Introduction to Valve Technology

Presented by

Part 5 Materials

Presented by

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MATERIAL FOR VALVES

Metallic Material Non Metallic Material Ferrous Non Ferrous Elastomer Plastic Graphite Base Asbestos Base

mainly used for valve seals

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METALLIC MATERIAL
Ferrous Steel Cast Iron Soft Iron Nickel Base Copper Base Cobalt Base

Non Ferrous

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FERROUS MATERIAL
Steel Carbon Content not more than 1.7% not less than 0.008% Carbon Content more than 1.7% Carbon Content not more than 0.008%

Cast Iron Soft Iron

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STEEL: Valve material classification 1- By steel manufacturing process

1. Forged steels
1. Close dye forging 2. Open dye forging 3. Forged bars Small size valves

2. Cast Steels
1. Investment Casting 2. Sand Casting Small size valves

3. Plates and Tube

not used in Valves manufacturing

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STEEL: Valve material classification 2- By type

Carbon Steels Low Alloy Steels Stainless Steels Duplex Steels Nickel Alloys

scope of this presentation are steel valves only. Valves can be made in brass, bronze, cast iron, plastic materials as well

Most common STEELS

Carbon Steel No Alloy elements Elements to be determined C, Mn, Si, P, S Alloy elements over 10% Moly, Chrome, Moly, Nickel

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Low Alloy Steel

Stainless Steel

Alloy elements over 10% Chrome, Nickel, Moly and other (Ti, Cb, V )

CARBON STEELS

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Castings Forgings
High Temp Service Low Temp Service (46C)

Tube

Plate

A216-WCB

A105

A106

A515 Gr 70

A352 LCB

A350 LF2

A333

A516 Gr 70

ALLOY STEELS
Steel properties are improved by the presence of some elements, in appropriate percentage and combinations. Chrome and Moly improve high temperature properties Nickel and Moly improve low temperature properties Nickel, Chrome, Moly, improve corrosion resistance, and low (cry) and high temperature properties

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ALLOY STEEL FOR HIGH TEMPERATURE

Grade (forging)

Grade (cast)

Composition

Max Temperature

A182 F316
A182 F5 A182 F11 A182 F1

A351 CF8M
A217 C5 A217 WC6 A217 WC1

18Cr, 8Ni, 2mO

5Cr, 0.5Mo 1.25Cr, 0.5Mo 0.5Mo

800C
650C 595C 455C

A105 A350 LF2

A216 WCB A352-LCB

Carbon steel Carbon steel

425C 345C

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ALLOY STEEL FOR HIGH TEMPERATURE

Grade (forging)

Grade (cast)

Composition

Min Temperature

A182 F316
A350 LF3
NO EQ

A351 CF8M
A352 LC3 A352 LC2 A352 LC1

18Cr, 8Ni, 2mO

3Ni 2Ni 0.5Mo

-196C
-101C -73C -59C

NO EQ

A350 LF2 A105

A352-LCB A216 WCB

Carbon steel Carbon steel

-46C -29C

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CORROSION RESISTANCE MATERIALS

Martensitic Steels (13Cr, 13Cr4Ni) : Aisi 410, F6, F6NM Ferritic Steels (17Cr) : Aisi 430 Precipitation Hardening Steels : (17Cr, 4Ni) : 17-4PH

Austenitic Steels : Aisi 304, 316, 321, 347

Duplex (austeno-ferritic) Steels : F51, F53, F55 Nickel Base Alloys : Incoloy, Inconel, Hastelloy Copper Base Alloys : Monel Cobalt Base Alloys : Stellite

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AUSTENITIC STAINLESS STEEL

Forging A182-F304 A182-F316 A182-F304L A182-F316L A182-F321 A182-F347 A351-CF8C Casting A351-CF8 A351-CF8M A351-CF3 A351-CF3M Grade 304 316 304L 316L 321 347 Composition 18Cr, 8Ni 18Cr, 10Ni, 2Mo 18Cr, 8Ni Low Carbon 18Cr, 8Ni, 2Mo Low Carbon 18Cr, 10Ni, Ti 18Cr, 10Ni, Cb

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DUPLEX STAINLESS STEEL

It has been the usual practice to select the austenitic st/st (traditional 300 series) to solve corrosion problems. Yet, it is recognised that they are inherently low strength material, and can suffer from pitting and crevice corrosion in the presence of chloride ions, and also are prone to stress corrosion cracking in the chloride environments. Duplex Stainless Steel are being used extensively because of their unique combination of mechanical and corrosion resistance properties: they achieve their combination of properties by having a two phase microstructure consisting of laths of austenite in a ferritic matrix.

