I HC NNG

TRNG I HC BCH KHOA

KHOA CNG NGH THNG TIN

Bin son: GV. Th Tuyt Hoa

BI GING MN
PHNG PHP TNH
(Dnh cho sinh vin khoa Cng ngh thng tin)

( TI LIU LU HNH NI B )
NNG, NM 2007

MC LC

CHNG I

NHP MN ............................................................................... 5

1.1. Gii thiu mn phng php tnh ............................................................ 5

1.2. Nhim v mn hc .................................................................................. 5
1.3. Trnh t gii bi ton trong phng php tnh.......................................... 5
CHNG II

SAI S ................................................................................... 7

2.1. Khi nim................................................................................................ 7

2.2. Cc loi sai s.......................................................................................... 7
2.3. Sai s tnh ton ........................................................................................ 7
CHNG III

TNH GI TR HM ............................................................ 9

3.1. Tnh gi tr a thc. S Hoocner....................................................... 10

3.1.1. t vn ....................................................................................... 10
3.1.2. Phng php................................................................................... 10
3.1.3. Thut ton....................................................................................... 10
3.1.4. Chng trnh .................................................................................. 11
3.2. S Hoocner tng qut ....................................................................... 12
3.2.1. t vn ....................................................................................... 12
3.2.2. Phng php................................................................................... 12
3.2.3. Thut ton....................................................................................... 13
3.3. Khai trin hm qua chui Taylo............................................................. 13
BI TP ...................................................................................................... 14
CHNG IV

GII GN NG PHNG TRNH.......................... 15

4.1. Gii thiu .............................................................................................. 15

4.2. Tch nghim.......................................................................................... 15
3.3. Tch nghim cho phng trnh i s.................................................... 17
4.4. Chnh xc ho nghim ........................................................................... 18
4.4.1. Phng php chia i ..................................................................... 18
4.4.2. Phng php lp ............................................................................. 20
4.4.3. Phng php tip tuyn .................................................................. 22
4.4.4. Phng php dy cung.................................................................... 23
2

BI TP ...................................................................................................... 26
CHNG V

GII H PHNG TRNH

I S TUYN TNH............................................ 27

5.1. Gii thiu .............................................................................................. 27

5.2. Phng php Krame .............................................................................. 27
5.3. Phng php Gauss ............................................................................... 28
5.3.1. Ni dung phng php ................................................................... 28
5.3.2. Thut ton....................................................................................... 28
5.4. Phng php lp Gauss - Siedel (t sa sai) .......................................... 29
5.4.1. Ni dung phng php ................................................................... 29
5.4.2. Thut ton....................................................................................... 31
5.5. Phng php gim d............................................................................ 32
5.5.1. Ni dung phng php ................................................................... 32
5.5.2. Thut ton....................................................................................... 33
BI TP ...................................................................................................... 35
CHNG VI

TM GI TR RING - VECT RING.......................... 37

6.1. Gii thiu .............................................................................................. 37

6.2. Ma trn ng ng................................................................................. 37
6.3. Tm gi tr ring bng phng php anhilepski................................... 38
6.3.1. Ni dung phng php ................................................................... 38
6.3.2. Thut ton....................................................................................... 40
6.4. Tm vect ring bng phng php anhilepski ................................... 41
6.4.1. Xy dng cng thc........................................................................ 41
6.4.2. Thut ton....................................................................................... 42
CHNG VII

NI SUY V PHNG PHP

BNH PHNG B NHT ..................................... 44

7.1. Gii thiu .............................................................................................. 44

7.2. a thc ni suy Lagrange...................................................................... 45
7.3. a thc ni suy Lagrange vi cc mi cch u .................................... 46
7.4. Bng ni suy Ayken .............................................................................. 48
7.4.1. Xy dng bng ni suy Ayken........................................................ 48
7.4.2. Thut ton....................................................................................... 49
7.5. Bng ni suy Ayken (dng 2) ................................................................ 49
3

7.6. Ni suy Newton..................................................................................... 51

7.6.1. Sai phn.......................................................................................... 51
7.6.2. Cng thc ni suy Newton.............................................................. 52
7.7. Ni suy tng qut (Ni suy Hecmit) ...................................................... 54
7.8. Phng php bnh phng b nht ........................................................ 57
BI TP ...................................................................................................... 61
CHNG VIII

