Do An Tot Nghiep Cua Kien

Thit k l t rc thi y t nguy hi cho bnh vin a Khoa Trung ng Thi Nguyn
Phm Vn Kin CNMT K48
MC LC
MC LC .............................................................................................................................1
M U ...............................................................................................................................3
CHNG I............................................................................................................................4
TNG QUAN V CHT THI Y T V PHNG PHP X L CHT THI Y T 4
I.1. nh ngha v cc c trng ca cht thi y t............................................................4
I.1.1. nh ngha cht thi y t.......................................................................................4
I.1.2. Phn loi cht thi y t: ........................................................................................4
I.1.3. Ngun pht sinh....................................................................................................6
I.1.4. Thnh phn cht thi y t......................................................................................7
I.2.Tc hi ca cht thi rn y t ........................................................................................7
I.2.1. i vi sc khe...................................................................................................7
I.2.2. i vi mi trng ...............................................................................................9
I.3. Phng php qun l v x l cht thi y t .............................................................10
I.3.1. Qun l cht thi y t..........................................................................................10
I.3.2. X l cht thi y t ............................................................................................12
I.4. Hin trng qun l v x l cht thi y t..................................................................15
I.4.1. Hin trng qun l v x l cht thi y t trn th gii ......................................15
I.4.2. Hin trng qun l v x l cht thi y t ti Vit Nam .....................................16
I.4.3. Hin trng qun l v x l cht thi y t ti Thi Nguyn................................18
CHNG II ........................................................................................................................20
HIN TRNG THU GOM V X L CHT THI RN Y T CA BNH VIN A
KHOA TRUNG NG THI NGUYN ..........................................................................20
II.1. Gii thiu v bnh vin ............................................................................................20
II.2. Chc nng ca bnh vin .........................................................................................20
II.3. Quy m c v c cu t chc ca bnh vin............................................................21
II.4. Tnh hnh hot ng y t ca bnh vin trong nhng nm gn y .........................22
II.5 Hin trng thu gom v x l cht thi rn y t ca bnh vin...................................23
II.5.1. Ngun pht sinh ................................................................................................23
II.5.2. Lng thi .........................................................................................................24
II.5.3. Thnh phn rc thi ca bnh vin....................................................................24
II.6. Hin trng thu gom v x l ....................................................................................25
II.7. D bo v pht sinh cht thi rn ca bnh vin a Khoa Trung ng Tnh Thi
Nguyn.............................................................................................................................26
CHNG III .......................................................................................................................27
C S L THUYT QU TRNH T RC THI Y T.............................................27
III.1. L thuyt qu trnh t............................................................................................27
III.1.1. L thuyt qu trnh chy ca cht rn..............................................................27
III.1.2. ng hc qu trnh t cht thi......................................................................28
III.2. L thuyt qu trnh x l khi thi .........................................................................31
III.2.1. S hnh thnh cc cht thi ..............................................................................31
III.2.2. X l khi thi .................................................................................................32
CHNG IV.......................................................................................................................36
LA CHN CNG NGH X L CHT THI Y T NGUY HI ..............................36
IV.1. La chn phng php x l rc thi bnh vin ....................................................36
IV.2. Cc loi l t cht thi y t ...................................................................................37
IV.3. So snh v la chn cng ngh t ........................................................................39
Vin khoa hc v Cng ngh Mi trng (INEST) - HBKHN
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Phm Vn Kin CNMT K48
IV.4. Cng ngh thiu t cht thi rn y t ...................................................................40

CHNG V ........................................................................................................................42
TNH TON THIT K L T CHT THI Y T NGUY HI CHO BNH VIN
A KHOA TRUNG NG THI NGUYN ...................................................................42
V.1. Cng sut v thnh phn cht thi y t nguy hi cn x l......................................42
V.2. Thit k l t cht thi y t nguy hi......................................................................43
V.2.1. Cn bng vt cht..............................................................................................43
V.2.2. Cn bng nhit lng........................................................................................49
V.2.3. Tnh lng vt cht ra khi l t.....................................................................54
V.2.4. Kch thc l t ..............................................................................................54
V.2.6. Th xy l .........................................................................................................63
CHNG VI.......................................................................................................................65
X L NHIM KH .......................................................................................................65
VI.1. Thnh phn v nng cc cht nhim trong khi thi......................................65
VI.2. Thit b trao i nhit .............................................................................................66
VI.3. H thng x l bi Xyclon ..................................................................................72
VI.4. Thp hp th ...........................................................................................................75
VI.5. ng khi .................................................................................................................77
VI.6. Qut cp khng kh vo l......................................................................................77
VI.7. Bm dung dch Ca(OH)2 5%..................................................................................79
VI.8. Qut ht ..................................................................................................................82
VI.9. D ton chi ph cho cng trnh ...............................................................................87
KT LUN..........................................................................................................................89
TI LIU THAM KHO ...................................................................................................90

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M U
Trong nhng nm gn y, tc th ho, cng nghip ho ti cc thnh
ph v cc khu th Vit Nam gia tng mnh m v ang c xu hng tip tc
tng mnh m trong nhng nm ti. Cng vi s pht trin ca cng nghip ho v
th ho, nhiu loi cht thi khc nhau sinh t cc hot ng ca con ngi c xu
hng tng ln v s lng, t nc cng, rc sinh hot, phn, cht thi cng
nghip n cc cht thi c hi nh rc y t. Nu ta khng c phng php ng
n phn hu lng cht thi ny th s gy nhim mi trng do vt qu kh
nng phn hu ca t nhin.
Cht thi rn y t (CTRYT) l loi cht thi nguy hi. Trong thnh phn
CTRYT c cc loi cht thi nguy hi nh: cht thi lm sng nhm A,B,C,D,E.
Cc loi cht thi ny c bit l cht thi nhim khun nhm A, cht thi phu
thut nhm E c cha nhiu mm bnh, vi khun gy bnh c th thm nhp vo c
th con ngi bng nhiu con ng v nhiu cch khc nhau. Cc vt sc nhn
nh kim tim d lm try xc da, gy nhim khun. ng thi, trong thnh
phn cht thi y t cn c cc loi ho cht v dc phm c tnh c hi nh: c
tnh di truyn, tnh n mn da, gy phn ng, gy n. Nguy him hn cc loi trn
l cht thi phng x pht sinh t vic chun bnh bng hnh nh nh: chiu chp
X-quang, tr liu
Cho n nay, chn lp vn l bin php x l cht thi rn ph bin nht i
vi nhiu nc trn th gii trong c Vit Nam. u im chnh ca cng ngh
chn lp t tn km v c th x l nhiu loi cht thi rn khc nhau so vi cng
ngh khc. Tuy nhin hnh thc chn lp li gy ra nhng hnh thc nhim khc
nh nhim nc, mi hi, rui nhng, cn trngHn na, cng ngh chn lp
khng th p dng x l trit cc loi cht thi y t, c hi. Ngoi ra trong
qu trnh th ho nh hin nay, qu t ngy cng thu hp, dn n kh khn
trong vic la chn v tr lm bi chn lp rc.
V vy, p dng mt s bin php x l rc khc song song vi chn lp l
mt nhu cu rt thit thc. Cng ngh t cht thi rn, mt trong nhng cng ngh
thay th, ngy cng tr nn ph bin v c ng dng rng ri c bit vi loi
hnh cht thi rn y t v c hi. Cng ngh t cht thi rn s t tn km hn nu
i km vi bin php khai thc tn dng nng lng pht sinh trong qu trnh.

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CHNG I
TNG QUAN V CHT THI Y T V PHNG PHP X
L CHT THI Y T
I.1. nh ngha v cc c trng ca cht thi y t
I.1.1. nh ngha cht thi y t
Cht thi y t (CTYT) l cht thi t cc hot ng khm cha bnh, chm
sc, xt nghim, nghin cuCTYT nguy hi l cht thi c cc thnh phn nh:
mu, dch c th, cht bi tit, cc b phn, c quan; bm, kim tim, vt sc nhn,
dc phm, ha cht, cht phng xthng dng rn, lng, kh. CTYT c
xp l cht thi nguy hi, cn c phng thc lu gi, x l, thi b c bit, c quy
nh ring; gy nguy hi sc khe, an ton mi trng hay gy cm gic thiu thm
m.
Rc sinh hot y t l cht thi khng xp vo cht thi nguy hi, khng c
kh nng gy c, khng cn lu gi, x l c bit; l cht thi pht sinh t cc
khu vc bnh vin: giy, plastic, thc phm, chai l
Rc y t (RYT) l phn cht thi y t dng rn, khng tnh cht thi dng
lng v kh, c thu gom v x l ring.
I.1.2. Phn loi cht thi y t:
I.1.2.1. Cht thi lm sng
Nhm A: cht thi nhim khun, cha mm bnh vi s lng, mt
gy bnh, b nhim khun bi vi khun, virus, k sinh trng, nmbao gm cc vt

liu b thm mu, thm dch, cht bi tit ca ngi bnh nh gc, bng, gng tay,
bt b gy xng, dy truyn mu
Nhm B: l cc vt sc nhn: bm tim, li, cn dao m, mnh thy tinh v
v mi vt liu c th gy ra cc vt ct hoc chc thng, d chng c c s dng

hay khng s dng.
Nhm C: cht thi nguy c ly nhim pht sinh t phng xt nghim: gng
tay, lam knh, ng nghim, bnh phm sau khi xt nghim, ti ng mu

Nhm D: cht thi dc phm, dc phm qu hn, b nhim khun, dc
phm b , khng cn nhu cu s dng v thuc gy c t bo.

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Nhm E: l cc m c quan ngi ng vt, c quan ngi bnh, ng vt,
m c th (nhim khun hay khng nhim khun), chn tay, nhau thai, bo thai
I.1.2.2. Cht thi phng x
Ti cc c s y t, cht thi phng x pht sinh t cc hot ng chun on
ho, ho tr liu, v nghin cu. Cht thi phng x gm: dng rn, lng v kh.
Cht thi phng x rn bao gm: Cc vt liu s dng trong cc xt nghim,
chun on, iu tr nh ng tim, bm tim, kim tim, knh bo h, giy thm, gc
st khun, ng nghim, chai l ng cht phng x
Cht thi phng x lng bao gm: Dung dch c cha cht phng x pht
sinh trong qu trnh chun on, iu tr nh nc tiu ca ngi bnh, cc cht bi
tit, nc sc ra cc dng c c cht phng x
Cht thi phng x kh bao gm: Cc cht kh thot ra t kho cha cht
phng x
I.1.2.3.Cht thi ho hc
Cht thi ho hc bao gm cc ho cht c th khng gy nguy hi nh
ng, axit bo, axit amin, mt s loi mui v ho cht nguy hi nh
Formaldehit, ho cht quang hc, cc dung mi, ho cht dng tit khun y t v
dung dch lm sch, kh khun, cc ho cht dng trong ty u, thanh trng
Cht thi ho hc nguy hi gm:
Formaldehit: y l ho cht thng c s dng trong bnh vin, n c
s dng lm v sinh, kh khun dng c, bo qun bnh phm hoc kh khun
cc cht thi lng nhim khun. N c s dng trong cc khoa gii phu bnh,
lc mu, p xc
Cc cht quang ho: Cc dung dch dng c nh phim trong khoa
Xquang.
Cc dung mi: Cc dung mi dng trong c s y t gm cc hp cht ca
halogen nh metyl clorit, chloroform, cc thuc m bc hi nh halothane; Cc hp
cht khng cha halogen nh xylene, axeton, etyl axetat
Cc cht ho hc hn hp: Bao gm cc dung dch lm sch v kh khun
nh phenol, du m v cc dung mi lm v sinh

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I.1.2.4. Cc bnh cha kh nn c p sut

Nhm ny bao gm cc bnh cha kh nn c p sut nh bnh ng oxy,
CO2, bnh gas, bnh kh dung, cc bnh cha kh s dng mt ln a s cc bnh
cha kh nn ny thng d n, d chy nguy c tai nn cao nu khng c tiu
hy ng cch.
I.1.2.5.Cht thi sinh hot
Nhm cht thi ny c c im chung nh cht thi sinh hot thng thng
t h gia nh gm giy loi, vi loi, vt liu ng gi thc n cn tha, thc phm
thi b v cht thi ngoi cnh nh l, hoa qu rng
I.1.3. Ngun pht sinh
Xc nh ngun pht sinh cht thi c quan h cht ch ti vic qun l
chung v trong nhiu trng hp nu x l ngay u ngun hiu qu s cao hn.
Cn c vo s phn loi trn c th thy cht thi bnh vin gm 2 phn
chnh: Phn khng c hi (chim khong 85%) tng s cht thi bnh vin) loi
cht thi ny ch cn x l nh nhng cht thi cng cng v sinh hot khc. Phn
cn li (chim 15%) l nhng cht thi c hi nguy him, cn c bin php x l
thch hp.
Hnh 1.1. Ngun pht sinh cht thi bnh vin

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I.1.4. Thnh phn cht thi y t

Thnh phn vt l:
Bng vi si: Gm bng bng, gc, qun o, khn lau, vi tri
Giy: Hp ng dng c, giy gi, giy thi t nh v sinh.
Nha: Hp ng, bm tim, dy chuyn mu, ti ng hng.
Thy tinh: Chai l, ng tim, bm tim thy tinh, ng nghim.
Nha: Hp ng, bm tim, dy truyn mu, ti ng.
Kim loi: Dao ko m, kim tim.
Thnh phn tch ra t c th: Mu m t bng gc, b phn c th b ct b.
Thnh phn ha hc:
V c: Ha cht, thuc th
Hu c: vi si, phn c th, thuc.
Thnh phn sinh hc:
Mu, bnh phm, b phn c th b ct b
I.2.Tc hi ca cht thi rn y t
I.2.1. i vi sc khe
Cc loi hnh ri ro:
Vic tip xc vi cc cht thi y t c th gy nn bnh tt hoc tn thng.
Kh nng gy ri ro t cht thi y t c th do mt hoc nhiu c trng c bn sau:
Cht thi y t cha ng cc yu t truyn nhim, l tc nhn nguy hi c
trong rc thi y t.
Cc loi ha cht dc phm c thnh phn c, t bo nguy him.
Cc cht cha ng v phng x.
Vt sc nhn c th gy tn thng.
Cht thi c yu t nh hng tm l x hi.
Nhng i tng c th tip xc vi nguy c:
Tt c mi c nhn tip xc vi cht thi y t nguy hi l nhng ngi c
nguy c tim tng, bao gm nhng ngi lm trong cc c s y t, nhng ngi lm
nhim v vn chuyn cc cht thi y t v nhng ngi trong cng ng b phi
nhim vi cht thi do hu qu ca s bt cn v tc trch trong khu qun l v
kim sot cht thi.
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Nguy c t cht thi truyn nhim v cc vt sc nhn:

Cc vt th trong thnh phn cht thi y t cha ng mt lng ln cc tc
nhn vi sinh vt gy bnh truyn nhim nh t cu, HIV, vim gan B. Cc tc nhn
ny c th thm nhp vo c th ngi thng qua cc cch thc sau:
Qua da, qua mt vt thng, try xc hoc vt cn trn da do vt sc nhn
gy tn thng.
Qua nim mc, mng nhy.
Qua ng h hp do ht phi.
Qua ng tiu ha do nut, n phi.
Nguy c t cc cht thi gy c t bo:
i vi nhn vin y t do nhu cu cng vic phi tip xc v x l loi cht
thi gy c t bo m mc nh hng v chu tc ng t cc ri ro tim tng
s ph thuc vo cc yu t nh tnh cht, liu lng gy c ca cht c v
khong thi gian tip xc. Qu trnh tip xc vi cc cht c c trong cng tc y t
c th xy ra trong lc chun b hoc trong qu trnh iu tr bng cc thuc c bit
hoc bng phng php ha tr liu. Nhng phng thc tip xc chnh l ht phi
ha cht c tnh nhim c dng bi hoc hi qua ng h hp, b hp th qua
da do tip xc trc tip, qua ng tiu ha do n phi thc phm nhim thuc.
c tnh i vi t bo ca nhiu loi thuc chng ung th l tc ng n
cc chu k c bit ca t bo, nhm vo cc qu trnh tng hp AND hoc qu
trnh phn bo nguyn phn. Nhiu loi thuc c c tnh cao v gy nn hu qu
hy hoi cc b sau khi tip xc trc tip vi da hoc mt. Chng cng c th gy
ra chng mt bun nn, au u hoc vim da.
Nguy c t cht thi phng x:
Loi bnh v hi chng gy ra do cht thi phng x c xc nh bi loi
cht thi i tng v phm vi tip xc. N c th l hi chng au u, hoa mt,
chng mt v nn nhiu mt cch bt thng. Cht thi phng x, cng nh cht
thi dc phm, l mt loi c hi ti t bo, gen. Tip xc vi cc ngun phng
x c hot tnh cao v d nh ngun phng x ca cc thit b chun on nh my
Xquang, my chp ct lp c th gy ra mt lot cc tn thng chng hn nh
ph hy cc m, nhiu khi gy ra bng cp tnh.
Cc nguy c t nhng loi cht thi c cha cc ng v c hot tnh thp c
th pht sinh do vic nhim x trn b mt ca cc vt cha, do phng thc hoc
khong thi gian lu gi ca loi cht thi ny. Cc nhn vin y t hoc nhng
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ngi lm nhim v thu gom v vn chuyn rc khi phi tip xc vi cht thi c
cha cc loi ng v phng x ny l nhng ngi c nguy c cao.
Tnh nhy cm x hi:
Bn cnh vic lo ngi i vi nhng mi nguy c gy bnh ca cht thi rn
y t tc ng ln sc khe, cng ng thng cng rt nhy cm vi nhng n
tng tm l, gh s c bit l khi nhn thy loi cht thi thuc v gii phu, cc
b phn c th b ct b trong phu thut nh chi, d dy, cc loi khi u, rau thai,
bo thai, mu
I.2.2. i vi mi trng
i vi mi trng t:
Khi cht thi y t c chn lp khng ng cch th cc vi sinh vt gy
bnh, ha cht c hi c th ngm vo t gy nhim c t lm cho vic ti s
dng bi chn lp gp kh khn
i vi mi trng khng kh:
Cht thi bnh vin t khi pht sinh n khu x l cui cng u gy ra
nhng tc ng xu n mi trng khng kh. Khi phn loi ti ngun, thu gom,
vn chuyn chng pht tn bi rc, bo t vi sinh vt gy bnh, hi dung mi, ha
cht vo khng kh. khu x l (t, chn lp) pht sinh ra cc kh c hi HX,
NOX, ioxin, furan t l t v CH4, NH3, H2S t bi chn lp. Cc kh ny
nu khng c thu hi v x l s gy nh hng xu ti sc khe ca cng ng
dn c xung quanh.
i vi mi trng nc:
Nc thi bnh vin cha nhiu ha cht c hi, phng x, tc nhn gy
bnh cc kh ly nhim cao nh Samonella, coliform, t cu, lin cu Nu khng
c x l trc khi thi b vo h thng thot nc chung ca thnh ph th c th
gy ra tnh trng nhim nghim trng ngun nc.
Khi chn lp cht thi y t khng ng k thut v khng hp v sinh. c
bit l cht thi y t c chn lp chung vi cht thi sinh hot c th gy nhim
ngun nc ngm.

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I.3. Phng php qun l v x l cht thi y t

I.3.1. Qun l cht thi y t
I.3.1.1. Gim thiu ti ngun
Chn nh cung cp hu cn cho bnh vin m sn phm ca h t ph thi
hay gim lng cht thi rn y t nguy hi phi x l c bit.
S dng cc bin php kh trng ty u c l hc nhiu hn cc bin php
ha hc s gim thiu cht thi nguy hi.
Gim thiu cht thi, nht l trong cng tc h l v kh trng ty u.
I.3.1.2. Qun l v kim sot bnh vin
Tp trung qun l thng nht cc loi thuc, ha cht nguy hi
Gim st s lun chuyn lu hnh ha cht, dc cht ngay t khu nhn,
nhp kho, s dng v tiu hy thi b.
I.3.1.3. Qun l kho ha cht, dc cht
Thng xuyn nhp hng tng lng nh hn l nhp qu nhiu mt t d
dn ti tha hay qu hn.
S dng cc l hng c trc, hng mi dng sau
S dng ton b thuc, dc cht vt t trong kin ri mi chuyn sang kin
mi.
Thng xuyn kim tra hn s dng ca cc loi thuc, dc cht, vt t tiu
hao ngay t khi nhp hng cng nh trong qu trnh s dng.
I.3.1.4. Thu gom, phn loi v vn chuyn
Tch Phn loi:
im mu cht ca bin php ny l phn loi v tch ngay t u mt cch
chnh xc cht thi y t nguy hi v cht thi rn thng thng. Vic tch v phn
loi chnh xc cht thi y t to iu kin thun li cho cc qu trnh tip theo nh
qu trnh vn chuyn v lu ti trm hay ni trung chuyn v qu trnh vn chuyn
ti ni tiu hy v qu trnh tiu hy.
Vic tch v phn loi cht thi rn y t i hi phi c thng cha, ti lt
thng cha dy tht ti, hp nht vt sc nhn. Yu cu mu sc phi thng nht
d qun l cht thi y t c phn loi thu gom trong sut qu trnh lu thng.

