Phuong Phap Giai Bai Tap Vat Ly 10 Hoc Ki 2

Phng php gii bi tp Vt l 10
1
CHNG IV: CC NH LUT BO TON
CH 1: NG LNG. NH LUT BO TON NG LNG

A. CC DNG BI TP V PHNG PHP GII
Dng 1: : Tnh ng l-ng ca mt vt, mt h vt.
- ng lng p ca mt vt c khi lng m ang chuyn ng vi vn tc v l mt i lng c xc
nh bi biu thc: p = mv
- n v ng lng: kgm/s hay kgms
-1
.
- ng lng h vt:

1 2
p p p = +
Nu:
1 2 1 2
p p p p p || = +
Nu:
1 2 1 2
p p p p p || =
Nu:
2 2
1 2 1 2
p p p p p = +
Nu:
( )
2 2 2
1 2 1 2 1 2
, 2 . . os p p p p p p p c o o = = + +
Dng 2: Bi tp v nh lut bo ton ng lng
B-c 1: Chn h vt c lp kho st
B-c 2: Vit biu thc ng l- ng ca h tr- c v sau hin t- ng.
B- c 3: p dng nh lut bo ton ng l- ng cho h:
t s
p p = (1)
B-c 4: Chuyn phng trnh (1) thnh dng v h- ng (b vecto) bng 2 cch:
+ Ph- ng php chiu
+ Ph- ng php hnh hc.
*. Nhng lu khi gii cc bi ton lin quan n nh lut bo ton ng lng:
a. Trng hp cc vector ng lng thnh phn (hay cc vector vn tc thnh phn) cng phng, th biu
thc ca nh lut bo ton ng lng c vit li: m
1
v
1
+ m
2
v
2
= m
1
'
1
v

+ m
2
'
2
v
Trong trng hp ny ta cn quy c chiu dng ca chuyn ng.
- Nu vt chuyn ng theo chiu dng chn th v > 0;
- Nu vt chuyn ng ngc vi chiu dng chn th v < 0.
b. Trng hp cc vector ng lng thnh phn (hay cc vector vn tc thnh phn) khng cng phng,
th ta cn s dng h thc vector:
s
p =
t
p v biu din trn hnh v. Da vo cc tnh cht hnh hc tm yu cu
ca bi ton.
c. iu kin p dng nh lut bo ton ng lng:
- Tng ngoi lc tc dng ln h bng khng.
- Ngoi lc rt nh so vi ni lc
- Thi gian tng tc ngn.
- Nu ai luc 0 ngo F = nhng hnh chiu ca ai luc ngo F trn mt phng no bng khng th ng lng bo ton
trn phng .
B. BI TP VN DNG
Bi 1: Hai vt c khi lng m
1
= 1 kg, m
2
= 3 kg chuyn ng vi cc vn tc v
1
= 3 m/s v v
2
= 1 m/s. Tm tng
ng lng ( phng, chiu v ln) ca h trong cc trng hp :
a) v
1
v v
2
cng hng.
b) v
1
v v
2
cng phng, ngc chiu.
c) v
1
v v
2
vung gc nhau
Gii
a) ng lng ca h :
p
= p
1
+ p
2


2
ln : p = p
1
+ p
2
= m
1
v
1
+ m
2
v
2
= 1.3 + 3.1 = 6 kgm/s
b) ng lng ca h :
p
= p
1
+ p
2

ln : p = m
1
v
1
- m
2
v
2
= 0
c) ng lng ca h :
p
= p
1
+ p
2

ln: p =
2
2
2
1
p p + = = 4,242 kgm/s

Bi 2: Mt vin n khi lng 1kg ang bay theo phng thng ng vi vn tc 500m/s th n thnh hai mnh
c khi lng bng nhau. Mnh th nht bay theo phng ngang vi vn tc 500 2 m/s. hi mnh th hai bay
theo phng no vi vn tc bao nhiu?
Gii

- Xt h gm hai mnh n trong thi gian n, y c xem l h kn nn ta p dng nh lut bo ton ng
lng.
- ng lng trc khi n n:
.
t
p mv p = =
- ng lng sau khi n n:
1 2
1 2 1 2
. .
s
p m v m v p p = + = +
Theo hnh v, ta c:
( )
| | | |
= + = + = + =
| |
\ . \ .
2
2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2 1 2 1 2 1
. . . 4 1225 /
2 2
m m
p p p v m v v v v v m s
- Gc hp gia 2 v v phng thng ng l:
0 1 1
2 2
500 2
sin 35
1225
p v
p v
o o = = = =
Bi 3: Mt khu sng i bc nm ngang khi lng m
s
= 1000kg, bn mt vin on khi lng m
= 2,5kg. Vn
tc vin on ra khi nng sng l 600m/s. Tm vn tc ca sng sau khi bn.
Gii
- ng lng ca sng khi cha bn l bng 0.
- ng lng ca h sau khi bn sng l:

S S
v m v m

. . +
- p dng inh lut bo ton ng lng.
0 . . = +
S S
v m v m

- Vn tc ca sng l:
) / ( 5 , 1
.
s m
m
v m
v
S

= =
Bi 4: Mt xe t c khi lng m
1
= 3 tn chuyn ng thng vi vn tc v
1
= 1,5m/s, n tng v dnh vo mt
xe gn my ang ng yn c khi lng m
2
= 100kg. Tnh vn tc ca cc xe.
Gii
- Xem h hai xe l h c lp
- p dmg mh lut bo ton ng lng ca h.
v m m v m

) ( .
2 1 1 1
+ =
v
cng phng vi vn tc
1
v
.
- Vn tc ca mi xe l:
1
p
p
o
2
p
O

3

2 1
1 1
.
m m
v m
v
+
= = 1,45(m/s)

Bi 5: Mt ngi khi lng m
1
= 50kg ang chy vi vn tc v
1
= 4m/s th nhy ln mt chic xe khi lng m
2

= 80kg chy song song ngang vi ngi ny vi vn tc v
2
= 3m/s. sau , xe v ngi vn tip tc chuyn ng
theo phng c. Tnh vn tc xe sau khi ngi ny nhy ln nu ban u xe v ngi chuyn ng:
a/ Cng chiu.
b/ Ngc chiu
Gii
Xt h: Xe + ngi l h kn
Theo nh lut BT ng lng
( ) 1 2
1 2 1 2
. . m v m v m m v + = +
a/ Khi ngi nhy cng chiu th
1 1 2 2
1 2
50.4 80.3
3,38 /
50 80
m v m v
v m s
m m
+ +
= = =
+ +
- Vy xe tip tc chuyn ng theo chiu c vi vn tc 3,38 m/s.
b/ Khi ngi nhy ngc chiu th
/ 1 1 2 2
1 2
50.4 80.3
0,3 /
50 80
m v m v
v m s
m m
+ +
= = =
+ +
Vy xe tip tc chuyn ng theo chiu c vi vn tc 0,3m/s.

CH 2: CNG V CNG SUT

A. CC DNG BI TP
Dng 1: Tnh cng v cng sut khi bit lc F ; qung -ng dch chuyn v gc o
Cng: A = F.s.coso = P.t (J)
Cng sut: . . cos
A
P F v
t
o = = (W)
Dng 2: Tnh cng v cng sut khi bit cc i l-ng lin quan n lc( pp ng lc hc) v ng hc.
Ph-ng php:
- Xc nh lc F tc dng ln vt theo phng php ng lc hc ( hc trong chng 2)
- Xc nh qung - ng s bng cc cng thc ng hc.
Nh: vt chuyn ng thng u: s = v.t
Vt chuyn ng bin i u:
2
0
2 2
0
1
.
2
2
s v t a t
v v as
= +
=

*Ch : Nu vt chu nhiu lc tc dng th cng ca hp lc F bng tng cng cc lc tc dng ln vt
A
F
= A
F1
+ A
F2
+....+A
Fn

B. BI TP VN DNG
Bi 1: Ngi ta ko mt ci thng nng 30kg trt trn sn nh bng mt dy hp vi phng nm ngang mt gc
45
0
, lc tc dng ln dy l 150N. Tnh cng ca lc khi thng trt c 15m. Khi thng trt cng ca trng
lc bng bao nhiu?
Gii
- Cng ca lc F ko thng i c 15m l:
p dng cng thc:
A = F.s.cos = 1586,25J
( trong : F = 150N;

4
S = 15m; cos =
2
2
)
- Trong qu trnh chuyn ng trng lc lun vung gc vi phng chuyn ng nn cng ca A
p
= 0.
Bi 2: Mt xe ti khi lng 2,5T, bt u chuyn ng nhanh dn u sau khi i c qung ng 144m th vn
tc t c 12m/s. H s ma st gia xe v mt ng l = 0,04. Tnh cng ca cc lc tc dng ln xe trn
qung ng 144m u tin. Ly g = 10m/s
2
.
Gii
- Cc lc tc dng ln xe: N
, P
,
k
F
,
ms
F
.
- Ox:
k
F -
ms
F = ma.
- Oy: N P = 0.
- Gia tc ca xe l:
2
2
/ 5 , 0
2
s m
s
v
a = =
- ln ca lc ko l:
F
k
= F
ms
+ ma = 2250N
- ln ca lc ma st:
F
ms
= .m.g = 57,6 N.
- Cng ca cc lc:A
P
= A
N
= 0;A
K
= 3,24.10
5
J;A
ms
= 1,44.10
5
J
Bi 3: Mt t c khi lng m = 1,2 tn chuyn ng u trn mt ng nm ngang vi vn tc v = 36km/h.
Bit cng sut ca ng c t l 8kw. Tnh lc ma st ca t v mt ng.
Gii
- Cc lc tc dng ln xe:
N
, P
,
k
F
,
ms
F
.
- Ox:
k
F -
ms
F = 0
- Oy: N P = 0.
- ln ca lc ko l:
Ta c:
v F
t
s F
t
A
P .
.
= = = N
v
P
F F
ms
800 = = =
Bi 4: Mt vt c khi lng kg m 3 , 0 = nm yn trn mt phng nm khng ma st. Tc dng ln vt lc ko
N F 5 = hp vi phng ngang mt gc
0
30 = o .
a) Tnh cng do lc thc hin sau thi gian 5s.
b) Tnh cng sut tc thi ti thi im cui.
c) Gi s gia vt v mt phng c ma st trt vi h s 2 , 0 = u th cng ton phn c gi tr bng bao nhiu ?
Gii
- Chn trc ta nh hnh v:
- Cc lc tc dng ln vt: P
, N
, F