TNH GN NG TCH PHN XC NH ................. 64

8.1. Gii thiu .............................................................................................. 64

8.2. Cng thc hnh thang ............................................................................ 64
8.2.1. Xy dng cng thc........................................................................ 64
8.2.2. Thut ton....................................................................................... 65
8.3. Cng thc Parabol ................................................................................. 65
8.3.1. Xy dng cng thc........................................................................ 65
8.3.2. Thut ton....................................................................................... 66
8.4. Cng thc Newton-Cotet ....................................................................... 67
BI TP ...................................................................................................... 69
MT S CHNG TRNH THAM KHO ................................................... 70
TI LI U THAM KHO ............................................................................... 80

CHNG I

NHP MN

1.1. Gii thiu mn phng php tnh

Phng php tnh l b mn ton hc c nhim v gii n kt qu bng s
cho cc bi ton, n cung cp cc phng php gii cho nhng bi ton
trong thc t m khng c li gii chnh xc. Mn hc ny l cu ni gia
ton hc l thuyt v cc ng dng ca n trong thc t.
Trong thi i tin hc hin nay th vic p dng cc phng php tnh cng
tr nn ph bin nhm tng tc tnh ton.
1.2. Nhim v mn hc
- Tm ra cc phng php gii cho cc bi ton gm: phng php (PP)
ng v phng php gn ng.
+ Phng php: ch ra kt qu di dng mt biu thc gii tch c th.
+ Phng php gn ng: thng cho kt qu sau mt qu trnh tnh
lp theo mt quy lut no , n c p dng trong trng hp bi
ton khng c li gii ng hoc nu c th qu phc tp.
- Xc nh tnh cht nghim
- Gii cc bi ton v cc tr
- Xp x hm: khi kho st, tnh ton trn mt hm f(x) kh phc tp, ta c
th thay hm f(x) bi hm g(x) n gin hn sao cho g(x) f(x). Vic la
chn g(x) c gi l php xp x hm
- nh gi sai s : khi gii bi ton bng phng php gn ng th sai s
xut hin do s sai lch gia gi tr nhn c vi nghim thc ca bi
ton. V vy ta phi nh gi sai s t chn ra c phng php ti
u nht
1.3. Trnh t gii bi ton trong phng php tnh
- Kho st, phn tch bi ton
- La chn phng php da vo cc tiu ch sau:
+ Khi lng tnh ton t
+ n gin khi xy dng thut ton
+ Sai s b
5

+ Kh thi
- Xy dng thut ton: s dng ngn ng gi hoc s khi (cng mn
cng tt)
- Vit chng trnh: s dng ngn ng lp trnh (C, C++, Pascal,
Matlab,)
- Thc hin chng trnh, th nghim, sa i v hon chnh.

CHNG II

SAI S

2.1. Khi nim

Gi s x l s gn ng ca x* (x* : s ng),
Khi

x x

gi l sai s thc s ca x

V khng xc nh c nn ta xt n 2 loi sai s sau:

- Sai s tuyt i: Gi s tn ti x dng b sao cho x x * x
Khi x gi l sai s tuyt i ca x

x
x

- Sai s tng i : x
2.2. Cc loi sai s

Da vo nguyn nhn gy sai s, ta c cc loi sau:

- Sai s gi thit: xut hin do vic gi thit bi ton t c mt s iu
kin l tng nhm lm gim phc tp ca bi ton.
- Sai s do s liu ban u: xut hin do vic o c v cung cp gi tr u
vo khng chnh xc.
- Sai s phng php : xut hin do vic gii bi ton bng phng php
gn ng.
- Sai s tnh ton : xut hin do lm trn s trong qu trnh tnh ton, qu
trnh tnh cng nhiu th sai s tch lu cng ln.
2.3. Sai s tnh ton
Gi s dng n s gn ng x i ( i 1, n ) tnh i lng y,
vi y = f(xi) = f(x1, x2, ...., xn)
Trong : f l hm kh vi lin tc theo cc i s xi
Khi sai s ca y c xc nh theo cng thc sau:
Sai s tuyt i:

i 1

Sai s tng i:

i 1

- Trng hp f c dng tng:

f
x i
x i

ln f
x i
x i

y f ( x i ) x1 x 2 ... x n
7

Khi :

f
1 i ,
x i

suy ra:

i 1

xi

- Trng hp f c dng tch:

x * x * ... * x
2
k
y f (x ) 1
i
x
* ... * x
k 1

lnf ln

x1 * x2 *...* xk
xk1 *...* xn

lnf (lnx1 ln x2 ... ln xk ) (lnxk1 ... ln xn )

ln f
1

i
x i
xi

suy ra: y
i 1

n
x i
x i
xi
i 1

Vy

y x i
i 1

y = f(x) = x ( 0)