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10
Phm Vn Kin CNMT K48
Bng 1.1. Yu cu mu sc, nh du nhn thng v ti ng cht thi y t

Loi cht thi
Mu v nh du nhn
Loi thng,ti
Cht thi ly nhim cao
Vng, k hiu nhim Thng nha, ti nha bn

khun cao
chc chn
Cht thi ly nhim, bnh Vng, c logo nhim Thng nha, ti nha bn
phm, gii phu
khun
Vt sc nhn
Vng, ch vt sc Ti nha bn, hoc hp

nhn
giy, chai nha
Cht thi y t c ng v Vng nu, logo c bc x Hp ch, kim loi c dn

phng x
theo quy inh
nhn bc x
Cht thi y t thng en, nh ti ng rc Ti nilon, thng nha,
thng
sinh hot
kim loi
Thu gom ti phng khoa

H l v nhn vin y t phn loi, tch cht thi y t ngay trong qu trnh
thc hnh nghip vu chuyn mn k thut nh thay bng, tim truyn. Hot ng
ny phi duy tr thng xuyn lin tc.
Nhn vin chuyn trch thu gom cht thi y t t cc bung chuyn mn tp
trung v thng lu cha trung chuyn, vn chuyn v khu lu trung chuyn cht
thi y t nguy hi bnh vin. Cn ch :
Cht thi phi c thu gom hng ngy v chuyn v ni lu, trung chuyn
cht thi ca bnh vin.
Thng ti cha y cht thi, khi vn chuyn i phi c nhn ghi r cht
thi t khoa, bnh vin, ngy gi.
Phi c ngay thng, ti cha rc t ngay vo v tr khi chuyn thng c i.
Lu cha:
Khu trung chuyn lu cha cht thi y t c th xy dng ring hoc c th
kt hp vi nh xng lp t l t nu c trang b tiu hy ti ch. Nh
xng l t v lu cht chi rn y t nguy hi, x l thng thu gom c din tch
bao che (i vi tuyn tnh) t 40 50 m2.
Tng dy 110 mm, c ca li thp
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11
Phm Vn Kin CNMT K48
Ct thp ch I 200
Phn trn tng bao quanh lp li B40 khung thp cao 2200 mm
Mi lp tn ausman. Nn lt gch chng trn, d ra.
Thi gian lu cha nh sau:
Tt nht l vn chuyn cht thi rn y t nguy hi i x l ngay trong ngy.
Vn chuyn cht thi i x l trong vng 48 h i vi ma ng
Vn chuyn cht thi i x l trong vng 24 h i vi ma h.
I.3.2. X l cht thi y t
I.3.2.1. Cc phng php chnh x l cht thi y t
Thiu t nhit cao
Kh trng
Chn lp hp v sinh
ng rn
X l bng phng php thiu t nhit cao:
Thiu t nhit cao l phng php thnh cng nht m bo ph hy
cc c tnh c hi ca cht thi y t, gim thiu th tch rc n 95% v tiu dit
hon ton vi khun gy bnh nhit (1050 1100oC). Phng php ny p ng
tt c cc tiu ch v tiu hy an ton ngoi tr vic pht thi cc kh thi cn c
x l.
X l cht thi y t bng phng php kh trng:
Theo phng php ny, cc cht thi c kh nng ly nhim trc khi thi ra
mi trng nh cht thi sinh hot thng thng phi em i kh trng. cc nc
pht trin, vic kh trng cn c coi l cng on u ca vic thu gom cht thi
y t nhm hn ch kh nng gy tai nn ca cht thi.
Kh trng bng ha cht: Ha cht thng dng l Clo, hypoclorit. y l
phng php n gin v r tin, nhng c nhc im l khng tiu dit c ht
lng vi khun trong rc nu thi gian tip xc ngn. Ngoi ra, mt s vi khun c
kh nng bn vng vi ha cht x l, hoc clo ch l cht kh trng hu hiu khi
khng c cc cht hu c Do vy, hiu qu ca phng php kh trng khng
cao.
Kh trng bng nhit v p sut cao: y l phng php kh trng hiu qu
cao nhng thit b x l t tin v i hi ch vn hnh, bo dng cao
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Phm Vn Kin CNMT K48
X l bng phng php chn lp:

y l phng php ph bin c dng nhiu ni nht l cc nc ang
pht trin. Cht thi sau khi c chuyn n bi chn lp thnh tng c lp ph,
lp lt trn v di chn lp ngn nga cht thi pht tn theo gi hoc ngm
vo lng t.
X l bng phng php ng rn:
Qu trnh ng rn cht thi cng vi cht c nh xi mng, vi. Thng
thng ngi ta trn hn hp rc y t nguy hi 65%, vi 15%, xi mng 15%, nc
5%. Hn hp ny c nn thnh khi, trong mt s trng hp n c dng lm
vt liu xy dng.
Trong thc hnh ti bnh vin, i vi mt s cht thi y t c dng sc nhn
nh kim tim, li dao m, kim khu Ngi ta cng thng p dng phng
php thu gom v nht ch x l.
I.3.2.2. X l mt s loi rc thi y t
X l cht thi lm sng:
Cht thi nhm A : p dng 1 trong cc phng php sau:
- Thiu t l phng php tt nht cho cht thi ly nhim nhng kh thi
phi t tiu chun mi trng.
- Chn lp hp v sinh: phi chn ti bi chn lp ring, c h thng chng
thm tt v che ph tc thi.
-
Kh trng cht thi ly nhim: Bng x l nhit, vi sng, ha cht
Cht thi nhm B:

-
Khng c t trong l
Nn dng phng php chn lp
C th thu hi cc phn kim loi
ng rn
Cht thi nhm C:

-
C th x l ging nh cht thi nhm A
Cht thi nhm D:

-
Thiu t cng vi cht thi nhim khun nu c l t
Chn lp: trc khi em chn lp phi ng rn cht thi

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Phm Vn Kin CNMT K48
Cht thi nhm E:

-
Thiu t cng vi cht thi nhim khun nu c l t
- Chn lp ngha a hoc ni quy nh. Ti mt s a phng, theo tp tc

vn ha, ngi nh bnh nhn c c th t mang rau thai, bo thai, chi v cc phn
ct b ca c th ngi i chn, vi iu kin cc c s y t phi m bo cc cht
thi c ng trong cc ti nilon mu vng v ng gi, bao bc cn thn trc
khi giao cho ngi nh bnh nhn.
X l cht thi phng x:
Tt c cc cng on ca quy trnh qun l phi tun theo hng dn v x
l cht thi phng x. Thc hin theo cc quy nh ca php lnh an ton v kim
sot bc x ngy 25/6/1996, ngh nh s 50/cp nh nc ngy 16/7/1998 ca
chnh ph quy nh v vic thi hnh Php ln an ton v kim sot bc x v cc
quy nh hin hnh ca nh nc.
X l cht thi ha cht:
Ha cht ha hc khng c hi: c th p dng 1 trong 2 phng php sau
-
Ti s dng
Tiu hy nh cht thi sinh hot
Ha cht ha hc nguy hi:

-
Nguyn tc:
+ Nhng ha cht ha hc nguy hi c tnh cht khc nhau khng c trn

ln vi nhau tiu hy
+ Khng c t cht thi c cha halogen v s gy nhim kh
+ Khng c chn lp vi khi lng ln v s gy nhim ti nc ngm
-
Phng php tiu hy:

+ Tr li ni sn xut
+ Thiu t
+ Chn lp: trc khi chn lp phi tr ha ng rn
X l cc bnh c p sut
Khng ln bnh cha kh c p sut vo cht thi lm sng thiu t v
c nguy c gy n. p dng 1 trong cc phng php sau x l:
-
Tr li ni sn xut
Ti s dng
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Phm Vn Kin CNMT K48
I.4. Hin trng qun l v x l cht thi y t

I.4.1. Hin trng qun l v x l cht thi y t trn th gii
Trn th gii, qun l rc thi bnh vin c nhiu quc gia quan tm v
tin hnh mt cch trit t rt lu. V qun l, mt lot nhng chnh sch quy
nh, c ban hnh nhm kim sot cht ch loi cht thi ny. Cc hip c
quc t, cc nguyn tc, php lut v quy nh v cht thi nguy hi, trong c c
cht thi bnh vin cng c cng nhn v thc hin trn hu ht cc quc gia
trn th gii.
Cng c Basel: c k kt bi hn 100 quc gia, quy nh v s vn chuyn
cc cht c hi qua bin gii, ng thi p dng, c vi cht thi y t. Cng c
ny a ra nguyn tc ch vn chuyn hp php cht thi nguy hi t cc quc gia
khng c iu kin v cng ngh thch hp sang cc quc gia c iu kin vt cht
k thut x l an ton mt s cht thi c bit.
Nguyn tc pollutor pay: Nu r mi ngi, mi c quan lm pht sinh cht thi
phi chi trch nhim v php lut v ti chnh trong vic m bo an ton v gi
cho mi trng trong sch.
Nguyn tc proximitry: Quy nh rng vic x l cht thi nguy hi cn c
tin hnh ngay ti ni pht sinh cng sm cng tt. Trnh tnh trng cht thi b lu
gi trong thi gian di gy nhim mi trng.
X l cht thi bnh vin, tu thuc vo iu kin kinh t v khoa hc cng
ngh, nhiu nc trn th gii c nhng bin php khc nhau x l loi rc
thi nguy hi ny.
Cc nc pht trin
Hin ti trn th gii hu ht cc quc gia pht trin, trong cc bnh vin,
c s chm sc sc khe, hay nhng cng ty c bit x l ph thi u c thit lp
h thng x l loi ph thi y t. l cc loi l t nhit cao ty theo loi
ph thi t 1000oC n trn 4000oC. Tuy nhin phng php ny hin nay vn cn
ang tranh ci v vic x l kh bi sau khi t c thi hi vo khng kh.
Cc ph thi y t trong khi t, thi hi vo khng kh c nhiu ht bi li ti
v cc ha cht c hi pht sinh trong qu trnh thiu t nh axit clohidric,
ioxin/furan, v mt s kim loi c hi nh thy ngn, ch hoc asen, cadmi. Do
, ti Hoa k vo nm 1996, bt u c cc iu lut v kh thi ca l t v
yu cu kh thi phi c gim thiu bng h thng lc ha hc v c hc ty theo
loi ph thi.

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Phm Vn Kin CNMT K48
Ngoi ra cn c phng php khc gii quyt vn ny c cc

quc gia lu tm n v phng php t gy ra nhiu bt li do lng kh c
hi pht sinh thi vo khng kh, do cc nh khoa hc hin ang p dng mt
phng php mi. l phng php nghin nt ph thi v x l di nhit v
p sut cao trnh vic phng thch kh thi.
Da theo phng php ny rc thi y t nguy hi c chuyn qua mt my
nghin nt. Ph thi c nghin xong s c chuyn qua mt phng hi c
nhit 138oC v p sut 3,8 bar. iu kin nhit v p sut trn l iu kin
ti u cho hi nc bo ha. Ph thi c x l trong vng 40 60 pht. Sau cng
ph thi rn c x l s c chuyn n cc bi rc thng thng v t
c tiu chun tit trng. Phng php ny cn c u im l lm gim c khi
lng ph thi v c nghin nt, chi ph t tn km hn l t, cng nh khng
to ra kh thi vo khng kh.
Ti cc nc ang pht trin
i vi cc nc ang pht trin, vic qun l mi trng ni chung vn cn
rt l l, nht l i vi ph thi bnh vin. Tuy nhin trong khong 5 nm tr li
y, cc quc gia nh n , Trung Quc bt u ch n vic bo v mi
trng, v c nhiu tin b trong vic xy dng cc l t bnh vin. c bit
n t nm 1998, chnh ph ban hnh lut v Ph thi y t: Lp th tc v
Qun l. Trong b lut ny c ghi r rang phng php tip nhn ph thi, phn
loi ph thi, cng vic x l v di di n cc bi rc Do , vn ph thi y t
c hi ca quc gia ny c ci thin rt nhiu.
I.4.2. Hin trng qun l v x l cht thi y t ti Vit Nam
Hin nay, ngnh y t c 11657 c s khm cha bnh vi 136542 ging
bnh, trong 843 bnh vin t tuyn huyn tr ln, khi y t t nhn c 17701 c
s y t t phng khm ti bnh vin t hot ng. S lng v mng li y t nh
vy l ln so vi cc nc trong khu vc, song vn m bo v sinh mi trng,
x l cht thi ti cc c s t trung ng ti a phng cn qu yu, hu ht cha
c h thng x l cht thi hoc rc thi, mt vi ni tuy c hot ng nhng cha
t yu cu k thut.
Vi mng li y t nh vy, lng rc thi rn y t pht sinh trn ton quc
l 11800 tn/ngy. Trong c khong 900 tn cht thi y t nguy hi.

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Phm Vn Kin CNMT K48
Bng 1.2. Khi lng cht thi rn y t nguy hi cc bnh vin ca mt s tnh
thnh ph
Tnh, thnh ph
Khi lng rc
YTNH (T/nm)
Tnh, thnh ph
Khi lng rc
YTNH (T/nm)
Hi Phng
547
Tp H Ch Minh
4730
Ph Th
70
ng Nai
180
Cn Th
110
Bnh Dng
368
H Ni
410
B Ra Vng Tu
288
Qung Ninh
190
Thi Nguyn
215
Hng yn
73
Hi Dng
132
Ngun: Bo co hin trng mi trng, 2003 ca cc tnh thnh trn c

nc
Qun l rc:
92,5% s bnh vin c thu gom rc thng k, 14% s bnh vin c phn
loi rc y t x l. Tuy nhin phn loi rc t khoa phng khm v iu tr bnh
nhn cha tr thnh ph bin.
Hu ht cht thi rn cc bnh vin khng c x l trc khi chn lp
hoc t. Mt s t bnh vin c l t rc y t song qu c, hoc t l thin gy
nhim mi trng.
Phn loi cht thi y t:
a s cc bnh vin thc hin phn loi cht thi ngay t ngun nhng vic
phn loi cn phin din v km hiu qu do nhn vin cha c o to.
Thu gom cht thi y t:
Theo quy nh, cht thi y t v cht thi sinh hot u c cc h l v y
cng thu gom hng ngy ngay ti khoa phng. Cc i tng khc nh bc s, y t
cn cha c hun luyn tham gia vo hot ng qun l cht thi y t. Tnh
trng chung l cc bnh vin khng c o bo h v cc phng tin bo h khc
cho nhn vin trc tip tham gia vo thu gom, vn chuyn v tiu hy cht thi.
Lu tr cht thi y t:
Hu ht cc im tp trung rc u nm trong khun vin bnh vin, v sinh
khng m bo, c nhiu nguy c gy ri do vt sc nhn ri vi, nhiu cn trng
xm nhp nh hng n mi trng bnh vin. Mt s im tp trung rc khng
c mi che, khng c ro bo v, v tr gn ni i li, nhng ngi khng c nhim
v d xm nhp.
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Phm Vn Kin CNMT K48
Vn chuyn cht thi ngoi c s y t:

Nhn vin ca cng ty mi trng th n thu gom cc ti cht thi ca bnh
vin, hin cha c xe chuyn dng chuyn ch cht thi bnh vin. C nhn vin
bnh vin ln nhn vin cng ty mi trng th u cha c o to, hng
dn v nguy c c lin quan n thu gom, vn chuyn v tiu hy cht thi.
I.4.3. Hin trng qun l v x l cht thi y t ti Thi Nguyn
Thi Nguyn c 19 bnh vin, 13 phng khm a khoa, 1 trung tm iu
dng, 1 tri phong, 2 nh h sinh, 177 trm y t x phng, vi tng s 3882
ging bnh. Vi lng c s khm cha bnh trn, nm 2006 lng rc thi pht
sinh trn ton thnh ph l 9846 kg/ngy m.
Bng 1.3. Lng cht thi pht sinh t cc bnh vin thnh ph Thi Nguyn
TT
Loi bnh vin
Tng s bnh
vin
Lng cht thi rn pht sinh

Tng lng
(T/nm)
T l nguy hi
(%)
a khoa cp TW
1 BV: 550
ging
182
23,0
Bnh vin ca tnh
9 BV: 1190
ging
466
28,5
Bnh vin ca
huyn
9 BV: 485
ging
441
12,0
1089
21,2
Tng s 19 bnh vin: 2225 ging
(Ngun: D n QLMT tnh Thi Nguyn, hp phn cht thi y t DANIDA)

Trong thi gian gn y, tnh hnh qun l v x l rc thi y t thnh ph
c quan tm u t ng mc. Phn ln cc bnh vin u c trang b
thng rc phn loi cht thi. Tuy nhin, phn ln rc thi y t vn c tp
trung trong khun vin bnh vin. Do khu vc ny cht thi lu tr lu ngy, khng
c v sinh thng xuyn, nn mi hi thi bc ln to iu kin cho vi sinh vt
gy bnh pht tn.
Hin nay, hu ht lng rc thi trn thnh ph Thi Nguyn u c thu
gom bi cng ty mi trng th. Cht thi bnh vin sau khi c thu gom ti
khu tp trung s c cng ty Mi trng th thu gom tip trong khong thi
gian 1 2 ngy mt ln v c vn chuyn n bi rc ca thnh ph x l. Ti
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Phm Vn Kin CNMT K48
y rc thi sinh hot c chn lp, cht thi rn y t s c thiu t ti l t

t bi rc.
Hin c 1 l t cht thi y t t ti bnh vin Gang thp, cng sut ca l
t l 50 kg/h. Tuy nhin, l t ny ch c thit k hot ng gin on, khng
c h thng gt tro t ng, tn sut 2 ln 1 tun.
Mi y, thnh ph c trang b thm 1 l t Hoval t ti khu x l
rc Tn Cng, cng sut thc t l 20 40 kg/ngy (cng sut thit k l 400
kg/ngy), tn sut hot ng 2 ngy/ln.

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Phm Vn Kin CNMT K48
CHNG II
HIN TRNG THU GOM V X L CHT THI RN Y T CA
BNH VIN A KHOA TRUNG NG THI NGUYN
II.1. Gii thiu v bnh vin
Bnh vin a Khoa Trung ng Thi Nguyn c thnh lp t nm 1953,
l bnh vin trc thuc b y t. y l mt bnh vin c k tha v pht trin t
bnh vin khu t tr Vit Bc.
Trong hn nm thp k qua, trong qu trnh pht trin ca mnh, c
iu kin lm tt cng tc khm cha bnh, nghin cu khoa hc, o to khu
vc c nhiu khu cng nghip tp trung v ng dn c ca cc dn tc min ni
pha bc, c s quan tm ca b y t v cc v c lin quan, bnh vin tng
bc c u t xy dng v ci to. T nhng nh tm cp 4 mi tranh vch na
n nay bnh vin c c kt cu cng trnh mi bng khung ct b tong ct
thp, quy m ngy cng c m rng khang trang.
II.2. Chc nng ca bnh vin
Bnh vin a Khoa Trung ng Thi Nguyn trc thuc b y t c chc
nng nhim v:
Khm v iu tr cho cn b, nhn dn cc dn tc Thi Nguyn, cc huyn
ca cc tnh ln cn (Tuyn Quang, Lng Sn, Bc Giang, Cao Bng).
L Tuyn cui tip nhn cc bnh nhn nng ca cc bnh vin trong tnh v
cc bnh vin ngnh ng trong khu vc.
Bi dng nghip v cho cc cn b y t thuc cc tnh Lo Cai, Yn
Bi,Tuyn Quang, Lng Sn, H Giang, Cao Bng.
L c s thc hnh chnh ca Trng i Hc Y Khoa Thi Nguyn.
o to bc s chuyn khoa cp I.
Nghin cu khoa hc: M hnh bnh tt, sc khe mi trng khu vc min
ni pha bc.
Tuyn Truyn Gio dc sc khe y t cho cc tnh min ni pha bc.
Thc hin cc chng trnh y t: ARI (nhim trng h hp), SDD (suy dinh
dng), chng m la, tiu chy, st rt, bu c.
Thc hin kinh t y t.

