R&D Status On Agroforestry and Multipurpose Trees and Shrubs

OFFICE OF THE EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR
Dear Reader: This year, PCARRD is celebrating 30 years of service to the Philippine agriculture, forestry, and natural resources sectors. Through the years, the Council has steadfastly provided the directions in developing and modernizing these sectors to meet the countrys ever-challenging demands for food security, economic growth, and sustainable development. In order to keep a top-caliber research system, PCARRD has streamlined its R&D efforts by pursuing 20 important commodities on crops, livestock, agricultural resource management, forestry and environment, and socioeconomics. To this end, PCARRD has come up with this special publication, R&D Status and Directions (2000 and Beyond), composed of 20 volumes. Each volume provides essential information on the R&D status and directions of a specific commodity prioritized by PCARRD and the National Agriculture and Resources Research and Development Network (NARRDN). This volume specifically discusses agroforestry and multipurpose trees and shrubs (MPTS). PCARRD hopes that the information contained in this book shall pave the way to more focused R&D work on this commodity.
Very truly yours, PATRICIO S. FAYLON Executive Director
R&D Status and Directions (2000 and Beyond)

Agroforestry and Multi purpose Trees and Shrubs
PHILIPPINE COUNCIL FOR AGRICULTURE, FORESTRY AND NATURAL RESOURCES RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
Department of Science and Technology Los Baos, Laguna 2003
First Edition 2003
ISBN 971-20-0516-X
Bibliographic Citation: Agroforestry and Multipurpose Trees and Shrubs R&D Team. R&D status and directions (2000 and beyond): Agroforestry and multipurpose trees and shrubs. Los Baos, Laguna: PCARRDDOST, 2003. 45p.
Volume Editors: For. Vella A. Atienza For. Reynaldo S. Dimla Forestry and Environment Research Division PCARRD Mr. Karlo M. Feliciano Applied Communication Division PCARRD
ii ............................................................................................................. R&D Status and Directions
Foreword

or the past 30 years, PCARRD has been tasked to identify the research and development (R&D) gaps, establish a system of R&D priorities and provide directions for agriculture, forestry and natural resources. In carrying out these tasks, the Council has to assess and review the R&D performance of different commodities. This volume, R&D Status and Directions (2000 and Beyond): Agroforestry and Multipurpose Trees and Shrubs (MPTS), presents an overall picture of the countrys R&D performance on these commodities from 1990 to 2000. The assessment includes the following: commodity industry situation, technological milestones, completed and ongoing R&D projects, institutional capability, and challenges and issues confronting the commodity. It also presents the R&D gaps that need to be urgently addressed. The R&D directions presented in this volume provide the R&D community and decision/ policy makers with information on the challenges and issues on agroforestry and MPTS and the science and technology (S&T) interventions to address the R&D gaps. We hope that this volume would greatly help in formulating the R&D programs and in prioritizing the R&D activities for agroforestry and MPTS from 2002 and beyond.
PATRICIO S. FAYLON Executive Director PCARRD
Agroforestry and Multipurpose Trees and Shrubs ............................................................................................ iii
Acknowledgment

CARRD would like to thank and commend the efforts of the Agroforestry and MPTS R&D Team for preparing the manuscript: Dr. Alma Monica dela Paz, team leader (2001); Dr. Virgilio Villancio, team leader (2002); the team members, For. Domingo Bacalla, Dr. Reynaldo Bayabos, Rev. Jose Cunanan, Mr. Ed Queblatin, For. Gregorio Reyes, and Prof. Roberto Visco. PCARRD also recognizes the following for their invaluable help in putting together this publication: All the various government and nongovernment agencies, state colleges and universities, and other concerned individuals who have shared their data/ information; Dr. Beatriz P. del Rosario, PCARRD deputy executive director for R&D for providing the overall direction; Dr. Alma Monica dela Paz, executive director of the Kapwa Upliftment Foundation, Inc. and former team leader of the agroforestry and MPTS commodity for the technical input and support in preparing the manuscript; Mr. Jeffrey Palmer, director of the Mindanao Baptist Rural Life Center for providing additional information; The FERD-based technical secretariat for their efforts in preparing the manuscript and for providing substantial information; Dr. Rogelio C. Serrano, FERD director and Dr. Romulo T. Aggangan, acting director for their technical support; and the FERD staff for assisting in the production process.
Appreciation is also extended to PCARRDs Applied Communication Division (ACD) for the overall coordination in producing this publicationDr. Norma V. Llemit, director, for reviewing the manuscript; Dr. Lorna C. Malicsi for supervising the production process; Ms. Marina T. de Ramos for preparing the layout and camera-ready proof; Mr. Simeon Manahan Jr. for conceptualizing the cover design; and Ms. Carmelita B. Alamban for coordinating the overall production flow.
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Agroforestry and Multipurpose Trees and Shrubs R&D Team

Team Leader (2001):
Dr. Alma Monica dela Paz Director Kapwa Upliftment Foundation, Inc. 427 Durian Street, Juna Subdivision Matina, Davao City Dr. Virgilio T. Villancio Director Institute of Agroforestry College of Forestry and Natural Resources (CFNR) University of the Philippines Los Baos (UPLB), College, Laguna For. Domingo Bacalla Chief Community-based Forest Management Division Forest Management Bureau Visayas Avenue, Diliman, Quezon City Dr. Reynaldo C. Bayabos Special Detail, Office of the Director Ecosystems Research and Development Bureau (ERDB) College, Laguna Rev. Jose P.M. Cunanan President Basic Agricultural Land Aerial Growers Association, Inc. 803 Cornus Street, St. Dominic VI Project 6, Quezon City Mr. Ed Queblatin Regional Natural Resources Management Specialist International Centre for Research in Agroforestry CFNR UPLB, College, Laguna For. Gregorio D. Reyes Chief Upland Farms Ecosystems Research Division ERDB, College, Laguna
Team Leader (2002):
Team Members:
Agroforestry and Multipurpose Trees and Shrubs ............................................................................................
Prof. Roberto G. Visco Institute of Renewable Natural Resources CFNR UPLB, College, Laguna Program Specialist: For. Reynaldo S. Dimla Science Research Specialist II Forestry and Environment Research Division PCARRD, Los Baos, Laguna
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Contents

Foreword ...................................................................................................................... Acknowledgment ......................................................................................................... Agroforestry and Multipurpose Trees and Shrubs R&D Team .............................. List of Acronyms and Abbreviations ......................................................................... Introduction .................................................................................................................
iii iv v ix 1
PART I. R&D STATUS

Commodity Industry Situation .................................................................................. Agroforestry in the Philippines ........................................................................... Features of Agroforestry Systems in the Philippines ....................................... Component Agroforestry Technologies ............................................................... Technological Milestones ........................................................................................... Major Completed and Ongoing Projects ............................................................. Principal Technological Milestones .......................................................................... Indigenous Agroforestry Systems ........................................................................ Developed Agroforestry Technologies/Systems ................................................. Biological and Physical Processes of Agroforestry Technologies and Practices .................................................................................................... Sustainability of Indigenous Species for Hedgerows ........................................ Pest Management in Agroforestry Systems ....................................................... Economics of Agroforestry Systems .................................................................... Promotion of Agroforestry Systems..................................................................... Tools for Assessing Sustainability of Agroforestry Systems ............................ Institutional Capability .............................................................................................. R&D Gaps ..................................................................................................................... 5 5 6 8 10 11 20 20 21 21 23 24 24 25 27 29 33
PART II. R&D DIRECTIONS

Challenges and Issues ................................................................................................. Reconciling Agriculture and Forestry ................................................................. Tenurial Security and Resource Management Advocacy .................................. Resource Governance ............................................................................................ Agroforestry Promotion and Resource Productivity Improvement ................. 37 37 37 38 38
Agroforestry and Multipurpose Trees and Shrubs ............................................................................................ vii
Increasing Farmers Income and Alleviating Poverty ....................................... Enhancing Environmental Services .................................................................... Monitoring, Evaluation, and Impact Assessment .............................................. Information, Education, and Communication (IEC) .......................................... Major R&D Programs and Policies Addressing R&D Gaps .................................... R&D and Utilization .............................................................................................. Capability Building ............................................................................................... Policy Advocacy ..................................................................................................... Other Recommendations ...................................................................................... References ....................................................................................................................
38 38 39 39 40 40 41 42 42 43
List of Figure
1 Institutionalizing the science and practice of agroforestry in the Philippines: an operational framework .............................................................. 31
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List of Acronyms and Abbreviations

AAA ADSDPP AIN AFA AFMA ALCAMS APANews APCS APPM APPS ASER ATIK CARP CBFM CDA CDOs CF CFNR CHED CP CPEU CRSP CS DA DAR DENR DMMMSU DMMSU ERDB ERDS EDO FCO FLMA FPRDI FRIEnD FSR/D IAF ICRAF

agroecosystem analysis approach Ancestral Domain Sustainable Development Protection Plan Agroforestry Information Network agroforestry farm assessment Agriculture and Fisheries Modernization Act Agroforestry Land Capability Mapping Scheme Asia-Pacific Agroforestry Newsletter accelerated pioneer-climax species series agroforestry project planning management agroforestry production and postproduction systems agroforestry systems efficiency ratio Agroforestry Technology Information Kit Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program community-based forest management Cooperative Development Authority community development officers College of Forestry College of Forestry and Natural Resources Commission on Higher Education contour plowing Center for People Empowerment in the Uplands Collaborative Research Support Program certificate of stewardship Department of Agriculture Department of Agrarian Reform Department of Environment and Natural Resources Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State University Don Mariano Marcos State University Ecosystems Research and Development Bureau Ecosystems Research and Development Services Environment and Development Officers forestry community organizers forest land management agreement Forest Products Research and Development Institute farm resource integration, evaluation and design farming systems research and development Institute of Agroforestry International Centre for Research in Agroforestry
Agroforestry and Multipurpose Trees and Shrubs ............................................................................................ ix
IEC IGP IIRR INM IPM IPRA ISCAF ISFP KAPWA LAS LER LGUs LSU MBRLC MEAS MES MMSU MOSCAT MPTS NAFDP NCIP NRP NIPAA NGOs NVCS NVS PAFERN PCARRD
POs RATIK ROI RT RUDC RUPES SAFODS SAGIP-UPLANDSALT SALT 2 SALT 3 SALT 4 SANREM SEANAFE SFR STNM SWCM -
information, education, and communication income generating projects International Institute for Rural Reconstruction integrated nutrient management integrated pest management Indigenous Peoples Rights Act Ifugao State College of Agriculture and Forestry Integrated Social Forestry Program Kapwa Upliftment Foundation, Inc. lowland agroforestry system land equivalent ratio local government units Leyte State University Mindanao Baptist Rural Life Center methodology for evaluating agroforestry systems monitoring and evaluation system Mariano Marcos State University Misamis Oriental State College of Agriculture and Technology multipurpose trees and shrubs National Agroforestry Development Program National Commission on Indigenous Peoples National Reforestation Program National Integrated Protected Areas Act nongovernment organizations natural vegetative contour strips natural vegetative strips Philippine Agroforestry Education and Research Network Philippine Council for Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Resources Research and Development peoples organizations Regional Agroforestry Technology Information Kit return on investment ridge tillage Regional Upland Development Committee rewarding the upland poor fo the environmental services small holder agroforestry options for degraded soils sustainable agriculture through agroforestry initiatives of people in the uplands Sloping Agricultural Land Technology Simple Agrolivestock Technology Sustainable Agroforest Land Technology Small Agrofruit Livelihood Technology Sustainable Agriculture and Natural Resources Management Southeast Asian Network for Agroforestry Education small farm reservoir seed technology and nursery management soil and water conservation and management
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T TCA TVOFT UAP UDP UNAC UPLB UPWG
treatments Tarlac College of Agriculture technology verification through on-farm trials Upland Agroforestry Program Upland Development Program Upland NGO Assistance Committee University of the Philippines Los Baos Upland Development Working Group
Agroforestry and Multipurpose Trees and Shrubs ............................................................................................ xi
Introduction

n the past decades, the Philippines has been deeply immersed into agroforestry practices like the Banawe rice terraces in Ifugao and the Naalad improved fallow systems in Cebu. The potentials of these practices to address the closely linked problems of rural poverty and environmental degradation has been recognized locally and internationally. Agroforestry is a science, art, and practice that deals with the production, management, and utilization of woody perennials in combination with agricultural crops, animals, aquatic and/or other resources either zonally, mixed simultaneously, or sequentially for the twin purpose of conservation and socioeconomic productivity (UPLB-UAP 1992).
Since 1995, the Philippine government has been using agroforestry as the main technology for the community-based forest management (CBFM). As a national strategy, agroforestry enhances the sustainable development of the countrys forest resources at the same time promotes people empowerment and social justice. Thus, it has been marked as an integral part in the development of the uplands up to the present. The benefits of adopting agroforestry practices and technologies include securing food supply, reducing poverty, protecting upland environment, and enhancing biodiversity.
R&D Status
Commodity Industry Situation

