So snh nhit si tnh axit-baz ca cc cht hu c Lin kt hydro L tng tc yu gia H (mang mt phn in tch dng) vi phi kim

kim X (F,O,N,Cl). lin kt H vi H2O tng tnh tan C 2 loi lin kt H lin phn t tng t0si mnh lin kt hydro : -COOH > - OH > -NH2 axit ancol amino Nhm th ht y e Nhm ht e : NO2 > -COOH > -CHO > - C6H5 -F > -Cl > -Br > -I Nhm y e : -OH > -NH2 > ankyl (cng phn nhnh y cng mnh)
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Cc yu t nh hng n nhit si - Khi lng phn t trong dy ng ng : cng ln t0si cng cao. - Vi cc cht l ng phn ca nhau : mch cng di t0si cng cao. - Lin kt hydro lin phn t : cng bn t0si cng cao. - Quy lut ph bin Chiu tng ca nhit si Khng c lin kt hydro Hydrocacbon andehit Xeton dn xut halogen ete Mt s iu khc cn lu Vi Hidrocacbon - i theo chiu tng dn ca dy ng ng ( Ankan , Anken , Ankin , Aren ..) th nhit si tng dn v khi lng phn t tng. VD : C2H6 > CH4 - Vi cc Ankan , Anken , Ankin , Aren tng ng th chiu nhit si nh sau :Ankan < Anken < Ankin < Aren l do : khi lng phn t tng ng nhng do tng v s lng ni pi nn dn n nhit si cao hn ( mt thm nng lng ph v lin kt pi ). - Vi cc dn xut i vi dn xut R-X , nu khng c lin kt hidro , nhit si s cng cao khi X ht e cng mnh. VD :C4H9<C4H8Cl<C4H9CHO<C4H9N02 Dn xut halogen ca anken si v nng chy nhit thp hn dn xut ca ankan tng ng. Dn xut ca benzen : a mt nhm th n gin vo vng benzen s lm tng nhit si. Vi ru v Axit : - Cc gc y e ( CH3 , C2H5 .....) s lm tng nhit si tng do lin kt H bn hn VD: CH3COOH < C2H5COOH - Cc gc ht e ( Phenyl , Cl ...) s lm gim nhit si do lin kt H s gim bn i VD: Cl-CH2COOH < CH3COOH ( ht e gim dn theo th t F > Cl > Br > I ) Vi cc hp cht thm c cha nhm chc -OH , -COOH , -NH2 : - Nhm th loi 1 ( ch cha cc lin kt sigma nh : CH3 , C3H7 ..) c tc dng y e vo nhn thm lm lin kt H trong chc bn hn nn lm tng nhit si - Nhm th loi 2 ( cha lin kt pi nh NO2 , C2H4 ...) c tc dng ht e ca nhn thm lm lin kt H trong chc km bn i nn lm gim nhit si - Nhm th loi 3 ( cc halogen : -Br , -Cl , -F , -I .. ) c tc dng y e tng t nh nhm th loi 1 amin Ancol C lin kt hydro Axit Amino axit
Lin kt ion

Mui ancolat, mui cacboxylat

So snh tnh axit-baz baz : cht nhn proton (H ) Vi cc hp cht hu c VD : RNH3Cl, C6H5NH3Cl * axit : ancol (Cno), phenol (Cthm), axit cacboxylic (C=O), mui ca baz yu v axit mnh. * baz : amin, mui ca kim loi mnh v axit yu (mui ca anol, phenol, axit cacboxylic). Cc yu t nh hng Nhm ht e : tng tnh axit, gim tnh baz. Nhm y e: gim tnh axit, tng tnh baz. Quy lut ph bin
Tng dn tnh axit Hp cht hu c c nhm chc Vi amin : C th : ROH < H2O < C6H5OH < RCOOH. bc 1 < bc 2 < bc 3 CH3COOH < CH3ClCOOH < CHCl2COOH < CCl3COOH Amin no > NH3 > aniline Tng dn tnh baz

axit : cht cho proton (H )