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Phm Vn Kin CNMT K48
II.3. Quy m c v c cu t chc ca bnh vin

Bnh vin a Khoa Trung ng Thi Nguyn hot ng vi quy m hin ti
l 560 ging bnh, l bnh vin khu vc phc v cho cn b v nhn dn tnh Thi
Nguyn v cc tnh min ni pha bc t nc. Bnh vin c nhiu cn b, y bc s
c nng lc v chuyn mn. Vi quy hoch pht trin mng li bnh vin giai
on 2005 -2010 c ph duyt theo quyt nh s 1047/Q BYT, bnh vin
s c quy m trn 700 ging bnh vo nm 210 v mt s chuyn khoa mi: n
v thn nhn to, khoa ni tit, phu thut thn kinh, dinh dng cha bnh.
Vi tng s cng nhn vin chc l 517 ngi, trong n c 477 ngi vi
c cu t chc b my bnh vin nh sau:
ng y
Gim c
Cc khoa cn lm sng:
- Khoa huyt hc TM
- Khoa sinh ha
- Khoa vi sinh
- Khoa gii phu bnh
- Khoa thm d chc
nng
- Khoa Xquang
- Khoa chng nhim
khun
- Khoa dc
- Khoa dinh dng
Cc khoa cn lm sng:
- Khoa khm bnh
- Khoa hi sc cp cu
- Khoa ni
- Khoa truyn nhim
- Khoa da liu
- Khoa thn kinh
- Khoa tm thn
- Khoa ng y
- Khoa nhi
- Khoa ngoi
- Khoa gy m hi sc
- Khoa chn thng
- Khoa sn
- Khoa tai mi hng
- Khoa rng hm mt
- Khoa mt
- Khoa vt l tr liu
- Khoa y hc ht nhn
- Khoa u bu
Cng on, on
thanh nin
Cc phng chc
nng:
- Phng k hoch
- Phng hnh
chnh qun tr
- Phng ti chnh
k ton
- Phng vt t
TBYT
- Phng y t iu
dng
- Phng t chc
cn b - bo v

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Phm Vn Kin CNMT K48
II.4. Tnh hnh hot ng y t ca bnh vin trong nhng nm gn y

Thng k s liu c bn v tnh hnh hot ng ca bnh vin a Khoa
Trung ng Thi Nguyn c th hin trong bng 2.1:
Bng 2.1. S liu c bn v hot ng chuyn mn ca bnh vin a Khoa
Trung ng Thi Nguyn:
STT Thc hin
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
Ging bnh k hoch
560
560
560
560
560
Tng s ln khm bnh 189701
170193
191108
192048
167484
TS bnh
ngoi tr
630
821
981
648
TS Bnh nhn T ni 20830

tr
20060
22660
23450
22085
Tng s ngy iu tr
220547
225769
227338
224998
Ngy iu tr trung 11
bnh
10,09
10
9,7
9,6
Ngy
s
ging/thng
32,8
33,6
33,8
31,5
T l t vong (%)
1,4
1,3
1,2
1,2
1,2
Tng s phu thut
4458
4273
4373
4487
5085
10
Phu thut cp cu
2610
2515
2596
2735
2350
11
M nh sn
37
29
28
36
63
12
No ph thai
813
667
648
632
476
13
t vng
214
85
74
205
152
14
S lng mu (lt)
314
410
430
709
403
15
Tng s xt nghim
299532
293762
359706
378354
422819
16
Xquang S ln chiu
16251
14012
10730
S ln chp
53712
52036
57110
54347
52494
Tng
ng
v 42
s ln phng x
thm
Siu m
6272
d
64
88
94
15457
13966
12474
13928
Tng
Trc trng
s ln Bang quang
soi
D dy
1491
2035
1397
1348
4921
29
34
1630
6780
4928
4230
17
18
nhn
T 889
22095
dng 34,2

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Phm Vn Kin CNMT K48
II.5 Hin trng thu gom v x l cht thi rn y t ca bnh vin

II.5.1. Ngun pht sinh
Rc thi ti bnh vin c pht sinh t cc hot ng khm cha bnh, sinh
hot hng ngy ca bnh nhn, ngi thn phc v, cn b y t. Nhn chung, rc
thi bnh vin thng pht sinh t nhng hot ng ch yu sau:
Cc cht thi pht sinh t cc hot ng chuyn mn, t cc qu trnh khm
cha bnh:
- Cc cht nhim khun bao gm: nhng vt liu thm mu, thm dch v cc
cht bi tit ca ngi bnh, nh bng, gc, bng, gng tay, tp d, o chong, bt
b, vi, cc ti hu mn nhn to, dy truyn mu, cc ng thng, dy v ti
dung dch dn lu.
- Tt c cc vt sc nhn bao gm bm tim, kim tim, li dao cn m, ca,
cc mnh thy tinh v v mi vt liu c th gy ra vt ct hoc chc thng, cho d
chng c th b nhim khun hay khng.
- Cc cht thi c nguy c ly nhim cao, pht sinh t cc phng th nghim,
bao gm: Gng tay, lam knh, ng nghim, bnh phm sau khi sinh thit, xt
nghim, nui cy, ti PE ng mu
- Cht thi dc phm, bao gm: Dc phm qu hn, dc phm b nhim
khun, dc phm b , dc phm khng cn nhu cu s dng, thuc gy c t
bo.
- Cc m v c quan ngi ng vt, bao gm tt c cc m c th (d
nhim khun hay khng), cc c quan, chn tay, rau thai, bo thai, xc sc vt
- Cht thi phng x pht sinh t cc hot ng chn on, ha tr liu v
nghin cu bao gm cc th loi trn nhng vi mc nhim phng x khc nhau.
- Cc cht ha hc nguy hi: Formaldehyde (c s dng trong khoa gii
phu bnh, lc mu, p xc v bo qun cc mu xt nghim), cc ha cht ha
hc hn hp (cc dung dch lm sch v kh khun nh phenol, du m, cc dung
dch lm v sinh).
Cc cht thi sinh hot ca bnh nhn, thn nhn, cn b nhn vin y t ti
bnh vin: Giy vn, v hp, thc n tha, rau, v tri cy.
Cht thi t hot ng chung ca bnh vin nh l cy, giy loi
Trong s cc loi cht thi rn trn th cht thi pht sinh t cc hot ng
chuyn mn c coi l cht thi y t c hi thng chim khong 10% tng
lng rc thi bnh vin.

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Phm Vn Kin CNMT K48
II.5.2. Lng thi

Lng rc thi pht sinh trong bnh vin t l thun vi s ging bnh
trong bnh vin v c th c tnh theo kt qu kho st thc t, kinh nghim v
cng thc thc nghim. S ging bnh l N th lng ngi trong bnh vin l 4N,
vi trung bnh mi ngi thi ra khong 0,75 kg/ngy m th lng rc thi hng
ngy l 3N kg/ngy m.
Vi tng s ging bnh l 560 ging th lng rc thi ca bnh vin a
Khoa Trung ng Thi Nguyn l:
560 ging x 3 kg/ging.ngy m = 1680 kg/ngy m
Trong lng rc thi y t chim 10% lng rc thi bnh vin tc l 168
kg/ngy m.
II.5.3. Thnh phn rc thi ca bnh vin
Thnh phn ca rc thi bnh thng (cht thi sinh hot ca bnh
nhn, thn nhn, cc cn b nhn vin y t ti bnh vin.).
Bng 2.2. Thnh phn rc thi sinh hot bnh thng ca bnh vin
TT
Thnh phn
T l khi lng (%)
Rc hu c
70
Nha cht do
Cc cht khc
10
Rc v c
17
65 69
Thnh phn ca rc thi y t (Cc cht thi pht sinh t cc hot ng chuyn
mn, t cc qu trnh khm cha bnh).
Bng 2.3. Thnh phn rc thi y t
TT
Thnh phn
T l khi lng (%)
Cc cht hu c cc loi
53,2
Giy cc loi
Thy tinh
3,2
Kim loi
0,7
Bng bng, thch cao
8,8
Plastic
10,1
Cht rn khc
21

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Phm Vn Kin CNMT K48
II.6. Hin trng thu gom v x l

Vi lng rc thi c tnh 1680 kg/ngy m, trong lng rc thi y t
c hi chim 10% (168 kg). Nu lng rc thi ny khng c thu gom v x l
trit th s tc ng nghim trng n mi trng.
Bnh vin a Khoa Trung ng Thi Nguyn vi quy m 560 ging bnh
lng pht sinh rc hng ngy kh ln, c bit l lng rc thi y t c hi.
m bo v sinh mi trng trong bnh vin cng nh mi trng xung quanh,
trong bnh vin c mt t cng nhn v sinh chuyn trch vic qut dn, thu gom
rc thi. Tt c cc loi rc thi ca bnh vin c phn loi ngay ti phng bnh
theo ng quy cch ca b y t. S phn loi v thu gom rc thi ca bnh vin
c th hin trn hnh sau:
Cht thi sinh hot
Ti mu xanh
Xe gom cht thi

sinh hot
Vn chuyn n
nh cha rc
Chn lp ti bi
rc ca thnh ph
Cht thi y t
Vt cng: B trong
hp cng
Mm: Ti
mu vng
Thng ng cht thi

c hi (mu en)
Vn chuyn n nh
cha rc
t ti l t cht
thi rn y t
Hnh 2.1. S thu gom cht thi ca bnh vin

Quy trnh phn loi, thu gom v x l cht thi rn ti bnh vin a Khoa
Trung ng Thi Nguyn: Qu trnh phn loi cht thi sinh hot v cht thi y t
c thc hin ngay ti phng bnh vi quy nh rc thi sinh hot cho vo cc ti
mu xanh, rc thi y t c hi c phn lm 2 loi, i vi rc thi mm cho vo
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Phm Vn Kin CNMT K48
ti mu vng, vt cng c b vo trong hp cng. Sau , cc thnh phn rc thi

ny c nhn vin v sinh ti cc khoa vn chuyn n xe gom cht thi c t
ti u mi khoa. Ti y, lng rc thi c nhn vin v sinh bnh vin vn
chuyn n nh cha rc ri sau thu cng ty mi trng th vn chuyn i.
Rc thi sinh hot c chn lp ti bi chn lp rc ca thnh ph, rc thi y t
c t ti l t rc t ti bi rc thnh ph.
Phng thc vn chuyn, bo qun ha cht theo ng quy nh v vn
chuyn bo qun ha cht. V x l ha cht qu hn (y chnh l cht thi thuc
nhm D theo phn loi ca b y t l cht thi dc phm bao gm dc phm qu
hn, dc phm b nhim khun, dc phm b , dc phm khng c nhu cu s
dng v thuc gy c t bo, y bnh vin a Khoa Trung ng Thi Nguyn
thc hin theo ng quy nh v quy ch qun l cht thi y t (Quyt nh s
2575/1999/Q BYT ngy 27 thng 8 nm 1999 ca b trng b y t) loi ha
cht ny c em i thiu hy cng vi cht thi y t c hi khc nhit cao,
m bo kh nng tiu hy ca thuc.
Hin nay, lng xe thu gom rc thi cn thiu, nh cha rc ch n gin l
nh cha rc thng thng, c xy cao, h thng cp thot nc v sinh m bo.
Tuy nhin, m bo nh cha hp v sinh, trnh nhim mi trng phi ci to
li nh cha rc: ci to trn nh, b tr ng thot kh, h thng n c pht tia cc
tm kh trng, xy ngn phng lnh trong c lp iu ha my lnh bo
qun cht thi y t (bnh phm, ph tng) trong khi cha kp vn chuyn x l.
II.7. D bo v pht sinh cht thi rn ca bnh vin a Khoa Trung ng
Tnh Thi Nguyn
Bnh vin a Khoa Trung ng Thi Nguyn hot ng vi quy m hin ti
l 560 ging bnh, l bnh vin khu vc phc v cho cn b v nhn dn tnh Thi
Nguyn v cc tnh min ni pha Bc t nc. Bnh vin c nhiu cn b, y bc s
c nng lc v chuyn mn. Vi quy hoch pht trin mng li bnh vin giai
on 2005 -2010 c ph duyt theo quyt nh s 1047/Q BYT, bnh vin
s c quy m trn 700 ging bnh vo nm 2010 v mt s chuyn khoa mi: n
v thn nhn to, khoa ni tit, phu thut thn kinh, dinh dng cha bnh.
Theo qui hoch pht trin mng li y t ca tnh Thi Nguyn trong
khong 10 nm na vi tnh hnh cng nghip v dch v trn a bn pht trin th
nhu cu khm cha bnh ca ngi dn cng s tng ln. c tnh s ging bnh
ca bnh vin s tng ln hn 800 ging bnh tng ng vi lng rc thi l
khong 250 kg/ngy m.
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Phm Vn Kin CNMT K48
CHNG III
C S L THUYT QU TRNH T RC THI Y T
Qu trnh x l cht thi rn bnh vin bng phng php t gm 2 giai
on chnh:
t cht thi: giai on ny cht thi c t chy to thnh tro v khi
l. Mt phn tro nm di dng x s c tho ra y l, mt phn di dng bi
s c cun theo khi l.
X l khi l: Khi sinh ra trong l t c nhit cao 1100oc cha bi,
nhng kh nhim nh SO2, NOx, CO2, CO trc khi thi vo kh quyn, khi
cn c x l h nhit , loi bt bi v kh c. m bo nhng yu cu ti
thiu ca khi khi thi vo mi trng.
III.1. L thuyt qu trnh t
Qu trnh t cht thi bnh vin xy ra trong l t thc cht l qu trnh
chy ca 3 loi cht: Rn, lng, kh.
Cht rn l bn thn cht thi
Cht lng gm nhin liu ph c cung cp t ngoi vo l du FO v
nhng thnh lng c tch ra t cht thi trong qu trnh nhit phn.
Cht kh l nhng sn phm ca qa trnh t v kh ha cht thi nh CO,
H2, mt s hydrocacbon, mt s hp cht hu c th kh, nhng kh c tnh cao
nh Dioxin, Furan.
III.1.1. L thuyt qu trnh chy ca cht rn
Cht thi rn t kh np vo l ti khi chy c c th tri qua cc giai
on:
Sy: l qa trnh nng nhit cht thi t nhit ban u ti khong
200oc, trong khong nhit ny m vt l trong cht thi c thot ra, sau l
m ha hc. Tc sy ph thuc vo kch thc, b mt tip xc, xp vt rn,
v nhit bung t.
Thc t cht thi rn l hn hp nhiu cht c thnh phn v kch thc
khng ng u. y l mt vn cn ch t chc qu trnh t c hiu
qu cao.
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Phm Vn Kin CNMT K48
Nhit phn: t khong nhit 200oc ti nhit bt u chy, xy ra nhng

qa trnh phn hy cht rn bng nhit. Nhng cht hu c c th b nhit phn
thnh nhng hp cht phn t lng nh hn th lng nh axit, axeton, metanol,
mt s hydrocacbon th lng. Mt s cht kh cng c sinh ra trong qu trnh
nhit phn nh CH4, H2, CO, CO2
Thnh phn ca sn phm nhit phn ph thuc vo bn cht ca cht thi,
nhit v tc nng nhit .
Qu trnh chy: l phn ng ho hc gia oxy trong khng kh, cht thi rn
v thnh phn chy c, sinh ra lng nhit ln v to ra nh sng. Tc chy
ph thuc vo nhit v nng cht chy c trong nhin liu v cht thi rn.
mt nhit nht nh, tc chy ph thuc ch yu vo nng cht
chy c trong hn hp nhin liu, cht thi rn v khng kh. Khi nng ny thp
tc chy chm v ngc li. i vi mt nng nht nh, tc chy ph
thuc vo nhit . nh hng ca nhit i vi qu trnh chy ln hn nhiu
nh hng ca nng . Khi nhin liu v cht thi rn c sy n nhit bt
la th qu trnh chy xy ra. Sauk hi bt la, qu trnh chy xy ra mnh lit, nng
cht chy trong nhin liu v cht thi gim dn, nhit bung t tng cao.
Trong qu trnh chy nhin liu v cht thi rn, mt vn quan trng l chy cht
bc, tc l chy cc kh chy nh hydro, cacbon oxyt v giai on chy to cc.
Qu trnh to x: Sau khi chy ht cc cht chy c th nhng cht rn
khng chy c s to thnh tro x. S to thnh tro x ph thuc vo nhit
bung t. Mi loi cht thi rn khng chy c nhit nng chy khc nhau. Cc
cht khng chy c v khng b nng chy to thnh tro, cn x l tro b nng
chy to thnh. Thng ngi ta la chn nhit thi x l 850oC.
III.1.2. ng hc qu trnh t cht thi

III.1.2.1. Cc bc xy ra trong qu trnh t cht thi rn
Khuych tn i lu xy nhn c t nhn ti b mt lp bin chy dng
bao quanh ht rn.
Khuych tn oxy qua chiu dy lp bin chy dng bng khuych tn phn
t.
Khuych tn oxy vo ng mao dn.
Hp th oxy vo b mt trong ca cht thi rn.
Phn ng ho hc:
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Phm Vn Kin CNMT K48
C+O2
2C+O2
CO2+C
S+O2
SO2+1/2O2
2H+1/2O2
N2kk +O2
N (nhin liu+CTR)+1/2O2
NO+1/2O2
Cl2+H2O
= CO2
= 2CO
= 2CO
= SO2
= SO3
= H2O
= 2NO
= NO
= NO2
= 2HCl+1/2O2
Qu trnh nh khuych tn: Khuych tn sn phm ngc li ng mao dn,

khuych tn phn t, khuych tn i lu sn phm vo pha kh.
III.2.1.2. Kho st vi ht rn dng hnh cu,chy trong khng kh d
Coi ht rn l hnh cu c bn knh R, m t bi hnh di y:
Cm
Co
Ct
C0: Nng oxy pha kh

Cm: Nng oxy lp bin ngoi
Ct : Nng oxy tm ht rn
: Chiu dy lp bin chy dng
Khi qu trnh chy xy ra nhit thp:

Tc phn ng ho hc thp so vi qu trnh khuch tn phn t v
khuych tn i lu. Phn ng ho hc quyt nh qu trnh phn ng. Qu trnh
ng hc thun tu din ra nh sau:
Khuych tn i lu oxy t tm dng chy ti mt ngoi lp bin chy dng
g1 = (C0 C1 )
: h s khuych tn
Khuych tn phn t oxy qua lp bin chy dng

g2 =
(C1 Cm )
D: h s khuych tn phn t

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Phm Vn Kin CNMT K48
Tiu tn oxy cho phn ng chy

g3 = K 0 e E / RT .Cm = K .Cm
K = K o e E / RT , K: hng s phn ng
Nu qu trnh n nh:
g1 = g 2 = g3 = g
g=
C0
1 1
+ +
K D
Cc yu t nh hng:
- Nhit tng, vn tc qu trnh tng.
- Kch thc ht hu nh khng gy nh hng.
- Tc gi khng gy nh hng nhiu.
Nhit tng dn, ln hn nhit ng hc thun tu
Vn tc phn ng tng:
Co = Cm > C ,
Ct > 0,1Co
Min phn ng l min khuch tn trong (min chuyn tip ni). Phn ng
ho hc xy ra trong ton ht rn.
Yu t nh hng:
- Kch thc ht rn: Kch thc nh, tng kh nng khuych tn O2 vo trong
ht, nng oxy cao, tc phn ng tng.
- Vn tc gi khng nh hng nhiu.
Nhit tng dn, ln hn nhit khuych tn ni:
Vn tc phn ng tng:
Co Cm , Ct 0 ,
AR < 1/3R
(AR: chiu su thm kh)

Min phn ng l min gi ng hc.
Yu t nh hng:
- Kch thc ht cng nh, b mt ht rn tng, vn tc tng.
- Nhit vn l thng s khng gy nh hng mnh.
- Tc gi khong gy nh hng nhiu do Co Cm.
Nhit tng dn, ln hn nhit min gi ng hc
Min phn ng l min khuych tn.
Co > Cm ,
0 Cm 0,1Co ,
Ct > 0
Yu t nh hng:
- ng knh ht nh, vn tc gi tng.
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Phm Vn Kin CNMT K48
Tc phn ng tng.
Bn cht ht rn khng gy nh hng qu trnh.
III.2. L thuyt qu trnh x l khi thi