Agroforestry in the Philippines
he Philippines has about 17.6 million (M) ha as forest land or about 59% of the countrys total land area of 30 M ha is forest. However, only 5.4 M of the 17 M ha were estimated to have forest cover (Dalmacio 1999). The rest are deforested areas covered with grass and brushlands or are being cultivated by upland dwellers. Upland population was estimated at 18.6 M in 1999. At a growing rate of 2.6% annually, the upland population is expected to double in the next 25 years (DENR 1996). Since the late 1970s the Philippine government has shifted its policy towards upland dwellers from a punitive stance to one of engagement. Local communities were granted tenurial stewardship rights to upland areaspeaceful occupation in exchange for responsible management that included protection and restoration of degraded sites. This shift in dealing with upland development, favored the adoption of agroforestry as a strategy and technology to spearhead CBFM initiatives. As a result, the Integrated Social Forestry Program (ISFP) was started in 1992. It provided technologies on forest production and agroforestry and the tenurial instruments for the upland dwellers. The importance of agroforestry is still reflected in the implementation of various programs that followed even with the CBFM program of the Department of Environment and Natural Resources
(DENR) which started in 1995. Former President Fidel V. Ramos issued E.O 263 declaring CBFM as the national strategy to ensure the sustainable development of the countrys forest resources while promoting people empowerment and social justice. The exact area of agroforestry farms in the country is unknown. Based on DENR statistics (1996), there are about 100,000 ha under agroforestry farm lease. This does not include agroforestry farms under various social forestry projects estimated to be about 500,000 ha (Lasco 1998). However, the domain for agroforestry does not only cover the upland areas considered as forestlands or those covered by various DENR upland development programs, but also the lowland areas with tree component. Moreover, there are about 4 M ha of coconut areas that are suitable for agroforestry (Magat 2001). Agroforestry is also defined as a dynamic and ecologically based natural resources management system that through the integration of trees on farms in the agricultural landscape, diversifies and sustains production for increased social, economic, and environmental benefits for land users at all levels (ICRAF 1996). With this concept, R&D in agroforestry is geared to develop appropriate and sustainable technologies to provide food and alternative livelihood for upland farmers and address environmental problems related to soil erosion and forest destruction.
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Features of Agroforestry Systems in the Philippines

Agroforestry system in the Philippines can be classified according to their dominant component, that is, agricultural crops, forest trees, and animals. These systems are classified as agrisilvicultural, silvipastoral, agripastoral or agrisilvipastoral system (The Technical Committee on Agroforestry 1995). Agrisilvicultural System Agrisilvicultural system is the combination of agricultural crops with woody perennials. This system includes: alley cropping , multistorey , boundary planting, windbreaks, improved fallow, and the taungya. Alley Cropping Alley cropping is one of the simplest and most widespread agroforestry practices in sloping lands. It involves planting of hedgerows along the contours and growing agricultural crops in the alleys formed between hedgerows. The hedgerows are planted to one or more rows of woody perennials and are regularly pruned to prevent shading. Prunings are used as green manure or mulch, which contributes to the soil nutrients when decomposed, thereby promoting efficient nutrient cycle. Planting hedgerows is done to minimize soil erosion by trapping sediments at the base of the hedgerows and reducing surface runoff velocity. After a few years, terraces are formed. Alley cropping is applicable in stabilizing and promoting the sustainability of upland (hilly land) farms devoted to annual crops such as corn, rice, and vegetables. Without hedgerows, these farms are most ecologically vulnerable to erosion with rates of up to 200 t/ha as against the maximum acceptable level of 12 t/ha.
Multistorey This system is characterized by randomly mixing various species that create at least two layers of canopy. It mimics the structure of a tropical rainforest with its attendant advantages. The upper canopy is composed of light-demanding species, while the understorey is made up of shade-tolerant species. Multistorey system can be developed where there is existing monoculture (only one species) plantation, such as coconut and forest tree plantations. Planting configuration of the main tree crop is planted with wide spacing to allow enough light for layers of shade-tolerant crops. Boundary Planting Planting of multipurpose trees and shrubs (MPTS) around the farm is a very common practice. They provide protection, privacy, and valuable products to the farmers. Trees are planted within property line as fence, or as demarcation of farm lots. Windbreaks Windbreaks are strips of vegetation composed of trees, shrubs, and vines to protect croplands from strong winds. They can provide protection to crops over a distance equivalent to 1520 times the height of the trees in the windbreak. They can also help minimize wind erosion and reduce moisture loss. Improved Fallow The improved fallow system is an attempt to improve traditional shifting cultivation. This is done by supplementing the fallow vegetation to hasten the rejuvenation of soil during fallow period. Instead of waiting for nature to revegetate, leguminous nitrogen-fixing MPTS are planted on the field.
Taungya The taungya involves the planting of cash or food crops between newly planted forest seedlings in a reforestation project. Farmers raise crops while the forest trees are still young. After 23 years, depending on the tree spacing and tree species, the canopy closes, and light-demanding annual crops can no longer be planted. The culminating vegetation is a pure tree plantation. Farmers then transfer to other open areas to repeat the process. This can be applied by using different reforestation species. Silvipastoral System Silvipastoral system is the combination of woody perennials with livestock production. This system includes : livestockunder-tree, protein bank (fodder bank), live fence, and hedgerow planting of improved pasture grasses and/or other fodder trees or shrubs. Livestock-Under-Tree Animals (e.g., cattle, sheep, goats, etc.) are allowed to graze freely underneath the relatively mature tree plantations. These plantations are for wood or fruit production. An example is the silvipasture scheme of Nasipit Lumber Company in Agusan. The cattle are allowed to graze under the lumbang (Aleurites moluccanna) trees where improved forage grasses are grown. With this scheme nuts for linseed oil and meat from grazing cattle are simultaneously produced. The cattle keep the grasses trimmed down, saving labor costs in cleaning the plantation, and making it easy to collect the fallen lumbang nuts. The cattle dung scattered over the plantation area serves as an excellent organic fertilizer.
Protein Bank (Fodder Bank) Leguminous fodder trees or shrubs (e.g., ipil-ipil [Leucaena leucocephala], kakawate [Gliricidia sepium], desmodium [Desmodium rensonii], etc.) are established as small stands on certain portions of the farm or pasture area serving as a supplementary source of protein-rich fodder for livestock. They also serve as fence. They are regularly pruned and the top and branch prunings are then fed to animals. Live Fence Trees or shrubs with foliage which are palatable to livestock are grown around a certain grassland area to enclose the grazing animals. Aside from the trees role as live fence, they can be managed (e.g., regular top pruning to encourage more lateral branching) such that the enclosed animals can browse on the low-lying branches for fodder supplement. Hedgerow Planting of Improved Pasture Grasses and/or other Fodder Trees or Shrubs Hedgerows of fodder trees or shrubs (e.g., D. rensonii, L. leucocephala, G. sepium, Flemingia congesta, Sesbania sp., etc.) are planted along contours at certain intervals. The strips between the hedgerows are grown with improved pasture grasses and/or other fodder shrubs. Prunings from the hedgerows, grasses, and fodder trees/shrubs are fed to confined animals. An example is the Simple Agrolivestock Technology (SALT 2) developed by the Mindanao Baptist Rural Life Center (MBRLC) at Bansalan, Davao del Sur.
Agrisilvipastoral System Agrisilvipastoral system is the combination of agricultural crops, woody perennials, and livestock. This system includes: silvipastoral, multistorey + animals, and alleycropping with pasture grasses and agricultural crops. Agrisilvicultural System Transformed to Silvipastoral In this system, the initial cropping combinations include tree seedlings and annual agricultural crops as in the taungya system. As the trees grow and close their canopies, it will no longer be possible to grow annual agricultural crops. Instead, shade-tolerant grasses and vines will take over the forest floor where animals are allowed to graze freely as in livestockunder-tree system. Multistorey + Animals This is similar to the multistorey under agrisilvicultural system, except that in this case, grazing animals are an added component. A good example is the coconutlanzones mixture, with horses (or cattle) grazing under them as observed in Laguna and Quezon provinces. Alleycropping with Pasture Grasses and Agricultural Crops This is similar to hedgerow cropping with pasture grasses. However, instead of all alleys planted to agricultural crops, some alleys in between the hedgerows are grown with improved pasture grasses and/or fodder trees or shrubs which are regularly cut and fed to livestock.
Component Agroforestry Technologies

Soil and Water Conservation Measures Among the priority areas to consider in the practice of agroforestry is the harmonious balance between food production and environmental protection. Soil and water conservation is an important strategy for sustainable crop production and environmental conservation. The following technologies for soil and water conservation are recommended for any agroforestry system. Vegetative Measures Hedgerows. This is a collective name for strips of vegetation planted along the contours or across the hill- or mountainside in order to slow down the flow of surface runoff and the movement of detached soil particles. Construction and layout of the hedgerows are discussed under the alley cropping system of previous sections. Fascines. These are simply bundles of long and dense brushwood. For soil/ slope stabilization, the fascines can have a diameter of 2530 cm and a length of 11.5 m. They can weigh as much as 14 kg which can be quite handy to transport. Wattling. This consists of stems/rods of sprouting species like sunflower, lantana (Lantana camara), and binatang hambog (Hibiscus schizopetalus) interwoven together.
Mechanical/Structural Measures In cases where vegetation cannot be immediately established, mechanical/ structural measures are recommended to control soil movement or erosion. There are different types of such measures, but the following are recommended in agroforestry farms: bench terracing, contour levee, contour canals/trenches, and small farm reservoir. These are on-farm soil and water conservation measures. Bench terracing. This consists of building level or nearly level strips along contours at appropriate intervals. This terracing technology is suitable for steep slopes up to 55% to reduce surface flow and soil erosion, as well as to increase the soil infiltration rate. Contour levee. This is an embankment made either of grasses, stones or hard soil mass, or a combination of these materials. Contour canal/ditch. The canal/ditch is dug along the contour line and connected to a natural waterway to carry away excess water. Small farm reservoir. This involves the construction of small dams to collect water from rainfall and runoff from the watershed. Small farm reservoir (SFR) can then be used as source of water for annual crops and animals. This small dam can also be used for aquaculture.
purposes and to enable it to sustain high yields. Thus, the effectivity of any soil conservation practice should be measured in terms of its ability to maintain soil fertility and productivity. Fertilizers can either be in organic or inorganic form. Both have been used quite extensively and intensively in agriculture to the point that fertilizer in any form has become almost a necessary production input. Chemical fertilizers are prohibitively expensive and some negative effects on the chemical characteristics of the soil have been reported. Thus, use of organic materials and integrated nutrient management (INM) strategies are recommended.
Cultural Management for Perennials (Fruits and Plantation Crops)

Plants can be propagated either by crop rotation, relay cropping, mulching, and cover cropping by seeds (sexual), or by cuttings (asexual). Seed propagation is generally cheap and simple . One can have several seeds as planting materials especially during harvesting season. When the recommended variety of the crop is a hybrid, seeds are used as planting materials. Examples are hybrids of coconut and cacao. In some crops, commercial propagation can only be done by using seeds as in papaya. However, reproduction from seeds results in plants that are not true-totype, especially those coming from crosspollinated crops like robusta coffee and coconut, among other things.
Soil Fertility Maintenance/ Improvement

The ultimate objective of soil conservation is to maintain the soils ability to support plant growth for crop production
Technological Milestones

hrough the concerted effort of various government agencies and academic institutions and nongovernment organizations, promising agroforestry systems and technologies for the Philippine uplands were developed. These include alley cropping or Sloping Agricultural Land Technology (SALT), improved fallow systems, multistory systems, tree farm/ woodlots, and natural vegetative strips (NVS). Moreover, several agroforestry tools were developed by the multidisciplinary teams, such as: agroforestry farm assessment (AFA); lowland agroforestry systems (LAS); farming systems research and development approach (FSR/D); Agroforestry Land Capability Assessment and Mapping Scheme (ALCAMS); International Centre for Research in Agroforestrys (ICRAF) diagnosis and design; methodology for evaluating agroforestry systems (MEAS); and the computer based design procedure for agroforestry model. These tools were developed to attain productivity and sustainability of the land, while improving the economic well being of the farmers and at the same time conserving the forests resources. The development of Landcare in 1996, a farmer-led organization among farmers in Claveria, Misamis Oriental, provided new beginnings. Landcare, as defined by ICRAF, is a community-based and multisectoral approach designed to facilitate the adoption of conservation farming technologies and agroforestry practices among upland farmers. In 1999, it was replicated in Lantapan, Bukidnon and other nearby
municipalities. It started with intensive information dissemination program on sustainable development including technological options and institutional innovations. In the area of instruction, the Institute of Agroforestry (IAF) developed a set of courses to provide technical capabilitybuilding opportunities for various development agents (IAF 2002). IAF also established learning laboratories for agroforestry. Its training courses includes agroforestry project planning management (APPM), agroforestry seed technology and nursery management (STNM), integrated pest management (IPM), and soil and water conservation and management (SWCM) for agroforest farms, agroforestry technology verification through on-farm trials (TVOFT), agroforestry production and postproduction systems (APPS) and sustainable agriculture through agroforestry initiatives of people in the uplands (SAGIP-UPLAND). To facilitate learning and to meet the intended participants needs, the said courses have evolved in content, scope, and methods. On the other hand, a module on farm planning by distance approach was developed by the Agroforestry Technical Assistance of the University of the Philippines Los Baos (UPLB) Agroforestry Program and the Upland Development Program (UDP) of the DENR (DENR-UDP 1995). This training course is a series of activities undertaken by the people themselves to understand better the physical conditions of their respective farms through the ALCAMS. The DENR adopted agroforestry as the main production technology for CBFM to
10 ............................................................................................................. R&D Status and Directions
enhance the sustainable development of the countrys forest resources and promote people empowerment and social justice. Thus, model agroforestry farms were established in every region that served as learning laboratories for the Center for Peoples Empowerment in the Uplands (CPEU). To facilitate and spread the sustainable forest management in the uplands, the DENR transformed regional training centers into CBFM model sites. In 1997, DENR published an information kit. This information kit provides a list of sustainable and environment-friendly livelihood options for the upland, coastal, and urban-lowland ecosystems. The materials gathered were based from actual field experiences of DENR personnel and other individuals or groups. It is intended for DENR field officers, farmers, fisherfolks, small-/large-scale miners, wildlife enthusiasts, upland and urban/lowland dwellers.
components in an agroforestry systems, and agroforestry in community-based management. On the other hand, the ongoing studies are geared to the needs of the upland farmers. The projects deal on the underlying biological and physical processes of agroforestry technologies and practices (28), apiculture studies (11), and institutional innovations to evolve agroforestry systems for sustainable agriculture and management (9). Completed and ongoing projects monitored by PCARRD under the Agroforestry and MPTS commodity include the following: Completed Projects Project Title/Researcher/Duration/ Implementing Agency 1. Development of computer-based design procedure for agroforestry models/ Agustin, E.O. et.al./19931996 /MMSU 2. Perceptions, attitudes and behavior of CARP-ISF beneficiaries and their influence on technology adoption/ Dacayanan, J./19911994/DENR-Region VIII 3. Methodology development for evaluating agroforestry systems / Lasco, R.D./ 19931996/UPLBCF 4. Tree species profiling/ Padilla, E./1996 2000/DMMSU, Bacnotan 5. Socio-economic survey of the farmercooperators of the CARP-ISF community-based agroforestry R&D livelihood project in Region VIII/Bombio, R./19921996/DENR/Region VIII 6. Readership survey of technology transfer materials distributed by ERDSRegion VIII/Cojin, B./19941995/DENRRegion VIII 7. Crop yield studies of gabi in agroforestry system/Mana-ol, E./19961998/ISCAF
Major Completed and Ongoing Projects