- Trng hp f dng lu tha:

ln y ln f ln x
ln f

x
x

Vy

suy ra

y .

y .

x
x
x

x
x
x

V d. Cho cc s gn ng: a 10 .25 ; b 0 .324 ; c 12 .13

Tnh sai s ca:

a3
y1
;
b c

y2 a 3 b c ;

Gii y 1 ( a 3 ) ( b

c ) 3 a b

3 a b c / 2

= 3

1 c
a
b

a
b
2 c

y 2 (a 3 ) (b c ) a 3 (a 3 ) b c (b c )
3 a 3 a b

3a3

a
b
a

c ( b c / 2 )

c(

1 c
b

)
b
2 c

Bi tp. Cho cc s gn ng: a 1 .125 ; b 0 . 52 ; c 21 . 4

Tnh sai s ca:

y 1 ( 3 a 1) / 2 bc

y 2 3a /( b c )

y 3 2 bc ( 3 a 1)

y 4 3a ( b c )

y 5 2 bc ( 3 a 1)

y 6 3a ( b c )

CHNG III

TNH GI TR HM

3.1. Tnh gi tr a thc. S Hoocner

3.1.1. t vn
Cho a thc bc n c dng tng qut :
p(x) = a0xn + a1xn-1 + ... + an-1x+ an

(a0 # 0)

Tnh gi tr a thc p(x) khi x = c (c: gi tr cho trc)

3.1.2. Phng php
p dng s Hoocner nhm lm gim i s php tnh nhn (ch thc
hin n php nhn), phng php ny c phn tch nh sau:
p(x) = (...((a0x + a1)x +a2)x+ ... +an-1 )x + an
p(c) = (...((a0c + a1)c +a2)c+ ... +an-1 )c + an
t p0 = a0
p1 = a0c + a1 = p0c + a1
p2 = p1c + a2
........

pn = pn-1c + an = p(c)
S Hoocner
a0
p0

a1

a2

....

an-1

an

p0*c

p1*c

....

pn-2*c

pn-1*c

p1

p2

...

pn-1

pn= p(c)

V d 1. Cho p(x) = x6 - 5x4 + 2x3 - x - 1

Tnh p(-2)

p dng s Hoocner:
1
1

-5

-1

-1

-2

-8

16

-30

-2

-1

-8

15

-31

Vy p(-2) = -31
3.1.3. Thut ton
Cch 1:
10

- Nhp vo: n, c, cc h s ai ( i 0, n )
- X l:

Gn p = a0
Lp i = 1 n : p = p * c + ai

- Xut kt qu: p
Cch 2:
- Nhp vo: n, c, cc h s ai ( i 0, n )
- X l:

Lp i = 1 n : ai = ai-1 * c + ai

- Xut kt qu: an
3.1.4. Chng trnh
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
main()
{ int i,n;

float c, p, a[10];

clrscr();
printf(" Nhap bac da thuc: "); scanf("%d", &n);
printf(" Nhap cac he so \n");
for(i = 0; i<=n; i++)
{

printf("a[%d] = ", i);

scanf("%f", &a[i]);

}
printf(" Nhap gia tri can tinh: "); scanf("%f", &c);
p = a[0];
for(i=1; i<=n; i++) p = p*c + a[i];
printf(" Gia tri cua da thuc: %.3f", p);
getch();
}

11

3.2. S Hoocner tng qut

3.2.1. t vn
Cho a thc bc n c dng tng qut :
p(x) = a0xn + a1xn-1 + ... + an-1x + an (a0 # 0)

(1)