III.2.1. S hnh thnh cc cht thi
Tro, x bay theo khi bi
Tro x l nhng cht khng chy c c trong cht thi. Bi bao gm tro
bay theo khi v mt s cht cha chy ht do s chy khng hon ton nhin liu
cng nh cht thi. Bi t bung t ch yu l bi v c kch c nh, d < 100 m
chim 90%.
Kh CO, CO2
Kh t chy cc cht hu c c cacbon, tu theo lng oxy s dng m c
th sinh ra CO hoc CO2. Khi cung cp thiu oxy, qu trnh chy khng hon ton :
2C + O2 = 2CO
Khi cung cp oxy, qu trnh chy hon ton sn phm l:
C + O2 = CO2
Kh NOx
Hai kh quan trng nht ca NOx l NO v NO2. Kh ny c hnh thnh do
2 nguyn nhn:
Phn ng ca oxy v nit trong khng kh cp vo bung t.
Phn ng ca oxy v nit c trong nhin liu.
NOx d dng to ra khi d tha oxy trong qu trnh chy. nhit trn
650oC th NO to ra l ch yu.
Kh SO2
Kh ny c to ra khi t cht thi v nhin liu cha lu hunh:
CS2 + O2 = CO2 + SO2 + Q
Hi axit
Khi t cht thi c cha Cl, Br th s to ra kh HCl, HBr:
CHCl3 + O2 = CO2 + HCl + Cl2 + Q
t cht thi cha lu hunh v nit cng to hi axit tng t.
Dioxin v Furan
Dioxin v furan l nhng hp cht c tnh c cao pht thi cc l t rc
thi y t nguy hi. Dioxin v furan l tn chung ch cc hp cht ho hc c cng
thc tng qut l Polyclorua dibenzoxin (PCCD) (C6H2)2Cl4O2 v Polyclorua
dibezofuran (PCDF) (C6H2)2Cl4O2. l ba dy vng thm, trong 2 vng c
kt ni vi nhau bng mt cp nguyn t oxy hay mt nguyn t oxy.
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Phm Vn Kin CNMT K48
Dioxin v furan c to ra bi hai nguyn nhn chnh:

- c to thnh t qu trnh t cc hp cht thm clorua.
- c hnh thnh t qu trnh t cc hp cht clorua v hydrocacbon.
cc l t cht thi nguy hi, Dioxin v furan c hnh thnh trong qu trnh
nhit phn hoc chy khng hon ton ca cc hp cht hu c cha halogen. Mt
nghin cu mi y cho thy, mt trong nhng yu t kch thch hnh thnh dioxin
v furan l khi trong khi l c nng bi cao, nng CO, mui clorua kim loi
v mui clorua kim cao. Dioxin v furan pht tn theo ng: khi thi, bi, tro x.
III.2.2. X l khi thi
Qu trnh x l khi thi bao gm nhng phn sau:
H nhit khi thi.
Tch bi
X l kh nhim.
Kh thi sau x l t tiu chun mi trng c thi ra ngoi qua ng khi.
III.2.2.1. H nhit ca khi
Mc ch ca qu trnh ny l h nhit ca khi cc qu trnh tip theo
c thun li, ngoi ra cn c th tn dng lng nhit ny un nng nc hay
nung nng khng kh trc khi cp cho l t. Qu trnh trao i nhit da trn
nguyn l chung v truyn nhit, c th xy ra theo kiu trc tip hay gin tip. Nu
l trao i gin tip c th dng thit b ng chm. Nu l trao i gin tip c th
dng cc thp ra (khi qu trnh h nhit din ra ng thi vi qa trnh x l
kh nhim).
III.2.2.2. Tch bi
Bi trong khi cn phi c tch ra qu trnh hp thu tip theo c th
thc hin c tt. Nhng phng php tch bi thng gp l phng php kh v
phng php t.
Phng php kh:
Phng lng:
C ch: Tch bi bng trng lc.
Nguyn l hot ng:
L mt khng gian hnh hp, c tit din ngang ln hn nhiu ln so vi tit
din ngang ln hn nhiu ln so vi tit din ca ng ng kh vo v ra, cho
vn tc dng kh bi gim xung rt nh khi i vo bung lng. Nh th ht bi c

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Phm Vn Kin CNMT K48
thi gian ri xung xung chm y di tc dng ca trng lc v b gi li

.
u im: Cu to n gin, u t thp, c th xy dng bng cc vt liu
sn c, chi ph nng lng, vn hnh, bo qun v sa cha thp, tn tht p sut
thp, c th lm vic cc nhit v p sut khc nhau.
Nhc im: Cng knh, ch tch c bi th [7]
Phm vi p dng: Thng c dng tch bi s b khi bi c nng
cao, kch thc ln. Ch yu p dng cho bi c d > 50 m .
Xyclon:
C ch: Tch bi bng lc ly tm.
Nguyn l hot ng:
Dng kh c a vo theo phng tip tuyn vi thn hnh tr ca thit b
nn s chuyn ng xoy c bn trong thit b t trn xung. Do chuyn ng xoy,
cc ht bi chu tc dng ca lc ly tm lm cho chng b vng v pha hnh thnh
hnh tr ca xyclon ri chm vo c tch ra khi dng kh. Di tc dng ca
trng lc, cc ht bi ny s ri xung y phu thu bi pha di ca xyclon. Khi
chm vo y hnh nn, dng kh di ngc tr li nhng vn gi nguyn c
chuyn ng xoy c t di ln v thot ra ngoi.
u im: Gi thnh u t thp, cu to n gin, d vn hnh, chi ph sa
cha, bo hnh thp, c kh nng lm vic lin tc, c th c ch to bng cc vt
liu khc nhau ty theo yu cu v nhit , p sut, mc n mn.
Nhc im: Hiu sut tch thp i vi bi c d < 5 m , d b mi mn nu
ht bi c cng cao, hiu sut gim nu bi c dnh cao.
Phm vi p dng: C th dng tch bi c d > 5 m , thng dng cho cc
lnh vc nh ximng, m, bt git, giy, l t
Thit b tch bi in (lng tnh in ESP)
C ch: Tch bi bng lc tnh in.
Nguyn l hot ng:
Thit b gm 2 tm t song song vi nhau c ni vi t (tc in p =
0). y chnh l in cc lng ca ESP (v bi s c lng trn in cc ny).
Gia 2 tm ca in cc lng l dy in c ni vi cc m ca mt ngun in
cao th (thng l -40kV n -60kV) mt chiu. Cc dy ny c gi l in cc
qung. Dng kh bi c thi vo khng gian gia 2 in cc lng. Ti y ht bi
c ion ha nh trnh by trn v c tch in m. Di tc dng ca in
trng mnh, cc ht bi s chuyn ng v pha in cc lng. Trn b mt in
cc lng, cc ht bi ny s mt in tch dnh vo nhau to thnh cc bnh bi.
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Phm Vn Kin CNMT K48
Cn kh sch thot ra ngoi. Sau mt thi gian nht nh cc bnh bi trn b mt

in cc s c tch ra bng cch rung lc hoc ra. [7]
u im: Hiu sut tch bi rt cao, tch c bi c kch thc nh
(0,1 m ), c kh nng lm vic trong di nhit , p sut rng, lm vic c vi
c bi kh v t, tn tht p sut nh.
Nhc im: Khng thch hp cho vic x l kh chy n, chi ph u t cho
thit b rt ln, thit b cng knh, cu to phc tp, khng thch hp vi x nghip
quy m va v nh.
Phm vi p dng: Cho bi c d > 0,1 m , dng rng ri trong cc nh my
nh nhit in, ximng, vt liu xydng, phn bn, luyn kim, gm s, du m
Phng php t:
C ch chung:: To ra s tip xc gia dng kh bi vi cht lng (thng l
nc), bi trong dng kh b cht lng gi li v c thi ra ngoi di dng bn
cn.
Cc thit b tch bi t:
Thp ra rng:
Nc c phun thnh nhng dng nh ngc chiu hoc vung gc vi dng
kh bi. Do tip xc, cc ht bi s dnh kt vi cc git nc v s b lng xung
y. Khi sch s i ra khi thit b.
Xyclon t:
C cu to hnh tr, tn dng c lc ly tm do dng kh c dn vo thit
b theo phng tip tuyn gy ra. Dng kh bi c a vo phn di ca thn
hnh tr ca thit b. Nc c phun ra t rt nhiu du phun nh t trn mt trc
quay tm ca hnh tr. Nh nc c phun thnh tia t tm ra ngoi i qua
dng kh ang chuyn ng xoy. Cc git nc s bt cc ht bi. Tip cc git
nc cha bi, dc tc dng ca lc ly tm s vng ra pha ngoi v chm vo
thnh t ca xyclon. Sau nhng git nc cha bi ny s theo thnh xyclon
chy xung di y v s b loi b.
Thit b Ventury:
Dng kh i t trn xung. Ti ch tht tc ca n s tng ln t ngt,
t n 50 80 m/s. Cng ti ch tht c mt dy cc l phun nc vo. Nc c
phun vo khi gp dng kh c tc cao, s b dng kh x thnh git mn. Bi
trong dng kh s va p vi cc git nc v s b cc git nc bt. Khi qua khi
ch tht, do thit din tng dn nn tc dng kh gim dn. Cc git nc s lng
xung pha di y thit b, to thnh bn v s tch ra ngoi.
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Phm Vn Kin CNMT K48
u im: Gi thnh u t ban u thp, c th x l ng thi c kh v bi,

c hiu sut tch cao i vi bi c kch thc nh, c th vn hnh nhit
tng i cao, khng c hin tng bi quay li.
Nhc im: Tiu th nng lng ln, chi ph bo dng cao v d b n
mn, mi mn in ha, tn tht p sut ln i vi thit b c hiu sut tch bi
cao, sinh ra bn thi.
Phm vi p dng: Dng tch bi c kch thc nh kt hp vi tch mt
s kh cng nghip v lm ngui kh.
III.2.2.3. X l kh nhim
X l kh SO2: c cc phng php sau:
Hp th bng nc
Hp th bng dch sa vi
Hp th bng dung dch ca MgO (Mg(OH)2)
X l NOx:
Phng php kh:
Kh xc tc c chn lc
Kh chn lc khng xc tc
Phng php hp th:
Hp th bng nc v dung dch HNO3
Hp th km phn ng xi ha
Phng php hp ph:
S dng than hot tnh, Zeolite
X l hi axit HCl v HF:
S dng thit b lc t s dng dung mi l nc hoc sa vi. C th x l
ng thi vi SO2.
X l Dioxin v Furan:
Khng ch nhit l t khong 1100 1200oc v thi gian lu kh chy
trong l t khong 1 2 giy m bo khng pht sinh kh c hi nh Dioxin
v Furan. Ngoi ra c th s dng phng php hp ph loi b cc kh ny. Vt
liu hp ph thng dng l than hot tnh.

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Phm Vn Kin CNMT K48
CHNG IV
LA CHN CNG NGH X L CHT THI Y T NGUY HI
IV.1. La chn phng php x l rc thi bnh vin
X l cht thi l mt qu trnh c tin hnh t khi cht thi bt u pht sinh ti
vic x l rc thi bnh vin giai on cui. Hin nay trn th gii ph bin 3
phng php x l l chn lp, kh trng, v t. Mi phng php c nhng u
nhc im khc nhau.
Chn lp: L phng php d lm t tn km. Nhng phng php ny c
nhng nhc im nhng nhc im nh: Din tch t s dng nhiu, rc sau khi
chn lp thng b nhng ngi nht rc bi ln ly vt dng c th ti s dng,
chut v cn trng c th tha rc v cc tc nhn nguy hi ra mi trng. Ngoi ra
nc ma thm vo h rc c th lm nh hng ti ngun nc nhng vng xung
quanh. Bi vy chn lp khng phi l gii php nhm gii quyt tn gc cht thi y
t nguy hi.
Kh trng: Phng php ny c nhiu nhc im nh mt s cht kh
trng ch c tnh c hiu vi mt s dng vi sinh vt. Ngoi ra cht kh trng cn
c tnh cht c hi i vi mi trng v ngi s dng. Cc cht ty u thng
dng hin nay l: andehyte, cc hp cht clorua, cc mui amoni, hp cht phenol.
Cc cht ny gy hi cho ngi thng qua da, mng nhy v kh nng n mn vt
liu xy dng. Hn na chi ph vn hnh tn ti 100 200 USD/ tn rc y t. Chnh
v vy phng php ny t c s dng Vit Nam.
t: u im ca phng php ny c th x l c nhiu loi rc, c bit
l cht thi lm sng. Phng php ny lm gim thiu ti a s lng v khi
lng rc thi, ng thi tiu dit c hon ton cc mm bnh trong rc. Phng
php ny i hi chi ph u t ban u cao, chi ph vn hnh, bo dng tng i
tn km.
X l cht thi bng phng php t c ngha quan trng trong vic gim
thiu ti mc nh nht lng cht thi cn phi c cc bin php x l cui cng.
Nu s dng cng ngh t tin tin th vic x l bng phng php ny cn c
ngha bo v mi trng cao. Phng php ny dng x l cht thi rn y t
nguy hi, l loi cht thi c nguy c ly nhim, truyn bnh cao m khi x l bng
phng php khc s khng gii quyt c trit . Bi vy ta s chn phng
php thit k l t x l cht thi y t v phng php ny c nhiu u im
vt tri so vi cc phng php khc.
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Phm Vn Kin CNMT K48
IV.2. Cc loi l t cht thi y t

IV.2.1. L quay
H thng l quay dng trong x l cht thi nguy hi bao gm b phn np
liu, b phn phn cp kh, l quay, bung t th cp v thit b gom tro. Kh i ra
t bung t th cp c dn qua h thng x l v c qut a ln ng khi.
L quay bao gm mt bung t hnh tr, bn trong c lt gch chu la t
trn cc bnh rng rng truyn ng v quay vi tc 3 5 vng/pht theo trc
dc ca n. nghing ca l t khong 3o 5o theo chiu t u nhp liu n
u tho tro v do vy cht thi c th chuyn ng song phng theo phng ngang
v theo phng bn knh ca l. Trong lc di chuyn, cht thi cng ng thi c
t chy. Ti phn cui ca l, tro c tho ra v ng thi kh thi tip tc i vo
bung t th cp ng c duy tr nhit cao hn hon thnh qu trnh tiu
hy cht thi.
Do cu to, h thng l quay thng xy ra r r kh thi v nhit lng trong
lc vn hnh. Cc im c kh nng gy ra r r gm: ca nhp liu, ca tho tro,
im chuyn tip gia l quay v bung th cp khng ch iu ny, phi b
tr mt qut ht nhm to s cn bng p sut gia mi trng bn trong v bn
ngoi l. Thc t, vic duy tr p sut cn bng ny i hi cc k thut iu khin
t ng hin i v tn km.
IV.2.2. L ng 2 cp
L ng 2 cp bao gm mt bung t s cp v mt bung t th cp. Hai
bung s cp v th cp c th b tr theo chiu ngang hoc chiu dc. Nu b tr
theo chiu dc, th bung t th cp pha trn v thng thng l loi l t
c kim sot khng kh.
i vi cc l t c cng sut nh, cht np tng m vo bung s cp, cn
tro x c tho ra khi tch ly vi s lng ln gy nh hng n ch hot
ng ca l. i vi cc l t c cng sut ln, cht thi c np vo v tro c
ly ra lin tc nh cc h c kh. Bung t th cp c nhim v t tip tiu
hy hon ton cc thnh phn hu c hin din trong kh thi t bung s cp.
IV.2.3. L tng si
L tng si c cu to hnh tr, tng bng gch chu la, bn trong c s
dng mt tng vt liu ang si ca ct hoc nhm, vi, vt liu gm m ti
qu trnh t chy din ra. Thit b ngoi vi quan trng nht ca l l qut thi
kh, va c chc nng to tng si va c nhim v cp kh chy cho l. Trong
trng hp cn x l kh thi ca l, phi trang b thm qut li tm.
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Phm Vn Kin CNMT K48
Cht thi c np trc tip vo bn trn hoc bn trong ca tng si, ty

thuc vo m ca bn. Vi cht thi c m cao, cn phi np liu cch xa v
pha trn so vi tng si m bo thi gian v hiu qu tch m, v trng hp
ny cn din tch b mt tng si, dn n yu cu v din tch tit din l phi ln.
Ngc li, tit din l c th nh hn nu cht thi c np vo bn trong tng si.
Do c im cu to cu to, cht thi sau khi np vo l tng si t c
s tip xc mnh lit vi khng kh thc hin qu trnh thiu t hiu qu cc
thnh phn chy c v tch ht m. Nhit tng si thng dao ng trong
khong 1300oK n 1500oK, ty thuc vo trng thi vt l ca cht thi c t.
Thi gian lu ca khng kh trong l kh ln, trong khong 3 6 giy.
Tro cn li sau khi t s ln ln vi vt liu tng si, mt phn theo dng
kh thi ra ngoi. Vi cht thi cha cc mui kim loi, lng tro sau khi t thng
gy ra hin tng kt t tng si. Hin tng kt t tng si l s tng kch thc
ca cc ht vt liu tng si, ko theo s kt hp ca chng thnh cc ht rn ln, v
d dng lng t, dn n gim hiu qu s dng ca tng si v hiu sut lm vic
ca l.
IV.2.4. L hng ngoi
L hng ngoi (l in/l bc x in) l mt h thng gm mt bng ti
cha cht thi di chuyn bn trong mt bung t s cp di, c duy tr p sut
m nh qut ht. Kh i ra khi bung nung c tip tc qua bung t th cp,
cn cht thi sau khi nung c bng ti vn chuyn ra ngoi, dn n b phn cha
tro.
Bng ti c cu to di dng li lin tc c lm bng hp kim chu
nhit cao (1300 1600oF). Lp chu nhit ca h thng l hng ngoi c lm
bng vt liu gm thay v gch chu la nhm hn ch mc tn nhit ca l.
Cht thi c np vo bung t s cp t ming np xung bng ti, to
thnh mt lp bn dy khong 2,5 cm trn mt bng ti. Tc ca bng ti c
la chn sao cho cht thi c thiu hy m khng phi o trn. Chnh iu
ny lm gim nng bi trong kh thi u ra. Khng kh c cp vo l theo
chiu ngc vi chiu ca bng ti tn dng nhit ca cht thi.
Nhit lng c cung cp cho l qua cc tm gia nhit hng ngoi b tr
pha bn trn ca bng ti, duy tr nhit trong l 1600oF. Do s dng nng lng
in, nn trong kh thi khng c thm cc sn phm chy nh khi s dng nhin
liu ha thch.

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Phm Vn Kin CNMT K48
IV.2.5. L kim sot khng kh (L nhit phn)

Nguyn l hot ng ca l ch yu l qu trnh kim sot khng kh cp vo
l. Trong bung t s cp lng khng kh ch c cp bng 70 80% nhu cu
cn thit theo tnh ton l thuyt. Kh sinh ra t phn ng ny gm c cc kh chy
v hi nc s c dn n bung th cp v kh chy s c tip tc t tip
trong bung th cp. bung th cp lng khng kh cp vo vt 110 200%
lng khng kh cn thit.
IV.3. So snh v la chn cng ngh t
Bng 4.1. Tng kt u nhc im ca cc cng ngh thiu t cht thi y t
Cng ngh
u im
Nhc im
L quay
- Cng sut x l rt cao

- C th x l ng thi c
nhiu loi cht thi khc nhau
- Nhit hot ng cao
- xo trn cao v tip xc tt
lm tng hiu qu chy
- Chi ph u t v vn hnh
cao
- Yu cu bo n tt i vi
lp lt chu la ca l v tnh
hn kn ca l
- Cc trc trc c bit thng
sinh ra khi trn ln rc thi
- Kh thi c hm lng bi
cao
- iu kin chy dc theo chiu
di ca l rt kh khng ch
- Nhit tn tht ln do tro
L ng 2 - Chi ph u t v vn hnh thp

cp
- Nng bi trong kh thi
khng cao
- Hiu qu chy tt
- Cht thi rn cn phi x l

s b
- Thi gian t trong l hai
ngn c nh lu hn l quay
- Hiu qu xo trn cht thi
khi t khng cao
L tng si
- Thit k n gin
- Chi ph vn hnh tng i
- Hiu qu chy cao
cao
- C th thay i t l nhp liu - iu kin vn hnh kh kim
v thnh phn ca cht thi cn sot v khng n nh
t trong khong kh rng
- Nng bi trong kh thi rt
ln
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Phm Vn Kin CNMT K48
L
hng - Kh thi t l hng ngoi t - Thit k phc tp
ngoi
nhim
- Chi ph u t v vn hnh
- Kh nng t ng ha cao
cao
- Ch s dng c nng lng
in
L
iu - Yu cu nhin liu thp
khin lung - Qu trnh din ra nhit thp
kh
do vy tng tui th ca vt liu
chu la, gim chi ph bo tr
- Bi ko theo trong khi t gim
do gim bt thit b thu bi
- Th tch cht thi b gim ng
k
- Cng sut b gii hn bi h

thng cp v trn rc
- Khng nn t cht thi c
phn ng thu nhit
- Thi gian t lu hn so vi
cng ngh l quay
Vi mc tiu x l c tnh nguy hi ca cht thi y t v chi ph xy dng,

vn hnh thp ta la chn cng ngh t bng l ng 2 cp.
IV.4. Cng ngh thiu t cht thi rn y t
Cng ngh thiu t l t cht thi mt cch c kim sot trong mt vng
kn, mang nhiu hiu qu. Qu trnh t c thc hin hon ton, ph hy hon
ton cht thi c hi bng cch ph v cc lin kt ha hc, gim thiu hay loi b
hon ton c tnh. Hn ch tp trung cht thi cn loi b vo mi trng bng
cch bin i cht rn, lng thnh tro. So vi CTYT cha x l, tro thi vo mi
trng an ton hn.
Vic qun l kim loi, tro v cc sn phm ca qu trnh t l khu quan
trng. Tro l mt dng vt liu rn, tr gm C, mui, kim loi. Trong qu trnh t,
tro tp trung bung t (tro y), lp tro ny xem nh cht thi nguy hi. Cc ht
tro c kch thc nh c th b cun ln cao (tro bay). Tn tro cn chn lp an ton
v thnh phn nguy hi s trc tip gy hi.
Thnh phn kh thi ch yu l CO2, hi nc, NOx, hydrigen cloride v cc
kh khc. Cc kh vn tim n kh nng gy hi cho con ngi v mi trng, v
vy cn c h thng x l khi thi t l t.
L t c chia lm 2 bung:
Bung t chnh: Gm 2 giai on
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Phm Vn Kin CNMT K48
+ Giai on 1: Cht thi c sy kh.