The completed projects were responsive to the attainment of the commoditys goal. Sixty-four projects/studies dealt on the underlying biological and physical processes of agroforestry technologies and practices, while 47 projects focused on promotion of agroforestry systems and 21 projects on information on agroforestry systems and sociocultural interactions. The total number of studies conducted on the documentation of indigenous agroforestry systems, economics of agroforestry systems, and sustainability of indigenous species for hedgerows were 14, 8, and 6 respectively. However, few projects were conducted on the promotion of agroforestry systems, technology impact assessment, pest management in agroforestry systems, the integration of livestock and other
8. Evaluation trials of sunflower, mulberry and ipil-ipil as hedgerows in a SALT farm/Comaad, E./19961998/ISCAF 9. Evaluation of the impact of farmers training in the adaption of technologies in Ifugao/Dincog, A./19961998/ISCAF 10. Factors associated with farmers adoption of agroforestry technologies under the integrated social forestry program in Region I/ Almoite, O.T./ 19961998/ DMMMSU 11. Development of agroforestry model farms for Region I/ Sapitula, B.P./1996 1997/DMMSU, Bacnotan 12. Performance of some agricultural crops planted between calamansi and acacia trees/Sapitula, B.P./19961997/ DMMMSU, Bacnotan 13. The effects of root pruning and fertilizer application on the growth and survival of bareroot seedlings of multi-purpose tree species/19961998/ DMMSU 14. Baseline benchmark survey in agroforestry systems./ Almoite, O.P./ 19961997/DMMMSU College of Agriculture 15. Intercropping of blackpepper in MPTS plantation/Ufano, J./19961998/ DMMSU 16. Nitrogen mineralization and soil fertility in Desmanthus virgatus+ rice alley cropping system./ Agustin, E.O./1994 1998/ MMSU 17. Site adaptability trials for nitrogen fixing trees/19941998/ MMSU 18. Development of postharvest equipment and improved postharvest practices for commercially viable agroforestry products/ Valdez, J.A./19972000/ TCA 19. Survey of agroforestry products for commercial processing/Baquiran, J./ 19971998 20. Generation and improvement of agroforestry production system in the different provinces in Region VI/Brana, N./19941996/PSPC 21. Agroforestry schemes for hillside areas in Capiz/Abogadie, W./19941996/PSPC
22. Establishment of different schemes with fertilizer application under coconut/Gabino, G./19941996/PSPC 23. The effect of intercropping root crops on the fast-growing fruit tree species/ Brana, N./19941996/PSPC 24. Status of contour hedgerow technology in Matalom, Leyte/Alcober, D./1997 1999/LSU 25. Utilization of Leucaena leucocephala and Gmelina arborea as feed supplement to grazing goats in Matalom, Leyle/ Gabunada, F./19981999/LSU 26. Agroforestry development and demonstration farm establishment, in CARPISF project/Agpaoa, A.C./19961998/ DENR-CAR 27. Integrated approaches to environmental conservation and protection/Ronquillo, S. P./19961998 /DENR-CAR 28. Effectiveness of vetiver grass Vertivera zizanoides as hedges in selected agroforestry schemes for site productivity enhancement/Ymana, S.P./ 19941997/DENR-CAR 29. Study on the passion fruit production planted under various tree/Baldino, T. Jr. S./ 19961998/ DENR-CAR 30. Impact assessment of the upland development pilot CARP in Sablan/ Estigoy, D.A./ 19961998/DENR-CAR 31. CARP-ISF Wildfood plant production, processing and marketing livelihood CARP project/ Lopez, A.V./19961998/ DENR-CAR 32. CARP-ISF agrilivestock project in CAR/ Fadri,G./ 19961999/ DENR-CAR 33. CARP-ISF community-based agroforestry livelihood in project in CAR/ Martinez, E./19901994 34. Community-based wildfood CARP project/19901994/DENR-CAR 35. Establishment of agroforestry demonstration farm in Benguet/Agpaoa, A./ 19962000/DENR-CAR 36. Socio-economic impact assessment of CARP-ISF beneficiaries five years after
project implementation/Amada, L.S./ 19961998/DENR 37. CARP-ISF fuelwood plantation project/ Tomas, W.G./19961997/ DENR 38. Community-based agroforestry livelihood project in Region I/ Domingo, C. Jr./19901994/ DENR-Region I 39. CARP-ISF agrilivestock livelihood project in Region I/ Amanda, L. S./1996 1997/ DENR 40. Production costs-and-returns and market strategies of upland livestock enterprises/Buante, C.R./ 19961997/ DENR-Region VIII 41. Community-based agroforestry development project in Region II/ Mercado, L.U./ 19961997/DENR-Region II 42. Development of plantation as show window for agroforestry, rattan, medicinal plantation, and other matured technologies/Mercado, L./19901994/ DENR-Region II 43. CARP-ISF agrilivestock livelihood project/Abel, L./19961998/DENRRegion II 44. CARP-ISF community-based agroforestry livelihood project in Region III/ Atabay, R.C./19961998/DENR-Region III 45. Performance of some crops intercropped with narra and mahogany in Mt. Dueg resettlement area/Navarro, T.E./1996 1997/ TCA 46. Biomass production of adaptable forage species (grasess and legumes) under different site conditions./ Buante, C.R./ 19961997/ DENR-Region VIII 47. Community-based agroforestry research and development project in Oriental Mindoro/Vendiola, E./19901994 48. Rehabilitation of open/grassland by direct planting of kakawate (Glicidia sepium) at various densities/ Mendoza, M.P./19961998/ DENR-Region IV 49. CARP-ISF agrilivestock livelihood project/ Dela Cruz, V./19961998/ DENRRegion IV
50. CARP-ISF community-based agroforestry livelihood project in Region IV/ Nagpala, L.G./19961998/DENR-Region IV-A 51. Fertilization of Leucaena and liming of site for adaption to low pH under two climatic conditions/Guimayen, G./1992 1996/DENR-Region IV 52. Pilot agroforestry for kaingin farmers in Liliw, Laguna/Calanog, L./19951997/ ERDB 53. Selected agroforestry areas in the Philippines: A comprehensive community assessment/Calanog, L./ 19981999/ERDB 54. Extension strategies for the adoption of agroforestry farming system in selected areas in the Philippines/Calanog, L./ 19961998/ERDB 55. Effects of land titling on the adoption of conservation-oriented farming technologies in the uplands/Calanog, L. et al./ 19901995/ERDB 56. Organizing agroforestry communities: A marketing cooperative approach to development/ Harder, R.T./19961997/ ERDB 57. CARP-ISF agrilivestock livelihood project in Region V/ Palaypayon, W.R./ 19901994/ ERDB 58. The repelling effect of Benguet pine (Pinus insularis) as botanical control of insects pests in agroforestry system./ Tiolo-Dawalis, A.J./19961998/Rizal State College (RSC) 59. Economic and financial analysis of income-generating projects in CARP-ISF areas/Rivera, M./19931994/ERDB 60. Process documentation and contextual analysis of income-generating projects in selected CARP-ISF areas/Villamor, C./ 19931994/ERDB 61. A socio-economic impact assessment of the CARP-ISF R&D programs on income-generating projects on the farmer-beneficiaries/Luna, A./1993 1994/ERDB
62. Impact of rural institutions on the implementation of IGPs in selected CARP-ISF areas in the Philippines/ Calanog, L./19931994/ERDB 63. Direct seeding performance of selected MPTS in Eastern Luzon/Principe, E./ 19911994/ERDB 64. Establishment and management of Calliandra calothyrsus trials in the Philippines/Duque, C., et al./19961999/ ERDB 65. Reforestation of cogonal areas in Panay Island with fuelwood species interplanted with fruit trees/Arevalo, E./ DENR-Region VI 66. Post-training evaluation of CARP-ISF agroforestry livelihood project/Talabero, V./19901994/DENR-Region VI 67. Site quality assessment of CARP-ISF agroforestry area in Mapili, San Enrique, Iloilo/Talabero S.V./19901994/ DENR-Region VI 68. Technical and financial feasibility of establishing agroforestry livelihood project in CARP-ISF area in Mapili, San Enrique, Iloilo/Talabero, S./19901995/ DENR- Region VI 69. CARP-ISF agroforestry livelihood development project in Region VI/ Talabero, S.V./19901994/DENR-Region VI 70. Post-training evaluation for agroforestry project/Tolo, D./19921994/DENRRegion VI 71. Development of aqua-silvicultural project in Region VI/Lustica, A./1996 1998/DENR-Region VI 72. Assessment of the marketing strategies for the aquasilviculture products/TioloDalawis, A./19961997/DENR-Region VI 73. Trial planting of Mamalis pitoporum pentandumin in Western Visayas/ Lustica, A./19941999/DENR-Region VI 74. Agrilivestock livelihood project in Region VI/Labos, J./19941996/DENRRegion VI 75. Effects of different feed combinations on the growth performance of hybrid swine
in the uplands/Labos, J./DENR-Region VI 76. Community-based fuelwood plantation and livelihood project/Burgos, G. 77. Utilization of madre de cacao and ipilipil leaves as organic fertilizers for field corn production/Doloso, F./19931994 78. Documentation and assessment of agroforestry practices in Central Visayas/Lanuza, R./19901995/DENRRegion VII 79. Tiger grass R&D livelihood project in Region VII/Tagra, M./19941996/DENRRegion VII 80. Community-based R&D agroforestry livelihood project in Region VII/Tagra, M./19901994/DENR-Region VII 81. Establishment of pilot fuelwood plantation in Cebu and Bohol/Bonita, M./ 19961998/DENR-Region VII 82. Survival and growth performance of selected fuelwood species as affected by weeding practices/Bagalihog, S./DENRRegion VII 83. Conversion of abandoned upland farm lots into Acacia ariculiformis and tiger grass intercrop/Tagra, M./19941996/ DENR-Region VII 84. Biomass production and management schemes for various agroforestry crops/ Nasayao, E./19921995/DENR-Region VIII 85. Acceptability of goat milking by cooperators of the CARP-ISF agrilivestock R&D livelihood project in Region VIII/Gapuz, F./19921994/DENRRegion VIII 86. Effectiveness of various agroforestry practices in controlling upland erosion/ Dulay, P.A./19951997/DENR-Region VIII 87. Production costs-and-returns and market strategies of upland livestosk enterprises/Angeles, H./19921995 88. Socio-economic and cultural development impacts of agrilivelihood projects to CARP-ISF R&D area/Alvarez, F./ 19921994/DENR-Region VIII
89.
A study of the Alayon systems within the context of the soil and water conservation and agroforestry project in Matalom, Leyte/Atega, T./19941996 90. Comparative analysis between traditional and introduced agroforestry practices in CARP-ISF sites/ Alba, M./19911994/DENR-Region VIII 91. Survey, collection, and identification of insect pests and diseases associated with agroforest trees and crop species/ Carandang,W./19941996/DENRRegion VIII 92. Socio-economic and environmental impact assessment of ISFP in Integrated Social Forestry model sites in Region VIII/Dionglay, M./19961999/ DENR-Region VIII 93. CARP-ISF and agrilivestock R&D livelihood project in Region VII/ Buante, C./19941996/DENR-Region VIII 94. Community-based agroforestry R&D livelihood project in Region VIII/ Nasayao, E./19901994/DENR-Region VIII 95. Agroforestry schemes for upland farmers in Region IX/Barangan, F./ 19911992/DENR-Region IX 96. CARP-ISF R&D community-based agroforestry livelihood project in Region IX/Barangan, F./19901994/ DENR-Region IX 97. Pre-sowing treatment of Calliandra seeds/Dichoso, M./19951996/DENRRegion IX 98. Effect of fertilization on the growth and fruit yield of guapple/Serna, C./ 19931995/DENR-Region X 99. CARP-ISF community-based agroforestry livelihood project in Region X/ Cacanindin, D./19901994/DENRRegion X 100. Socio-economic impact assessment of CARP-ISF livelihood project to farmer beneficiaries in Region X/Aceret, H./ 19901994/DENR-Region X