Xc nh cc h s ca p(y + c), trong y: bin mi, c: gi tr cho trc

3.2.2. Phng php
Gi s: p(y+c) = b0yn + b1yn-1 + ..... + bn-1y + bn

(2)

Nh vy ta phi xc nh cc h s bi (i 0, n)

Xc nh bn
Xt y=0, t (2) => p(c) = bn

Xc nh bn-1
(1)

p(x) = (x-c) p1 (x) + p(c)

Trong p1(x) : a thc bc n-1
p( y c) y( b 0 y n 1 b1 y n 2 ... b n 2 y b n 1 ) b n

t x=y+c ta c:
p( x ) ( x c)(b 0 y n 1 b1 y n 2 ... b n 2 y b n 1 ) b n

(2)

ng nht (1) & (2) suy ra:

p1(x) = b0yn-1 + b1yn-2 + ...+ bn-2y + bn - 1
Xt y = 0,

p1(c) = bn-1

Tng t ta c:

bn-2 = p2(c), , b1 = pn-1(c)

Vy bn-i = pi(c) (i = 0-->n) , b0 =a0

Vi pi(c) l gi tr a thc bc n-i ti c
S Hoocner tng qut:
a0

a1

a2

....

an-1

an

p0*c

p1*c

....

pn-2*c

pn-1*c

p1

p2

...

pn-1

pn= p(c)=bn

p0*c

p1*c

....

pn-2*c

p0

p1

p2

...

pn-1 = p1(c)=bn-1

...

p0

12

V d 2. Cho p(x) = 2x6 + 4x5 - x2 + x + 2.

Xc nh p(y-1)

p dng s Hoocner tng qut :

p(x)

p1(x)
p2(x)
p3(x)
p4(x)
p5(x)

2
2
2
2
2

-1

-2

-2

-2

-4

-2

-3

-2

-2

-4

-2

-7

11

-2

-4

-2

-11

-2

-4

-4

-2

-6

10

-2
p6(x)
Vy

-8

p(y-1) = 2y6 - 8y5 + 10y4 - 11y2 +11y- 2

3.2.3. Thut ton

- Nhp n, c, ai (i = 0, n )
- Lp k = n 1
Lp i = 1 k : ai = ai-1 * c + ai
- Xut ai (i = 0, n )
3.3. Khai trin hm qua chui Taylo
Hm f(x) lin tc, kh tch ti x0 nu ta c th khai trin c hm f(x) qua
chui Taylor nh sau:
f (x) f (x 0 )

f ( x 0 )( x x 0 ) f ( x 0 )( x x 0 ) 2
f n ( x 0 )( x x 0 ) n
...

1!
2!
n!

khi x0 = 0, ta c khai trin Macloranh:

f ( 0) x f ( 0) x 2
f ( n ) (0) x n
f ( x ) f ( 0)

...
1!
2!
n!

x2 x4 x6
V d 3. Cosx 1

...
2!
4!
6!

13

BI TP

1. Cho a thc p(x) = 3x6 + 8x3 2x2 + x 5

a. Tnh p(3), p(2.5)
b. Tnh p(-2), p(-3)
2. Cho a thc p(x) = x5 + 8x3 2x2 + x 1
a. Xc nh a thc p(y+1), p(y+3)
b. Xc nh a thc p(y-1), p(y-4)
3. Khai bo (nh ngha) hm trong C tnh gi tr a thc p(x) bc n
tng qut theo s Hoocner
4. Vit chng trnh (c s dng hm cu 3) nhp vo 2 gi tr a, b.
Tnh p(a) + p(b)
5. Vit chng trnh nhp vo 2 a thc pn(x) bc n, pm(x) bc m v hai
gi tr c, d. S dng hm cu 3 tnh:
a. pn(c) + pm(c)
b. pn(c) + pm(d)
6. Cho a thc p(x) bc n. Vit chng trnh xc nh cc h s ca a
thc p(y+c) theo s Hoocner tng qut.
7. Khai bo hm trong C tnh gi tr cc hm ex, sinx, cosx theo khai
trin Macloranh.