+ Giai on 2: Chy v kh ha.
Bung t sau: Gm 3 giai on
+ Giai on 3: Phi trn.

+ Giai on 4: Chy dng kh.
+ Giai on 5: xi ho hon ton.
Cc yu t quyt nh s hiu qu ca l t: s cn bng nng lng, h
thng kim sot ch t, nhit trong bung t, m ca cht thi.
Phng php t l phng php hiu qu v kinh t nht x l trit
cht thi y t nguy hi.
Tp trung phn loi
Rc sinh hot
Rc y t
Bch nilon chuyn dng
Thng cha
Bi chn lp
Nc thi nhim bn
Tro
L t rc
Thit b x l kh thi
Qut gi
H thng x l nc thi
ng khi
Hnh 4.1: S cng ngh thiu t rc y t

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Phm Vn Kin CNMT K48
CHNG V
TNH TON THIT K L T CHT THI Y T NGUY HI CHO
BNH VIN A KHOA TRUNG NG THI NGUYN
V.1. Cng sut v thnh phn cht thi y t nguy hi cn x l
c tnh theo quy m pht trin ca bnh vin th trong khong hn 10 nm
na s ging bnh ca bnh vin c th tng ln khong 800 ging bnh tc l
lng rc thi rn cn x l l khong 250 kg/ ngy m.
Ta thit k l t vi chu k 2 ngy 1 ln tc l lng cht thi rn ln
500kg. thc hin t trong 5 ting. Mi gi s t 100 kg. Cht thi c np vo
l theo phng thc gin on. Chu k np rc l 20 pht, nh vy 1 gi np 3 ln,
mi ln 33 kg. Sau mi gi s tho x mt ln.
Bng 5.1. Thnh phn vt l ca cht thi rn y t nguy hi theo khi lng:[8]
Thnh phn
T l phn trm (%)
Polyetylen
34,2
PVC
1,8
Bng gc
41
Bnh phm
Gng tay cao su
Thu tinh
9,5
Kim loi
0,5
Bng5.2 Thnh phn ho hc ca cht thi rn y t theo khi lng:[8]

Thnh phn
Phn trm khi lng (%)
29,016
3,45
12,79
0,366
1,064
Cl
1,284
Tro
10,03
42

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Phm Vn Kin CNMT K48
V.2. Thit k l t cht thi y t nguy hi

V.2.1. Cn bng vt cht
Theo nh lut bo ton khi lng: tng lng vt cht i vo l bng tng
lng vt cht ra khi l.
Thnh phn vt cht vo l: Cht thi rn y t, nhin liu t (du DO),
khng kh.
Thnh phn vt cht ra khi l: Tro x, kh thi.
Cht thi rn y t
Nhin liu b sung
Khi thi
L t
Tro, x
Khng kh
Hnh 5.1. S khi cn bng vt cht ca qu trnh chy cht thi y t

V.2.1.1.Lng vt cht cp vo l
K hiu:
Lng vt cht np vo l l : GV (kg/h)
Lng cht thi np vo l l GCT (kg/h)
Lng cht t np vo l l GD (kg/h)
Lng khng kh np vo l l GKK (kg/h)
Ta c: Gv = GCT + GKK + GD
Lng cht thi rn y t cp vo l:
Cng sut ca l t l 100 kg/h vy lng, kt hp vi bng 3.2 ta c:

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Phm Vn Kin CNMT K48
Bng5.3. Thnh phn ho hc ca 100 kg cht thi rn bnh vin:

Thnh phn
khi lng (kg)
29,016
3,45
12,79
0,366
1,064
Cl
1,284
Tro
10,03
42
Lng nhin liu b xung:

qu trnh chy ca cht thi c trit v m bo nhit phn hu
cn phi cung cp thm mt lng cht t t bn ngoi vo l. Nhng cht t
thng s dng l than, ci, kh gas, du. Trong trng hp ny ta chn du DO
lm nhin liu do c tnh c nhit tr cao, gi thnh va phi, v cha lng lu
hunh thp.
Bng 5.4. Thnh phn du DO v khi lng cc cht c trong x kg du DO [5]
Thnh phn
Lng cht c trong 1kg du

DO
Lng cht c trong x kg du

DO
O,865
0,865x
0,125
0,125x
0,002
0,002x
0,004
0,004x
0,004
0,004x
Bng 5.5. Khi lng mi cht tham ra qu trnh chy

Thnh phn
khi lng
29,016 + 0,865x
3,45 + 0,125x
12,79 + 0,002x
0,366 + 0,004x
1,064 + 0,004x
Cl
1,284
Tro
10,03
42

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Phm Vn Kin CNMT K48
Lng khng kh np vo l:
tnh lng khng kh np vo l phi da vo lng O2 cn thit cho qu
trnh chy cc cht. Nhng cht tham gia qu trnh chy l C, H, S, N, Cl.
Cc phn ng ho hc xy ra trong qu trnh t:
C + O2 = CO2
(1)
2C + O2 = 2CO
(2)
1
H 2 + O2 = H 2O
2
(3)
N 2 KK + O2 = 2 NO
(4)
N 2 + O2 = NO
(5)
1
NO + O2 = NO2
2
(6)
S + O2 = SO2
(7)
1
Cl2 + H 2O = 2 HCl + O2
2
(8)
nhit cao v khi tha oxi, kh CO sinh ra phn ng (2) s phn ng

mnh vi O2 chuyn thnh CO2.
Hng s cn bng ca phn ng(5),( 6) c tnh theo cng thc:
KP =
KP =
2
PNO
PN 2 PO
2
PNO
2
2
PNO
xPO2
Bng 5.6. Hng s cn bng i vi s hnh thnh NO, v NO2: [4]

Nhit (K)
300
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Nhit (oC)
27
227
727
1227
1727
2227
Kp (5)
Kp (6)
-31
1,4.106
4,9
0,11
0,011
0,0035
0,0018
7.10
2,7.10-18
7,5.10-9
1,07.10-5
0,0004
0,0035
Khi nhit ln n 1100 oC th hng s KP(NO) nm trong khong 7,5.10-9

1,07.10-5 nn lng NO sinh ra l rt nh.
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Phm Vn Kin CNMT K48
Khi nhit tng th qu trnh phn hu NO2 thnh NO v O2 s tng ln.

nhit trn 650oC th hu nh NO2 phn hu ht. Vy nu nhit chy ca
bung t c th coi lng NO2 bng 0.
Lng oxi dng phn ng (1):
G1 =
32
(29, 016 + 0,865x) =77,376 + 2,307x
12
Trong phn ng (3): G2 =
32
(3, 45 + 0,125x) = 27,6 + x
4
(kg/h)
(kg/h)
Trong phn ng (7): G3 = (1, 064 + 0, 004x) (kg/h)

Gi lng N2 tham gia phn ng (4) l y (kmol)
phn ng (4), G4 = 32. y
(kg)
8
7
phn ng (5), G5 = x(0,366 + 0, 004x) = 0,418 + 4,57.10-3x
(kg/h)
Gi z l phn mol ca Cl tham gia phn ng (8). Lng O2 to ra l:

G6 =
16
.z.1, 284
71
Lng oxi c sn trong cht thi v nhin liu l

G7 = 12, 79 + 0, 002x
(kg/h)
Lng oxi l thuyt cn cung cp t ngoi vo t chy 100 kg cht thi bnh
vin trong 1 h l:
GO2 LT = G1 + G2 + G3 + G4 + G5 G6 G7
= 93,668 + 3,314x + 32y - 0,289z
(kg/h)
qu trnh chy xy ra hon ton lng oxy cn cung cp cn d so vi l

thuyt. H s d oxy cung cp t chy du DO nm trong khong 1,10 1,20;
Theo mt s ti liu v l t rc y t h s ny i vi rc thi y t thng ln hn
1,5 mt cht. Do lng Oxi cn cung cp vo l c nhim v duy tr qu trnh chy
cho c du v cht thi y t v tng quan gia khi lng du DO vi khi lng
cht thi ta chn h s d oxi = 1,5.
GO2TT = 1,5 xGO2 LT = 140,502 + 4,971x + 48y -0,4335z
(kg/h)
Khng kh cp vo l c KK =1,29 (kg/m3). Khi lng ring ca O2 l

O =1,4289(kg/m3).[9]
2
Ly nhit trung bnh ca khng kh l 24oC v m tng i trung bnh l

80%. Vy khng kh cha 15g hi nc/1kg khng kh kh.
GO TT
0, 21x O
=
= 0, 2326
GKK ,TT
KK
2

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Phm Vn Kin CNMT K48
Lng khng kh thc t cp vo l:

GKK ,TT =
GO2TT
0, 2326
= 604,049 + 21,371x + 206,363y 1,864z
Lng N2 c trong lng khng kh trn:

GN = GKK ,TT GO ,TT = 463,547 + 16,4x + 158,363y 1,4304z
2
Lng m khng kh l: GAM , KK = 0, 015 xGKK ,TT = 9,061+0,321x+3,095y-0,028z

Lng khng kh m thc t:
GKKAm ,TT = GKK ,TT + GAm, KK = 613,11 + 21,692x +209,458y 1,892z
Tng lng vt cht vo l l:

GV = GCT + GKKam,TT + GD = 100 + x + 613,11 + 21,692x +209,458y 1,892z
= 713,11 + 22,692x + 209,458y 1,892z
V.2.1.2. Lng vt cht ra khi l
Lng kh ra khi l: Gkh (kg/h)
Lng hi nc ra theo khi l : Ghoinuoc (kg/h)
Lng tro hnh thnh: Gtro (kg/h)
Kh ra khi l: Gm CO2, NO, SO2, HCl, Cl2, N2, O2 , hi nc.
GCO2 =
44
(29, 016 + 0,865 x) = 106,392 + 3,172x
12
GSO2 = 2(1, 064 + 0, 004 x) = 2,128 + 0,008x

GNO = GNO (4) + GNO (5) = 2. y.30 +
30
-3
(0,366 + 0, 004 x) = 0.7843 + 8,57.10 .x + 60y
14
Lng HCl sinh ra trong qu trnh t:

GHCl =
73
.z.1, 284 =1,32z
71
Lng Cl2 d khng tham gia phn ng l:

GCl2 = (1 z ).1, 284
Lng N2 cn trong khi thi:

GN2 khoithai = GN2 GN2 (4) = 463,547 + 16,4x + 130,363y 1,4304z
Lng oxi d:
GO2 = GO2TT GO2 LT = 46,834 + 1,657x + 16y 0,145z
Lng hi nc ra theo khi l:

Ghoinuoc = Gam,CT + Gam , KK + GH 2O (3) GH 2O (8) =82,111 + 1,446x + 3,095y 0,326z
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Phm Vn Kin CNMT K48
Lng tro hnh thnh trong qu trnh t:

Gtro = 10,03 (kg/h)
Tng lng vt cht ra khi l l:
Gra = Gkh + Ghoinuoc + Gtro
= 713,11 +22,692x + 209,458y -1,865z

Theo phn ng (4): K P =
2
PNO
, t bng 4.6 bng phng php ni suy ta c:
PN2 PO
K P = 2,78.10-6
( 0.7843 + 8,57.10
.x + 60y )
30 .(0, 7674.GKK ,TT / 32).(0,5.GO2 LT / 32)
( 0.7843 + 8,57.10
= 2,78.10-6
.x + 60y ) .28.32
= 2,78.10-6
G
1,5.
O2 LT
302.0, 7674.
.0.5GO2 LT
0, 2326
2
( 0.7843 + 8,57.10
.x + 60y )
GO2 LT
= 0,00263
y = -0,00897 + 2,437.10-6x - 1,27.10-5z

Thay gi tr ca y vo tnh:
GNO = 0,2461 + 8,716.10-3x - 7,62.10-4z
GN2 khoithai = 462,378 +16,4x 1,432z
GO2 = 46,691 + 1,657 x 0,145z
GKK ,TT = 602,198 +21,372x 1,867z
GKKAM ,TT = 611,231 + 21,693x 1,895z
Lng vt cht cp vo l:
GV = 711,231 + 22,693x 1,895z
Lng vt cht ra khi l:
GR = 711,231 + 22,693x 1,868z

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Phm Vn Kin CNMT K48
Bng5.7. Cn bng vt cht cc thnh phn trong dng ra v dng vo:

Dng vo
Cht
CTNH bnh
vin
Du DO
Khng kh m
Gvo
Lng (kg/h)
Dng ra
Cht
Lng (kg/h)
100
x
611,231 + 21,693x
1,895z
10,03
Tro
106,392 + 3,172x
CO2
SO2
2,128 + 0,008x
HCl
1,32z
Cl2
1,284 1,284z
NO 0,2461+8,716.10-3x-7,62.10-4z
O 2d 46,691 + 1,657 x 0,145z
N2
462,378 +16,4x 1,432z
Hi
82,083+1,446x 0,326z
nc
711,231 + 22,693x
1,895z
Gra
711,231 + 22,693x 1,868z
V.2.2. Cn bng nhit lng

Lng nhit a vo l:
Nhit do cht thi a vo QCT
Nhit do nhin liu mang vo: Qd
Nhit do khng kh a vo: QKK
Nhit do m khng kh mang vo: Qam
C
Nhit do cht thi chy: QCT
Nhit do nhin liu chy: QdC

Lng nhit mang ra khi l
Nhit do khi mang i: Qkhoi
Nhit a ra qua tro x: QTro
Nhit tn a ra do hi nc: QHoi
Nhit mt mt do m ca l t: QMo
Nhit mt mt do tng l: QT

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Phm Vn Kin CNMT K48
V.2.2.1. Nhit lng a vo l t

C
QV = QCT
+ QdC + QKK + Qam + Qd + QCT
Nhit lng do cht thi y t mang vo:

Bng 5.8. Thnh phn cht thi rn v nhit dung ring tng ng[8] :
Thnh phn CTBV
Khi lng (kg)
Nhit dung ring

C(kcal/kg )
Cht thi khng chy
10,03
Ckchay =0,18
m trong cht thi
42
Cam =1
Cht thi chy c
47,97
Cchay=0,26
Cng thc tng qut tnh nhit lng cht thi:

QCT = GCT .CCT .tCT
[10]
Trong :
GCT : Khi lng (kg/h)
CCT : Nhit dung ring (kcal/kgoC)
tCT : Nhit
QCT = (10,03.0,18 + 42.1 + 47,97.0,26).24 = 1350,662 (kcal)
Nhit lng do du DO mang vo:

Qd = Gd .Cd .td
Trong :
Gd : Lng du dng t 100 kg cht thi (kg/h)
Cd : Nhit dung ring ca du = 0,44(kcal/kgoC)
[9]
Qd = x.0,44.24 =10,56x (kcal/kg)
Nhit lng do khng kh v m khng kh mang vo:

QKK + Qam = GKK (CKK + Chn .d )t + GKK .r.d
CKK : Nhit dung ring ca khng kh, CKK = 0,24 (kcal/kgoC)
[9]
Chn : Nhit dung ring ca hi nc, Chn = 0,487 (kcal/kgoC)
[9]
d: m ca khng kh, d = 0,015 (kg hi nc/kg KK)

r: n nhit ho hi ca hi nc, r = 540,5 (kcal/kg)
[9]
GKK : lng khng kh thc t cp vo l t

QKK + Qam = ( 602,198 + 21,372x 1,867z ) [ (0, 24 + 0, 487.0, 015).24 + 540,5.0, 015]
= 8456,667 + 300,127x 26,218z

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Phm Vn Kin CNMT K48
Nhit lng do du chy sinh ra:

QdC = qdC .x
[10]
Trong :
- qdC l nhit tr ca du Nhit tr thp ca du c xc nh theo cng thc ca
D.I.Mendeleev: [3]
qCd = 339C + 1256H 108,8(O S) 25,1(W + 9H) (KJ/Kg)
Trong C, H, O, W, S l thnh phn phn trm ca cacbon, hidro, oxi, m, lu
hunh trong du, thay vo ta c kt qu :
qdC = 10275 (kcal/kg)
[5]
QdC = 10275.x
Nhit sinh ra do chy cht thi

C
C
QCT
= qCT
.GCT
C
Trong qCT
l nhit tr ca cht thi
C
= 81C + 246H 26(O S) 6W
qCT
[3]
Trong C, H, O, W, S l thnh phn phn trm ca cacbon, hidro, oxi, m, lu

hunh trong cht thi.
C
qCT
= 2642,12 (kcal/kg)
C
C
QCT
= qCT
.GCT = 2642,12.100 = 264212
(kcal/h)
Tng lng nhit a vo l t:

C
QV = QCT
+ QdC + QKK + Qam + Qd + QCT
= 264212 + 10275.x + 8456,667 + 300,127x 26,218z + 10,56x + 1350,662

= 274019,329 + 10585,687x 26,218z
V.2.2.2. Nhit lng ra khi l t
QRa = QTro + QKhoi + QMo + QT
Nhit tch li trong tro x:

QTro = GTro .CTro tTro
9
CTro = 753,5 + 0, 25( t + 32) =1256,5 (J/kg.) = 0,3 (kcal/kg.)
5
[9]
GTro = 10,03.0,3.1100 = 3309,9 (kcal/h)
Tng nhit lng do khi l mang ra

QKhoi = QCO2 + QNO + QN2 + QSO2 + QHCl + QCl2 + QO2 + QHoinuoc
Cng thc tng qut tnh nhit lng cht thi:

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Phm Vn Kin CNMT K48
QCT = Gi .Ci .t
[10]
Trong :
Gi Khi lng cht kh i
Ci Nhit dung ring ca tng cu t (kcal/kgoC)
Bng 5.9. Nhit dung ring ca cc kh nhit 1100oC [8]

Kh
CO2
SO2
NO
N2
HCl
Cl2
O2
Hi
nc
C
(kcal/kgoC)
0,45
0,22
0,3
0,3
0,22
0,31
0,27
0,6
QCO2 = 0,45.(106,392 + 3,172x).1100 = 52664,04 + 1570,14x

QSO2 = 0,22(2,128 + 0,008x).1100 = 514,976 + 1,936x
QNO = 0,3(0,2461+8,716.10-3x - 7,62.10-4z).1100 = 81,213 + 2,876x - 0,2515z
QN2 = 0,3(462,378 + 16,4x 1,432z).1100 = 152584,74 + 5412x 472,56z
QHCl = 0,22.1,32z.1100 = 319,44z
QCl2 = 0,31.(1,284 1,284z).1100 = 437,844 437,844z
QO2 = 0,27.( 46,691 + 1,657 x 0,145z).1100 = 13867,227 + 492,129x 43,065z
Qhoinuoc = 0,6.( 82,083+1,446x 0,326z).1100 = 54174,78+ 954,36x 215,16z
QKhoi = 274324,82 + 8433,441x 849,441z
Tn tht nhit do tng l v do m l t

Theo mt s ti liu thit k l t cht thi th tn tht nhit do tng l c
tnh bng 5% lng nhit chy ca du v cht thi, cn tn tht nhit do m ca l
t bng 10% nhit mt mt qua tng l.
C
QT = 0, 05.(QCT
+ QdC ) = 0,05.( 264212 + 10275.x)
= 13210,6 + 513,75x
QMo = 0,1.0, 05.(264212 + 10275.x) = 1321,06 + 51,375x
QT + QMo = 14531,66 + 565,125x
Nhit lng ra khi l t:

QRa = QTro + QKhoi + QMo + QT
= 274324,82 +8433,441x 849,441z + 14531,66 + 565,125x + 3309,9