- Theo nh lut II N- T: a m F N P

. = + + (1)
- Chiu (1) xung trc ox:
a m F . cos . = o
m
F
a
o cos .
=
- Vt di tc dng ca lc F
th vt chuyn ng nhanh dn u.
- Qung ng vt i c trong 5s l:

o
= = = =
2 2 2
3
5.
1 1 . cos 1
2
. . . . . .5 180
2 2 2 0,3
F
s a t t m
m

N
y
x

5
a) Cng ca lc ko:

J s F A 5 , 778
2
3
. 180 . 5 cos . . = = = o

b) Cng sut tc thi:
o
o o = = = = = =
. . cos 3
. . cos . . . cos 5.14, 4.5. 312
2
A F s
N F v F a t W
t t

c) Trong trng hp c ma st:
Theo nh lut II N- T:
a m F F N P
ms

. = + + + (1)
Chiu (1) xung trc oy, ta c:
o o sin . . sin . F g m F P N = =
Suy ra:
u u o = = = =
1
. .( . .sin ) 0, 2.(0,3.10 5. ) 0, 06
2
ms
F N m g F N

- Cng ca lc ma st :
J s F A
ms ms
8 , 10 180 . 06 , 0 cos . . = = = o
- Cng ca lc ko: J F
k
5 , 778 =
- Cng ca trng lc v phn lc:
0 =
P
A
, 0 =
N
A

- Cng ton phn ca vt:
= + + + = + + = 778,5 10,8 0 0 767,7
k ms P N
A A A A A J

CH 3: NG NNG TH NNG

A.CC DNG BI TP V PHNG PHP GII
Dng 1: bi ton tnh ng nng v p dng nh l bin thin ng nng
1.ng nng ca vt
W

2
1
2
mv = (J)
2. Bi ton v nh l bin thin ng nng ( phi ch n loi bi tp ny)
AW

=
=
2 1
Ngoi lc
w w A

=
2 2
2 1 ngoi lc
1 1
mv mv F s
2 2

Nh k:
ngoai luc
F
l tng tt c cc lc tc dng ln vt.

Dng 2: Tnh th nng trng tr-ng, cng ca trng lc v bin thin th nng trng tr-ng.
* Tnh th nng
- Chn mc th nng (W
t
= 0); xc nh cao so vi mc th nng chn z(m) v m(kg).
- S dng: W
t
= mgz
Hay W
t1
W
t2
= A
P

* Tnh cng ca trng lc A
P
v bin thin th nng (AW
t
):
- p dng : AW
t
= W
t
2
W
t
1
= -A
P
mgz
1
mgz
2
= A
P
Ch : Nu vt i ln th A
P
= - mgh

< 0(cng cn); vt i xung A
P
= mgh > 0(cng pht ng)

B. BI TP VN DNG
Bi 1: Mt vin n c khi lng 14g bay theo phng ngang vi vn tc 400 m/s xuyn qua tm g dy 5 cm,
sau khi xuyn qua g, n c vn tc 120 m/s. Tnh lc cn trung bnh ca tm g tc dng ln vin n?

6

Gii
bin thin ng nng ca vin n khi xuyn qua tm g.
( )
A = =
2 2 2 2
2 1
1 1 1
W = 0, 014 120 400 1220,8
2 2 2
d
mv mv J
Theo nh l bin thin ng nng
A
C
= W
d
A = F
C
.s = - 1220,8
Suy ra:
1220,8
24416
0, 05
C
F N
= =
Du tr ch lc cn.
Bi 2: Mt t c khi lng 1100 kg ang chy vi vn tc 24 m/s.
a/ bin thin ng nng ca t bng bao nhiu khi vn tc hm l 10 m /s?
b/ Tnh lc hm trung bnh trn qung ng t chy 60m.
Gii

bin thin ng nng ca t l
( )
A = =
2 2 2 2
d 2 1
1 1 1
W = 1100 10 24 261800
2 2 2
mv mv J
- Lc hm trung bnh tc dng ln t trong qung ng 60m
Theo nh l bin thin ng nng
A
C
= W
d
A = F
C
.s = - 261800
Suy ra:
261800
4363,3
60
C
F N
= =
Du tr ch lc hm

Bi 3: Mt t c khi lng 2 tn ang chuyn ng trn ng thng nm ngang AB di 100m, khi qua A vn
tc t l 10m/s v n B vn tc ca t l 20m/s. Bit ln ca lc ko l 4000N.
1. Tm h s masat u
1
trn on ng AB.
2. n B th ng c tt my v ln dc BC di 40m nghing 30
o
so vi mt phng ngang. H s masat trn
mt dc l u
2
=
3 5
1
. Hi xe c ln n nh dc C khng?
3. Nu n B vi vn tc trn, mun xe ln dc v dng li ti C th phi tc dng ln xe mt lc c hng
v ln th no?
Gii
1. Xt trn on ng AB:
Cc lc tc dng ln t l:
ms
F ; F ; N , P
Theo nh l ng nng: A
F
+ A
ms
=
2
1
m ) v v (
2
A
2
B

=> F.s
AB
u
1
mgs
AB

=
2
1
m(
2
1
2
2
v v ) => 2u
1
mgs
AB
= 2Fs
AB
- m ) v v (
2
A
2
B

=> u
1
=
AB
2
A
2
B AB
mgs
) v v ( m Fs 2

Thay cc gi tr F = 4000N; s
AB
= 100m; v
A
= 10ms
-1
v v
B
= 20ms
-1
v ta thu c u
1
= 0,05
2. Xt trn on ng dc BC.
Gi s xe ln dc v dng li ti D
Theo nh l ng nng: A
P
+ A
ms
=
2
1
m ) v v (
2
B
2
D
= -
2
1
m
2
B
v

7
=> - mgh
BD
umgs
BD
coso = -
2
1
m
2
B
v <=> gs
BD
sino + ugs
BD
coso =
2
1
2
B
v
gs
BD
(sino + ucoso) =
2
1
2
B
v => s
BD
=
) cos ' (sin g 2
v
2
B
o u + o

thay cc gi tr vo ta tm c s
BD
=
3
100
m < s
BC

Vy xe khng th ln n nh dc C.
3. Tm lc tc dng ln xe xe ln n nh dc C.
Gi s xe ch ln n nh dc: vc = 0, S
BC
= 40m
Khi ta c: A
F
+ A
ms
+ A
p
= -
2
1
m
2
B
v
=> Fs
BC
- mgh
BC
umgs
BC
coso = -
2
1
m
2
B
v => Fs
BC
= mgs
BC
sino + umgs
BC
coso -
2
1
m
2
B
v
=> F = mg(sino + ucoso) -
BC
2
B
s 2
mv
= 2000.10(0,5 +
3 5
1
.
2
3
)-
40 . 2
400 . 2000
= 2000N
Vy ng c phi tc dng mt lc ti thiu l 2000N th t mi chuyn ng ln ti nh C ca dc.
Bi 4: Mt xe c khi lng m =2 tn chuyn ng trn on AB nm ngang vi vn tc khng i v = 6km/h. H
s ma st gia xe v mt ng l 0,2 u = , ly g = 10m/s
2
.
a. Tnh lc ko ca ng c.
b. n im B th xe tt my v xung dc BC nghing gc 30
o
so vi phng ngang, b qua ma st. Bit vn tc
ti chn C l 72km/h. Tm chiu di dc BC.
c. Ti C xe tip tc chuyn ng trn on ng nm ngang CD v i thm c 200m th dng li. Tm h s ma
st trn on CD.
Gii
a. V xe chuyn ng vi vn tc khng i l 6km/h nn ta c:
3
. . 0,2.2.10 .10 4000
k ms
F f mg N u = = = =
b. Theo nh l bin thin ng nng, Ta c:
2 2
1 1
.
2 2
c B
P N
mv m v A A = +
Do 0
N
A =
Nn
2 2
1 1
.
2 2
c B
P
mv m v A =
Trong : . . .sin
P
A m g BC o =
2 2
1 1
.
2 2
c B
mv m v = . . .sin mg BC o
Suy ra:
o

= =
2 2 2 2
20 1, 6
39, 7
1 2. .sin
2.10.
2
c B
v v
BC m
g

c. Gia tc trn on CD.
Ta c:
= = = =
2
2
2 2 2
20
2. . 1 /
2. 2.200
C
D C
v
v v a CD a m s
CD

Mt khc: u u

= = = = =
1
. . . . 0,1
10
ms
a
f m a m g m a
g


8
Bi 5: Di tc dng ca mt lc khng i nm ngang, mt xe ang ng yn s chuyn ng thng nhanh dn
u i ht qung ng s = 5m t vn tc v = 4m/s. Xc nh cng v cng sut trung bnh ca lc, bit rng khi
lng xe m = 500kg, h s ma st gia bnh xe v mt ng nm ngang =0,01. Ly g = 10m/s
2
.