101. Survey of the prevalent diseases occurring in the selected CARP-ISF agrilivestock project site in Region X/ Arida, A./19921993/DENR-Region X 102. Economics of production and market analysis for corn and agrilivestock in San Jose, Malaybalay, Bukidnon/ Mercado, B./19911993/DENRRegion X 103. Community-based agroforesrty livelihood project in Region X/Serna, C. 104. CARP-ISF R&D community agroforestry livelihood project in Region XI/Apura, B./19901994/DENR-Region XI 105. An integrated sustainable development program for CARP-ISF areas in the Philippines: An ecosystem approach/Reyes, G./19901994/ERDB 106. Sustainable management of CARP-ISF livelihood projects in Region XII/1994 1995/DENR-Region XII 107. Community-based agroforestry livelihood project in Region XII/Mercado, B./19941996/DENR-Region XII 108. CARP-ISF agrilivestock livelihood project in Region XII/Jaime, J./19901994/DENR-Region XII 109. Application of waste water treatment model for small-scale handmade paper mill/Mari, E./19992000/FPRDI 110. Determination of the acute lethal toxicity of effluent from pulp and paper mills/Austria, C./19992000/FPRDI 111. Commercial application of FPRDI mechanized briquettor using coconut shells, husks and trunks/Pulmano, D./ 19951997/FPRDI 112. Optimization of dosage rates of waste liquor as concrete additive/Moran, M. S./19951997/FPRDI 113. Utilization of CSNL-free shells for the production of charcoal briquette and activated carbon/Bisana, B./FPRDI 114. Biological treatment of hazardous waste from pulp and paper mill/Giron, M./19971999/FPRDI
115. Domestication of selected lesserknown Philippine indigenous fodder trees and shrubs (IFTS)/Calub, B./ 20002001/UPLB 116. Effects of Bt corn pollen on honey bee species/2002 117. Pollination of Citrus spp./19992001/ UPLB 118. Bee breeding research and development /Sito, A. a. Graft acceptance and queen performance under queenless and queenright cell builder conditions/ Laquidan, R./20012002/DMMMSU b. Performance of queen as affected by supersedure and grafted cell method of queen production/ Baldo, H./20012002/DMMMSU c. Queen performance as affected by the different sources of raw materials for pollen substitute/ Laquidan, R./20012002/DMMMSU d. Queen performance as affected by duration of queen banking and system of queen bank colonies/ Baldo, H./20012002/DMMMSU 119. Pollination and hive management R&D/Dangle, J. a. Yield response of carabao mango to the pollination services of honey bee/Dangle, J./20012002/ DMMMSU b. Response of squash to pollination services of honey bee Apis mellifera/Dangle, J./20012002/ DMMMSU 120. Bee pests and diseases/Baldo, H. a. Integrated biological chemical control measures for Varroa mites Varroa destructor of honey bee Apis mellifera/Dangle, J./20012001/ DMMMSU b. Wax moth control using formic acid and acetic acid under Region I condition/Baldo, H./20012002/ DMMMSU
121. Socio-economic R&D/ Dangle, J. and Lopez, S. a. Assessment of migratory beekeeping in Region I./Dangle, J. et.al./20012002/DMMMSU 122. Supply-and- demand analysis of honeybee products and by-products in Region I/Dandle, J./20012002/ DMMMSU 123. Production and turnover of the fine roots of selected agroforestry species/ Salamanca, E./20002002/DMMMSU 124. Soil nitrogen-mineralization, growth and yield of upland rice in alley cropping /2000-2001/DMMMSU 125. Influence of planting distance and cutting interval on the herbage yield of ipil-ipil /Magtoto, R.L.and J.C. Briones/20012002/PAC 126. Application of various cultural treatments on established clonal seed orchard in Bicol National Park/ Balaguer, A.N./19982001/DENRERDS RegionV 127. Climatic classification information assessment for optimizing agrofoestry production systems in the uplands of CBFM sites/20012002/ERDB 128. Sustainability assessment of Philippine-German community project in Quirino/Calanog, L.A. and A.G. Calderon/20012002/ERDB 129. Development of panelized construction system for modular shelters/ Soriano, F.P./20002002/FPRDI 130. Non-conventional process: A cleaner technology of producing tobacco pulp for the handmade paper industry/ 20012002/MMSU 131. Southeast Asian Network for Agrofoestry Education (SENAFE)/ 19992002/IAF 132. Program to enhance NGO/PO agroforestry capabilities for food security and the environment (PEACE
133.
134. 135.
136.
137. 138. 139. 140. 141. 142. 143.
1 and PEACE 2) under the following components: /2000-2002/IAF a. Development and implementation of agroforestry training courses b. Development and production of agroforestry information materials c. Regional documentation of successful agroforestry practices in Luzon d. Provision of technical assistance to FPE partners e. Establishment and coordination of agroforestry learning centers Production of upland NGO assistance committee (UNAC) technology manual entitled, Manual sa pagsasaka ng agroforestry/20012002/UNAC, IAF Production of Asia-Pacific Agroforestry Newsletter (APANews)/20012002/IAF Evaluation of smallholder tree farmers nurseries in Lantapan, Bukidnon, Claveria, Misamis Oriental and Cebu: Quality stock production in support of the tree domestication program for the Philippines/20012002/IAF Enhancing agroforestry education, research, and development for the next decade: A PAFERN national meeting worshop/20012002/IAF Teaching materials development for BS Agroforestry/20012002/IAF Carbon sink potential and soil amelioration capacity of the alley cropping systems/20012002/IAF Improvement of agroforestry field laboratory through participatory development/20012002/IAF Inventory and analysis of teaching materials in agroforestry/2002/IAF Agroforestry capability building for upland NGOs/2002/IAF Institutional capability and needs assessment among PAFERN member institution/2002/IAF Agroforestry field practicum assistance for PAFERN member institutions/2002/IAF
Ongoing Projects 1. Control of bees and bee mites in Indonesia and the Philippines/2001 2004/UPLB a. Effects of formic acid on Apis melifera at varying concentrations and ambient temperatures. b. Population dynamics of bee mites c. Toxicity of select acarides on adult honey bees Apis cerna and A. mellifera d. Survey of pathogens associated with A. cerana and A. mellifera e. Genetic diversity of Philippine bee mites 2. Genetic diversity of Philippine honey bee species/20012003 3. Altitudinal diversity of honey bees in Mt. Makiling/20012003 /UPLB 4. Socioeconomics of Philippine beekeeping industry/20012003/UPLB 5. Bee breeding R&D/Sito, A. a. Collection and maintenance of different honey bee species in the Philippines/Sito, A./20012005/ DMMMSU 6. Sustainable Agriculture and Natural Resources Management Collaborative Research Support Program (SANREM CRSP/SEA) a. Technical and institutional innovations to evolve agroforestry systems for sustainable agriculture and the management of protected ecosystems in the framework of a watershed model/ 19982003/ICRAF b. Adapting and transferring lessons learned from Manupali to other critical watersheds in Southeast Asia/19982003/SEARCA/UPLB/ UAF c. Environmental management planning and development policy analysis using a watershed community model in Lantapan, Bukidnon, Philippines/19982003/ LGU- Lantapan/UPLB
d. Replicating models on institutional innovation for developed, participatory watershed management/ 19982003/ICRAF/USAID e. Watershed resource management and education/19982003/Auburn University/USAID f. Capability building for natural resources management at the local level: Focus on 12 communities in Valencia and Lantapan, Bukidnon/ 19982003/USAID 7. Hive product production, processing and utilization R&D (Royal jelly production for bee-keeping sustainability in La Union/20022003/ DMMMSU 8. Phenological studies of potential apisilviculture species in La Union/2000 2003/DMMMSU 9. Intercropping of Passiflor flavicarpa under growing Benguet pine trees/ 19982003/MPSPC 10. Establishment of seed production areas for forage species/20002003/ DENR-ERDS Region V 11. Establishment of the sericulture project for R&D/E and production/20022003/ PAC 12. Evaluation of MPTS in hedgerow alley cropping scheme for sustainable upland crop production/19992003/UEP 13. Initial assessment of the productivity of selected ISF-CARP community-based agroforestry areas in Abra/20022003/ DENR-ERDS-CAR 14. Pilot plantation for fuelwood production/ 20002003/DENR-ERDS Region X 15. Sustainability assessment of DENR charcoal technology/20022003/ERDB 16. Silvical characterization of malapapaya (Polyscias nodosa) under a coconutbased agroforestry systems in Luisiana, Laguna/20022003/IAF 17. Rehabilitation of degraded lands through accelerated pioneer-climax species series (APCS) strategy/2002 2003/IAF
18. Rehabilitation of degraded lands through rotation forestry species-based agroforestry systems/20022003/IAF 19. Effect of thinning and coconut frond pruning treatments on the growth and yield of mahogany interplanted with coconut/20022003/IAF 20. Effect of organic fertilizer and mulching on growth of three-year old mahogany plantation/20022003/IAF 21. Effect of thinning on growth and yield of eight-year old mahogany plantation and on interplanted shade-tolerant crops/20022003/IAF 22. Production and healing value analysis of DENR charcoal made from different combinations of municipal solid wastes/ 20012003/ERDB 23. Pilot plantation on the integration of medicinal plants as agroforestry crops in selected upland projects in the Philippines/20022004/ERDB 24. Piloting of the 1:4 Pooc agroforestry technology/20002006/ERDB 25. Gender roles in the ruminant production in the municipality of Pila and Siniloan, Laguna/20022003/ERDB 26. Bioeconomic modeling of changes to traditional vegetable production practices in the Manupali- watershed and extensions to other Southeast Asian watersheds/20012003/ERDB 27. Review and analysis of policies affecting the source, harvesting, and transport of forest-based raw materials for the furniture industries/20012004/ERDB 28. Pilot production and research of growing Roselle plant (Hibiscus sabdarffa) as an intercrop in agroforestry/20022004/ ERDB 29. Community-based resource management sub-project environmental technology transfer/19992003/ERDB 30. Growth response of two timber tree species to various weeding treatments and planting densities in the Manupali Watershed/20002003/ICRAF-Lantapan, Bukidnon
31. Enhancing productivity of timber and fruit tree-based contour hedgerow in upland soils: Quantification of treecrop interactions/20002003/ICRAFLantapan, Bukidnon 32. Enhancing adoption of soil conservation practices: Landcare Philippines/2002 2003/ICRAF-Lantapan, Bukidnon 33. Replicating models of institutional innovations for devolved participatory watershed management/20013003/ ICRAF-Lantapan, Bukidnon 34. Ancestral domain studies in Mt. Kitanglad/20032005/ICRAF-Lantapan, Bukidnon 35. Rewarding the upland poor for the environmental services (RUPES)/2003 2008/ICRAF-Lantapan 36. Enhancing adoption of conservation farming and agroforestry practices
through Landcare/20002003/ICRAFClaveria, Misamis Oriental 37. Smallholder timber production systems/ 20022003/ICRAF-Claveria, Misamis Oriental 38. Smallholder agroforestry options for degraded soils (SAFODS): tree establishment in cropped fields/20002003/ ICRAF-Claveria, Misamis Oriental 39. Documenting existing local (indigenous and introduced) conservation farming technologies/20002003/ICRAF-Visayas 40. Monitoring of farmers adoption and adaptation of technologies/20022003/ ICRAF-Visayas 41. Linking technology generation and dissemination to Landcare/20022003/ ICRAF-Visayas
Principal Technological Milestones

