z
x x x x z
x x
+ + > =
+ + > =
+ + > =

3 3 3
2 2 2
3 3 3
x y z
y y z z x x x y z
y z x
+ + + + + + + + > + +

3 3 3
2 2 2
x y z
x y z
y z x
+ + > + + .
Du = xy ra x = y = z.
V d 3. Cho x, y, z > 0.
Chng minh:
2 2 2
3 3 3
1 1 1 x y z
y z x x y z
+ + > + + .
Gii:
C:
2 2
3
3 3
2 2
3
3 3
2 2
3
3 3
1 1 1 1 1
3 . . 3.
1 1 1 1 1
3 . . 3.
1 1 1 1 1
3 . . 3.

x x
y x x y x x y
y y
z y y z y y z
z z
x z z x z z x
+ + > =
+ + > =
+ + > =

2 2 2
3 3 3
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
3. 3. 3.
x y z
y x x z y y x z z x y z
+ + + + + + + + > + +

2 2 2
3 3 3
1 1 1 x y z
y z x x y z
+ + > + + .
Du = xy ra x = y = z.
V d 4. CM:
2 2 2
2
a b c a b c
b c c a a b
+ +
+ + >
+ + +
.
Gii:
C:
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 .
4 4
2 .
4 4
2 .
4 4
a b c a b c
a
b c b c
b c a a c a
b
c a c a
c a b c a b
c
a b a b
+ +
+ > =
+ +
+ +
+ > =
+ +
+ +
+ > =
+ +

2 2 2
4 4 4
a b c b c a c a b
a b c
b c c a a b
+ + +
+ + + + + > + +
+ + +

2 2 2
2
a b c a b c
b c c a a b
+ +
+ + >
+ + +
.
Du = xy ra a = b = c.
4. Dng tng nghch o ca cc s dng.
C:
1 1 1 1 4
( ) 4 a b
a b a b a b
| |
+ + > + >
|
+
\ .
;
1 1 1 1 1 1 9
( ) 9 a b c
a b c a b c a b c
| |
+ + + + > + + >
|
+ +
\ .
.
V d 1. Chng minh rng trong mi tam gic ta
c:
1 1 1 1 1 1
2
p a p b p c a b c
| |
+ + > + +
|

\ .
vi
2
a b c
p
+ +
= .
Gii:
C :
1 1 4 4 4
2 p a p b p a p b p a b c
+ > = =
+
;
tng t:
1 1 4 1 1 4
;
p b p c a p c p a b
+ > + >

.
Cng v vi v 3 bt ng thc
dng cng chiu ta c:
1 1 1 1 1 1
2 4
1 1 1 1 1 1
2
p a p b p c a b c
p a p b p c a b c
| |
| |
+ + > + +
| |

\ .
\ .
| |
+ + > + +
|

\ .

VI. Bt ng thc Bunhiacpxki v phng
php to .
* BT BNA:
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
( )( ) ax by a b x y a b x y + s + + = + +
Du = xy ra
x y
a b
= .
M rng:
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1 2 2 1 2 1 2
( ... ) ( ... )( ... )
n n n n
a x a x a x a a a x x x + + + s + + + + + +

Du = xy ra
1 2
1 2
...
n
n
a a a
x x x
= = = .
Mt s v d:
V d 1. Cho x, y e R, tho mn: 2x + 7y = 1. CM:
39
2 2
1
53
x y + > .
HD: AD BT BNA:
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
1
(2 7 ) (2 7 )( )
53
x y x y x y + s + + + > .
ng thc xy ra khi
2
2 7 1
2 7 1
53
7 2 0 7
2 7
53
x y x
x y
x y
x y
y
+ = =

+ =

= =

=
.
V d 2. cho a, b, c > -
1
2
v a + b + c = 1. CMR:
2 1 2 1 2 1 15 a b c + + + + + s .
HD: p dng BT BNA:
(1. 2 1 1. 2 1 1. 2 1)
(1 1 1)(2 1 2 1 2 1) 15
2 1 2 1 2 1 15
a b c
a b c
a b c
+ + + + + s
+ + + + + + + =
+ + + + + s

ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi:
1
1
2 1 2 1 2 1 2
a b c
a b c
a b c
+ + =
= = =
+ = + = +
.
V d 3. Cho x, y, z > 0 tho mn: xyz = 1. CMR:
2 2 2
3
2
x y z
y z x z x y
+ + >
+ + +
.
HD: AD BT BNA:
( )
( )
2
2 2 2
2 2 2
2
2 2 2
3
. .
.
( ) .2
3 3
2 2 2
x y z
y z z x x y
y z z x x y
x y z
y z z x x y
y z x z x y
x y z
x y z x y z
y z x z x y
x y z x y z
xyz
y z x z x y
| |
+ + + + + s
|
|
+ + +
\ .
| |
+ + + + + + +
|
+ + +
\ .
| |
+ + s + + + +
|
+ + +
\ .
+ +
+ + > > =
+ + +

Du = xy ra a = y = z.
V d3. Cho x, y > 0 v x
2
+ y
2
= 1. CM:
3 3
1
1
2
x y s + s .
HD:
Theo gi thit:
2 2
0, 0 0 1
0 1 1
x y x
y x y
> > s s

s s + =

3 2
3 3
3 2
0
1
0
x x
x y
y y
s s
+ s
s s
.
p dng BT BNA:
2 2
1 1 2 x y x y x y + s + + + s .
Mt khc:
( )
2
2 2 2
3 3 3 3
1 ( ) . .
( )( ) 2( )
x y x x x y y y
x y x y x y
= + = + s
+ + s +

3 3
1
2
x y + > .
V d 4. Cho x, y >0 v
a b
m
x y
+ = . Tm gi tr nh
nht ca x + y.
HD: AD BT BNA:
2
2
2
( ) ( )
( )
a b a b
a b x y x y
x y x y
a b x y
| |
| |
+ = + s + +
|
|
|
\ .
\ .
+ s +

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1

Vay Hpt co ngh ( 4;9) ; ( 9;4).

< < <

> < <

g(x) < g(0) vi (0; )

. CMR tip tuyn ti

lun tip xc vi hai

sao cho tip tuyn ti M ct cc trc to

ti hai im phn bit

. Bin lun s nghim

. Bin lun s nghim

= (1;1;1) m AC' = (1;1;1).

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