Gii
- Cc lc tc dng ln xe l:
F
;
ms
F
; N
; P

- Theo nh lut II Niu tn:
a m P N F F
ms

= + + +
Trn Ox: F F
ms
=
s
v
m
. 2
.
2

ms
F F = +
s
v
m
. 2
.
2

- Cng ca trng lc:
A = F.s = (
ms
F +
s
v
m
. 2
.
2
).s
A = 4250J
- Cng sut trung bnh ca xe l:
+ Ta c: v =a.t t =
a
v
= 2,5s W
t
A
P 1700
5 , 2
4250
= = =

Bi 6: Mt vt c khi lng 10 kg, ly g = 10 m/s
2
.
a/ Tnh th nng ca vt ti A cch mt t 3m v pha trn v ti y ging cch mt t 5m vi gc th nng ti
mt t.
b/ Nu ly mc th nng ti y ging, hy tnh li kt qu cu trn
c/ Tnh cng ca trng lc khi vt chuyn t y ging ln cao 3m so vi mt t. Nhn xt kt qu thu c.
Gii
Ly gc th nng ti mt t h = 0
a/ + Ti cao h
1
= 3m
W
t1
= mgh
1
= 60J
+ Ti mt t h
2
= 0
W
t2
= mgh
2
= 0
+ Ti y ging h
3
= -3m
W
t3
= mgh
3
= - 100J
b/ Ly mc th nng ti y ging
+ Ti cao 3m so mt t h
1
= 8m
W
t1
= mgh
1
= 160J
+ Ti mt t h
2
= 5m
Wt
2
= mgh
2
= 100 J
+ Ti y ging h
3
= 0
W
t3
= mgh
3
= 0
c/ Cng ca trng lc khi vt chuyn t y ging ln cao 3m so vi mt t.
A
31
= W
t3
W
t1

+ Khi ly mc th nng ti mt t
A
31
= W
t3
W
t1
= -100 60 = -160J
+Khi ly mc th nng y ging
A
31
= W
t3
W
t1
= 0 160 = -160J


9
Bi 7: Mt vt c khi lng 3 kg c t v tr trong trng trng v c th nng ti W
t1
= 500J. Th vt ri
t do n mt t c th nng W
t1
= -900J.
a/ Hi vt ri t cao no so vi mt t.
b/ Xc nh v tr ng vi mc khng ca th nng chn.
c/ Tm vn tc ca vt khi vt qua v tr ny.
Gii
- Chn chiu dng c trc Oz hng ln
Ta c:
W
t1
W
t2

= 500 (- 900) = 1400J
= mgz
1
+ mgz
2
= 1400J
Vy z
1
+ z
2
=
1400
47, 6
3.9,8
m =
Vy vt ri t cao 47,6m
b/ Ti v tr ng vi mc khng ca th nng z = 0
- Th nng ti v tr z
1

W
t1
= mgz
1
1
500
17
3.9,8
z m = =
Vy v tr ban u cao hn mc th nng chn l 17m
c/ Vn tc ti v tr z = 0
Ta c: v
2
v
0
2
= 2gz
1

1
2 18,25 / v gz m s = =

CH 4: PHNG PHP GII BI TON NH LUT BO TON C NNG
1. ng nng: W
=
1
2
mv
2

2. Th nng: W
t
= mgz
3.C nng: W = W
+W
t
=
1
2
mv
2
+ mgz
* Phng php gii bi ton v nh lut bo ton c nng
- Chn gc th nng thch hp sao cho tnh th nng d dng ( thng chn ti mt t v ti chn mt phng
nghing).
- Tnh c nng lc u (
2
1 1 1
1
W
2
mv mgh = + ), lc sau (
2
2 2 2
1
W
2
mv mgh = + )
- p dng: W
1
= W
2

- Gii phng trnh trn tm nghim ca bi ton.
Ch : ch p dng nh lut bo ton c nng khi h khng c ma st ( lc cn) nu c thm cc lc th A
c
=
AW = W
2
W
1
. ( cng ca lc cn bng bin thin c nng).

B.BI TP VN DNG
Bi 1: Mt vt c nm thng ng ln cao vi vn tc l 20m/s t cao h so vi mt t. Khi chm t vn
tc ca vt l 30m/s, b qua sc cn khng kh. Ly g = 10m/s
2
. Hy tnh:
a. cao h.
b. cao cc i m vt t c so vi mt t.
c. Vn tc ca vt khi ng nng bng 3 ln th nng.
Gii
a. Chn gc th nng ti mt t ( tiB).
+ C nng ti O ( ti v tr nm vt): W (O) =
2
1
.
2
o
mv mgh +
z
Z
2

o
B
Z
1

A
H
z
O
A

10
C nng ti B ( ti mt t).
W(B) =
2
1
2
mv
Theo nh lut bo ton c nng.
W(O) = W(B).

2
1
2
o
mv mgh + =
2
1
2
mv h =
2 2
900 400
25
2 20
o
v v
m
g

= =
b. cao cc i m vt t c so vi mt t.
Gi A l cao cc i m vt t ti.
+ C nng ti A
W( ) A mgH =
C nng ti B
W(B) =
2
1
2
mv
Theo nh lut bo ton c nng
W(A) = W(B)

2
1
2
mv = mgH H=
2
900
45
2 20
v
m
g
= = .
c. Gi C l im m W
(C) = 3W
t
(C)
- C nng ti C:
W(C) = W
(C) + W
t
(C) =W
(C) +W
(C)/3 = 4/3W
(C) =
2
2
3
c
mv
W(C) = W(B)
2
2
3
c
mv =
2
1
2
mv
3 30
3 15 3 /
4 2
C
v v m s = = =
Bi 2: T cao 10 m, mt vt c nm thng ng ln cao vi vn tc 10m/s, ly g = 10m/s2.
a/ Tm cao cc i m vt t c so vi mt t.
b/ v tr no ca vt th W = 3Wt.
c/ Xc nh vn tc ca vt khi W
= W
t
.
d/ Xc nh vn tc ca vt trc khi chm t.

Gii
- Chn gc th nng t mt t.
+ C nng ti O
W (O) =
2
1
.
2
o
mv mgh +
+ C nng ti A
W( ) A mgH =
W (O) = W(A)
Suy ra:
2
2
15
2
o
v gh
H m
g
+
= =
b/ Tm h
1
( W
1
= 3W
t3
)
Gi C l im c W
1
= 3W
t3

+ C nng ti C
W(C) = 4W
t1
= 4mgh
1

Theo nh lut BT c nng
W(C) = W(A)
H
h
z
O
A
B

11
Suy ra:
1
15
3, 75
4 4
H
h m = = =
c/ Tm v
2
W
2
= W
t2

Gi D l im c W
2
= W
t2

+ C nng ti D
W(D) = 2W
2
= mv
2
2

W(D) = W(A)
2
. 15.10 12,2 / v g H m s = = =
d/ C nng ti B : W(B) =
2
1
2
mv
W(B) = W(A) 2 . 24, 4 / v g H m s = =
Bi 3: Mt hn bi c khi lng 20g c nm thng ng ln cao vi vn tc 4m/s t cao 1,6m so vi mt t.
a) Tnh trong h quy chiu mt t cc gi tr ng nng, th nng v c nng ca hn bi ti lc nm vt
b) Tm cao cc i m bi t c.
c) Tm v tr hn bi c th nng bng ng nng?
d) Nu c lc cn 5N tc dng th cao cc i m vt ln c l bao nhiu?
Gii
a) Chn gc th nng ti mt t.
- ng nng ti lc nm vt:
2
1
. . 0,16
2
d
W mv J = =
- Th nng ti lc nm : . . 0, 31
t
W mg h J = =
- C nng ca hn bi ti lc nm vt: 0, 47
d t
W W W J = + =
b) Gi im B l im m hn bi t c.
p dng nh lut bo ton c nng:
B A
W W =
max
2, 42 . h m =
c) 2 1,175
t
W W h m = =
d)
( )
' ' ' '
1, 63
c
can c
c
F h W
A W W F h h mgh W h m
F mg
+
= = = =
+

Bi 4: T mt t, mt vt c khi lng m = 200g c nm ln theo phng thng ng vi vn tc 30m/s. B
qua sc cn ca khng kh v ly g = 10ms
-2
.
1. Tm c nng ca vt.
2. Xc nh cao cc i m vt t c.
3. Ti v tr no vt c ng nng bng th nng? Xc nh vn tc ca vt ti v tr .
4. Ti v tr no vt c ng nng bng ba ln th nng? Xc nh vn tc ca vt ti v tr .
Gii
Chn gc th nng ti A l v tr nm vt ( mt t): W
tA
= 0
1. Tm W = ?
Ta c W = W
A
= W
A
=
2
1
mv
2
A
=
2
1
.0,2.900 = 90 (J)
2. h
max
=?
Gi B l v tr cao nht m vt t c: v
B
= 0
C nng ca vt ti B: W
B
= W
tB
= mgh
max

Theo nh lut bo ton c nng: W
B
= W
A
=> mgh
max
=
2
1
mv
2
A

=> h
max
=
g 2
v
2
A
= 45m
3. W
C
= W
tC
=> h
C
, v
c
=>

12
Gi C l v tr m vt c ng nng bng th nng: W
C
= W
tC

=> W
C
= W
C
+ W
tC
= 2W
C

= 2W
tC

Theo nh lut bo ton c nng: W
C
= W
B

+ 2W
tC
= mgh
max
<=> 2mgh
C
= mgh
max
=> h
C
=
2
1
h
max
= 22,5m
+ 2W
C

= mgh
max
<=>2.
2
1
mv
2
C
= mgh
max
=> v
C
=
max
gh = 15 2 ms
-1

4. W
D

= 3W
tD
=> h
D
= ? v
D
= ?
CHNG V: CHT KH
CH 1: NH LUT BI - L MA RI- T

A. Phng php gii bi ton nh lut Bi-l Ma-ri-ot
- Lit k hai trng thi 1( p
1
, V
1
) v trng thi 2 ( p
2
, V
2
)
- S dng nh lut Bi-l Ma-ri-ot .
p
1
V
1
= p
2
V
2
Ch : khi tm p th V
1
, V
2
cng n v v ngc li.
* Mt s n v o p sut:
1N/m
2
= 1Pa
1at = 9,81.104 Pa
1atm = 1,031.105 Pa
1mmHg = 133Pa = 1torr
B. BI TP VN DNG
Bi 1: Nn kh ng nhit t th tch 9(l) n th tch 6 (l) th thy p sut tng ln mt lng 40 p kPa A = . Hi p
sut ban u ca kh l bao nhiu?
Gii