he following are the technologies developed and information generated from the commodity initiative and assessment efforts from 1990 to 2000.
Indigenous Agroforestry System

Naalad modified fallow aystem. Lasco (PCARRD Highlights 1992) conducted an onfarm evaluation of the Naalad modified fallow system in Naga, Cebu. It is one of the most unique indigenous improved fallow systems found in Naalad, Naga, Cebu. The Naalad system, developed 100 years ago, is basically a fallow system. The fallow period is hastened by the introduction of native ipil-ipil (L. leucocephala) in the area to be fallowed. There are two improvements over the traditional fallow system. First, instead of waiting for natural succession processes to revegetate the fallow, the farmers plant L. leucocephala to shorten the fallow period from ten or more years to only five to six years. Second, at the end of the fallow period, farmers cut the L. leucocephala branches and twigs but instead of burning the biomass as they do in shifting cultivation, they pile them along the contours to form a fascinelike structure locally known as balabag or babag, which help conserve the soil. The balabag are spaced from 1 m to 2 m and the alleys formed between are planted to corn and tobacco. Hanunuo Mangyan indigenous agroforestry systems. Gascon (PCARRD 1999) studied the Hanunuo Mangyans indigenous
agroforestry systems in Sitio Dangkalan, Bulalacao, Oriental Mindoro. There are three agroforestry production systems practiced, namely: the swidden or kaingin, the multistorey, and the home garden. In swidden farms, rice and corn were the major crops planted. Other crops interplanted included banana, cassava, sugarcane, and root crops. Crops were planted simultaneously or sequentially within the cultivated area. However, the crops were randomly and/or inappropriately planted, and thus competed with the rice and corn for soil nutrients, water, and sunlight resulting to low yields. It was the most practiced system but the least ecologically sound. Fallowing was practiced whenever the farmer noticed that the soil was no longer fertile. The land was rested for 13 years which was not enough if compared to the 19 years fallow period which their ancestors practiced. In multistorey farms, the upper canopy had coconut while the middle canopy had mango, banana, anahaw (Livistona rotundifolia), and anuling (Pisonia umbellifera). The lower canopy was dominated by pineapple with some L. leucocephala at the edges. It was also found to be the most ecologically sound in terms of soil fertility maintenance. The home gardens were structurally simple. The upper canopy was usually planted to bananas, coconut, mango, jackfruit, and guava. Ube was planted under and twined on the fruit trees. L. leucocephala and kakawate (Gliricidia sepium) served as live fences.
Agroforestry farms and farm practices in Central Visayas. Based on the study conducted by Baggayan Jr. and Lanuza (PCARRD Highlights 1994), all farmers in Central Visayas practiced contour farming. They use hedgerow and rockwall to conserve the soil. Some farmers in Cebu were also engaged in fishing and livestock raising.
improves soil fertility, and provides additional income to upland farmers. This technology guides farmers on how to raise goats under the SALT system (MBRLC 1998). Sustainable Agroforest Land Technology (SALT 3). SALT 3 is a small-scale reforestation integrated with food production. The farm is devoted to 40% and 60% agriculture and forestry, respectively. Results indicate that application of this technology conserves the soil effectively, thereby providing food, wood, and additional income for the uplanders. This technology guides farmers on how to grow crops with trees in the SALT system (MBRLC 2000). Small Agrofruit Livelihood Technology (SALT 4). SALT system is further modified wherein fruit trees were integrated in the system known as SALT 4. In this particular technology, farmers can modify the system to suit their needs. In general, SALT 4 guides farmers on how to integrate fruit trees into the SALT system (MBRLC 2000).
Developed Agroforestry Technologies/Systems

Sloping Agricultural Land Technology (SALT). MBRLC, an active partner of the government in improving the lives of upland farmers and other tribal groups in Mindanao, has developed the internationally known SALT. SALT is a diversified farming system which can be considered under the agroforestry scheme because permanent shrubs, such as coffee, cacao, citrus, fruit trees, etc., are dispersed throughout the farm plot. Basically SALT is a package technology on soil conservation and food production measures in just one setting. It is a guide on how to farm hilly lands without losing the soil. SALT is a method of growing field and permanent crops in a 35-m wide bands between contoured rows of nitrogen-fixing trees. These trees are thickly planted in double rows to make hedgerows. When a hedge is 1.52 m tall, it is cut down to about 40 cm and the cut portions are placed in an alley to serve as organic fertilizers (Asian Rural Life Development Foundation [ARLDF] 1997). Simple Agrolivestock Technology (SALT 2). SALT 2 is a goat-based agroforestry with a land use of 40% for agriculture, 20% for forestry, and 40% for livestock. Experiences by the MBRLC in Bansalan, Davao Del Sur, indicate that the said technology minimizes erosion,
Biological and Physical Processes of Agroforestry Technologies and Practices

Agroforestry farming system for the hillyland. Malab (PCARRD Highlights 1992) identified the tree-crop combination as the most feasible and environmentally sound agroforestry scheme for marginal hillylands. The study found out that combination of Acacia auriculiformis + Mangifera indica and Gliricidia sepium + rice/mungbean are two models with sustainable and high potentials for hillyland development. These systems increase soil carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus.
Agri-nipa-aquaculture technology: A sustainable land use in the nipadominated wetlands of Puerto Galera. Agri-nipa-aquaculture is a technology which combines nipa and agricultural crops with fish production, a variation of aquasilviculture. The study was conducted in a 1-ha nipa dominated wetland in Puerto Galera, Oriental Mindoro. Results showed that the area became productive through the use of the said scheme. Baconguis (1994) reported that the farmer harvested vegetables and other crops and fish from the pond for his food and augmented the family income, while he waited for the nipa to be harvested as materials for making thatch. The sap produced will be also collected. Carbon sequestration. The potential of agroforestry system to sequester carbon from the atmosphere and help mitigate climate change was emphasized by Lasco and Pulhin (1997). They estimated that by 2005, agroforestry farms in the Philippines would cover about 5.9 M ha and would have a projected carbon sequestration of about 14 t/ha. Sales (1998) evaluated the carbon storage capacity of yemane-cacao agroforestry system and estimated 105 t/ha of carbon in a biomass of about 236 t/ha. The annual litterfall of this stand was 5 t/ha which has a capacity of storing 2.2 t of C/ha. In another study, Estrella (1999) looked at the carbon sequestration potential of G. sepium-based alley cropping system under fallow. A total biomass of 33 t/ha equivalent to 14.6 t of C/ha or a carbon sequestration rate of 0.91 t of C/ha per year was estimated. This rate of carbon sequestration was much lower than that of a secondary forest in Makiling (7.81 t of C/ ha per year) and tree plantation (4 t of C/ha per year) in the Philippines. However, it was higher than that of the grassland ecosystem which has a zero sequestration ability (Lasco and Pulhin 1997).
Changes in soil properties in various farmers agroforestry schemes within the watershed development area of Matalom. Soil organic matter was affected more by the cropping system/ pattern than by the length of cultivation based on the study conducted by Quirol and Inderio (1999) in the Watershed Development Project area in Matalom. Fallowing seems to increase/improve soil pH. The amount of soil loss due to erosion was highly influenced by the cropping system/pattern and partially by the type and age of the hedgerows employed in the farm. Mura grass combined with leguminous shrubs/trees was effective in controlling soil erosion. There was a general reduction in the total amount of soil loss from the watershed area as depicted in the decreasing sediment load in the existing river system within the area. This was partially attributed to the increasing number of trees planted in the watershed area. Ridge tillage system in corn-based agroforestry system. Mercado et al. (1999) worked with Misamis Oriental State College of Agriculture and Technology (MOSCAT) and North Carolina State University, in evaluating the use of ridge tillage (RT) system and natural vegetative contour strips (NVCS) as alternative land management systems for corn in corn-based agroforestry system. Based on the results, RT and NVCS were capable of having three croppings per year due to reduced turn-around period. Both scheme yielded an average of 13.26 t/ha per year compared to non-RT system with only 9.48 t/ha per year. Combining NVCS and RT reduced soil loss by 9598% while using RT and NVCS alone would reduce soil loss by 58% and 7391%, respectively. Ridge tillage had higher infiltration rate (40 cm/hr) compared with that of the other treatments. The
economic analysis done in the same year showed that RT system can yield an annual net income of P39,446.75/ha per year compared with P24,982.50 by conventional farming.
Sustainability of Indigenous Species for Hedgerows

Performance of corn in alleycrop using different hedgerow species. G. sepium was found effective as hedgerow. Soriano, Jr. (1992) studied the performance of corn in alleycrop by using different hedgerows species: G. sepium, Leucaena diversifolia, and Acacia villosa. Findings showed that N and P contents of herbages of three hedgerow species did not differ significantly. Potassium content, however, was significantly higher in G. sepium herbage than that of the other two hedgerows. Grain yield of corn was generally higher in plots with G. sepium and A. villosa hedgerows than that of corn monoculture plot except during the first year where it outranked the treated plots. According to Soriano, Jr. (1992), hedgerow intercropping treatment was effective in reducing runoff and sediment yield. Hedgerow plus a combination of either ground barrier or mulch provided sufficient protection against soil loss. For runoff control, hedgerow plus a combination of both ground barrier and mulch was needed for maximum protection during periods of long duration and high intensity storms. By controlling runoff and erosion, land degradation was minimized; hence, the reversion of productive agricultural lands to unproductive cogonal areas was likewise prevented. The potential of hedgerow intercropping in combining erosion control and soil fertility enhancement can offer better opportunity for small farmers where finances are not readily available for the purchase of fertilizers.
In the same year, he also investigated the potential of agroforestry practices in soil and water conservation in the upland farms of Ilocos Norte. Results revealed that it was more effective if the loppings were used either as ground barrier, mulch, or combination of both. Groundcover was provided by the loppings applied as surface mulch that reduced soil water evaporation. Since upland farming is generally rainfed and crop is often exposed to interspersed dry spells, any reduction in soil water evaporation is as beneficial as enhanced water intake into the soil. Desmanthus virgatus as hedgerows in a hillyland agroforestry system. Agustin et al. (1995) conducted a study on D. virgatus as hedgerows in a hillyland agroforestry system from 1991 to 1995. Results showed that D. virgatus hedgerows contributed to the increase of soil organic matter from 1.96% to 2.64% after four years of continuous mulching. It could be planted at any spacing between 20 cm and 30 cm between hills, in double rows and could be cut from 50 cm to 100 cm above the ground without any remarkable difference in the grain yield of the alley crop. Adaptability of the plant to very close spacing or dense stocking suggested its high potential for erosion control. Moreover, the species could also be used as feeds for livestock and poultry and a good source of organic fertilizer. Leguminous species as hedgerows in agroforestry systems. In 1995, Tura verified the use of selected leguminous species as hedgerows in agroforestry systems in Overland, Buenavista, Bohol. The soil in the area was deficient in macronutrients, moderately acidic with organic matter concentrated on the topsoil equivalent to 1.5% decreasing downwards. The study established G. sepium hedgerows in double or triple rows along the contour
following a distance of 25 cm between rows and 30 cm between hills. The study found out that herbage application for three years improved the soil condition, increased the soil pH, organic matter, total nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and other macronutrients. Gliricidia sepium as hedgerow species. The performance of G. sepium as hedgerow species was also done by Mercado in 1997. The four-year hedgerow-crop interference study compared three plant species: G. sepium, a nitrogen-fixing (Nfixing) tree legume; Cassia spectabilis, a non-N-fixing tree; and Pennisetum purpureum, a forage grass. Factors such as hedgerow biomass, nutrient yields, and the species relative effects on rice and maize productivity were also investigated. The study reported that non-N-fixing tree C. spectabilis produced 46% more pruning biomass annually compared with N-fixing G. sepium. Nitrogen supplied by C. spectabilis to the alley crops was similar with that of G. sepium on the first year of observation, but increased by 2030% in the succeeding years. The four-year comparative experiments showed that a hedgerow system with a N-fixing tree did not exert significant advantages compared with a non-N-fixing tree species.
snout beetle, pedilid beetle, and scentless plant bug. The natural enemies found associated with these insect pests were: ladybird beetle, Syrphid fly, spiders, longhorned grasshopper, ground beetle, field crickets, assassin bug, lacewing, and parasitic wasps. Potential of G. sepium leaves in pest management. Rabena (1996) reported the potential of G. sepium leaves in pest management. He isolated the active components of G. sepium leaves that made it a suitable botanical pesticide. Coumarins isolated from G. sepium leaves with petrolleum ether showed bioactivity. Coumarins inhibited the growth of fungus Tricophyton mentagrophytes.
Economics of Agroforestry Systems

Establishment of forage plantations and agroforestry projects. The establishment of forage plantations and agroforestry projects ensured more protection and conservation to the denuded forest (Amada 1994). The project showed an increase in income among farmer participants. Before the project, about 17% of the farmers earned below P5,000 and 39% earned P5,00010,000. After the project, 53% of the farmers earned P5,00010,000 and no farmers were reported to be earning less than P5,000. Farmers also gained knowledge in livestock raising and management through training, briefings, and actual application of different farming practices. Impact of CARP-ISF Agrilivestock livelihood project on the socioeconomic status of the farmers in Region X. In 1994, Palma studied the impact of CARPISF Agrilivestock livelihood project on the socioeconomic status of the farmers in Region X. He reported that after the project, forest trees increased significantly, pasture
Pest Management in Agroforestry Systems

Insect pests associated with crops and agroforest tree species. Polo (1992) reported that insect pests associated with crops and agroforest tree species in three Comprehensive Agrarian Reform ProgramIntegrated Social Forestry (CARP-ISF) agroforestry project sites included chrysomelid beetle, sweet potato weevil, leaf hopper, corn borer, cotton stainer, negro bug, metallic wood boring beetle,
grasses improved, and the farmerbeneficiaries planted root crops as well. Proceeds from the sale of livestock dispersed to the farmer-beneficiaries have augmented their income by as much as 12% annually. This eased their financial burdens; enabled them to acquire their own livestock; improved their dwellings; and acquired material possessions such as land, shelter, draft animals, and personal belongings. Economic performance of a SALT 2 farm with goat farming. Also in 1994, Cumpio studied the economic performance of a SALT 2 farm with goat farming. The study showed that goat raised under the cut-and-carry system in SALT 2 farm had greater weight gains, higher production, and better quality of kids compared to goats raised in native pasture. This could be attributed to the forage/legume fed to goats containing high crude protein and minerals. Intercropping yemane (Gmelina arborea) with cash crops. Mallorca and Mamiscal conducted a study on intercropping G. arborea with cash crops in 1994. Economic analysis showed that yemane exposed to field condition intercropped with bottle gourd, pechay, eggplant, squash, and tomato provided the highest net benefit of P35,200. Partially shaded yemane planted under two-year old lakatan banana provided a net benefit of P7,000. Fully shaded yemane intercropped with five-year old cardava banana provided the lowest benefit of P6,150. Return-on-investment (ROI) from pechay and tomato was 150%; eggplant, 125%; squash and lakatan, 118%; cardava, 112%; yemane, 113%; and bottle gourd, 0.8%. This system also enhanced the restoration of the area since soil erosion was minimized. Mushroom cultivation under closedcanopy high-diversity forest farming system. In 1993, Mangaoan and Ranches studied mushroom cultivation under closed-
canopy high-diversity forest farming system. Findings showed local isolate of V. volvacea gave higher yield (2,263.65 g) compared with V. volvariella (1,574.80 g) from Biotech, College, Laguna. These fruited much better in close-canopy area than when cultivated in the open area. Pleurotus yield (209.60 g/ bag) was higher when inside mushroom house under closed-canopy-area than when inside the mushroom house in relatively open area (198.54 g/bag). Cost-and-return analysis of V. volvariella and Pleurotus mushroom production was found to be economically feasible.
Promotion of Agroforestry Systems

