EXPERIMENT TITLE OBJECTIVE: able to

: 1A : DC Power Supply Unit : Transformer At the end of the experiment, the student should be i) Determine secondary voltage (VS) ii) Sketch the secondary voltage (VS) output waveform produced across a load : i) Transformer box (Output) 9V : 0V : 9V 1 ii) Resistor 10k - 1pc iii) Oscilloscope -1 unit iv) Multimeter 1 unit

MATERIALS unit APPARATUS

THEORY

Power supply mostly are designed to convert high voltage AC mains electricity to a suitable low voltage supply for electronics circuits and other devices. A power supply can be broken down into a series of blocks, each of which performs a particular function as shown in Figure 1.1. Meanwhile, Figure 1.2 shows the schematics circuit for each of these block diagram.

AC Voltage

Transform er

Rectifier

Filter

Regulator

Voltage Divider

DC Voltage

Figure 1.1
D1

G C

R R

D2 N

C1

C2

D z

Output Voltage

Transformer

Rectifier circuit

Filter circuit

Regulator circuit Voltage Divider circuit

Figure 1.2

The transformer is a simple and reliable device that transfers electrical energy from one circuit to another by electromagnetic induction. Transformer is used to step up or to step down the voltage as shown in Figure 1.3. The transformer has basically two coils wound on an iron core, which forms a closed magnetic circuit. The two windings coils are referred to as primary and secondary. The primary winding receives energy from the supply circuit and the secondary receives energy from primary by induction. Normally a transformer receives energy at one voltage and delivers it at another voltage or at the same voltage. The transformer is one of the important components of the power system.

Figure 1.3 : Basic Construction of a Transformer Ratio:

V S = NS = I P VP NP IS

VP = primary voltage VS = secondary voltage NS = secondary winding NP = primary winding IP = primary current

PROCEDURE 1. board.

Connect the circuit as shown in Figure 1.4 on the project

9V

240 V RL = 10 k

9V

B Figure 1.4

2. The connection must be checked first by the lecturer before the transformer can be switched ON. 3. Turn on the power supply. 4. Measure the VS on point A and B with multimeter and record the measurement in Table 1.1. 5. Connect oscilloscopes probe at the output on RL. Draw the output waveform and record in Table 1.1. CAUTION: The multimeter MUST be adjusted to Volt AC range

RESULT: Point A-B (Output)

Waveform

Voltage (V)

Table 1.1 EXPERIMENT : 1B TITLE : DC Power Supply Unit : Diode As A Half Wave Rectifier OBJECTIVE: At the end of the experiment, the student should be able to i) determine half-wave rectifier circuit ii) sketch the output waveform produced across a load of half-wave rectifier circuit MATERIALS : i) Power diode 1N4001 1 pc APPARATUS ii) Resistor 10k - 1pc iii) Oscilloscope -1 unit iv) Multimeter 1 unit v) Transformer box (Output) 9V : 0V : 9V 1 unit THEORY : Rectification is the process of converting alternating current (AC) into direct current (DC), which flows only in one direction around a circuit. Half-wave rectification can be achieved by connecting a diode between the supply and the load. The transformer isolates the load from the AC power line and adjusts the voltage to the required value. The diode only conducts during the positive half-cycles of the supply.

Figure 1.5 The relationship between VP from oscilloscope and Vdc (Vaverage) from multimeter is: Vdc =
VP

The root mean square (rms) voltage is given as: Vrms =

VP 2

PROCEDURE : 1. Connect the circuit as shown in Figure 1.6 on the project board.
9V A D1 RL = 10 k B

240 V

9V

Figure 1.6 2. The connection must be checked first by the lecturer before the transformer can be switched ON. 3. Turn on the power supply. 4. Connect oscilloscopes probe at the output on RL. Draw the output waveform and record in Table 1.2. 5. Next, measure the output on RL with multimeter and record the measurement in Table 1.2. CAUTION: Point A : The multimeter MUST be adjusted to Volt AC range Point B : The multimeter MUST be adjusted to Volt

RESULT: Point A (Input) Waveform Voltage (V)

B (Output)

Table 1.2

EXPERIMENT TITLE Rectifier OBJECTIVE: able to

: :

1C DC Power Supply Unit : Diode As A Bridge

At the end of the experiment, the student should be i) determine full-wave rectifiier circuit ii) sketch the output waveform produced across a load of fullwave rectifiier circuit : i) Power diode 1N4001 4 units ii) Resistor 10k iii) Oscilloscope iv) Multimeter v) Transformer box (Output) 9V : 0V : 9V