- Gi p
1
l p sut ca kh ng vi V
1
= 9 (l)
- Gi p2 l p sut ng vi p
2
= p
1
+ p A
- Theo nh lut lut Bi-l Ma-ri-ot .p
1
V
1
= p
2
V
2
( )
1 1
9 6. p p p = +A
1
2. 2.40 80 p p kPa = A = =
Bi 2: Xylanh ca mt ng bom hnh tr c din tch 10cm2, chiu cao 30 cm, dng nn khng kh vo qu
bng c th tch 2,5 (l). Hi phi bom bao nhiu ln p sut ca qu bng gp 3 ln p sut kh quyn, coi rng
qu bng trc khi bom khng c khng kh v nhit khng kh khng i khi bom.
Gii

- Mi ln bom th tch khng kh vo bng l V
o
= s.h = 0,3 (l)
- Gi n l s ln bom th th tch V
1
= n.V
o
l th tch cn a vo bng p sut p
1
= p
o

Theo bi ra, ta c :
P
2
= 3p
1
v V
2
= 2,5 (l)

Theo nh lut Bi-l Ma-ri-ot
n.p
1
.V
o
= p
2
.V
2
2 2 1
1 1
. 3 .2,5
25
. .0,3
o
p V p
n
p V p
= = =
Vy s ln cn bom l 25 ln.
Bi 3: Ngi ta iu ch kh hidro v cha vo mt bnh ln di p sut 1atm nhit 20
o
C. Tnh th tch kh
phi ly t bnh ln ra np vo bnh nh c th tch 20lt p sut 25atm. Coi qu trnh ny l ng nhit.
Gii

13
Trng thi 1: V
1
=?; p
1
= 1atm;
Trng thi 2: V
2
= 20l; p
2
= 25atm.
V qu trnh l ng nhit, nn ta p dng nh lut Boyle Mariotte cho hai trng thi kh (1) v (2):
p
1
V
1
= p
2
V
2
=> 1.V
1
= 25.20 => V
1
= 500lt
Bi 4: Ngi ta bin i ng nhit 3g kh hidro iu kin chun (p
o
=1atm v T
o
= 273
o
C) n p sut 2atm. Tm
th tch ca lng kh sau khi bin i.
Gii
+Th tch kh hidro iu kin tiu chun: V
o
= n.22,4 =
u
m
.22,4 = 33,6 (lt)
Trng thi u: p
o
= 1atm; V
o
= 33,6 lt;
Trng thi sau: p = 2atm; V = ?
V y l qu trnh ng nhit, nn ta p dng nh lut Boyle Mariotte cho hai trng thi trn:
pV = p
o
V
o
<=> 2.V = 1.33,6 => V= 16,8lt.
Bi 5: Mi ln bom a c V
o
= 80 cm
3
khng kh vo rut xe. Sau khi bom din tch tip xc ca n vi mt
ng l 30cm
2
, th tch rut xe sau khi bom l 2000cm
3
, p sut kh quyn l 1atm, trng lng xe l 600N. Tnh
s ln phi bom ( coi nhit khng i trong qu trnh bom).
Gii

- Gi n l s ln bom a khng kh vo rut xe.
Vy th tch khng kh cn a vo rut xe l V
1
= nV
o
= 80n cm
3

V p sut p
1
= 1atm.
Ap sut p
2
sau khi bom l
p
2
=
5
600
2.10 2
0, 003
Pa atm = = v th tch V
2
= 2000cm
3
.
V qu trnh bom l ng nhit nn : = = =
1 1 2 2
. 80 2000.2 50 pV p V n n
Vy s ln cn bom l 50 ln.

CH 2: NH LUT SC L

A.Phng php gii bi ton nh lut Sac - l
- Lit k hai trng thi 1( p
1
, T
1
) v trng thi 2 ( p
2
, T
2
)
- S dng nh lut Sac l:

1 2
1 2
p p
T T
=

Ch : khi gii th i t
o
C ra T(K)
T(K) = t
o
C + 273
- nh lut ny p dng cho lng kh c khi lng v th tch khng i.
B. Bi tp vn dng
Bi 1: Mt bng n dy tc cha kh tr, khi n sng nhit ca bng n l 400
o
C, p sut trong bng n
bng p sut kh quyn 1atm. Tnh p sut kh trong bng n khi n cha sang 22
o
C.
Gii
Trng thi 1 Trng thi 2
T
1
= 295K T
2
= 673K
P
1
= ? P
2
= 1atm
Theo L Sc l
= =
1 2
1
1 2
0, 44
p p
p atm
T T

Bi 2: un nng ng tch mt khi kh ln 20
o
C th p sut kh tng thm1/40 p sut kh ban u. tm nhit
ban u ca kh.

14
Gii
- Gi p
1
, T
1
l p sut v nhit ca kh lc u
- Gi p
2
, T
2
l p sut v nhit kh lc sau
Theo nh lut Sc l
= =
1 2 1 2
1
1 2 2
. p p p T
T
T T p

Vi p
2
= p
1
+
1
1
40
p
T
2
= T
1
+ 20
( )
+
= = =
1 1
1 1
1
. 20
800 527
41
40
o
p T
T K t C
p

Bi 3: Nu nhit kh tr trong bng n tng t nhit t
1
= 15
o
C n nhit t
2
= 300
o
C th p sut khi tr
tng ln bao nhiu ln?
Gii
Trng thi 1: T
1
= 288K; p
1
;
Trng thi 2: T
2
= 573; p
2
= kp
1
.
V qu trnh l ng tch, nn ta p dng nh lut Charles cho hai trng thi kh (1) v (2):
p
1
T
2
= p
2
T
1
=> 573p
1
= 288.kp
1
=> k =
96
191
288
573
= 1,99
Vy p sut sau khi bin i gp 1,99 ln p sut ban u.

CH 3: NH LUT GAY LUY XC ( QU TRNH NG P)

A.Phng php gii bi ton nh Gay luy xc
- Lit k hai trng thi 1( V
1
, T
1
) v trng thi 2 ( V
2
, T
2
)
- S dng nh lut Gay luy- xc:

2
2
1
1
T
V
T
V
=

Ch : khi gii th i t
o
C ra T(K)
T(K) = t
o
C + 273
- nh lut ny p dng cho lng kh c khi lng v p sut khng i.
B. Bi tp vn dng
Bi 1: Mt khi kh em gin n ng p t nhit t
1
= 32
o
C n nhit t
2
= 117
o
C, th tch khi kh tng thm
1,7lt. Tm th tch khi kh trc v sau khi gin n.
Gii
Trng thi 1: T
1
= 305K; V
1

Trng thi 2: T
2
= 390K V
2
= V
1
+ 1,7 (lt)
V y l qu trnh ng p, nn ta p dng nh lut Gay lussac cho hai trng thi (1) v (2):
V
1
T
2
= V
2
T
1
=> 390V
1
= 305(V
1
+ 1,7) => V
1
= 6,1lt
Vy + th tch lng kh trc khi bin i l V
1
= 6,1 lt;
+ th tch lng kh sau khi bin i l V
2
= V
1
+ 1,7 = 7,8lt.
Bi 2: un nng ng p mt khi kh ln n 47
o
C th th tch tng thm 1/10 th tch ban u. tm nhit ban
u?
Gii
S dng nh lut Gay luy- xc:
Tnh T
1
= 290,9K, tnh c t
1
= 17,9
o
C.
Bi 3: un nng mt lng khng kh trong iu kin ng p th nhit tng thm 3K ,cn th tch tng thm
1 so vi th tch ban u. Tnh nhit ban u ca kh?

15
Gii

- Gi V
1
, T
1
v V
2
, T
2
l th tch v nhit tuyt i ca kh trng thi 1 v trng thi 2.
V qu trnh l ng p nn ta c

1 2
1 2
V V
T T
= hay
2 2
1 1
V T
V T
=
2 1 2 1
1 1
V V T T
V T

=
Theo bi ra, ta c:
2 1
1
0, 01
V V
V
=
T
2
= T
1
+3
Vy : 0,01 =
1
3
T
T
1
= 300K t = 27
o
C

CH 4: PHNG TRNH TRNG THI KH L TNG

A. Phng php gii bi tp v phng trnh trng thi kh l tng.
- Lit k ra 2 trng thi 1 ( p
1
,V
1
,T
1
) v 2 (p
2
,V
2
,T
2
).
- p dng phng trnh trng thi:

1 1 2 2
1 2
pV p V
T T
=
* Ch : lun i nhit t
o
C ra T(K).
T (K) = 273 + t
o
C
B. Bi tp vn dng
Bi 1: Trong xilanh ca mt ng c c cha mt lng kh nhit 47
o
C v p sut 0,7 atm.
a. Sau khi b nn th tch ca kh gim i 5 ln v p sut tng ln ti 8atm. Tnh nhit ca kh cui qu trnh
nn?
b. Ngi ta tng nhit ca kh ln n 273
o
C v gi pit-tng c nh th p sut ca kh khi l bao nhiu?
Gii

a. Tnh nhit T
2
.