Promotion of agroforestry practices and technologies. DENR, together with the Ford Foundation and the International Institute for Rural Reconstruction (IIRR), published the Agroforestry Information Kit (ATIK). This is a documentation of various agroforestry practices and technologies as reference guide for DENR field technicians involved in social forestry and other upland development programs and projects. It can also be used as supplementary reference material for other forestry practitioners involved in upland development (PCARRD 1997). Furthermore, the Regional Agroforestry Technology Information Kit (RATIK) was produced. Its main objective is to strengthen the DENR capability in preparing agroforestry information, education, and communication (IEC) materials and to document regionalized or more site-specific agroforestry practices and technologies. This was piloted in Regions II, VI, and XI (PCARRD 1997). CARP-ISF R&D Program. In general, the DENR CARP-ISF R&D Program (1995) was implemented as an intervening system to restore food and ecological security in the
uplands and coastal villages where most of the marginal sectors abound. Through the sociological and biotechnological inputs, the program also gained inroads in promoting food and ecological security thus, attaining sustainable development. Sustained farm productivity, improved socioeconomic status and delivery of social services, selfsufficiency in basic necessities, improved environmental conservation and packaged technologies of upland farming systems were the long-term benefits provided by the program. The program developed 3,103 ha of which about 50% or 1,588 ha was accounted for the development of the production base of agrilivestock. Smaller areas for development were devoted to nontraditional development activities such as those for wildfood, cutflower, tikog (Frimbistylis globulosa), and aquasilviculture (combination of fish, trees, and agricultural crops). There were 4,076 cooperators in the said program. About 124 associations were established as well as 1,248 infrastuctures were built. During the program implementation, 521 training sessions were conducted. The conduct of informal trainings proved to be the best channel of imparting technical information to the cooperators. Personal communication and contact with them were found to be effective tools for extension activities. Results showed that the said program increased the productivity of the upland occupants thereby, increasing their income. The livelihood opportunities generated employment for 2,755 families. The 1,968 ha upland and mangrove resources were developed into productive enterprises. The occupants acted as partners for the sustainable development of the environment and natural resources. The established pilot/ demonstration areas, served as models for possible adoption by other upland farmers. Agroforestry in CARP-ISF areas. The agroforestry practices/technologies
introduced in Region VIII were SALT, multistorey cropping, bio-intensive gardening, intercropping, introduction of high-yielding cash crop varieties, improved fallow, and soil-conserving bench terracing. Nasayao (1994) reported that after five years of project implementation, experiences suggested that sustainable development was possible only if the stages have been gradual and slow, although the prospect of attaining it was high. The organizing and training activities significantly built up the farmers capabilities to adopt introduced technologies. Regular farm visits and meetings significantly contributed to building the farmers confidence to express their problems and concern and to come up with appropriate solutions to these problems. Upland Development Program (UDP). DENR, in partnership with academic institutions, implemented the UDP. This program was intended to develop effective participatory approaches and to enhance the capabilities of DENR and the upland communities for resource management. With the UDP, the participatory planning tools and methodologies were developed and served as guide in implementing social forestry, and later community-based forest management programs. These included the community profiling; participatory planning, monitoring, and evaluation; community training programs; and basic community organizing frameworks for communitybased forest management programs. The program provided women with equal opportunities for managing the forest resources by initiating a policy granting the certificate of stewardship (CS) under the name of the husband and wife. Women were also involved in trainings and project activities, and acted as presidents of the associations, like in Regions IX and X. The UDP had developed functional and viable organizations. These organizations worked
hand-in-hand with the forestry community organizers (FCO) in implementing project activities and eventually took over the responsibilities for project management after the turn over. Major portions of most UDP sites had been developed into model farms. These areas served as learning laboratories and training centers for other upland farmers. The pool of farmer-trainers conducted training among farmers within and outside the project areas. Establishment of CBFM regional training centers. The Center for People Empowerment in the Uplands (CPEU) is envisioned to build an empowered and selfreliant communities in the uplands. Specifically, it is designed to promote the involvement of local communities and to encourage their active participation in upland development through peoples empowerment and capacity building. To realize these objectives, DENR adopted selected model sites under the ISFP and other community projects and established one CPEU in each province. As a center, it serves as training laboratory and showcases the various upland technologies and approaches. The activities to be carried out focus more on training and community organizing, cooperative, and livelihood development in the upland. The activities of the center are supervised by DENR in collaboration with the local government units (LGUs), nongovernment organizations (NGOs), and peoples organizations (POs). However, based on the assessment conducted in 1995, not all the CPEUs were found to be functioning as originally conceived due to lack of training facilities and funding support. To operationalize the CPEU and to put in place the needed support to carry out the necessary training programs, a regional training center in every region was selected and developed from among the existing CPEUs and other community-based projects in 1996.
In the strategic action plan for CBFM, the DENR identified the development and the use of networks of CBFM model sites as an important strategy. The objective is to develop nerve centers and transform regional training centers into CBFM model sites that will facilitate and spread sustainable forest management practices in the uplands.
Tools for Assessing Sustainability of Agroforestry Systems

In recent years, agroforestry has been recognized locally and internationally as the most effective means of addressing the problems of rural poverty and rehabilitating degraded upland areas. With the vast array of agroforestry systems, a multidisciplinary team formulated the MEAS in the country (Lasco et. al 1997). This methodology can be used as an initial assessment tool to evaluate the goodness of an agroforestry system in question. It is applied in cases where development workers and farmers are considering whether to adopt or not an existing agroforestry system. The indicators used in the assessment include soil erosion rate and soil fertility for soil conservation, land equivalent ratio (LER) for productivity, net income, surplus, agroforestry system efficiency ratio (ASER) for social acceptability. The agroforestry system satisfying all the indicators is considered potentially sustainable. Otherwise, improvements or modifications of the agroforestry system should be implemented to satisfy the indicator. If the modifications of the agroforestry system are no longer feasible, then the system is unsustainable. In the formulation of MEAS, various government institutions developed other evaluation tools such as the agroecosystem analysis approach (AAA), AFA, FSR/D, monitoring and evaluation system (MES) and ICRAFs diagnosis and design.
AFA, for instance, is a tool used in evaluating the effectiveness of agroforestry farms (Lasco,1993). It determines how a particular technology affects the farmer and his environment. Likewise, it serves as a feedback mechanism for technology finetuning and provides opportunities for modifications at an early stage. ALCAMS is a tool used to minimize trial and error; hence, plan the agroforestry farms effectively (Lawas 1993). Land resource evaluation through the ALCAMS determines the capability and suitability of the area/site for agroforestry. The technology answers the many questions in farm activity like adaptability for agroforestry site, appropriate systems, practices, and components for the area. To maximize production per unit area per time and added environmental benefits, the lowland agroforestry system (LAS) was established by Saplaco and Dalmacio in 1996. It utilizes the unproductive and/or wasted portion of rice-producing lowland areas particularly the dikes, farm boundaries and landings, irrigation canals as well as roadsides for vegetables, forest
and fruit trees, forage, and animal production. LAS can also be applied to flatlands or lowlands on mountain areas with slope of not more than 5%. A computer-based design procedure for agroforestry models was developed by Foronda, et al. in 1996. This program otherwise known as the Farm Resource Integration, Evaluation, and Design (FRIEnD) was developed to assist agroforestry planners, extension workers, and researchers. FRIEnD version 1.0 takes advantage of powerful and advanced portable computer systems and existing knowledge as well as technologies by integrating them into a comprehensive planning and decision tool. This model is a powerful and dynamic tool that hopes to assist social forestry technicians in the formulation of appropriate agroforestry systems for individual agroforestry farm. This software is menu-driven and userfriendly, applicable not only to agroforestry, but also applicable for a computer-aided design procedure of any agroecosystem provided the input model exists.
Institutional Capability

hrough the years, agroforestry has been recognized as the sustainable management systems capable of improving productivity in the upland, reducing poverty, increasing farmers income, and enhancing environmental stability. Thus, various government agencies and nongovernment organizations are working together in partnership with the local people for a sustainable resource development and effective management of natural resources. PCARRD through the Agroforestry and MPTS Team sets the priorities and direction of agroforestry research and development in the country. UPLBs Ecosystems Research and Development Bureau (ERDB) and the Forest Products Research and Development Institute (FPRDI) are the national R&D centers for Agroforestry and MPTS commodity. In addition, PCARRD listed 19 regional R&D centers, 22 cooperating stations and 1 specialized agency. PCARRD coordinates the Sustainable Agriculture and Natural Resources Collaborative Research Support Program for Southeast Asia (SANREMCRSP/Southeast Asia) and monitors the project on Technical and Institutional Innovations to Evolve Agroforestry Systems for Sustainable Agriculture and the Management of Protected Ecosystems. The introduction of alternative land management practices in Lantapan, Bukidnon has resulted in agricultural diversification and the conservation of soil resources. The diversity of tree species across the landscape provides opportunity for the farmers to respond to market demands for specific species. Now, there is a widespread
appreciation for tree farming as an incomegenerating activity. IAF based at UPLB, coordinates and facilitates the implementation of agroforestry curricular programs. It implements education research to improve the effectiveness of agroforestry education in the country. Likewise, the Institute maintains learning laboratory for agroforestry, evaluates, and documents both indigenous and introduced agroforestry systems. IAF also develops information materials, promotes and field tests agroforestry research and technology for sustainable development (IAF 2002). IAF offers regular short course in agroforestry attended by participants from various NGOs, POs, and government agencies. The Foundation for Philippine Environment (FPE) and the Upland NGO Assistance Committee (UNAC) provided scholarship support to NGOs and POs to participate in those courses. From 1992 to 2002, IAF trained 1,137 participants in agroforestry-related courses. As of 2002, there were about 147 organizations (i.e., GOs, NGOs, and POs) reported to be involved in agroforestry related projects. Opportunities for on-thejob training as well as technical assistance are being provided. Moreover, FPE supported the documentation of successful agroforestry practitioners among selected farmers from Luzon and Visayas, which became known as the Regional Agroforestry Technology Information Kit (RATIK). The Philippine Agroforestry Education and Research Network (PAFERN) was
created with 31 member-institutions actively involved in promoting agroforestry curricula, training, and research. According to Villancio (2002), PAFERN helps strengthen the institutional capabilities of member-institutions in agroforestry education and research. It also serves as mechanism to promote sustained development of agroforestry as a distinct discipline, and facilitate exchange of relevant agroforestry information and other materials. The development of a National Agroforestry Development Program (NAFDP) was recognized as an appropriate mechanism for the institutionalization of agroforestry in the country (Villancio 2002). Figure 1 shows the operational framework of institutionalizing the science and practice of agrofestry in the Philippines. ERDB and the Environment Research and Development Services (ERDS) of the DENR have been actively implementing various environmental, social and livelihood programs such as the ISFP, National Reforestation Program (NFP), Forest Land Management Agreement (FLMA) and CBFMP in residual forest lands occupied by the upland farmers. They also established model agroforestry farms in every region and learning laboratories in major islands in the country. The 1:4 agroforestry system in Pooc II, Silang, Cavite was documented by ERDB. DENR, through UDP in coordination with different agencies and research institutions, has been promoting agroforestry in the upland communities to restore the natural resources, specifically soil and water and the ecosystem as a whole. Several studies and projects have been conducted/implemented in these communities for agroforestry development. FPRDI works on the processing and utilization of harvested forest products including timber. MBRLC, a nonprofit foundation based in Kinuskusan, Bansalan, Davao del Sur, undertakes research and develops
appropriate farming technology systems integrating crops and livestock that will help farmers increase income and sustain their productivity. To date, MBRLC has established a 19-hectare-agroforestry demonstration center hosting about 20,000 visitors annually (Tacio 2001). Another private organization committed to work with the farmers and communities at the grassroots level is the Kapwa Upliftment Foundation, Inc. (KAPWA) in Matina, Davao City. KAPWA pioneers its work in community organizing, provides technical assistance to farmers and tribal communities in attaining food security in the upland. It also undertakes organizing and capacity building to ensure that upland farming technologies and the introduced innovations are sustained (Lawas et al. 1997). ICRAF and the Southeast Asian Network for Agroforestry Education (SEANAFE) both based at CFNR administration building are the two international institutions continuously promoting the exchange of information on agroforestry research and development. ICRAF addresses poverty and environmental needs through collaborative programs and partnerships with the government, nongovernment organization (NGO) and farmer-organizations locally and globally. Likewise, it conducts innovative research and development in agroforestry and provides leadership in natural resources management (ICRAF 1991) . Currently, the Landcare approach developed by ICRAF in 1996, is being used as a mechanism to insure that appropriate technologies such as natural vegetative strips (NVS), agroforestry systems, treecrop management options, among other things, will reach the end-user. The approach is a process led by farmers and community groups, with the support of the local government units backed up by ICRAF, DENR, Department of Agrarian
Institutionalization of Agroforestry
POs
TAFE PAFERN
Legislative Bodies LGUs
National Agroforestry Development Program
Formulation of National AF Agenda Legislation Establishment of AF centers Harmonizing activities with existing networks
NGAs
NGOs
Professionalization of agroforestry Creation of classified plantilla items for agroforesters Licensure examination for agroforestry graduates Creation of Committee on Agroforestry as a permanent body of the CHED/TPAE Establishment of municipal, provincial, regional, and national agroforestry centers and networks
Fig. 1. Institutionalizing the science and practice of agroforestry in the Philippines: an operational framework (Villancio 2002).
Reform (DAR), Municipal Agriculture Office (MAO), and NGOs (Mercado et al. 2001). The Landcare approach initiates and implements plans and programs leading to the adoption of resource conservation technologies. To date, about 350 Landcare groups in Claveria, Misamis Oriental have disseminated farming technologies successfully to more than 5,000 farmers. It also established communal nurseries for fruit and timber trees. In Lantapan, it grew to about 60 farmer groups and has spread to other areas in Visayas particularly Bohol, Leyte and in Central and Southern Mindanao (ICRAF no date). ICRAF (1991) used three modalities in capacity building. First, selected research partners for institutional innovations, particularly LGUs and communities, gain knowledge and skills through their direct participation in action research. Second, the development institutions learn through visits to ICRAF action research sites and follow-up training activities. In the third modality, research scientists and educational institutions are provided with
opportunities to participate in regional, national and international conferences, specialized training, on-site dialogue with practitioners in other countries, and access to recent publications. On the other hand, SEANAFE is composed of member-institutions from Indonesia, Lao PDR, Thailand, Vietnam, and Philippines. SEANAFE aims to intensify the promotion and development of agroforestry as a land-use management systems both in the uplands and lowlands. Common needs and gaps among educational institutions in Southeast Asia are being addressed regionally and nationally. Their goal is to promote sustainable development through agroforestry education and training. Each link represents the agriculture and forestry institutions involved in developing and/or implementing formal and nonformal agroforestry curricula (Arboleda 1999). Recently in 2002, the SEANAFE decentralized activities into the national network, wherein the Philippines is represented by PAFERN. Similar national networks were organized in other member-countries.
R&D Gaps