= 292166,38 + 8998,566x 849,441z

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Phm Vn Kin CNMT K48
Bng 5.10. Cn bng nhit lng cc dng vo v dng ra

Nhit lng vo
Nhit lng ra
Thnh
phn
Nhit lng (kcal/h)
Thnh
phn
Lng nhit (kcal/h)
QCT
1350,662
QTro
3309,9
Qd
10,56x
QKhoi
274324,82 + 8433,441x
849,441z
QMo + QT
14531,66 + 565,125x
QRa
292166,38 + 8998,566x
849,441z
QKK vQAm
C
QCT
8456,667 + 300,127x
26,218z
264212
10275.x
QdC
QVao
274019,329 + 10585,687x
26,218z
Theo nh lut bo ton nng lng: QVao = QRa

274019,329 + 10585,687x 26,218z = 292166,38 + 8998,566x 849,441z
18147,051 1587,121x 823,223z = 0
Gii phng trnh vi x (kg) l lng du cn thit t 100 kg rc thi y t, z (0

z 1)l phn trm s mol Cl tham gia phn ng (8) trong 1 gi.
Nu z = 0 tng ng vi Cl trong rc thi khng tham gia phn ng chy
x = 11,434 (kg)
Nu z = 1 tng ng vi ton b Cl trong cht thi tham gia phn ng chy
x = 10,915 (kg)
Sai s ca hai gi tr du cn b sung trn l:

= (11,434 10,915)/11,434 = 0,045
Do nh nn ta c th chn x trong c 2 trng hp u c, nhng nhit

L t l 1100oC nn Clo trong cht thi c tham gia phn ng. Vy ta chn gi tr
gn ng l z = 1 tng ng x = 10,915 (kg)
Lng du cn s dng t 100 kg rc thi l 10,915 kg.
Ta c lng khng kh cn cp cho t lng rc thi trng 1 h l:
GKK = 611,231 + 21,693x 1,895z, thay x = 10,915, z = 1 vo ta c:
GKK = 846,115 (kg/h)
KK = 1,29 (kg/m3)
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Phm Vn Kin CNMT K48
Vy lu lng khng kh vo l l:
Q=
GKK
= 0,182 (m3/s)
3600. KK
V.2.3. Tnh lng vt cht ra khi l t

Bng5.11. lng vt cht ra khi l t trong 1 gi
Cht
Khi lng (kg)
Lng mol (kmol)
CO2
141,014
3,205
SO2
2,215
0,035
NO
0,341
0,011
N2
639,952
22,855
O2
64,632
2,02
HCl
1,32
0,036
H2O
97,54
5,419
Tro
10,03
Tng
957,057
33,581
Lng bi to thnh thng chim 25% tng lng tro x [8]. Vy khi lng
bi l:
Gbui = 0, 25Gtro = 2,508 (kg/h)
V.2.4. Kch thc l t

V.2.4.1. Th tch bung t s cp
Th tch l thuyt ca bung t s cp:
VSCLT =
QSC
qv
[3]
Trong :
VSCLT l th tch bung t s cp theo l thuyt (m3)
QSC l lng nhit sinh ra trong bung t s cp (kcal)
qv l mt nhit th tch ca bung t (kcal/m3h)
bung t s cp, thng th lng nhit sinh ra trong qu trnh t Qra

c phn phi vo 2 bung t. bung s cp, qu trnh t cn lng nhit
nhiu hn chuyn cht thi rn v m thnh dng kh. Gi thit lng nhit
[5]
bung t s cp s chim 80% Qra.
Qra = ( 292166,38 + 8998,566x 849,441z), thay x = 10,915, z = 1 ta c:
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Phm Vn Kin CNMT K48
Qra = 389536,32 (kcal/h)

QSC = 0,8. Qra
QSC = 311629,03 (kcal/h)
Chn qv = 120.103 (kcal/m3.h)

VSCLT =
[13]
QSC 311629, 03
=
= 2,6 (m3)
3
120.10
qv
[13]
Th tch thc t ca bung t s cp l:

Trn thc t, ta phi tnh n c phn th tch ca cht thi rn y t chim ch,
h s nh hng ca cng sut, h s nh hng ca thi gian.
T trng ca cht thi l 130kg/m3, lng cht thi t trong 1 gi l 100 kg vy
th tch cht thi chim ch l VCT =
100
= 0,77 m3.
130
Chn h s nh hng ca cng sut l 0,85 [5]

H s nh hng ca thi gian l 0,93
[5]
TT
VSC
=
2, 6 + 0, 77
= 4,263 (m3)
0,85.0,93
V.2.4.2. Th tch bung t th cp

Th tch l thuyt bung t th cp:
VTCLT = .q (m3) [12]
Trong :
VTCLT th tch l thuyt bung t th cp (m3)
thi gian lu ca dng kh trong bung t , chn = 1,5(s)

q lu lng dng kh,
n=
33,581
= 9,328.10-3 (kmol/s)
3600
Ta c: PV = nRT
nRT 9,328.103.0, 082(1100 + 273)
=
V=
= 1,05 = q (m3/s)
P
1
VTCLT = .q = 1,5.1,05 = 1,575 (m3)
Th tch thc t ca bung t th cp:

Th tch bung t th cp cng phi tnh n h s nh hng do cng sut v
h s thi gian.
VTCTT =
1,575
= 2 (m3)
0,85.0,93
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Phm Vn Kin CNMT K48
V.2.4.3. Kch thc c bn ca bung t

Din tch ghi l:
S gh =
VCT
hCT
[12]
Trong :
VCT l th tch cht thi chim ch (m3)
hCT chiu cao lp cht thi trn mt ghi, thng nm trong khong 0,2 0,3m.
Chn hCT = 0.2 m.
[5]
Lng cht thi np vo l trong 1 gi l 100 kg v c chia ra lm 3 m, mi

m 33 kg.
VCT =
Vy S gh =
33
= 0,26 (m3)
130
VCT 0, 26
=
= 1,3 (m2)
0, 2
hCT
Din tch y l
SDL = S gh = 1,3 (m2)
Chn y l hnh vung mi cnh l 1,2. Tnh li din tch ghi l v y l ta c:

SDL = S gh = 1,44 (m2)
Chiu cao bung t s cp

H SC =
TT
VSC
4, 263
=
=2,94 (m)
1, 44
S DL
Chiu cao bung t th cp

H TC
VTCTT
2
=
=
= 1,38 (m)
S DL 1, 44
B phn np cht thi:

Vic np rc phi m bo thao tc t phc tp cng nhn d lm, t tn
tht nhit v quan trng l mi ln np rc phi hn ch nh hng ti s chy ca
cht thi ang chy trong bung t, nn lng rc mi ln np khng nn qu ln.
Hn ch ti a vic cng nhn vn hnh tip xc trc tip vi cht thi nguy hi.
Do ta chn c gii ho vic np cht thi.
Cht thi c np vo l theo c ch nng thu lc. Cht thi c np vo
hc cht thi qua phu np, ca bung t s cp s c nng ln, pittng s y
cht thi vo l. Do lng cht thi mi ln np vo l l 33 kg, khi lng ring
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Phm Vn Kin CNMT K48
cht thi 130 kg/m3 nn th tch bung l 0.26 m3. Chn ca np liu hnh vung,
chiu di mi cnh l 0,6 m, chiu di bung ch l 0,8 m.
1100
600
2
3
800
Hnh 5.1. Cu to b phn np cht thi

1. Cnh ca bung t
2. Xi lanh y cht thi
3. Hc cha cht thi
4. Phu cha cht thi
V.2.2.4. Tng bung t
Cu to tng bung t: 4 lp
Bn trong cng l gch chu la samot
Lp th hai l gch chng nng iatomit
Bng thu tinh
Lp ngoi cng l thp tm
1
tC
t1
2 3
tw2
tw3 tw4
txq
tw5 2
q
12
23
34
45

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Phm Vn Kin CNMT K48
Trong 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 : l h s dn nhit tng ng ca lp gch samot,

diatomit, bng thu tinh, thp CT3.
12 , 23 , 34 , 45 : chiu dy tng ng ca lp gch samot, diatomit, bng
thu tinh v thp CT3.

1 , 2 : h s to nhit trong v ngoi l t
Bng 5.12. c tnh ca vt liu lm l:[13]

Nhit dung ring
(kg/ )
H s dn nhit
(W/m.)
Gch chu la
samot
1900
1,404
0,26
Gch chng nng

iatomit
600
0,475
0,22
Bng thu tinh
150
0,037
0,2
Thp tm
7850
50
0,498
Vt liu
Khi lng ring

3
CP (kcal/kg.)
Chn loi gch tiu chun c kch thc l: 230 x 113 x 65:
[13]
Chiu dy lp gch chu la samot 12 = 0,113

Chiu dy lp gch chng nng iatomit 23 = 0,113
Chiu dy thp tm CT3: 0,003 m
2 = 12 15 (W/m2.) vi gi thit nhit tn tht l ln nht. Nu nhit
khng kh l 24oC, nhit b mt ngoi ca l 50oC . Chn nhit b mt trong

tng l t t1 bng nhit lm vic ca l t t1 = 1100oC.
Da vo cng thc truyn nhit qua tng phng nhiu lp ta xc nh c
chiu dy ca lp bng thu tinh.
F (tW 4 tW 5 ) 4 = F (tW 5 t XQ ) 2
[9]
45
Nhit mt trong tm thp l:
.
tW 4 = (tW 5 t XQ ) 2 45 + tW 5 = (50 -24).15.0,003/50 + 50 = 50,0234oC
4
Lng nhit truyn qua tng l:
q = (tW 4 tW 5 ) 4 = (50,0234 50).50/0,003 = 390 (w/m2) [9]

45
Lng nhit trn ng bng lng nhit truyn qua cc lp tng l:
q = (t1 tW 2 )
= (tW 2 tW 3 ) 2 = (tW 3 tW 4 ) 3
12
23
34
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Phm Vn Kin CNMT K48
tW 2 = t1 q.
12
= 1100 390.0,113.1,404 = 1038,126oC
1
tW 3 = tW 2 q.
23
= 1038,126 390.0,113/0,475 = 945,347oC
2
Chiu dy lp thu tinh l:
34 =
(tW 3 tW 4 ).3 (945,347 50, 0234).0, 037

=
= 0,085 (m)
q
390
Chiu di tng ca tng l l:

= 12 + 23 + 34 + 45 = 0,113 + 0,113 + 0,085 + 0,003 = 0.314 (m)
V.2.5. Gia nhit cho l t trc khi lm vic

Nhit lng cn thit gia nhit cho 1m2 tng l:
Q = Gi .Ci .ti (kcal)
[9]
Trong :
Ci : Nhit dung ring ca vt liu lm tng l (kcal/kg.)
Gi : Khi lng ca 1m2 vt liu lm tng Gi = Vi .i (kg)
Vi : Th tch ca 1m2 vt liu lm tng l Vi = S . i = i (m3)
Gi = i .i (kg)
ti : chnh lch nhit ca lp vt liu so vi khng kh bn ngoi
ti =
( tWi + tWi +1 ) t
2
XQ
Bng 5.13. Lng nhit cn thit cung cp cho 1m2 tng

Lp vt liu
Gch samt
Gch
iatomit
Bng thy
tinh
Thp
CT3
(kg/m3)
1900
600
200
7850
(m)
0.113
0.113
0.085
0.03
Gi (kg)
214,7
67,8
17
23,55
tWi (oC)
1100
1038,126
945,347
50,023
tWi+1
1038,126
945,347
50,023
50
ti (oC)
1045,063
967,737
473,685
26,012
Ci (kcal/kg.oC)
0,26
0,22
0,2
0,498
Q (kcal/m2)
58337,507
14434,765
1610,529
305,066

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Tng
74687,867
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Phm Vn Kin CNMT K48
B mt trung bnh ca tng bung t:

B mt xung quanh bn trong bung t:
FMT = 2h. ( a + b ) (m )
2
[8]
B mt xung quanh mt ngoi bung t:

FMN = 2. ( h + )( a + 2 + b + 2 ) [8]
Trong :
a: Chiu rng y bung t
b: Chiu di y bung t
h: Chiu cao bung t
: Tng b dy lp vt liu cu to lm tng l = 0,314 m
B mt trung bnh ca bung t:

FTTB =
( FMT + FMN )
2
Bng 5.14. B mt trung bnh ca tng bung t:

Bung
t
a (m)
b (m)
h (m)
(m)
FMT (m2)
FMN (m2)
FTTB (m2)
S cp
1,2
1,2
2,94
0,314
14,112
23,793
18,953
Th cp
1,2
1,2
1,38
0,314
6,624
12,387
9,506
B mt trung bnh ca y bung t:

Din tch b mt trong ca y bung t:
(m2)
FDT = a.b
Din tch mt ngoi ca y bung t:

FDN = (a + 2 )(b + 2 )
B mt trung bnh ca y bung t:
FDTB
FDT + FDN
2
Chn bung t th cp nm chng nn bung t s cp. Do kch thc 2

bung t ch khc nhau v chiu cao nn b mt y v c bn din tch y 2
bung t l nh nhau, tuy nhin din tch trn bung t th cp l trn vm, nn
phi nhn thm h s hiu chnh l 1,1.
Bng 5.15. B mt y bung t s cp, trn bung t th cp
Bung
t
a (m)
b (m)
h (m)
(m)
FDT (m2)
FDN (m2)
FDTB (m2)
S cp
1,2
1,2
2,94
0,314
2,4
3,342
2,871
Th cp
1,2
1,2
1,38
0,314
2,64
3,675
3,158

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Phm Vn Kin CNMT K48
Tng b mt bung t:
FTong = FDTB + FTTB
Tng b mt bung t s cp:
FTSC = 18,953 + 2,871 = 21,824 (m2)
Tng b mt bung t th cp:

FTTC = 9,506 + 3,158 = 12,664 (m2)
Tng din tch b mt l t l:

FT = FTSC + FTTC = 21,824 + 12,664= 34,488 (m2)
Nhit lng cn thit gia nhit cho l t trc khi lm vic l:

Q = q.FT = 74687,867. 34,488 = 2575835,157 (kcal)
Lng du cn cung cp gia nhit l t l:

md =
Q 2575835,157
=
=250,7 (kg)
qdC
10275
Tnh lng khng kh cn cung cp t chy 250,7 kg du DO

Cc phn ng chy xy ra khi t du DO:
C + O2 = CO2
H + 1/2O2 = H2O
S + O2 = SO2
N2 + O2 = 2NO
H2 +1/2 O2 = H2O
Theo thnh phn s dng v cc phn ng chy, c kt qu sau:

Bng 5.16: Lng khng kh cn thit t 250,7 kg du DO
Nhin liu
O2
Lng
`mol
(Kmol)
Hm
lng
%
Khi
lng
(kg)
Phn t
lng
86,5
216,86
12
18,07
18,07
12,5
31,34
15,67
7,84
0,4
32
0,03
0,03
0,2
0,5
32
0,02
-0,02
0,4
28
0,04
0,04
Tng
100
250,7
Thnh phn
(Kmol)

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25,96
61
Phm Vn Kin CNMT K48
H s tiu hao khng kh ( )
H s tiu hao khng kh ( ) l t s gia lng khng kh thc t (L) v

lng khng kh l thuyt (L0) khi t cng mt lng nhin liu:
=
L
L0
Bng 5.17. H s tiu hao khng kh [3]

( )
Dng nhin liu v kiu thit b t

t ci trong bung t cng.
1,25 1,35
t than , than nu trong bung t th cng.
1,50 1,80
t than , than nu trong bung t c kh.
1,20 1,40
t than bi.
1,20 1,30
t du DO.
1,10 1,20
t kh bng m t khng c phn hn hp.
1,10 1,15
1,05
t kh bng m t c phn hn hp.
Chn = 1,2
Lng oxi thc t cn thit l: GO .TT = 1, 2.GO , LT = 1,2.25,96.32 = 996,864 (kg)
2
Khng kh cp vo l c KK =1,29 (kg/m3). Khi lng ring ca O2 l

O =1,4289(kg/m3).[9]
2
Ly nhit trung bnh ca khng kh l 24oC v m tng i trung bnh l

80%. Vy khng kh cha 15g hi nc/1kg khng kh kh.
GO2TT
GKK ,TT
0, 21x O2
KK
= 0, 2326
Lng khng kh thc t l:

GKK ,TT =
GO2 ,TT
0, 2326
996,864
= 1285,744 (kg)
0, 2326
Lng khng kh m thc th l:

GKK ,am ,TT = (1 + 0, 015).GKK ,TT = 1305,03 (kg)

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Phm Vn Kin CNMT K48
V.2.6. Th xy l
C s la chn vt liu
xy dng mt l t rc, cn mt lng ln cc loi vt liu khc nhau
nh: vt liu chu la, cch nhit v cc vt liu xy dng thng thng khc.
Gch chu la c c im l c kh nng chu c nhit cao m khng
b thay i hnh dng v tnh cht vt l. Khi chn gch hay vt liu xy l cn
phi cn c vo iu kin lm vic ca l chn gch v vt liu xy dng thch
hp m bo th xy l lm vic tt, khng gy lng ph.
i vi l t rc y t vn hnh nhit 800 1200oC, trong iu kin
khc nghit nh vy i hi vt liu xy dng phi c bn ln, chu c nhit
v tnh n mn cao. Do , vic la chn th xy l quyt nh rt ln kh nng
lm vic ca l.
Nh trnh by phn trc cu to tng l gm 4 lp:
Bn trong cng l gch chu la samt, dy 113 mm
Lp th 2 l gch chng nng iatomit, dy 113 mm
Bng thy tinh , dy 85 mm
Lp ngoi cng l thp tm, dy 3 mm
Bung t s cp
Nhit bung t: 800 1000oC.
Kch thc bung t: di = 1,2 m
rng= 1,2 m
cao = 1,38 m
rng = 1,2 m
cao = 2,94 m
Kch thc ghi: Sgh = 1,016 m2

Bung t th cp
Nhit bung t: 1100oC.
Kch thc bung t: di = 1,2 m
Th xy y l
y l c xy trc tip trn mng l.y l c xy phng, mch nhit
5mm/m chiu di. y l c xy 2 lp:
Lp di: gch cch nhit Diatmit dy 113 mm.
Lp trn: gch Samt A dy 230mm.

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Phm Vn Kin CNMT K48
Th xy nc l
Nc l cong = 180o
Chiu rng nc l B = 1200 mm
Chiu dy nc l s = 230 mm
Chiu dy mch xy d = 2 mm
Dng gch thng 230x113x65 mm
Gc tm = 180o R = B/2 = 600 (mm)
S gch xy mt ng knh
n=
( R + s )
180 ( a + d )
3,14 ( 600 + 230 ) 180

= 39 (vin)
180 ( 65 + 2 )
[13 204]
R: bn knh vm, mm.

s: chiu dy gch xy nc l,mm.
a: chiu ngang vin gch, mm.
d: chiu dy mch xy, mm.
: gc tm vm.
S gch dng cho ton b nc l:

N =n
L
1200
= 39
= 407 (vin)
b+d
113 + 2
(13 204)
Ca tip liu
Ca tip liu lm bng thp tm (CT3) dy 3 mm, cng loi vi thp lm v
l. Cc thanh ging l thp hnh (30x30) hn dnh pha bn ngoi. Bn trong tm
thp l lp cch nhit bng bng thy tinh dy 85 mm v lp gch cch nhit
iatomit v Samt A dy mi loi 113 mm xy p vo thp tm. Kch thc ca
(600x600) mm.
Khung l:
Khung l v v l gip th xy n nh trong qu trnh lm vic, pha ngoi
th xy c bao bc bi lp thp tm 3 mm. Bn ngoi lp thp l h thng khung
lm bng thp gc (50x50x5) king cht cc cnh l.

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Phm Vn Kin CNMT K48
CHNG VI
X L NHIM KH
VI.1. Thnh phn v nng cc cht nhim trong khi thi
Khi l sau khi ra khi bung t c nhit rt cao, cha nhiu kh c nh
HCl, NOX, SO2 v bi. Bi vy trc khi thi vo mi trng, khi cn c x
l nhm h nhit , gim lng bi v kh c ti mc cho php.
H thng x l kh nhim gm cc b phn sau: H thng trao i nhit, h
thng tch bi, h thng hp th kh c v cui cng l ng khi.
Bng 6.1. Thnh phn v nng cc cht nhim khi ra khi l t
Thnh phn
Khi lng (kg)
Nng (mg/m3)
TCVN 5939/2005
(mg/m3)
SO2
2,215
585,987
500
HCl
1,32
349,206
50
NOX
0,341
90,212
850
Bi
2,508
663,492
200
Khi thi c nhit 1100oC khi ra khi l t s i vo thit b trao i

nhit kiu ng chm. Ti thit b ny, qu trnh trao i nhit xy ra. Nc i trong
ng chm s c nng t 24 oC ln thnh hi qu nhit 2at, 140oC. Kh i ngoi
ng sau khi trao i nhit vi nc h xung cn 200oC v tip tc i vo xiclon
tch bi.Ti xyclon di tc dng ca lc ly tm 80% bi c tch ra khi hn
hp kh thi v lng xung y. Hn hp kh thi sau khi tc bi xyclon s i vo
thp ra rng. Trong thp ny, hn hp kh thi i t di ln, tc nhn hp th l
sa vi c phun t trn xung di dng sng m qu trnh hp th xy ra. Hn
hp kh thi sau khi ra khi thp ra c nng t tiu chun mi trng v c
thi ra mi trng thng qua ng khi.