TT1 TT2
P
1
= 0,7atm P
2
= 8atm
V
1
V
2
= V
1
/5
T
1
= 320K T
2
= ?

p dng PTTT kh l tng,
Ta c:

1 1 2 2 1
2
1 2 1
8 .320
731
5.0, 7
pV p V V
T K
T T V
= = =
b. V pt- tng c gi khng i nn l qu trnh ng tch:
Theo nh lut Sc l, ta c:
= = = =
1 3 1 3
3
1 3 1
. 546.0,7
1,19
320
p P p T
p atm
T T T

Bi 2: Tnh khi lng ring ca khng kh 100
o
C , p sut 2.10
5
Pa. Bit khi lng ring ca khng kh
0
o
C, p sut 1.10
5
Pa l 1,29 Kg/m
3
?
Gii
- iu kin chun, nhit T
o
= 273 K v p sut p
o
= 1,01. 10
5
Pa
1kg khng kh c th tch l

16
V
o
=
0
m
p
=
1
1, 29
= 0,78 m
3

iu kin T
2
= 373 K, p sut p
2
= 2. 10
5
Pa, 1kg khng kh c th tch l V
2
,
p dng phng trnh trng thi,
Ta c:
0 0 2 2
0 2
. . p V p V
T T
=
V
2
=
0 0 2
0 2
. .
.
p V T
T p
= 0,54 m
3

Vy khi lng ring khng kh iu kin ny l p
2
=
1
0, 54
= 1,85 kg/m
3

Bi 3: nu th tch ca mt lng kh gim i 1/10, p sut tng 1/5 v nhit tng thm 16
0
C so vi ban u.
Tnh nhit ban du ca kh.
Gii
TT1: p
1
, V
1
, T
1

TT2: p
2
= 1,2p
1
, V
2
= 0,9V
1
, T
2
= T
1
+16
T phng trnh trng thi kh l tng:
1 1 2 2
1
1 2
.
200
pV p V
T K
T T
= =
Bi 4: pt tng ca mt my nn, sau mi ln nn a c 4 lt kh nhit
0
27 C v p sut 1 atm vo bnh
cha kh th tch 2m
3
. tnh p sut ca kh trong bnh khi pht tng thc hin 1000 ln nn. Bit nhit trong
bnh l
0
42 C.
Gii
TT1 TT2
p
1
= 10atm p
2
=?
V
1
= nV = 1000.4 = 4000l V
2
= 2m
3
= 2000l
T
1
= 300K T
2
= 315K
p dng phng trnh trng thi:

1 1 2 2
2
1 2
.
2,1
pV p V
p atm
T T
= =
Bi 5: trong xilanh ca mt ng c t trong c 2dm
3
hn hp kh di p sut 1 atm v nhit 47
0
C. Pt tng
nn xung lm cho th tch ca hn hp kh ch cn 0,2 dm
3
v p sut tng ln ti 15 atm. Tnh hn hp kh nn.
Gii
TT1TT2
p
1
= 1atm p
2
=15atm
V
1
= 2dm
3
V
2
= 0,2 dm
3

T
1
= 320K T
2
?
p dng phng trnh trng thi:

1 1 2 2
2 2
1 2
.
480 207
o
pV p V
T K t C
T T
= = =

CHNG VI: C S NHIT NG LC HC

CH 1: NI NNG V S BIN THIN NI NNG

A. Phng php gii bi ton v s truyn nhit gia cc vt
+ Xc nh nhit lng to ra v thu vo ca cc vt trong qu trnh truyn nhit thng qua biu thc:
Q = mcAt
+Vit phng trnh cn bng nhit: Q
to
= Q
thu


17
+ Xc nh cc i lng theo yu cu ca bi ton.
Lu : + Nu ta s dng biu thc At = t
s
t
t
th Q
to
= - Q
thu

+ Nu ta ch xt v ln ca nhit lng to ra hay thu vo th Q
to
= Q
thu
, trong trng hp ny, i vi
vt thu nhit th At = t
s
- t
t
cn i vi vt to nhit th At = t
t
t
s

B. Bi tp vn dng
Bi 1: Mt bnh nhm c khi lng 0,5kg cha 0,118kg nc nhit 20
o
C. Ngi ta th vo bnh mt ming
st c khi lng 0,2kg c un nng ti nhit 75
o
C. Xc nh nhit ca nc khi bt u c s cn
bng nhit.Cho bit nhit dung ring ca nhm l 920J/kgK; nhit dung ring ca nc l 4180J/kgK; v nhit
dung ring ca st l 460J/kgK. B qua s truyn nhit ra mi trng xung quanh.
Gii
Gi t l nhit lc cn bng nhit.
Nhit lng ca st to ra khi cn bng:
Q
1
= m
s
c
s
(75 t) = 92(75 t) (J)
Nhit lng ca nhm v nc thu vo khi cn bng nhit:
Q
2
= m
nh
c
nh
(t 20) = 460(t 20) (J)
Q
3
= m
n
c
n
(t 20) = 493,24(t 20) (J)
p dng phng trnh cn bng nhit: Q
to
= Q
thu

92(75 t) = 460(t 20) + 493,24(t 20)
<=> 92(75 t) = 953,24(t 20)
Gii ra ta c t 24,8
o
C
Bi 2: Mt nhit lng k bng ng thau c khi lng 128g cha 210g nc nhit 8,4
o
C. Ngi ta th mt
ming kim loi c khi lng 192g un nng ti nhit 100
o
C vo nhit lng k. Xc nh nhit dung ring
ca ming kim loi, bit nhit khi c s cn bng nhit l 21,5
o
C.B qua s truyn nhit ra mi trng xung
quanh v bit nhit dung ring ca ng thau l 128J/kgK v ca nc l 4180J/kgK.
Gii
Nhit lng to ra ca ming kim loi khi cn bng nhit l:
Q
1
= m
k
c
k
(100 21,5) = 15,072c
k
(J)
Nhit lng thu vo ca ng thau v nc khi cn bng nhit l:
Q
2
= m
(21,5 8,4) = 214,6304 (J)

Q
3
= m
n
c
n
(21,5 8,4) =11499,18 (J)
p dng phng trnh cn bng nhit: Q
to
= Q
thu

15,072c
k
= 214,6304 + 11499,18
Gii ra ta c c
k
= 777,2J/kgK.
Bi 3: Th mt qu cu bng nhm khi lng 0,105kg c un nng ti 142
0
C vo mt cc ng nc 20
0
C,
bit nhit khi c s cn bng nhit l 42
0
C. Tnh khi lng ca nc trong cc, bit nhit dung ring ca nc
l 880J/kg.K v ca nc l 4200J/kg.K.
Gii
- Nhit lng do ming nhm ta ra
Q
1
= m
1
c
1
(142 42)
- Nhit lng do nc thu vo:
Q
2
= m
2
c
2
(42 - 20)
- Theo PT cn bng nhit:
Q
1
= Q
2

m
1
c
1
(142 42)=m
2
c
2
(42 - 20)
1 1
2
.100
0,1
22.4200
m c
m kg = =
Bi 4: Mt cc nhm c khi lng 120g cha 400g nc nhit 24
o
C. Ngi ta th vo cc nc mt tha
ng khi lng 80g nhit 100
o
C. Xc nh nhit ca nc trong cc khi c s cn bng nhit. Bit nhit
dung ring ca nhm l 880 J/Kg.K, ca ng l 380 J/Kg.K v ca nc l 4,19.10
3
. J/Kg.K.
Gii
- Gi t l nhit khi c s cn bng nhit.

18
- Nhit lng do tha ng ta ra l Q
1
= m
1
c
1
(t
1
t)
- Nhit lng do cc nhm thu vo l Q
2
= m
2
c
2
(t t
2
)
- Nhit lng do nc thu vo l Q
3
= m
3
c
3
(t t
2
)

Theo phng trnh cn bng nhit, ta c:
Q1 = Q2 + Q3

m
1
c
1
(t
1
t) = m
2
c
2
(t t
2
) + m
3
c
3
(t t
2
) t =
1 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 2
1 1 2 2 3 3
. . . . . .
. . .
m c t m c t m c t
m c m c m c
+ +
+ +

Thay s, ta c
t =
0, 08.380.100 0,12.880.24 0, 4.4190.24
25, 27
0, 08.380 0,12.880 0, 4.4190
+ +
=
+ +
o
C.
Bi : Mt nhit lng k bng ng khi lng m
1
= 100g c cha m
2
= 375g nc nhit 25
o
C. Cho vo
nhit lng k mt vt bng kim loi khi lng m
3
=400g 90
o
C. Bit nhit khi c s cn bng nhit l 30
o
C.
Tm nhit dung ring ca ming kim loi. Cho bit nhit dung ring ca ng l 380 J/Kg.K, ca nc l
4200J/Kg.K.
Gii
Nhit lng m nhit lng k v nc thu vo tng nhit t 25
o
C ln 30
o
C l
Q
12
= (m
1
.c
1
+ m
1
.c
2
).(t- t
1
).
Nhit lng do ming kim loi ta ra l:
Q
3
= m
3
.c
3
.(t
2
t)
Q
12
= Q
3

(m
1
.c
1
+ m
1
.c
2
).(t- t
1
) = m
3
.c
3
.(t
2
t)
c
3
=
( )
( )
1 1 2 2 1
2
3
( . . ). m c m c t t
m t t
+
=
( )
(0,1.380 0, 375.4200).(30 25)
0, 4 90 30
+
= 336
Vy c
3
= 336 J/Kg.K
Bi : Th mt qu cu bng nhm khi lng 0,105 Kg c nung nng ti 142
o
C vo mt cc nc 20
o
C. Bit
nhit khi c s cn bng nhit l 42
o
C. Tnh khi lng nc trong cc. Bit nhit dung ring ca nhm l 880
J/Kg.K v ca nc l 4200 J/Kg.K.
Gii
Gi t l nhit khi c s cn bng nhit
Nhit lng do qu cu nhm ta ra l: Q
1
= m
1
.c
1
.(t
2
t)
Nhit lng do nc thu vo l Q
2
= m
2
.c
2
.(t t
1
)
Q
1
= Q
2

m
1
.c
1
.(t
2
t) = m
2
.c
2
.(t t
1
)
m
2
=
( )
( )
1 1 2
2 1
. m c t t
c t t
=
0,105.880.(142 42)
4200.(42 20)
= 0,1 Kg.