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ADVANTAGES OF DUPLEX STEELS

strength substantially higher than that of austenitic steel, while still retaining good toughness level improved resistance to pitting and crevice corrosion good resistance to corrosion in acids good resistance to chloride stress corrosion cracking good resistance to sensitisation during welding reasonable price level

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DUPLEX ST/ST GRADES

Forging A182 F51 A182 F53 A182 F55

UNS UNS S31803 UNS S32750 UNS S32760 UNS S32550 UNS J93370

Denomination 2205 2507 Zeron 100

Composition 22Cr 5Ni 3Mo +N 25Cr 7Ni 4Mo +N 25Cr 7Ni 3Mo +N +Cu

Ferralium 255 25Cr 5Ni 2Mo +N +Cu CD4MCu 25Cr 5Ni 2Mo +Cu

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NICKEL ALLOYS
Numerous hostile environments make the grades of stainless steel inadequate to fulfil the severe requirements of the service conditions. A wide range of Nickel Alloys can solve a large variety of problems caused by corrosive media and extreme temperature. Most common Nickel Alloys used in the valve components are the following : - inconel 600 and 625 - incoloy 800 and 825 - hastelloy C276, B, B2

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NICKEL ALLOY TYPES

Inconel 625 ( Inco) is a nickel-chromium-moly alloy suitable from cryogenic (-196C) to elevated temperatures (+1100C), resistant to many corrosives, and immune to chloride-ion stress corrosion cracking, crevice corrosion, and pitting.
Inconel 625 60Ni-22Cr-9Mo-3.5Cb N06625 B564-N06625 A494-CW-6MC

Incoloy 825 ( Inco) is a nickel-chromium-moly-copper alloy able to resist oxidising and reducing acids, with excellent resistance to chloride-ion stress corrosion cracking, pitting and intergranular attack in the critical sensitisation range.
Incoloy 825 42Ni-21.5Cr-3Mo-2.3Cu N08825 B425-N08825 A494-CU5MCuC

Hastelloy C276 ( Haynes) is a nickel-chromium-moly-tungsten alloy, immune to chloride-ion stress corrosion cracking, crevice corrosion, and pitting. Also suitable for high temperature.
Hastelloy C-276 54Ni-15Cr-16Mo N10276 B564-N10276* A494-CW-2M

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NICKEL/COPPER ALLOYS
Monel 400 is a nickel-copper alloy resistant to corrosion by seawater, sulphuric, hydrochloric and phosphoric acids, ammonium sulphate, and is excellent in caustic applications.
Monel 400 67Ni-30Cu N04400 B564-N04400 A494-M35-1

Monel K500 is a nickel-copper age-hardenable alloy, combining the corrosion resistance of Monel 400 with increased mechanical strength. (Frequently used as a bolting material and in HF Acid applications).

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COPPER BASE ALLOY

Copper + Tin = Bronze Copper + Al = Al Bronze Copper + Al + Ni = Al/Ni Bronze Copper + Ni = Cupronickel Copper + Zinc = Brass

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COBALT BASE ALLOYS

Material used for sealing parts, due to their good resistance to wear, corrosion, and temperature. Most common grades are the following : Stellite 6 ( Deloro) 26Cr + 5W in cobalt matrix
UNS R30006 Co Cr-A

Stellite 3 ( Deloro) Stellite 12 ( Deloro)

30Cr + 13W in cobalt matrix 29Cr + 9W in cobalt matrix

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Material acc. To NACE MR 01.75

Nace MR 01.75 is a Standard Recommended Practice for Sulfide Stress Cracking Resistant Metallic Material for Oilfield Equipment. The standard applies to the components exposed to sour environments and gives the requirements for resistance to SSC. The standard gives definition of sour environments (fluids containing water and hydrogen sulfide) causing SSC of susceptible material. The standard gives the list of accepted material.
Edition 2003 of the standard and subsequest 2004 ISO equivalent standrs introduced limitation of the use of Stainless Steels in High Temperature appliocations giving Nitronic 50 / Alloy 718 as alternative