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Phm Vn Kin CNMT K48
Thit b
trao i
nhit
dng
ng
chm
L t
Thp
hp th
rng
Xyclon
ng
khi
Hnh 6.1. S cng ngh x l khi thi

VI.2. Thit b trao i nhit
Khi sau khi ra khi bung t c nhit trn 1000oC, cn phi h nhit
ca n gip qu trnh x l tip theo c d dng. Mt khc c th tn dng
lng nhit ny dng vo nhng vic c ch khc nh un nc, lm nng khng
kh
Khi thi c nhit 1100oC i bn ngoi ng, nc c nhit 24oC i
trong ng. Nc c nng ln thnh hi nc qu nhit 2at, 140oC. Kh c
lm lnh xung cn 200oC.
Nhit khi l s t 1100oC gim ti 200oC
Nhit ca nc s t 24oC nng ln 140oC
t1 = 1100oC 140oC = 960oC
t2 = 200oC 24oC = 176oC
Hiu s nhit trung bnh gia 2 lu th:

tTB =
t1 t2 960 176
=
= 462,142oC
960
t
ln 1
ln
176
t2
[10]
Nhit trung bnh ca nc

140 + 24
= 82oC
2
Nhit trung bnh ca khi:

82oC + 462,142oC = 544,142oC
Khi lng ring ca lu th khi:
HH = i .i
[9]
Trong :
i : Phn trm th tch ca cu t i trong hn hp
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Phm Vn Kin CNMT K48
HH : Khi lng ring ca hn hp kh (kg/m3)

i : Khi lng ring ca cu t i trong hn hp kh (kg/m3)
i =
M 273.P
.
22, 4 T .Po
[9]
Trong :
M: Khi lng phn t ca cu t kh (kg/kmol)
T: Nhit trung bnh ca lu th: T = 544,142 + 273 = 817,142oC
P, Po: p sut kh quyn iu kin lm vic v iu kin tiu chun.
nht ca hn hp:
HH =
i i
(N.s/m2)
M i i
[9]
Trong : HH , i : nht ca hn hp v ca cu t i (N.s/m2)

Nhit dung ring ca hn hp kh:
CP = Ci .xi
(J/kg.oC)
[9]
Trong :
Ci : Nhit dung ring ca cu t i trong hn hp (J/kg.oC)
xi : T l phn khi lng ca cu t i trong hn hp khi
Bng 6.2. Thng s lu th khi nhit 544,142oC

(kg/m3)
.107 (N.s/m3)
CP
[9]
[9]
(kcal/kg.oC)
[9]
14,734
0,656
360
0,31
0,033
0,036
0,447
366
0,27
64
0,104
0,231
0,955
346
0,24
HCl
36,5
0,107
0,138
0,544
300
0,21
N2
28
68,059
66,867
0,418
366
0,28
H2O
18
16,137
10,192
0,268
300
0,53
O2
32
6,015
6,753
0,477
435
0,27
0,422
360,831
0,306
Cu t
M
(kg/kmol)
(%)
CO2
44
9,544
NO
30
SO2
Hn
hp
khi
x (%)

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Phm Vn Kin CNMT K48
Chn vt liu v kch thc ng:

- ng lm bng ng
-
H s dn nhit ca ng l Cu = 46 (W/m.) [9]
ng knh ngoi ng: d = 0,06 m

Chiu dy ng 0,006 m
H s cp nhit ca khi:
Nu.
=
[10]
d
Trong : = B.CV . HH
B=
[10]
9K 5
=1,72 v khi l thuc loi nhiu nguyn t
4
K = 1,32
K=
CP
C
0,306.1000
= 1,32 CV = P =
= 965,909 (J/kgoC)
1,32 1,32.0, 24
CV
-7
= 1,72.965,909. 360,831.10 = 0,06 (W/m C)
Chun s Re:
. HH .l
Re =
HH
[10]
Trong :
HH = 360,831.10-7 (N.s/m2)
[9]
HH = 0,422 (kg/m3)
[9]
: Vn tc dng kh i trong thit b, chn = 15 (m/s)

l : Kch thc hnh hc ch yu, ng chm ng knh d = l = 0,06 (m)
Re =
. HH .l 15.0, 422.0, 06
=
= 1,053.104
7
360,831.10
HH
Lu th chy bn ngoi ng chm khi cc ng xp thng hng:

Nu = 0, 21. .Re0,65
[10]
Trong trng hp dng chy vung gc vi ng th chn =1

Nu = 0, 21.1.(1, 053.104 )0,65 = 86,457
H s cp nhit ca lu th khi l:
=
86, 457.0, 06
= 86,457 (W/m2.oC)
0, 06
H s dn nhit ca ng: Cu = 46,5 W/m.

Gi s 2 bn thnh ng c 1 lp bn vi nhit tr l r1 = r2 = 0,17.10-3
.
(.m2/W)[5]
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Phm Vn Kin CNMT K48
Nhit tr ca thnh ng:
0, 006
=
= 0,129.10-3(.m2/W)
Cu 46,5
Tng nhit tr ca thnh v cn bm: r = r1 + r2 +
= 0,469.10-3(.m2/W)
Cu
Xt lu th trong ng ng:
Lng nhit khi cp vo:
QKh = G.C.(1100 200) =
1878,55 0,306.1000
.
.900 = 598787,813 (J/kg)
3600
0, 24
Nhit cn thit a nc t 24oC ln 100oC l:

Q1 = G.C.(100 25)
(J/kg)
Nhit ho hi ca nc 100oC:
Q2 = G.r
[10]
Nhit bin hi nc thnh hi qu nhit 140oC:

Q3 = G.(r ' r )
[10]
Trong :
G: Khi lng nc (kg/s)
r ' : Nhit lng ring ca nc 2at, 140oC, r ' = 2750,7.103 (J/kg)
[9]
r : Nhit ho hi ca nc, r = 2262965,4 (J/kg)
[9]
Theo nh lut bo ton nng lng: Nhit lng cn thit a nc 25oC
thnh hi qu nhit 140oC bng nhit lng do khi cp vo:
598787,813 = G.C.(100 25) + G.r + G (r ' r )
G = 0,195 (kg/s)
H s cp nhit ca lu th lnh:
w,33 .t 0,1
0,25
1 = A.
( Pr/ Prt ) .1
0,37
dtd
[10]
Trong :
w : Tc dng chy ca nc trong ng, chn w = 0,4 m/s
1 : H s cp nhit (W/m2.)
( Pr / Prt )0,25 =1
A: Ph thuc nhit trung bnh ca nc tnc

Khi tnc = 24oC th A = 175
[10/18]
1 : H s hiu chnh tnh theo t s gia chiu di v ng knh ng chm c
ng knh trong d = 0,06 m v chiu di 2 m
l
=33 1 =1,03
d
[10]
t : Chnh lch nhit gia thnh ng vi nc:

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Phm Vn Kin CNMT K48
1 = 175.
0, 40,33.t 0,1
2
.1, 03 = 377,259. t 0,1 (W/m .)
0,37
0, 06
[10]
Ti nhit ring
Chnh lch nhit gia thnh ng v khi l:
t1 = 544,142oC 140oC =404,142oC
Ti nhit ring ca khi l:
q1 = .t1 = 86,457.404,142 = 34940,905 (W/m2)
Chnh lch nhit gia 2 thnh ng l:

t1 = q1.r =34940,905. 0,469.10-3 = 16,387oC
Chnh lch nhit gia nc v thnh ng cn li:

t2 = 140 82 16,387 = 41,613oC
H s cp nhit ca nc:
1 = 377,259. t 0,1 = 547,725 (W/m2.)
Nhit thu ca nc:

q2 = 1.t2 = 547,725. 41,613= 22792,480 (W/m2)
Sai s gia hai gi tr:

=
q1 q2 34940,905 22792, 480

=
= 0,35, chp nhn c
34940,905
q1
Ti nhit ring trung bnh ca qu trnh truyn nhit:
q=
q1 + q2 34940,905 + 22792, 480

= 28866,693 (W/m2)
=
2
2
Tnh thit b truyn nhit:

B mt truyn nhit
B mt truyn nhit:
F=
Q 598787,813
=
= 20,743 (m2)
28866, 693
q
S ng trong thit b trao i:

n=
F
20, 743
=
= 46 (ng)
.d .l .0, 072.2
Chn s ng theo tiu chun l 61 ng. ng xp theo hnh 6 cnh. S ng trn

ng xuyn tm ca hnh 6 cnh l b = 9.
b = 2a 1
[10]
a: s ng trn cnh ngoi cng.
a = 5 (ng)

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Phm Vn Kin CNMT K48
ng knh trong ca thit b:

D = t.(b-1) + 4d
[10]
Trong :
t: Bc ng t = 1,2d 1,5d. Chn t = 1,2d = 0,0864 (m)
D = 0,0864.(9 1 ) + 4.0,072 = 0,979 (m)
Chn D = 1 m
Chn chiu cao ca phn trn vo di ng l 0,5 m th chiu cao ca thit b l
3m.
4
Hnh 6.2. Cu to thit b trao i nhit ng chm
1. Ca nc vo
2. Ca kh vo
3. Ca kh ra
4. Ca nc ra
5. Cch b tr ng chm trong thit b

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Phm Vn Kin CNMT K48
VI.3. H thng x l bi Xyclon

Bung Xyclon l thit b lc bi p dng ph bin hng chc nm gn y. Cc
bung c cu to hon ho m bo thu hi bi vi c ht 5 m. Qu trnh thu
bi trong thit b ny da trn nguyn l lc qun tnh (ly tm).
Bng 6.3. Phn b kch thc ht bi trong khi thi [14]
ng knh ht bi ( m)
T l (%)
0,5
10
0,5 5
10
5 10
20
10 40
40
10
20
Lng bi c trong khi thi c ng knh d 5 m chim 80%.

Hiu sut x l bi vi kch thc ht bi 5 m i vi xyclon thng trn
90% [14]. Hiu sut x l bi ca xyclon vi khi thi l t l = 90%.80% =
72%
Theo kt qu tnh ton (V.2.3) c lng bi trong kh thi l Gbi = 2,508 (kg/h)
tng ng vi nng bi l 663,49 (mg/m3), TCVN v kh thi i vi bi l
200 (mg/m3). Hiu sut tch bi:
.n.vC d 2 .bui
= 1 exp
9Wi .
[4]
Trong :
d: ng knh ht bi, d = 5.10-6 m
n: S vng xon ca kh trong xyclon, chn n = 5 vng
vC: Vn tc ca dng kh trong xyclon, chn vC = 18 m/s
bui : Khi lng ring ca bi, bui = 2640 kg/m3 [4]
: Hiu sut tch bi, = 72 %
: nht ca dng kh = 249,493.10-7 N.s/m2
(p dng HH =
0, 72 = 1 exp[
i i
M i i
vi nhit 200oC)
3,14.5.18.(5.106 ) 2 .2640
]
9.Wi .249, 493.107
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Phm Vn Kin CNMT K48
Wi = 0,065 (m)
Kch thc xyclon:
ng knh ngoi xyclon: Do = Wi/0,25 = 0,26 m
ng knh trong xyclon: De = 0,5.Do = 0,13 m
ng knh ng x bi: Dd = 0,25.Do = 0,065 m
Chiu cao phn hnh tr ca xyclon H1 = 2.Do = 0,52 m
Chiu cao phu xyclon: H2 = 2Do = 0,52 m
Lu lng kh qua xyclo :
VC = .
D2
0, 262
.vC = 3,14.
.18 = 0,955 (m3/s)
4
4
[4]
S xyclon cn mc:
n=
V
VC
Trong :
V: Lu lng dng kh vo xyclon, V = 1,05 m3/s
n=
1, 05
= 1,1
0,955
Chn n = 2 , ta np xiclon chm gm 2 xyclon n mc song song.

Hiu sut tch bi ca xyclon 72% nn lng bi cn li:
0,28.2,508 = 0,702 (kg/h)
Lu lng khi l 1,05 m3/s. Vy hm lng bi trong khi ra khi xyclon l:
0, 702.106
= 186 (mg/m3), t TCVN 5939/2005
3600.1, 05

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Phm Vn Kin CNMT K48
336
84
168
84
336
Hnh 6.3. Cu to ca xyclon

1. Ca dn kh vo
2. Ca dn kh ra
3. Thn hnh tr xyclon
4. Ca tho bi

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Phm Vn Kin CNMT K48
VI.4. Thp hp th
VI.4.1. Nguyn tc hot ng
Khi thi cha cc kh c hi vo thp hp th theo hng t di ln. Dung
dch sa vi Ca(OH)2 c phun di dng sng t trn xung. Qu trnh hp th
cc kh c hi din ra. Hn hp kh sau khi ra khi thit b c nhit 80oC, hiu
sut hp th i vi SO2 t 85%, HCl t 95%..... ngoi ra thp cn c kh nng
x l bi cng ln ti 98% i vi bi c 5 m, 58% i vi bi c 1 m [14]
VI.4.2. Tnh ton thit b hp th
Cc phn ng xy ra trong qu trnh hp th:
(1)
Ca(OH)2 + SO2 = CaSO3 + H2O
(2)
CaSO3 + 1/2 O2 + 2 H2O = CaSO4.2H2O
(3)
Ca(OH)2 + 2 HCl = CaCl + 2H2O
(4)
Ca(OH)2 + 4NO = Ca(NO2)2 + 2H2O
(5)
Ca(OH)2 + CO2 = CaCO3 + H2O
Theo [4] lng Ca(OH)2 5% bm vo thp ly bng 6,1 ln lng khng kh i
vo thp:
GCa(OH)2 = 6,1. GKhi = 6,1. 957,057 = 5838,048 (kg/h)
Lng Ca(OH)2 c trong 5838,048 kg dung dch sa vi 5% l:
mCa (OH )2 = 5.
5838, 048
= 292 (kg/h)
100
Lng vi cn pha dung dch Ca(OH)2 5% l:

mCaO = 292.
56
= 221 (kg/h)
74
Kch thc thit b:

Chn thi gian lu trong thit b l t = 3 s, lu lng kh Q = 1,05 m3/s. Th tch
thp hp th:
V = t.Q = 3.1,05 = 3,15 (m3)
T l gia ng knh v chiu cao trong thp rng H/D = 2 3 [14], chn t
l H/D = 2,5.
D=
4.V .D
4.3,15
=3
=1,187 m
3,14.2,5
.H
Chiu cao H = 2,5.D 3 m

Chn chiu cao ca phn trn v y thp u bng 0,25 m
Vy chiu cao ca thp rng l: HThap = 3 + 2.0,25 = 3,5 m
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Phm Vn Kin CNMT K48
Vi hiu sut kh SO2 85%, HCl 95%, bi 58% th nng cc cht nhim
trong khi thi sau x l:
Bng6.4. Nng kh thi sau khi hp th:
Thnh phn
Nng trc x
l (mg/m3)
Nng sau x l
(mg/m3)
TCVN 5939/2005
(mg/m3)
NO
90,212
< 90,212
850
SO2
585,978
87,897
500
HCl
349,206
17,46
50
Bi
186
108
200
Cc kh thi trong khi l sau khi qua thp hp th rng t TCVN

5939/2005.
3
5
4
Hnh 6.4. Cu to thp rng
1. Ca dn kh vo
2. Dn phun dung dch Ca(OH)2 5%
3. Ca dn kh ra
4. Ca dn dung dch Ca(OH)2 ra
5. Ca dn dung dch Ca(OH)2 vo

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Phm Vn Kin CNMT K48
VI.5. ng khi
Kh sau khi qua cc giai on x l trn c thi vo khng kh phi m bo
TCVN i vi mi trng khng kh xung quanh TCVN 5937: 2005
Bng 6.5. Gi tr c bn cc thng s trong cht lng mi trng khng kh
xung quanh c trong kh thi theo TCVN 5937: 2005
Thng s
Trung bnh 24 h (mg/m3)
NO
0,1
SO2
0,3
Bi l lng
0,2
Nng gii hn cho php ca cht nhim:

Cmax = a.
235.M
.H HQ
(mg/m3)
[14]
Trong :
Cmax: Nng gii hn cho php ca kh NO = 0,1 mg/m3
M: Lng NO thi ra trong 1 giy g/s
MNO = C.V =90,212.10-3.1,05 = 0,095 (g/s)
: Vn tc gi ti ming ng khi, chn = 6 m/s (khi lng gi)
a: h s thng ging theo tc gi (0,15 0,5), chn a = 0,2

HHQ: Chiu cao hiu qu ca ng khi
H HQ = a.
[14]
235.M
235.0, 095
= 0, 2.
= 11,163 m
4.0,1
.Cmax
ng knh ti ming ng khi:

Ta c: Q = v.S = v.
D2
4
Trong :
v : Vn tc dng kh trong ng khi, chn v = 4m/s
D=
4.Q
4.1, 05
=
= 0,578 m 0,6 m
4.3,14
v.
VI.6. Qut cp khng kh vo l

Khng kh vo l c lu lng l 0,182 (m3/s)
Tr lc ton phn cn thit khc phc tt c cc sc cn thy lc trong h
thng ng ng cp kh l:
P = Pd + Pm + Pc [9]
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Trong :
Pd : tr lc ng lc hc, tc l p sut cn thit to tc dng chy ra
khi ng dn
Pm : tr lc khc phc tr lc ma st trong ng ng
Pc : tr lc cn thit khc phc tr lc cc b
Pd =
. 2
2
Pm = .
Pc = .
l . 2
.
dtd 2
[9]
. 2
2
Trong :
: Khi lng ring khng kh = 1,29 kg/m3
: Vn tc kh i trong ng ng, chn ng knh ng l D = 100 mm
Q
0,182
=
= 23 (m/s)
2
0, 785.D
0, 785.0,12
l : Chiu di ng dn kh, chn l = 10 m
Pd =
Re =
. 2
2
1, 29.232
= 341,205 (N/m2)
2
.dtd . 23.0,1.1, 29
=
= 1,615.106 > 4000 kh trong ng ch chy
5
1,837.10
xoy
6,81

= 2.lg
Re 3, 7.dtd
[9]
: nhm tuyt i ph thuc vo cht liu ng. Chn ng thp trng km c =
0,1.10-3.
Thay cc gi tr vo ta c = 0,02
Pm = 0, 02.
10 1, 29.232
= 682,41 (N/m2)
.
0,1
2
H thng ng ng cp kh vo l gm c 1 ng ba ng, 3 khy 90o.