CH 2: CC NGUYN L CA NHIT NG LC HC

A. Cc dng bi tp v phng php gii
Dng 1: Tnh ton cc i lng lin quan n cng, nhit v bin thin ni nng
p dng nguyn l I: AU = A + Q
Trong : U A : bin thin ni nng (J)
A: cng (J)
- Qui - c:
+ 0 U A > ni nng tng, 0 U A < ni nng gim.

19
+ 0 A> vt nhn cng , 0 A< vt thc hin cng.
+ 0 Q> vt nhn nhit l- ng, 0 Q< vt truyn nhit l- ng.
Ch :
a.Qu trnh ng tch:
0 0 V A A = = nn U Q A =
b. Qu trnh ng nhit
0 0 T U = A = nn Q = -A
c. Qu trnh ng p
- Cng gin n trong qu trnh ng p: = = A
2 1
( ) . A p V V p V
= p h ngs : p sut ca khi kh.
1 2
, V V : l th tch lc u v lc sau ca kh.
- C th tnh cng bng cng thc:
1
2 1
1
( )
pV
A T T
T
= ( nu bi ton khng cho V
2
)
n v th tch V (m
3
), n v ca p sut p (N/m
2
) hoc (Pa). =
2
1 1
N
Pa
m

Dng 2: Bi ton v hiu sut ng c nhit
- Hiu sut thc t:
H =
1 2
1 1
Q Q A
Q Q
= (%)
- Hiu sut l t- ng:
H
max
=
1 2
1
T T
T
=1 -
1
2
T
T
v HsH
max
- Nu cho H th suy ra A nu bit Q
1
,ng- c li cho A suy ra Q
1
v Q
2

B. Bi tp vn dng
Bi 1: mt bnh kn cha 2g kh l tng 20
0
C c un nng ng tch p sut kh tng ln 2 ln.
a. Tnh nhit ca kh sau khi un.
b. Tnh bin thin ni nng ca khi kh, cho bit nhit dung ring ng tch kh l
3
12, 3.10 J/kg.K
Gii
a. Trong qu trnh ng tch th:
1 2
1 2
p p
T T
= , nu p sut tng 2 ln th p nhit tng 2 ln, vy:
T
2
= 2T
1
= 2.(20 + 273) = 586K, suy ra t
2
= 313
0
C
b. Theo nguyn l I th: AU = A + Q
do y l qu trnh ng tch nn A = 0, Vy AU = Q = mc (t
2
t
1
) = 7208J
Bi 2: Mt l- ng kh p sut 2.10
4
N/m
2
c th tch 6 lt. - c un nng ng p kh n ra v c th tch 8 lt.
Tnh:
a.Cng do kh thc hin
b. bin thin ni nng ca kh. Bit khi un nng kh nhn - c hit l- ng 100 J
Gii
a. Tnh cng do kh thc hin - c:
= = A
2 1
( ) . A p V V p V
Vi
= A = = =
4 2 3 3
2 1
2.10 / 2 2.10 p N m v V V V lt m
Suy ra:
= =
4 3
2.10 .2.10 40 A J
V kh nhn nhit l- ng ( > 0 Q ) v thc hin cng nn: = 40 A J
b. bin thin ni nng:
p dng nguyn l I NLH A = + U Q A
Vi =100 Q J v 40 A J =

20
Suy ra: A = = 100 40 60 U J
Bi 3: Mt khi kh c th tch 10 lt p sut 2.10
5
N/m
2
c nung nng ng p t 30
o
C n 150
0
C. Tnh cng
do kh thc hin trong qu trnh trn.
Gii
Trong qu trnh ng p, ta c:
= = = =
2 2 2
2 1
1 1 1
423
. 10. 13,96
303
V T T
V V l
V T T

- Cng do kh thc hin l:
( ) ( )

= A = = =
5 3
2 1
. . 2.10 . 13,96 10 .10 792 A p V p V V J

Bi 4: Mt ng c nhit l tng hot ng gia hai ngun nhit 100
o
C v 25,4
o
C, thc hin cng 2kJ.
a. Tnh hiu sut ca ng c, nhit lng m ng c nhn t ngun nng v nhit lng m n truyn cho ngun
lnh.
b. Phi tng nhit ca ngun nng ln bao nhiu hiu sut ng c t 25?
Gii
a. Hiu sut ca ng c:
1 2
1
373 298, 4
0,2 2%
373
T T
H
T

= = = =
- Suy ra, nhit lng m ng c nhn t ngun nng l:

1
10
A
Q kJ
H
= =
- Nhit lng m ng c truyn cho ngun lnh:
Q
2
= Q
1
A = 8kJ
b. Nhit ca ngun nng c hiu sut 25.
= = = = = =

/ / / 2 2
1 1 / /
1
298, 4
1 398 273 125 .
1 0,25 1
o
T T
H T K t T C
T H

Bi 5: Mt my hi nc c cng sut 25KW, nhit ngun nng l t
1
= 220
0
C, ngun lnh l t
2
= 62
0
C. Bit
hiu sut ca ng c ny bng 2/3 ln hiu sut l tng ng vi 2 nhit trn. Tnh lng than tiu th trong
thi gian 5 gi. Bit nng sut ta nhit ca than l q = 34.10
6
J.
Gii
- Hiu sut cc i ca my l:
1
2 1
T
T T
H
Max
= = 0,32
- Hiu sut thc ca my l:
H = 2/3H
Max
= 2/3.0,32 = 0,21
- Cng ca my thc hin trong 5h:
A =P.t
- Nhit lng m ngun nng ca my nhn l:
J
H
t P
H
A
Q
Q
A
H
9
1
1
19 . 14 , 2
.
= = = =
- Khi lng than cn s dng trong 5h l:
kg
q
Q
m 9 , 62
1
= =

Bi 6: mt khi kh c p sut p = 100N/m
2
th tch V
1
= 4m
3
, nhit t
1
= 27
0
C c nung nng ng p n
nhit t
2
= 87
0
C. Tnh cng do kh thc hin.
Gii

21
T phng trnh trng thi kh l tng:
1 1 2 2 2 2 1 1
1 2 2 1
pV p V p V pV
T T T T
= =
(P = P
1
= P
2
)
Nn:
1 1 2 1 1 1
2 1 2 1
1 2 1 1
( )
( ) ( )
pV P V V pV
p V V T T
T T T T
= =

Vy:
1
2 1
1
( )
pV
A T T
T
= , trong : T
1
= 300K, T
2
= 360K, p = 100N/m
2
, V
1
= 4m
3
.
Do :
100.4(360 300)
80
300
A J
= =

CHNG VII: CHT RN V CHT LNG. S CHUYN TH

CH 1: BIN DNG C CA VT RN
A. Phng php gii bi ton v bin dng do lc gy ra ( bin dng c)
- Cng thc tnh lc n hi:
F
h
= k l A ( dng cng thc ny tm k)
Trong : k = E
0
S
l
( dng cng thc ny tm E, S).
k ( N/m) cng ( h s n hi).
E ( N/m
2
hay Pa) : goi la suat an hoi hay suat Y-ang.
S (m
2
) : tit din.
l
o
(m): chiu di ban u
- bin dng t i:
0
l
F
l SE
A
=
- Din tch hnh trn:
2
4
d
S t = (d (m) ng knh hnh trn)
Nh: cng ca vt ( thanh,l xo) t l nghch vi chiu di:
1 2
2 1
l k
l k
=
B. Bi tp vn dng
Bi 1: Mt si dy bng kim loi di 2m, ng knh 0,75mm. Khi ko bng 1 lc 30N th si dy dn ra thm
1,2mm.
a. Tnh sut n hi ca si dy.
b. Ct dy thnh 3 phn bng nhau ri ko bng 1 lc 30N th dn ra l bao nhiu?
Gii

- V ln lc tc dng vo thanh bng ln lc n hi nn:
= = A = A
0
. . .
dh
s
F F k l E l
l

vi
t
=
2
.
4
d
s nn
t
A
=
2
.
. .
4
o
l
d
F E
l

( )
t

= = =
A
10 0
2 2
3 3
4 . 4.30.2
11,3.10
. .
3,14. 0,75.10 .1,2.10
F l
E Pa
d l

b. Khi ct dy thnh 3 phn bng nhau th mi phn dy c cng gp 3 ln so vi dy ban u. nu ko dy
cng bng lc 30N th dn s gim i 3 ln 0, 4 l mm A =

22
Bi 2: a.Phi treo mt vt c khi l- ng bng bao nhiu vo mt l xo c h s n hi k = 250N/m n dn ra
l A = 1cm. Ly g = 10m/s
2
.
b.Mt si dy bng ng thau di 1,8 m c - ng knh 0,8 mm. Khi b ko bng mt lc 25N th thanh dn ra mt
on bng 1mm. Xc nh sut lng ca ng thau.
Gii
a. Tm khi l-ng m
Vt m chu tc dng ca trng lc Pv lc n hi F
Ta c: P F + =0 ( trng thi cn bng)
Suy ra: P = F
Vi P = mg v F k l = A
Nn
A
= A =
k l
mg k l m
g