he goals of agroforestry and MPTS R&D are sustainable upland production and rural development. However, based on the assessments done by the Agroforestry and MPTS R&D Team, few studies have been done to document, evaluate, and assess the applicability, sustainability, and impact of agroforestry system in the upland. Thus, the team identified the following areas which need to be further addressed (PCARRD 1994): Indigenous agroforestry system Biological and physical processes of agroforestry technologies and practices
Sustainability of indigenous species for hedgerows Pest management in agroforestry systems Integration of livestock and other components in agroforestry Information on agroforestry systems and socio-cultural interactions Economics of agroforestry systems Promotion of agroforestry systems Technology impact assessment
R&D Directions
Challenges and Issues

he challenges for agroforestry and MPTS are still enormous but these can be streamlined into manageable proportions to be addressed properly. These include the challenges of resource degradation (i.e., land, soil, water, and biodiversity) and its relation to environment and people. Agroforestry should be able to assert its significant role in alleviating pressure on those resources through proper management and governance. Agroforestry has to respond by providing sustainable management systems capable of improving resource productivity in the upland, reducing poverty, increasing farmers income, and enhancing environmental stability.
convergence of these efforts. While the AFMA provides support for these undertakings, these have not been accompanied with fiscal and human resources to support implemention. Conscious effort between the agriculture and forestry sectors to support agroforestry initiatives should be put in place. This should redound to rational land-use policy considering the forestry, agriculture, settlement, and industry needs that have to be addressed simultaneously.
Tenurial Security and Resource Management Advocacy

Logged-over areas are being converted into other land uses. Food production is expanding into areas that were once forests. The open-access situation in the uplands continues unabated and subsistence agriculture which used to dominate the upland areas are being converted to commercial agriculture. CBFM recognizes the importance of working with communities by engaging them to be responsible resource managers in exchange for securing use rights. Even the National Integrated Protected Areas Act (NIPAA) recognizes the presence of tenured migrants in protected areas who deserve to be assisted to transform destructive farming practices into biodiversityenhancing livelihood activities. The Indigenous Peoples Rights Act (IPRA) paves the way for indigenous peoples to regain the control and management of many forestlands. CARP also includes security of
Reconciling Agriculture and Forestry

The Agriculture and Fisheries Modernization Act (AFMA) includes upland areas in agricultural planning, recognizing that food production is moving into the uplands as agricultural lands are being converted into industry and urban settlements. The AFMA policies articulate the concern of the upland poor and the need to engage them in protection, while assisting them with their production concerns. The DENR and DA are expected to work with various stakeholders in the upland to reconcile development initiatives to restore, rehabilitate, and conserve resources in the uplands for the sustainability not only of agriculture, but also of the forest. Agroforestry is recognized to be the
tenure of farmers in the forestlands as their concern in cooperation with DENR. Security of tenure has been viewed as a requisite to enhance adoption of agroforestry technologies necessary for the restoration of the uplands.
Resource Governance
Beyond the piece of paper that gives the right to farmers to occupy and benefit from their produce, the support to fulfill their responsibilities under the program has not always been provided. When ISF sites were devolved in 1992, CPEUs or model ISF sites were retained by DENR. The sites became their research and training laboratory to develop the capability of LGUs to support agroforestry technologies and upland development. In 1996, DENR formulated a plan for the agency-wide participatory implementation of the CBFM program. The plan proposed close collaboration with local governments to manage forests and people living in forestlands. The targeted period was from 1998 to 1999 for program consolidation and reorganization of DENR for it to be able to meet the CBFM challenge (DENR 1996). Collaboration and partnership among government, nongovernment organizations and the LGUs to support CBFM need to be enhanced to promote effective and efficient governance of natural resources.
how these technologies can be extended to farmers in the uplands considering the tenurial constraints and overlapping or passing the buck of mandates of government agencies (i.e., DA, DENR, and LGUs). Part of the challenge is the provision of basic support services for the upland farmers to use the technologies to enhance their resource productivity, at the same time effectively manage the uplands.
Increasing Farmers Income and Alleviating Poverty

Productivity will increase as a result of the adoption of agroforestry technologies, but this has to be translated into increased incomes to alleviate poverty among households in the uplands. The challenge is how to make the input and output markets be made available to help the upland poor. There are some efforts among the NGOs to organize the Upland Marketing Foundation, Inc. through UNAC to assist upland NGOs in their marketing concern. However, this is only limited to upland NGOs who are able to avail of the services. The upland farmers need to be linked to the mainstream markets. Foremost to this is the need to make the uplands accessible through roads and adequate transportation facilities. Postharvest technologies and value-adding enterprises in the whole value chain (production-processing-marketingconsumption) need to be considered as well for agroforestry to contribute in increasing farmers income and alleviating poverty.
Agroforestry Promotion and Resource Productivity Improvement

Natural resources in the settled uplands have been degraded and have resulted to low productivity. To date, there are already available technologies for soil and water resources rehabilitation and conservation which can be used. The challenge lies on
Enhancing Environmental Services

The contributions of agroforestry in providing environmental services need to be emphasized. Since most of the uplands in the country had been settled and
occupied, agroforestry can be developed to provide cover for the watershed, reduce soil erosion, sequester carbon and enhance agrobiodiversity. Although there are available technologies, there is a need to evaluate the capability of the agroforestry system to provide these environmental services. Thus, ecological and economic valuation of agroforestry in natural resources enhance-ment may need to be initiated.
Information, Education, and Communication (IEC)

In 2002 , PCARRD created computerbased data banks for agroforestry. These data banks will integrate R&D and industry information and technologies on agroforestry into a comprehensive and operational information systems that can readily be accessible to end-users. This information system will serve as repository of R&D information on agroforestry for dissemination to all potential users. However, there will be a need for continuous gathering, review, and evaluation of research results lessons, and experiences to update the content. The implementation of CBFM was reported to have improved the well being of forest-dependent communitiesthe indigenous peoples as well as the migrant groups. At the same time it ensured the sustainable management, rehabilitation, and protection of the countrys forest lands and resources (DENR 2000). However, upland farmers continue to practice shifting cultivation. Watersheds and protected areas are still under extreme threats. Open access, poor coordination, and lack of comprehensive development planning continue in many areas across the country. Therefore, IEC initiatives should be able to capture CBFM-related successes and lessons learned for the next program to emulate and utilize.
Monitoring, Evaluation, and Impact Assessment

The current performance accomplishment reports should be improved to reflect the degree to which issues on soil erosion, resource degradation, and poverty reduction are systematically addressed. Soil, water, and biodiversity remain to be the critical concerns. Models and approaches should be developed to monitor, evaluate, and assess agroforestry interventions both at the plot level and at the landscape level. The results of the CARP-ISF project sustainability indicators have been prepared into very user-friendly formats that can readily measure gains as well as establish key areas that need to be addressed. With the overall goal of global competitiveness, there is a tendency to put a premium on economic goals at the expense of important environmental and sociocultural considerations. This is a challenge that agroforestry advocates have to contend with, seeing to it that the agroforestry system addresses both these concerns to ensure its sustainability.
Major Programs and Policies Addressing R&D Gaps

he Agroforestry and MPTS R&D Team recommended strategic R&D activities for 20012005 to address the gaps identified from 1990 to 2000. The agenda identified are along the following areas:
addressed. However, this concern needs to consider other areas that have favorable impact on agroforestry. In this case, agroforestry will focus on the following: Review and evaluation on the suitability of agriculture commodity recommendations for agroforestry systems in multiple-use and buffer zones of watersheds and protected areas; Development and adaption of the component technologies for coconutbased agroforestry systems and agroforestry gardens; Development and adaption of the pest management system in agroforestry; Development and adaption of the component technologies for tree domestication in agroforestry systems; and Adaption of the technologies for integration of animals in agroforestry. Economics of Agroforestry Systems There are current efforts to develop a system to reward upland dwellers providing environmental services. With this, there is a need to focus on the social, environmental, and economic valuation of agroforestry systems. These studies should be undertaken at various levels, that is, plot, farm, and landscape/watershed level.
R&D and Utilization

Indigenous Agroforestry System Several studies highlighted the contribution of indigenous people in the practice of agroforestry in the Philippines. More studies need to be undertaken to document and evaluate them and have it made available for use. The following specific projects need to be undertaken: Documentation and evaluation of the indigenous agroforestry systems; Documention and evaluation of the existing agroforestry systems; Determination of the sustainability of indigenous species for hedgerows; and Evaluation of the indigenous timber and nontimber species for domestication in agroforestry system. Biological and Physical Processes of Agroforestry Technologies and Practices The challenge of reconciling agriculture, forestry and other land uses needs to be
Technology Evaluation and Impact Assessment Agroforestry practices and systems have evolved and the technologies have been developed by different institutions working on agroforestry. Thus, the focus will be given on the assessment of the performance of agroforestry systems and technologies; effectiveness of technology promotion, dissemination, and utilization; and institutional capabilities. Specifically these would include, among other things, the following: Performance evaluation of agroforestry systems as to its productivity; profitability; promotion of household food security and food safety; biodiversity, carbon sequestration; and poverty alleviation. This involves establishment of a benchmark and basis for measuring performance of agroforestry systems and technologies; Establishment of mechanisms to determine areas under risk of soil erosion in each region and to establish a plan addressing and monitoring changes over time; Effectiveness and efficiency assessment of agroforestry promotion, dissemination, and utilization process; Impact evaluation of devolution of agroforestry projects under ISF to LGUs; and Impact assessment of policies, programs and capabilities of government and nongovernment organizations (DA, DAR, DENR, LGUs, NGOs, POs) to address open access and inappropriate development in the uplands.
Capability Building
Information on Agroforestry Systems and Networking The IEC strategy in agroforestry will focus on the following: Development and update of the integrated database management system for agroforestry systems and technologies; and Rationalization of existing agroforestry networks in the country and identification of lead institutions as agroforestry dissemination centers at the local, regional, and national levels. Promotion of Agroforestry Systems The promotion of agroforestry system will be focused on the capacity building of institutions involved; thus, the thrusts are as follows: Capability assessment of existing organizations to promote agroforestry; Agroforestry learning sites and resource centers establishment through joint efforts of LGUs, SCUs, local offices of national government agencies, NGOs, and other organizations in their respective areas; Training of extension and development workers of LGUs, SCUs, NGOs, POs, DA, DAR, and DENR on agroforestry systems and technologies, technology development, promotion and utilization, and related policies and programs; and
Information and educational materials development and utilization for the promotion of agroforestry.
Other Recommendations
Based on the assessment of and discussion on the situation of agroforestry in the Philippines, the Agroforestry and MPTS R&D Team recommends the mobilization of the different GOs, NGOs, POs, and other agencies involved in agroforestry to work together in the promotion of agroforestry. Since these agencies are strategically located across the country, their expertise will greatly contribute in the agroforestry research, extension, and advocacy. The harmonization of networks and effort into organization of the National Agroforestry Development Program (NAFDP) will also put in place a systematic mechanism to ensure that the results of R&D programs and policies address the problems of resource degradation (land, soil, water and biodiversity) and poverty in the uplands.
Policy Advocacy
The R&D agenda mentioned above will generate information that will support the policy advocacy and promote agroforestry as an art, a science, and a practice. The following policy directions are being espoused by PAFERN and other organizations: Rationalization of land use; Professionalization of agroforestry; and Increasing the role of LGUs by mandating them to designate agroforestry technicians (municipal level) and specialists (provincial level) to manage vast upland areas.
References