Chn loi ng ba ng c vn tc cc on r nhnh bng nhau v ng knh
cc on r nhnh nh nhau. Tra [9] c 1 = 0,55.
Chn loi khy ng 90o, mi khy ny do 2 khy 45o to thnh. Tra [9] c
2 = 3.2.0,38 = 2,28.
H s tr lc cc b trn c ng ng l: = 1 + 2 = 2,83.
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Pc = .
. 2
2
= 2,83.
1, 29.232
= 965,61 (N/m2)
2
Tng tr lc trn ng ng cp kh l:
P = Pd + Pm + Pc = 341,205 + 682,41 + 965,61= 1989,225 (N/m2)
Cng sut ca qut l:

N=
Q.P
1000.tr . q
[9]
Trong :
Q: Nng sut qut m3/s, Q = 0,182 m3/s
tr : Hiu sut truyn ng, vi qut np trc tip vi ng c tr = 1
q : Hiu sut qut, tra c tuyn ca qut ly tm ta c q = 0,8
N=
0,182.1989, 225
= 0.453 (kW)
1000.0,8
Cng sut thc t ca ng c in:

N DC = K .N
V cng sut ca qut l 0,453 kW nn ta chn h s d tr K = 1,5

N DC = K .N = 0,68 (kW)
VI.7. Bm dung dch Ca(OH)2 5%

p sut ton phn do bm to ra
H=
P2 P1
+ H o + hm (m)
.g
[9]
Trong :
H: p sut ton phn do bm to ra
P1, P2: p sut trn b mt cht lng trong khng gian y v ht, chn P1 = P2
Ho: Chiu cao nng cht lng
hm: p sut tiu tn thng ton b tr lc trn ng ng ht v y
Ta c:
Ho = 3,5 + 0,5 = 4 m (Thp t cch mt t 0,5 m)
hm =
P
.g
Trong :
P = Pd + Pm + Pc
p sut ng hc to vn tc dng chy ra khi ng y:

Pd =
. 2
2
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: Khi lng ring sa vi, = 1030 (kg/m3)
[9]
: Vn tc dng cht lng i trong ng, chn =1,5 m/s
Chn ng knh ng l d = 0,2 m

Lu lng th tch sa vi l:
V=
GNa (OH )2
.3600
5838, 048
=1,57.10-3 (m3/s)
1030.3600
ng knh tng ng ca ng ng:

V
1,57.103
=
= 0,037 (m)
dtd =
0, 785.
0, 785.1,5
Chn dtd = 0,04 m

Tnh li vn tc = 1,25 m/s
Pd =
. 2
2
1030.1, 252
=
= 804,688 (N/m2)
2
Pm : p sut khc phc tr lc do ma st trn ng ng dn

l . 2
Pm = . .
d 2g
Trong :
l: Chiu di ng dn, chn L = 10 m
d: ng knh ng dn, d = 0,04 m
: H s ma st
.dtd . 1, 25.0, 04.1030
=
= 92293,907 > 4000 ng vi ch chy xoy, h
Re =
0,558.103
s ma st tnh theo cng thc sau:

6,81 0,9

= 2 lg
+
3, 7.dtd
Re
Trong :
: nhm tuyt i. Ph thuc vo cht liu ng. Chn ng thp trng km c
= 0,1.10-3 m
= 0,027
l . 2
10 1030.1, 252
.
Pm = . .
= 0, 027.
= 5454,249 (N/m2)
0, 04
2.9,8
d 2g
Pc : p sut thng tr lc cc b
Pc = .
2 .
2

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Phm Vn Kin CNMT K48
Trong :
: H s tr lc cc b
Chn 2 van tiu chun 1 = 2.1,3 = 2,6

Chn 2 khu ghp 90oC do 2 khu 45oC to thnh, chon 2 = 2.2.0,38 = 1,52
= 1 + 2 = 2,6 + 1,52 = 4,12
Pc = .
2 .
2
1, 252.1030
= 4,12.
= 3315,313 (N/m2)
2
Vy: P = Pd + Pm + Pc = 9574,25 (N/m2)

hm =
P 9574, 25
=
= 0,949 (m)
.g 1030.9,8
p sut ton phn ca bm:

H=
P2 P1
+ H o + hm = 4 + 0,949 = 4,949 (m)
.g
Hiu sut bm
= o .TL .CK
[9]
Trong :
o : Hiu sut th tch, tnh n s ht cht lng chy t vng c p sut cao ti
vng c p sut thp v do cht lng r qua l h ca bm, chn o = 0.9

TL : Hiu sut thu lc tnh n ma st ca cht lng khi chuyn ng trong
bm to ra s to dng xoy trong bm. Chn TL = 0,85

CK : Hiu sut c kh tnh n ma st c kh bi, lt trc ca bm. Chn
CK = 0,95
Vy: = o .TL .CK = 0,9.0,85.0,95 = 0,727

Cng sut ca bm
Q. .g.H
N=
[9]
1000.
Trong :
Q: Nng sut ca bm (m3/s), Q = 1,57.10-3 (m3/s)
N=
1,57.103.1030.9,8.4,949
= 0,108 (kW)
1000.0, 727

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Cng sut ng c in
N DC =
N
Tr . DC
[9]
Trong :
N : Cng sut trn trc ca bm (kW)
Tr : Hiu sut truyn ng, chn Tr = 0,85

DC : Hiu sut ng c, chn DC = 0,9
N DC =
N
0,108
=
= 0,141 (kW)
Tr . DC 0,85.0,9
Cng sut thc t ca ng c in l:

C
N DC
= .N DC = 2.0,141 = 0,282 (kW)
VI.8. Qut ht
Tr lc l t:
Cc thng s ban u:
Lu lng khi l: 1,05 (m3/s)
Khi lng ring ca sn phm chy: 0,257 (kg/m3) [3]
Kch thc tip din khng gian cui bung l: 1,2 x 1,2 = 1,44 (m2).
Nhit sn phm chy cui bung l: Tk = 1373oK.

ng knh knh dn
d=
4.F
S
[3]
Trong :
F: Din tch tit din
S: Chi tit tit din
d =
4.0,3.0,3
= 0,3 (m)
4.0,3
Tc khi trong knh dn:

k =
V
V
1, 05
=
=
= 14,86 (m/s)
2
2
d
S
0,3
.
3,14.
4
4

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Tn tht nng lng do ma st:

L 2 T
hms = . . . k . k
2 To
d
[3]
Trong :
: H s ma st, vi gch samt c = 0,04 [3]
L : Chiu di ng dn
: Khi lng ring ca khi thi, = 0,257 (kg/m3) [3]

k : Vn tc kh k = 14,86 (m/s)
Tn tht ma st cc b: hms = 0, 04.
4
14,862 1373
.0, 257.
.
= 76,11 (N/m2)
0,3
2
273
Tn tht nng lng do thu vo knh:

hcb1 = K .0 k .
2 Tk
.
2 T0
(14,86 )
= 0, 48.0, 257.
2
1373
= 68,5( N / m 2 )
273
[3]
H s tn tht cc b do t thu vo knh K:
(0,3) 2
F2
4
K = 0,5 1 = 0,5 1
1,
2
1,
2
F
= 0, 48
[9]
Tr lc ca l t:
Plo = hms + hcb = 76,11 + 68,5 = 144,61 (N/m2)
Tr lc trong thit b trao i nhit:
[10]
PTDN = Pd + Pm + Pc
Pd =
. 2
2
l . 2
Pm = . .
d 2
PC = .
. 2
2
Trong :
l: Chiu di thit b truyn nhit l = 3 (m)
: vn tc dng kh i trong thit b = 15 m/s
: Khi lng ring ca hn hp kh = 0,422 (kg/m3)

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: Tr lc cc b ca h thng, vi thit b vo v ca ra nh nhau th tb = 1

: H s ma st
6,81 0,9 0,1.103
6,81 0,9

= 2 lg
+
= 2 lg
+
4
3, 7.dtd
3, 7.0, 06
Re
1, 053.10
= 0,033
Pd =
. 2
0, 422.152
=
= 47,475 (N/m2)
2
l . 2
3 0, 422.152
.
Pm = . .
= 0, 033.
= 78,334 (N/m2)
0, 06
2
d 2
PC = .
. 2
2
0, 422.152
= 47,475 (N/m2)
2
= 1.
PTDN = Pd + Pm + Pc = 173,284 (N/m2)
Tr lc ca Xyclon
PXyclon = K .
.v 2
2
(N/m2)
[4]
Trong :
K: H s sc cn cc b, chn xyclon c K = 8
[4]
: Khi lng ring kh thi 200oC, = 0,748 kg/m3
[3]
v : vn tc kh trong xyclon, v = 18 m/s
PXyclon = K .
.v 2
2
= 8.
0, 748.182
=969,408 (N/m2)
2
Tr lc ca thp rng
Thp rng hnh tr c ng knh 1,187m chiu cao 3 m, c tr lc b, ta coi
nh b qua tr lc ca thp rng.
Tr lc trn ng ng dn
Tr lc trn ng ng dn gm c tr lc t thit b trao i nhit ti
xyclon, t xiclon ti thp hp th v t thp hp th ra ng khi. Thc t tr lc ca
3 on ng ny chnh lch nhau khng nhiu lm. Ta gi thit chng bng nhau.
Tr lc t thit b trao i nhit n xiclon:
P = Pd + Pm + Pc
nht ca kh = 249,493.10-7 N.s/m2

Khi lng ring ca kh = 0,748 kg/m3
ng knh ng D = 0,25 m
Chn chiu di ng dn l l = 6 m
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Phm Vn Kin CNMT K48
Lu lng kh trong ng V = 1,05 m3/h

Vn tc kh i trong ng =
Re =
V
1, 05
=
= 21,4 m/s
2
0, 785.D
0, 785.0, 252
.dtd .
= 16, 04.104 > 4000 ng vi ch chy xoy
6,81 0,9

= 2 lg
+
3, 7.dtd
Re
= 0,02
Pd =
. 2
= 171,27 (N/m2)
l
2
. . = 82,21 (N/m2)
D
2
Pm = .
Chn 2 khy 90o do 2 khy 45o to thnh = 2.2.0,38 = 1,52

Pc = .
. 2
2
= 260,33 (N/m2)
Tr lc ca h thng ng l:
Pong = 3.P = 3.(171,27 + 82,21 + 260,33) = 1541,43(N/m2)
Tr lc ca ng khi:
POK = Pd + Pm + Pc
Pd =
. 2
2
l . 2
Pm = . .
d 2
PC = .
. 2
2
Trong :
l: Chiu cao ng khi l = 11,163 m
: Khi lng ring ca hn hp kh 80oC, = 0,95 kg/m3
[3]
: H s ma st, i vi ng khi lm bng gch =0,05
: Tr lc ng khi = 1,3
d: ng knh trung bnh ca ng khi

y ng khi lm c ng knh 1m, nh ng khi c ng knh 0,6m, vy
ng knh trung bnh ca ng khi l d = 0,8 m.
Pd =
. 2
2
0,95.42
= 7,6 (N/m2)
2
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Phm Vn Kin CNMT K48
l . 2
11,163 0,95.42
.
Pm = . .
= 0, 05.
= 5,302 (N/m2)
0,8
2
d 2
PC = .
. 2
2
= 1,3.
0,95.42
= 9,88 (N/m2)
2
Tr lc ng khi:
POK = Pd + Pm + Pc = 22,782 (N/m2)
Tr lc trn h thng:
P = Plo + PTDN + PXyclon + Pthap + POK + Pong
= 144,61 + 173,284 + 969,408 + 22,782 + 1541,43

= 2851,514 (N/m2)
p sut ton phn do qut ht to ra:
273 + t 760 K
H = Hp
[9]
.
.
B
293
Trong :
H P : Tr lc trn h thng
: Khi lng ring ca khng kh iu kin tiu chun

K : Khi lng ring ca khng kh iu kin lm vic
B : p sut ti ch t qut
H = 2851,514.
273 + 80 760 1,19

= 3169,128 (N/m2)
.
.
293 760 1, 29
Cng sut ca qut l:

N=
Q.H
1000. q .tr
[9/463]
Chn lp trc tip vi trc ng c in tr = 1

Lu lng Q = 1,05 m3/s, tra c tuyn ca qut li tm ta c: tr = 0,8
N=
1, 05.3169,128
= 4,16 (kW)
1000.0,8
Cng sut thit lp i vi ng c in:

N dc = k .N
Theo [9], vi ng c trn 2 5 KW th k = 1,15 vy cng sut thit lp i vi

ng c in l:
N dc = 1,15.4,16 = 4,784 (kW)

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Phm Vn Kin CNMT K48
VI.9. D ton chi ph cho cng trnh

Chi ph nguyn vt liu, vt t l t, h thng x l kh thi:
S
TT
Tn thit b
S
lng
n
v
Gi thnh
(VN)
Tng gi thnh
(VN)
Gch Samt A
3000
Vin
10.000
30.000.000
Gch iatomt
3000
Vin
7.000
21.000.000
Ghi l lm bng
gang chu nhit
6.000.000
6.000.000
T iu khin
8.000.000
8.000.000
ng nc, van
kho
2.000.000
2.000.000
Bng thu tinh
10
Kg
50.000
500.000
Bt Samt
750
Kg
8.000
6.000.000
Thp CT3
1.200
Kg
9.000
10.800.000
B dung mi
4,2
m3
2.000.000
8.400.000
10
Nh bao che
80
m2
11
Bn cha du
1000l
Ci
5.000.000
5.000.000
12
M t
Ci
10.00.000
20.000.000
13
Bm nc
Ci
5.000.000
5.000.000
14
Bm dung dch
Ci
4.000.000
8.000.000
15
Qut ht
Ci
15.000.000
15.000.000
16
Qut cp gi
Ci
5.000.000
5.000.000
17
Xyclon chm
Ci
30.000.000
30.000.000
18
Thp hp th
Ci
20.000.000
20.000.000
19
Ph kin ( bulng,
aming, bch,...)
5.000.000
5.000.000
Tng chi ph thit b (Ttb)
150.000.000
381.000.000

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Ph thi cng = 30% * Ttb
114.300.000
Ph thit k = 3% * Ttb
11.430.000
Tng
506.730.000
Thu VAT = 10% * Txd
50.673.000
Tng cng (T)
557.403.000
Tnh ton chi ph nguyn nhin liu s dng trong mt ln vn hnh:

STT
Nguyn
nhin liu
S lng
n v
n gi
(VN)
Thnh tin
(VN)
Du DO
262
Lit
8.600
2.300.000
Vi
80
Kg
2.500
200.000
in
70
Kw
1.500
105.000
Nc
m3
5.000
15.000
Tng cng
2620.000
Gi thnh x l rc:
Lng rc cn x l l: 500 kg
S cng nhn vn hnh h thng l mt ngi.
Lng cng nhn 1.200.000 /thng = 40.000 /ngy.
Chi ph nguyn nhin liu : 2560.000 /ngy.m.
Vy gi thnh x l 1 kg rc l :
2620.000 + 40.000
= 5300 (VN/kg).
500

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88
Phm Vn Kin CNMT K48
KT LUN
Ngy nay, mt lng ln cht thi y t ngy mt gia tng do gnh nng dn
s, thin tai l lt, s xut hin ca nhiu loi bnh nguy him. Thnh phn cht
thi rn y t gm cht thi sinh hot v cht thi nguy hi, tuy lng cht thi y t
nguy hi ch chim mt phn nh trong thnh phn rc y t nhng nu ta khng c
bin php qun l x l ph hp th chng ta kh m lng c hu qu ca chng
ti mi trng.
gii quyt vn ny i hi phi c nhng bin php qun l v k
thut t khi cht thi pht sinh n khi tiu hy cui cng . Do , x l cht thi
rn y t bng phng php thiu t rt ph hp vi mt nc ang pht trin nh
nc ta hin nay. Tuy nhin phng php ny ch hiu qu v mt mi trng khi
c h thng x l cht thi t tiu chun quy nh.
Khi s dng l t rc y t ta cn vn hnh l theo ng quy trnh, trnh gy
lng ph nhin liu v x l trit lng rc cn thit t cng nh m bo an
ton i vi kh thi, khng gy nhim mi trng.
Cng nhn vn hnh cn phi c o to v hng dn c th vn hnh
l t theo ng quy trnh xut.
Cht thi rn trc khi em t cn t chc thu gom, phn loi v bo qun
theo ng quy nh.

Tel:(844)8681686 Fax:(844)8693551
89
Phm Vn Kin CNMT K48
TI LIU THAM KHO

1. B y t v iu tr.
Ti liu 2 thc hnh qun l cht thi y t. Nh xut bn y hc h ni-2000.
2. Phm Ngc Chu
Mi trng bnh vin nhn t gc qun l an ton cht thi
Cc bo v mi trng NXB Th Gii
3. Hong Kim C, Nguyn Cng Cn, Ngn Thanh
Tnh ton l cng nghip, tp 1
NXB Khoa hc k thut 1985
4. Noel de Nevers
Air pollution control engineering
Mc Graw Hill international Singapore 1993
5. Vn t
nh gi hin trng v thit k h thng x l cht thi rn bnh vin ca H
Ni
Lun vn thc s khoa hc k thut
6. Nguyn Kim Thi
Bo co khoa hc: xut cc gii php x l cht thi bnh vin
Trng HXDHN
7. Nghim Trung Dng
Bi ging cng ngh x l nhim kh
8. CEETIA
Nghin cu cng ngh x l khi thi l t CTNH cng nghip ph hp vi
iu kin Vit Nam
9. S tay qu trnh v cng ngh ha cht tp 1
Nh xut bn khoa hc k thut 2005
10. S tay qu trnh v cng ngh ha cht tp 2
Nh xut bn khoa hc k thut 2005
11. Nguyn c Khin.
Qun l cht thi nguy hi. NXB xy dng 2003.
12. T. Bonner b. Desai
Hazardous waste incineration engineering
13. Phm Vn Tr, Dng c Hng, Nguyn Cng Cn
L cng nghip
NXB Khoa hc v k thut 2003
Tel:(844)8681686 Fax:(844)8693551
90
Phm Vn Kin CNMT K48
14. Hong Kim c

nhim khng kh v x l khi bi
NXB Khoa hc k thut 1998
15. T/C Xy dng, s 5/2006
Nghin cu ch to l t cht thi y t nguy hi cng sut nh

Tel:(844)8681686 Fax:(844)8693551
91
Phm Vn Kin CNMT K48

Tel:(844)8681686 Fax:(844)8693551
92

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Thit k l t rc thi y t nguy hi cho bnh vin a Khoa Trung ng Thi Nguyn

Phm Vn Kin CNMT K48

IV.4. Cng ngh thiu t cht thi rn y t ...................................................................40

Vin khoa hc v Cng ngh Mi trng (INEST) - HBKHN

Vin khoa hc v Cng ngh Mi trng (INEST) - HBKHN

gy bnh, b nhim khun bi vi khun, virus, k sinh trng, nmbao gm cc vt

v mi vt liu c th gy ra cc vt ct hoc chc thng, d chng c c s dng

tay, lam knh, ng nghim, bnh phm sau khi xt nghim, ti ng mu

phm b , khng cn nhu cu s dng v thuc gy c t bo.

Vin khoa hc v Cng ngh Mi trng (INEST) - HBKHN

Nhm E: l cc m c quan ngi ng vt, c quan ngi bnh, ng vt,

Vin khoa hc v Cng ngh Mi trng (INEST) - HBKHN

I.1.2.4. Cc bnh cha kh nn c p sut

Hnh 1.1. Ngun pht sinh cht thi bnh vin

I.1.4. Thnh phn cht thi y t

Nguy c t cht thi truyn nhim v cc vt sc nhn:

Vin khoa hc v Cng ngh Mi trng (INEST) - HBKHN

I.3. Phng php qun l v x l cht thi y t

Vin khoa hc v Cng ngh Mi trng (INEST) - HBKHN

Bng 1.1. Yu cu mu sc, nh du nhn thng v ti ng cht thi y t

Cht thi ly nhim cao

Vng, k hiu nhim Thng nha, ti nha bn

Vng, ch vt sc Ti nha bn, hoc hp

Cht thi y t c ng v Vng nu, logo c bc x Hp ch, kim loi c dn

Thu gom ti phng khoa

X l bng phng php chn lp:

Kh trng cht thi ly nhim: Bng x l nhit, vi sng, ha cht

Cht thi nhm B:

Nn dng phng php chn lp

C th thu hi cc phn kim loi

Cht thi nhm C:

C th x l ging nh cht thi nhm A

Cht thi nhm D:

Thiu t cng vi cht thi nhim khun nu c l t

Chn lp: trc khi em chn lp phi ng rn cht thi

Cht thi nhm E:

Thiu t cng vi cht thi nhim khun nu c l t

- Chn lp ngha a hoc ni quy nh. Ti mt s a phng, theo tp tc

Tiu hy nh cht thi sinh hot

Ha cht ha hc nguy hi:

+ Nhng ha cht ha hc nguy hi c tnh cht khc nhau khng c trn

Phng php tiu hy:

I.4. Hin trng qun l v x l cht thi y t

Vin khoa hc v Cng ngh Mi trng (INEST) - HBKHN

Ngoi ra cn c phng php khc gii quyt vn ny c cc

Vin khoa hc v Cng ngh Mi trng (INEST) - HBKHN

Ngun: Bo co hin trng mi trng, 2003 ca cc tnh thnh trn c

Vn chuyn cht thi ngoi c s y t:

Loi bnh vin

Lng cht thi rn pht sinh

Bnh vin ca tnh

Tng s 19 bnh vin: 2225 ging

(Ngun: D n QLMT tnh Thi Nguyn, hp phn cht thi y t DANIDA)

y rc thi sinh hot c chn lp, cht thi rn y t s c thiu t ti l t

Vin khoa hc v Cng ngh Mi trng (INEST) - HBKHN

Vin khoa hc v Cng ngh Mi trng (INEST) - HBKHN

II.3. Quy m c v c cu t chc ca bnh vin

Vin khoa hc v Cng ngh Mi trng (INEST) - HBKHN

II.4. Tnh hnh hot ng y t ca bnh vin trong nhng nm gn y

Ging bnh k hoch

Tng s ln khm bnh 189701

TS Bnh nhn T ni 20830

Tng s phu thut