= =
250.0,01
0, 25
10
m kg
(Vi k = 250N/m; l A =1cm =0,01m ; g=10m/s
2
)
b. Tm sut Young E?
Xt dy ng thau chu tc dng ca lc ko
k
F v lc n hi F.
trng thi cn bng:
k
F F =
M: t = A = =
2
0
,
4
S d
F k l vi k E S
l

Nn:
t
= A =
2
0
4
k
d
F E l F
l

Suy ra:
0
2
4
k
Fl
E
d l t
=
A

Vi F
k
= 25 N; l
0
=1,8m; d = 0,8mm =8.10
-4
m ; l A =10
-3
m
Nn:
( )

= =
10
2
4 3
4.25.1,8
8, 95.10
3,14 8.10 .10
E Pa
Bi 3:Mt thanh thp di 4m, tit din 2cm
2
. Phi tc dng ln thanh thp mt lc ko bng bao nhiu thanh di
thm 1,5mm? C th dng thanh thp ny treo cc vt c trng l- ng bng bao nhiu m khng b t? Bit sut
Young v gii hn hn bn ca thp l 2.10
11
Pa v 6,86.10
8
Pa.
Gii
Ta c: F k l = A (1)
V
0
S
k E
l
= (2)
Thay (2) vo (1) suy ra:
0
l
F ES
l
A
=

= =
3
11 4 3
10
2.10 2.10 1, 5 15.10
4
F (N)
Thanh thp c th chu ng - c cc trng lc nh hn F
b

o

( = =
8 4
6,86.10 2.10
b b
P F S
P <137200 N
Bi 4: mt dy thp c chiu di 2,5m, tit din 0,5mm
2
, c ko cng bi mt lc 80N th thanh thp di ra
2mm. tnh:
a. Sut n hi ca si dy.

23
b. Chiu di ca dy thp khi ko bi lc 100N, coi tit din day khng i.
Gii
a.Ta c:
11 0
6 3
0
. . 80.2, 5
. 2.10
. 0, 5.10 .10
F l S E
F l E Pa
l S l

= A = = =
A

b.Ta c:
/ / 3 0
6 11
0
. . 100.2, 5
. 2, 5.10 0, 25
. 0, 5.10 .2.10
F l S E
F l l m cm
l S E
= A A = = = =
Vy chiu di s l:
/
0
250 0, 25 250, 25 l l l cm = +A = + =
Bi 5: mt thanh tr trn bng ng thau di 10cm, sut n hi 9.10
9
Pa, c tit din ngang 4cm.
a. Tm chiu di ca thanh khi n chu lc nn 100000N.
b. Nu lc nn gim i mt na th bn knh tit din phi l bao nhiu chiu di ca thanh vn l khng i.
Gii
- Chiu di ca thanh khi chu lc nn F = 100000N.
Ta c:
0 0
2 4 9
0
. . .4 . 100000.0,1.4
. 0, 08
. . 3,14.16.10 .9.10
F l F l S E
F l l cm
l S E d E t

= A A = = = =
Vy:
0
10 0, 08 9, 92 l l l cm = A = =
b. Bn knh ca thanh khi
/
2
F
F =
- Khi nn bng lc F:
0
.
.
S E
F l
l
= A (1)
- Khi nn bng lc F
/
:
/
/ /
0
.
.
S E
F l
l
= A (2)
V chiu di thanh khng i:
/
l l A = A , ly (1) chia (2) v c
/
2
F
F = nn:
/ / 2
/ 2 2 / 2
2
1 1 1 4
2 2
2 2 2 2 2
S d d
d d d cm
S d
= = = = = =

CH 2: S N V NHIT CA VT RN

A. Phng php gii bi ton v bin dng do nhit gy ra ( bin dng nhit)
1. S n di
- Cng thc tnh n di
A l = l - l
0
= o l
0
At
Vi
0
l l chiu di ban u ti t
0

- .Cng thc tnh chiu di ti
0
t C
(1 . )
o
l l t o = + A
Trong : o : He so n dai (K
-1)
.
2. s n khi
- Cng thc n khi
AV=VV
0
= | V
0
At
- Cng thc tnh th tch ti
0
t C
V = V
o
(1 + . ) t | A
Vi V
0
l th tch ban u ti t
0

* Nh: | = 3o : He so n khoi ( K
-1
)
B Bi tp vn dng

24
Bi 1: Hai thanh kim loi, mt bng st v mt bng km 0
0
C c chiu di bng nhau, cn 100
0
C th chiu di
chnh lch nhau 1mm. Tm chiu di hai thanh 0
0
C. Bit h s n di ca st v km l 1,14.10
-5
K
-1
v 3,4.110
-
5
K
-1
Gii

- Chiu di ca thanh st 100
0
C l:
) 1 (
0
t l l
s s
A + = o
- Chiu di ca thanh km 100
0
C l:
) 1 (
0
t l l
k k
A + = o
- Theo bi ta c:
1 =
s k
l l
) 1 (
0
t l
k
A +o - ) 1 (
0
t l
s
A +o = 1
t l
k
A o (
0
- ) t
s
A o =1 =
A
=
t
l
s k
) (
1
0
o o
0,43 (m)

Bi 2: Mt dy nhm di 2m, tit din 8mm
2
nhit 20
o
C.
a. Tm lc ko dy n di ra thm 0,8mm.
b. Nu khng ko dy m mun n di ra thm 0,8mm th phi tng nhit ca dy ln n bao nhiu ? Cho
bit sut n hi v h s n di tng ng ca dy l E = 7.10
10
Pa;
5 1
2,3.10 K o

=
Gii

- Lc ko dy di ra thm 0,8mm.
Ta c:
= = A = =
6
10 3
8.10
. . 7.10 . .0.8.10 224
2
dh
o
S
F F E l N
l

b. Ta c:
( )
o
o

A
A = = + = + =
3
0 0 5
0,8.10
. . 20 37, 4
. 2.2,3.10
o
o
o
l
l l t t t t C
l

Bi 3: mt u dy thp ng knh 1,5mm c treo mt qu nng. Di tc dng ca qu nng ny, dy thp di
ra thm mt on bng khi nung nng thm 30
o
C. Tnh khi lng qu nng. Cho bit
6 1 11
12.10 , 2.10 K E Pa o

= = .
Hng dn
dn ca si dy: o A = A .
o
l l t
Ta c:
( )
o
o

A
A
= = = A = = = =
2
3
11 6
0
3,14. 1, 5.10
. . . .
2.10 . .12.10 .30
. . .
4
. . . 12, 7
10
o
o
dh
S
E l t
l S E S t
F P m g E l m kg
l g g

Bi 4 Tnh lc cn t vo thanh thp vi tit din S = 10cm
2
khng cho thanh thp dn n khi b t nng t
20
o
C ln 50
o
C , cho bit
6 1 11
12.10 , 2.10 K E Pa o

= = .
Hng dn
Ta c: o A = A .
o
l l t
C:
11 4 6
. . . . . . . . . 2.10 .10.10 .12.10 .30 72000
o
o o
S S
F E l E l t E S t N
l l
o o

= A = A = A = =
Bi 5: Tnh di ca thanh thp v thanh ng 0
o
C sao cho bt k nhit no thanh thp cng di hn thanh
ng 5cm.Cho h s n di ca thp v ng ln lt l
5 1
1, 2.10 K

v
5 1
1, 7.10 K

.
Gii

25
- Gi
01
l ,
02
l l chiu di ca thanh thp v thanh ng ti
0
0 C
Ta c:
01 02
5 l l cm = (1)
- Chiu di ca thanh thp v ng ti
o
t Cl
1 01 1
2 02 2
(1 )
(1 )
l l t
l l t
o
o
= +
= +
Theo th
01 02 1 2 01 02 01 1 02 2
. l l l l l l l t l t o o = = +
Nn
02 1
02 2 01 1
01 2
12
17
l
l l
l
o
o o
o
= = = (2)
T (1) v (2), ta c:
01
17 l cm = v
02
12 l cm =

CH 3: CC HIN TNG B MT CA CHT LNG

A. Cc dng bi tp v phng php gii
Dng 1: Tnh ton cc i lng trong cng thc lc cng b mt cht lng
- Lc cng b mt cht lng:
F = o l
o (N/m) : He so cang be mat.
l (m) chiu di ca ng gii hn c s tip xc gia cht lng v cht rn.
Ch : cn xc nh bi ton cho my mt thong.
Dng 2: Tnh lc cn thit nng vt ra khi cht lng
- nng c:
k
F P f > +
- Lc ti thiu:
k
F P f = +
Trong : P =mg l trng lng ca vt
f l lc cng b mt ca cht lng
Dng 3: Bi ton v hin tng nh git ca cht lng
- u tin git nc to dn nhng cha ri xung.
- ng lc git nc ri:
P F =
. mg l o = ( l l chu vi ming ng)

1
.
.
V D g d
V
Dg d
n
ot
ot
=
=

Trong : n l s git nc, V( m
3
) l th tch nc trong ng, D(kg/m
3
) l khi lng ring cht lng, d (m) l
ng knh ming ng
B. Bi tp vn dng
Bi 1: Mt cng rm di 10cm ni trn mt nc. ngi ta nh dung dch x phng xung mt bn mt nc ca
cng rm v gi s nc x phng ch lan ra mt bn. Tnh lc tc dng vo cng rm. Bit h s cng mt
ngoi ca nc v nc x phng ln lt l
3 3
1 2
73.10 / , 40.10 / N m N m o o

= =
Gii
- Gi s bn tri l nc,bn phi l dung dch x phng. Lc cng b mt tc dng ln cng rm gm lc cng
mt ngoi 1
2
, F F ca nc v nc x phng.
- Gi l l chiu di cng rm:
Ta c:

1 1 2 2
. , . F l F l o o = =
Do
1 2
o o > nn cng rm dch chuyn v pha nc.
- Hp lc tc dng ln cng rm:

26
F = F
1
F
2
= (73 40).10
-3
.10.10
-2
= 33.10
-4
N.
Bi 2: Cho nc vo mt ng nh git c ng knh ming ng d = 0,4mm. h s cng b mt ca nc l
3
73.10 / N m o

= . Ly g = 9,8m/s
2
. Tnh khi lng git nc khi ri khi ng.
Gii
- Lc git nc hnh thnh, lc cng b mt F u ng ko n ln l . . . F l d o o t = =
- Git nc ri khi ng khi trng lng git nc bng lc cng b mt: F = P
o t
o t

= = = = =
3 3
6
. . 73.10 .3,14.0,4.10
. . 9,4.10 0,0094
9,8
d
mg d m kg g
g

Bi 3: Nhng mt khung hnh vung c chiu di mi cnh l 10cm vo ru ri ko ln. Tnh lc ti thiu ko
khung ln, nu bit khi lng ca khung l 5g. cho h s cng b mt ca ru l 24.10
-3
N/m v g = 9,8m/s
2
.
Gii
Lc ko cn thit nng khung ln:
k
F mg f = +
y 2 . f l o = nn
3 3 1
2 . 5.10 .9,8 2.24.10 .4.10 0, 068
k
F mg l N o

= + = + =
Bi 4: C 20cm
3
nc ng trong mt ng nh git c ng knh u mt l 0,8mm. Gi s nc trong ng chy
ra ngoi thnh tng git mt. hy tnh xem trong ng c bao nhiu git, cho bit
3 3 2
0, 073 / , 10 / , 10 / N m D kg m g m s o = = =
Gii
- Khi git nc bt u ri:
1 1 1
. . P F mg l V Dg l o o = = = vi
1
V
V
n
=
- Suy ra
6 3
3
20.10 .10 .10
. . 1090
. 0, 073.3,14.0,8.10
V VDg
D g d n
n d
ot
o t

= = = = git

CH 4: S CHUYN TH CA CC CHT

A. Phng php gii bi tp v s chuyn th cc cht
1. Cng thc tnh nhit nng chy
Q = m (J)
m (kg) khoi lng.
(J/kg) : Nhiet nong chay rieng.
2. Cng thc tnh nhit ha hi
Q = Lm
L(J/kg) : Nhiet hoa hi rieng
m (kg) khi lng cht lng.
3. Cng thc tnh nhit lng thu vo hay ta ra
Q = m.c (t
2
t
1
).
c (J/kg.k): nhit dung ring.
Ch : Khi s dng nhng cng thc ny cn ch l cc nhit lng thu vo hoc ta ra trong qu trnh chuyn
th Q = m v Q = L.m u c tnh mt nhit xc nh, cn cng thc Q = m.c (t
2
t
1
) c dng khi
nhit thay i.
B. Bi tp vn dng
Bi 1: Ngi ta th mt cc nc khi lng 80g 0
o
C vo mt cc nhm ng 0,4kg nc 20
o
C t trong
nhit lng k. Khi lng ca cc nhm l 0,20kg. Tnh nhit ca nc trong cc nhm khi cc nc va tan
ht. Nhit nng chy ring ca nc l 3,4.10
5
J/kg. Nhit dung ring ca nhm l 880J/kg.K v ca nc
lJ/kg.K. B qua s mt mt nhit do nhit truyn ra bn ngoi nhit lng k.
Gii

- Gi t l nhit ca cc nc khi cc tan ht.


27
- Nhit lng m cc nc thu vo tan thnh nc t
o
C l.
t m c m Q
n n n
. . .
1
+ =
- Nhit lng m cc nhm v nc ta ra cho nc l. ) ( . ) ( .
1 1 2
t t m c t t m c Q
n n Al Al
+ =

- p dng nh lut bo ton v chuyn ha nng lng.
Q
1
= Q
2

C t
o
5 , 4 =
Bi 2: Tnh nhit lng cn cung cp cho 5kg nc -10
o
C chuyn thnh nc 0
o
C. Cho bit nhit dung
ring ca nc l 2090J/kg.K v nhit nng chy ring ca nc 3,4.10
5
J/kg.
Gii
- Nhit lng cn cung cp cho 5kg nc -10
o
C chuyn thnh nc 0
o
C l:
Q
1
= m.c.t = 104500J
- Nhit lng cn cung cp 5kg nc 0
o
C chuyn thnh nc 0
o
C l:
Q
2
= .m = 17.10
5
J
- Nhit lng cn cung cp cho 5kg nc -10
o
C chuyn thnh nc 0
o
C l:
Q = Q
1
+ Q
2
= 1804500J
Bi 3: Tnh nhit lng cn cung cp cho 10kg nc 25
o
C chuyn thnh hi 100
o
C. Cho bit nhit dung ring
ca nc 4180J/kg.K v nhit ha hi ring ca nc l 2,3.10
6
J/kg.
Gii
- Nhit lng cn cung cp cho 10kg nc 25
o
C tng ln 100
o
C l:
Q
1
= m.c.t = 3135KJ
- Nhit lng cn cung cp 10kg nc 100
o
C chuyn thnh hi nc 100
o
C l:
Q
2
= L.m = 23000KJ
- Nhit lng cn cung cp cho 10kg nc 25
o
C chuyn thnh hi nc 100
o
C l:
Q = Q
1
+ Q
2
= 26135KJ
Bi 4: Tnh nhit lng cn phi cung cp lm cho 0,2kg nc -20
o
C tan thnh nc v sau c tip
tc un si bin hon ton thnh hi nc 100
o
C. Nhit nng chy ring ca nc l 3,4.10
5
J/kg, nhit
dung ring ca nc l 2,09.10
3
J/kg.K, nhit dung ring ca nc 4,18.10
3
J/kg.K, nhit ha hi ring ca nc
l 2,3.10
6
J/kg.
Gii
- Nhit lng cn phi cung cp lm cho mt cc nc c khi lng 0,2kg -20
o
C tan thnh nc v sau
tip tc un si bin hon ton thnh hi nc 100
o
C.
( ) ( )
0 1 2 1
. . . . . . 619,96
d n
Q c m t t m c m t t L m kJ = + + + =
Bi 5: ly 0,01kg hi nc 100
0
C cho ngng t trong bnh nhit lng k cha 0,2kg nc 9,5
0
C. nhit cui
cng l 40
0
C, cho nhit dung ring ca nc l c = 4180J/kg.K. Tnh nhit ha hi ca nc.
Gii
- Nhit lng ta ra khi ngng t hi nc 100
0
C thnh nc 100
0
C.
1 1
. 0, 01. Q Lm L = =
- Nhit lng ta ra khi nc 100
0
C thnh nc 40
0
C
2
(100 40) 0, 01.4180(100 40) 2508 Q mc J = = =
- Nhit lng ta ra khi hi nc 100
0
C bin thnh nc 40
0
C
1 2
0, 01 2508 Q Q Q L = + = + (1)
- Nhit lng cn cung cp 0,2kg nc t 9,5
0
C thnh nc 40
0
C.
3
0, 2.4180(40 9, 5) 25498 Q J = = (2)
- Theo phng trnh cn bng nhit: (1) = (2)
Vy 0,01L +2508 = 25498
Suy ra: L = 2,3.10
6
J/kg.

CH : M CA KHNG KH

28

A. Phng php gii cc bi ton v m khng kh
- m t i ca khng kh:
f =
A
a
.100%
Hoc f =
bh
p
p
.100%
- tm p sut bo ha p
bh
v m cc i A, ta da vo bng 39.1 sgk.
- Khi lng hi nc c trong phng:
m = a.V ( V(m
3
) th tch ca phng).
B. Bi tp vn dng
Bi 1: Phng c th tch 50m
3
khng kh, trong phng c m t i l 60. Nu trong phng c 150g nc bay
hi th m t i ca khng kh l bao nhiu? Cho bit nhit trong phng l 25
o
C v khi lng ring ca hi
nc bo ha l 23g/m
3
.
Gii
- m cc i ca khng kh 25
o
C l A = 23g/m
3
.
- m tuyt i ca khng kh lc u a
1
= f
1
.A = 13,8g/m
3
.
- Khi lng hi nc trong khng kh tng thm 150g nn m tuyt i tng thm:
3
150
3 /
50
a g m A = =
Vy m t i ca khng kh l:
1
2
73
a a
f
A
+ A
= = %
Bi 2: Phng c th tch 40cm
3
. khng kh trong phng c m t i 40. Mun tng m ln 60 th phi
lm bay hi bao nhiu nc? bit nhit l 20
o
C v khi lng hi nc bo ha l D
bh
= 17,3g/m
3
.
Gii
- m tuyt i ca khng kh trong phng lc u v lc sau:
- a
1
= f
1
.A = f
1
.D
bh
= 6,92g/m
3
.

- a
2
= f
2
.A = f
2
.D
bh
= 10,38g/m
3

- Lng nc cn thit l:
m = (a
2
a
1
). V = ( 10,38 6,92).40 = 138,4g.
Bi 3: Mt cn phng c th tch 60m
3
, nhit 20
0
C v c m tng i l 80. Tnh lng hi nc c
trong phng, bit m cc i 20
0
C l 17,3g/m
3
.
Gii
- Lng hi nc c trong 1m
3
l: a = f.A = 0,8.17,3 = 13,84g
- Lng hi nc c trong phng l: m= a.V = 13,84.60 = 830,4g.

Phuong Phap Giai Bai Tap Vat Ly 10 Hoc Ki 2

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Phuong Phap Giai Bai Tap Vat Ly 10 Hoc Ki 2

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Phng php gii bi tp Vt l 10

l tng tt c cc lc tc dng ln vt.

(21,5 8,4) = 214,6304 (J)

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