Agustin, E.O.; Malab, S.; Rosario, J.I. Desmanthus as hedgerows in agroforestry cropping systems. Batac, Ilocos Norte: MMSU, 1995. (MMSU-funded project, completed). Amada, L.S. Agrilivestock livelihood for upland farmers. San Fernando, La Union. 1994. (DENR-ERDS Region I-funded, completed). Arboleda, L.P. PAFERN now accepting interested members. In: The Philippine Agroforestry Development News, 1999. pp.3738. Asian Rural Life Development Foundation Editorial Staff. How to farm your hilly land without losing your soil. Kinuskusan, Bansalan, Davao del Sur. How to Series No.1, 1997. 20p. Baconguis, S.R. Agri-nipa-aquaculture technology: a sustainable land use in the nipadominated wetlands of Puerto Galera. Puerto Galera, Oriental Mindoro. 1994. (ERDBDENR-funded, completed). Cumpio, J. Economics of goat production in SALT 2. Agao, Pangasinan: DENR-ERDS Region I, 1994. (DENR-ERDS Region I-funded, completed). Dalmacio, R. Agroforestry: concepts, principles and examples. Paper presented during the training course on Technology Verification through On-farm Trials. IAF-CFNR, UPLB, Laguna; August 17, 1999. DENR CARP-ISF R&D program: An integrated sustainable development program for CARP-ISF areas in the Philippines: An ecosystem approach, 1995. 57p. (Unpublished terminal report). DENR. Community-based forest management action plan, 1996. DENR-UDP. Farm planning by distance approach. UPLB-UAP/DENR-UDP, 1995. 96p. Estrella, R.H. Carbon dioxide sequestration potential of kakawate (Gliricidia sepium [Jacq.] Walp.) based alley cropping system under fallow. Los Baos, Laguna: UPLB, 1999. (Unpublished undergraduate thesis). Foronda, S.U.; Malab, S.C.; Agustin, E. O.; Cadapan, E.V.; Lansigan, F.P.; Lasco, R.D.; Padilla, E.F.; Racelis, D.A.; Vergara D.K. Computer-based design procedure for agroforestry models. 1996. (Terminal Report). Gascon, C. Sustainability indicators of the Hanunuo Mangyan indigenous agroforestry systems. Lucban, Quezon: SLPC, 1999. (SLPC-funded, completed). IAF. Joining the world wide crusade for sustainable resource development and conservation through agroforestry. 2002. (IAF-UPLB-CFNR leaflet). IAF. Training opportunities in agroforestry, 2002. (IAF-UPLB-CFNR leaflet). ICRAF. In the Philippines and CGIAR: partnership in action, 1991. pp. 3340. ________. ICRAF annual report 1996. Los Baos, Laguna: ICRAF, 1997. ________. Visayas research site, 2002. (Leaflet).
________. Lantapan research site, 2003. (Leaflet). ________. Claveria research site, 2003. (Leaflet). ________. Landcare (n.d.). (Leaflet). Lasco, R.D. Agroforestry farm assessment (AFA). Los Baos, Laguna: UPLB CFNR, 1993. (Terminal Report). Lasco, R. Management of Philippine tropical forests: implications to global warning. World Resources Review 10(3), 1998. pp. 410418. Lasco, R. Naalad modified fallow system, 1992. (UPLB CF-funded, completed). Lasco R.D.; Agustin, E.O.; Calderon, M.M.; Lawas, N.R.; Racelis, D.A.; Santos, E.P. Methodology for evaluating agroforestry systems (MEAS), 1997. (Terminal Report). Lasco, R.D.; Pulhin, F.B. The mountain ecosystem of the Philippines: opportunities for mitigating climate change. Paper presented during the European conference on Environmental and Societal Change in Mountain Regions. UK: University of Oxford, December 1997. Lawas, N. Agroforestry land capability mapping scheme (ALCAMS), 1993. (UPLB-funded, completed). Lawas N.R.; Cabahug, R.D.; de Luna, C.C. Three ears of corn: The case of KAPWAs framework for the rehabilitation of the uplands of Malalag project, 1997. 61p. Magat, S. Opportunities for promoting agroforestry in coconut-based farming system. Paper presented during the 2001 annual conference and symposium of the Conservation Farming Movement. Los Baos, Laguna: SEARCA, November 1415, 2001. Malab, S. Agroforestry farming system for the hillyland. Batac, Ilocos Norte: MMSU, 1992. (MMSU-funded, completed). Mallorca, R.C.; Mamiscal, M.I. Technology adaptation for higher family income on yemane (G. arborea) intercropped with cash crops. Cagayan de Oro: DA-Region X, 1994. (DARegion X-funded, completed). Mangaoan, E.; Ranches, R. Mushroom cultivation under closed-canopy high-diversity forest farming system. Baybay, Leyte: VISCA, 1993. (VISCA-funded, completed). Mercado, A. Nitrogen fixation capacity in contour hedgerow system. In: Developments in Agroforestry Research. Los Baos, Laguna: PCARRD, 1997. pp. 16179. (Book Sereis No. 160). Mercado, A; Garrity, D.; Pailagao, C.; Thapa, B.; Badino, D. Ridge tillage system enhances corn productivity, profitability, and sustainability. Claveria, Misamis Oriental: ICRAF, 1999. (ICRAF-funded, completed). Mercado, A.R. Jr.; Patindol, M.; Garity, D.P. The Landcare experience in the Philippines :Technical and institutional innovations for conservation farming. In: August 2001 Development in Practice, ICRAF, 2(4), 2001. pp. 495508. MBLRC Editorial Staff. Simple agro-livestock technology (SALT 2): A guide how to raise goats under the SALT system. Kinuskusan, Bansalan, Davao del Sur: MBRLC, 1998. 16p. (How to Series No. 6). ________. Sustainable agroforest land technology (SALT 3): A guide on how to grow crops with trees in the SALT system. Kinuskusan, Bansalan, Davao del Sur: MBRLC. 2000. 15p. (How to Series No. 7). ________. Small agrofruit livelihood technology (SALT 4.): A guide on how to integrate fruit trees into the SALT system. Kinuskusan, Bansalan, Davao del Sur: MBRLC, 2000. 24p. (How to Series No. 8).
Nasayao, E. Community-based agroforestry livelihood R&D project in Region VIII: An extension approach. Tacloban City: DENR-ERDS Region VIII, 1994. (DAR-PARC funded, completed). Palma, N. Socioeconomic impact of CARP-ISF agrilivestock project to the farmerbeneficiaries, Bukinon. Los Baos, Laguna: ERDB, 1994. (DENR-ERDS Region Xfunded, completed). PCARRD. Developments in agroforestry research. Los Baos, Laguna: PCARRD, 1997. 486p. (Book SeriesNo. 160/1997). ________. PCARRD medium term research and development plan for Philippine agriculture and natural resources 19952000. Los Baos, Laguna: PCARRD, 1994. 78p. _________. PCARRD highlights. Los Baos, Laguna: PCARRD. (1992, 1994, 1996, 1997, 1999, 2000, 2001). Polo, M. Identification of insect pests and diseases associated with agroforestry tress and crops. Los Baos, Laguna: ERDB, 1992. (DENR-ERDS Region VIII-funded, completed). Quirol, B.; Inderio, O. Changes in soil properties in various farmers agroforestry schemes within the watershed development area of Matalom. Baybay, Leyte: FARMI-VISCA, 1999. (VISCA-funded, ongoing). Rabena, A. The isolation, characterization, identification, and antimicrobial assay of the active components of kakawate (Gliricidia sepium) leaves. Vigan, Ilocos Norte: UNDP. 1996. (UNESCO, SEARCA and NRCP-funded, completed). Sales, R.F. Carbon dioxide sequestration potential of a multi-storey agroforestry system in Mt. Makiling forest reserve. B.S. Thesis. Los Baos, Laguna: UPLB, 1998. Saplaco, S.R. Lowland agroforestry system (LAS): Some policy and management issues and recommendation in renewable natural resources conservation. Paper presented at the Second San Miguel Corporation Professorial Chair Lecture. CFNR UPLB, Laguna; June 25, 2001. Saplaco, S.; Dalmacio, R. Lowland agroforestry system (LAS). Los Baos, Laguna: UPLB, 1996. (Terminal Report). Soriano, J. Jr. Soil fertility and corn yield under alley cropping scheme involving selected legumes as hedgerows. Tarlac: TCA, 1992. (TCA-funded, completed). Tacio, H.D. MBRLC annual report 2001: Thirty years of sustainable development, 2001. 13p. The Technical Committee on Agroforestry. The Philippine recommends for agroforestry. Los Baos, Laguna: PCARRD, 1995. (Unpublished). Tura, C. Kakawate hedgerows for improved soil fertility and crop yield. Cebu City: DENRERDS Region VII, 1995. (CARP-ISF-funded, completed). UPLB-Upland Agroforestry Program. Developing an agroforestry curriculum using the DACUM process: workshop proceeding. Los Baos, Laguna: UPLB; November 2326, 1992. Villancio, V.T. Agroforestry education in the Philippines: Trends, issues, opportunities and agenda for action. Paper presented in institutionalizing the science and practice of agroforestry: A round table discussion. TREES-CFNR UPLB, Laguna; November 8, 2002.
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R&D Status On Agroforestry and Multipurpose Trees and Shrubs

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R&D Status On Agroforestry and Multipurpose Trees and Shrubs

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OFFICE OF THE EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR

Very truly yours, PATRICIO S. FAYLON Executive Director

R&D Status and Directions (2000 and Beyond)

First Edition 2003

ii ............................................................................................................. R&D Status and Directions

PATRICIO S. FAYLON Executive Director PCARRD

Agroforestry and Multipurpose Trees and Shrubs ............................................................................................ iii

iv ............................................................................................................. R&D Status and Directions

Agroforestry and Multipurpose Trees and Shrubs R&D Team

Team Leader (2001):

Team Leader (2002):

Agroforestry and Multipurpose Trees and Shrubs ............................................................................................

vi ............................................................................................................. R&D Status and Directions

PART I. R&D STATUS

PART II. R&D DIRECTIONS

Agroforestry and Multipurpose Trees and Shrubs ............................................................................................ vii

viii ............................................................................................................. R&D Status and Directions

List of Acronyms and Abbreviations

Agroforestry and Multipurpose Trees and Shrubs ............................................................................................ ix

............................................................................................................. R&D Status and Directions

T TCA TVOFT UAP UDP UNAC UPLB UPWG

Agroforestry and Multipurpose Trees and Shrubs ............................................................................................ xi

Commodity Industry Situation

Agroforestry in the Philippines

Agroforestry and Multipurpose Trees and Shrubs ............................................................................................ 5

Features of Agroforestry Systems in the Philippines

............................................................................................................. R&D Status and Directions

Agroforestry and Multipurpose Trees and Shrubs ............................................................................................ 7

Component Agroforestry Technologies

............................................................................................................. R&D Status and Directions

Cultural Management for Perennials (Fruits and Plantation Crops)

Soil Fertility Maintenance/ Improvement

Agroforestry and Multipurpose Trees and Shrubs ............................................................................................ 9

10 ............................................................................................................. R&D Status and Directions

Major Completed and Ongoing Projects

Agroforestry and Multipurpose Trees and Shrubs ............................................................................................ 11

12 ............................................................................................................. R&D Status and Directions

Agroforestry and Multipurpose Trees and Shrubs ............................................................................................ 13

14 ............................................................................................................. R&D Status and Directions

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16 ............................................................................................................. R&D Status and Directions

137. 138. 139. 140. 141. 142. 143.

Agroforestry and Multipurpose Trees and Shrubs ............................................................................................ 17

18 ............................................................................................................. R&D Status and Directions

Agroforestry and Multipurpose Trees and Shrubs ............................................................................................ 19

Principal Technological Milestones

Indigenous Agroforestry System

20 ............................................................................................................. R&D Status and Directions

Developed Agroforestry Technologies/Systems

Biological and Physical Processes of Agroforestry Technologies and Practices

Agroforestry and Multipurpose Trees and Shrubs ............................................................................................ 21

22 ............................................................................................................. R&D Status and Directions

Sustainability of Indigenous Species for Hedgerows

Agroforestry and Multipurpose Trees and Shrubs ............................................................................................ 23

Economics of Agroforestry Systems

Pest Management in Agroforestry Systems

24 ............................................................................................................. R&D Status and Directions

Promotion of Agroforestry Systems

Agroforestry and Multipurpose Trees and Shrubs ............................................................................................ 25

26 ............................................................................................................. R&D Status and Directions

Tools for Assessing Sustainability of Agroforestry Systems

Agroforestry and Multipurpose Trees and Shrubs ............................................................................................ 27