MATERIALS APPARATUS

THEORY

The DC level obtained from a sinusoidal input can be improved by using a process called full-wave rectification. For full-wave rectification, a second diode is added with a center-tapped transformer to invert the alternating supply to the second diode so that it conducts during the negative half cycles of the supply, when the first diode is off as shown in Figure 1.7.
9V B D1 240V A 9V D4 D D3 C D2

RL = 10k

Figure 1.7 PROCEDURE :

1. Connect the circuit in Figure 1.7 on breadboard. Transformer box is used to be connected in the circuit. 2. The connection must be checked first by the lecturer before the transformer can be switched ON. 3. Switch ON the oscilloscope. Connect oscilloscopes probe at point B and C 4. By using multimeter, measure voltage obtained at point B and C. 5. Record the waveform and voltage at point B and C in Table 1.3. CAUTION: Point B : The multimeter MUST be adjusted to Volt AC range Point C : The multimeter MUST be adjusted to Volt Point Waveform Voltage

B-D (input)

C-A (output)

Table 1.3

EXPERIMENT TITLE OBJECTIVE: able to:

: 1D : DC Power Supply Unit : Filter At the end of the experiment, the student should be i) determine full-wave filter circuit ii) sketch the output waveform produced across a filter circuit iii) describe the effect of connecting a reservoir capacitor in parallel with the load across the output of the power supply and sketch the new output voltage waveforms. : i) Power diode 1N4001 4 units ii) Resistor 10k iii) Capasitor 10F, 100 F, 1000 F iv) Oscilloscope v) Multimeter vi) Transformer box (Output) 9V : 0V : 9V

MATERIALS APPARATUS

THEORY

In either case, the available voltage is low and there is a large amount of variation of the voltage supplying the load. This variation is called ripple. It is unacceptable for many types of electronic equipments. The circuit used to remove the ripple is called a filter. A large value capacitor connected across the output of the diode (in parallel with the load) will charge to the peak of the alternating supply when the diode is conducting, and then supply the load with current as the diode anode voltage falls and the diodes turn off. This is called a reservoir capacitor. It maintains the voltage at a more constant and higher value, reducing the ripple.
9V B 240V A 9V D4 D D3 + C D1 D2 C

RL = 10k

Figure 1.8

PROCEDURE : 1. Switch OFF the transformer box. Connect a 10F capacitor across RL, load resistor. Make sure the capacitors polarity is connected correctly. 2. Switch ON the transformer box. Connect the oscilloscopes probe at point C. 3. By using multimeter, measure voltage obtained at point C. 4. Repeat step 2 and 3 by replace the 10Fcapacitor to 100F and 1000F 5. Record the waveform and voltage at point C in Table 1.4. Point E Waveform Voltage

10F

100F

1000F

EXPERIMENT TITLE OBJECTIVE: able to:

Table 1.4 : 1E : DC Power Supply Unit : Regulator At the end of the experiment, the student should be i) identify the terminal of regulator IC ii) explain the usage of regulator IC iii) sketch the output waveform produced

across a regulator MATERIALS APPARATUS : iii) iv) v) vi) THEORY : circuit i) Power diode 1N4001 4 units ii) Resistor 10k Capasitor 1000 F Oscilloscope Multimeter Transformer box (Output) 9V : 0V : 9V

A voltage regulator is an electrical regulator designed to automatically maintain a constant voltage level. Voltage regulator usually having three legs, converts varying input voltage and produces a constant regulated output voltage. They are available in a variety of outputs, typically 5V, 9V and 12V. The most common part numbers start with the numbers 78 or 79 and finish with two digits indicating the output voltage. The number 78 represents positive voltage and 79 negative one. The 78XX series of voltage regulators are designed for positive input. And the 79XX series is designed for negative input. The

last two digits in the name indicate the output voltage shown in Table 1.5. Name LM7805 LM7809 LM7812 LM7905 LM7909 LM7912 Voltage + 5V + 9V + 12V - 5V - 9V - 12V

Table 1.5

Regulations is used to describe the ability of the supply to maintain a constant voltage output over a range of loads and clearly a higher load current will cause the reservoir capacitor to discharge more quickly and increase the volt drop across the filters resistor. Figure 1.9 shows the symbol and physical of a voltage regulator.

input

1 LM 78XX 2 common

output

1 2 3
9V

Figure 1.9
B D1 D2 A C LM7809 E

240V

9V D3 D4 D + C1 -

RL = 10k

Figure 1.10

PROCEDURE : 1. Switch OFF the transformer box. Connect the circuit as show in Figure 9.10. 2. Switch ON the transformer box. Connect the oscilloscopes probe at point E. 3. By using multimeter, measure voltage obtained at point E. 4. Record the waveform and voltage at point E in Table 1.6. Point Waveform Voltage

Table 1.6