14

CHNG IV

GII GN NG PHNG TRNH

4.1. Gii thiu

tm nghim gn ng ca phng trnh f(x) = 0 ta tin hnh qua 2 bc:
Tch nghim: xt tnh cht nghim ca phng trnh, phng trnh c
nghim hay khng, c bao nhiu nghim, cc khong cha nghim nu
c. i vi bc ny, ta c th dng phng php th, kt hp vi
cc nh l m ton hc h tr.
Chnh xc ho nghim: thu hp dn khong cha nghim hi t c
n gi tr nghim gn ng vi chnh xc cho php. Trong bc ny
ta c th p dng mt trong cc phng php:
- Phng php chia i
- Phng php lp
- Phng php tip tuyn
- Phng php dy cung
4.2. Tch nghim
* Phng php th:
Trng hp hm f(x) n gin
- V th f(x)
- Nghim phng trnh l honh giao im ca f(x) vi trc x, t suy
ra s nghim, khong nghim.
Trng hp f(x) phc tp
- Bin i tng ng f(x)=0 <=> g(x) = h(x)
- V th ca g(x), h(x)
- Honh giao im ca g(x) v h(x) l nghim phng trnh, t suy
ra s nghim, khong nghim.
* nh l 1:
Gi s f(x) lin tc v tri du trn (a,b). Khi trn (a,b) tn ti mt s l
nghim thc ca phng trnh f(x)=0. Nghim l duy nht nu f(x) tn ti
v khng i du trn (a,b).
15

V d 1. Tch nghim cho phng trnh: x3 - x + 5 = 0

Gii:

f(x) = x3 - x + 5
f(x) = 3x2 - 1 ,

f(x) = 0 <=> x = 1 / 3

Bng bin thin:

-

x
f(x)
f(x)

1/ 3

1/ 3

yC>0

yCT>0

T bng bin thin, phng trnh c 1 nghim x < 1 / 3

f(-1)* f(-2) < 0, vy phng trnh trn c 1 nghim x (-2, -1)
V d 2. Tch nghim cho phng trnh sau: 2x + x - 4 = 0
Gii:

2x + x - 4 = 0 2 x = - x + 4
p dng phng php th:
y

y = 2x

y = -x + 4

2
1
1

T th suy ra: Phng trnh c 1 nghim x (1, 2)

* nh l 2: (Sai s)
Gi s l nghim ng v x l nghim gn ng ca phng trnh
f(x)=0, cng nm trong khong nghim [a, b] v f'(x) m 0 khi ax b.
f (x)
Khi x
m

16

V d 3. Cho nghim gn ng ca phng trnh x4 - x - 1 = 0 l 1.22.

Hy c lng sai s tuyt i l bao nhiu?
Gii:
f (x) = f (1.22) = 1.224 - 1.22 - 1 = - 0,0047 < 0
f(1.23) = 0.588 > 0
nghim phng trnh x (1.22, 1.23)
f '(x) = 4 x3 -1 > 4*1.223 - 1 = 6.624 = m x (1.22 , 1.23)
Theo nh l 2 : x = 0.0047/6.624 = 0.0008 (v |x - | < 0.008)
3.3. Tch nghim cho phng trnh i s
Xt phng trnh i s: f(x) = a0xn + a1xn-1 + + an-1x + an = 0 (1)
* nh l 3:
Cho phng trnh (1) c m1 = max {ai}
m2 = max {ai}

i = 1, n
i = 0, n 1

Khi mi nghim x ca phng trnh u tho mn:

x1

an
m1
x 1
x2
m2 an
a0

* nh l 4:
Cho phng trnh (1) c a0 > 0, am l h s m u tin. Khi mi nghim
dng ca phng trnh u N 1 m a / a 0 , vi a = max {ai}
sao cho ai < 0, i 0, n .
V d 4. Cho phng trnh:

5x5 - 3x3 + 2x2 - 6x + 9 = 0

Tm cn trn nghim dng ca phng trnh trn

Gii: Ta c a2 = -3 l h s m u tin, nn m = 2
a = max( 3, 6) = 6
Vy cn trn ca nghim dng: N 1 6 / 5
* nh l 5:
Cho phng trnh (1), xt cc trng hp:
1(x) = xn f (1/x) = a0 + a1x + ... + anxn
2(x) = f(-x) = (-1)n (a0xn - a1xn-1 + a2xn-2 - ... + (-1)nan)
3(x) = xn f(-1/x) = (-1)n (anxn - an-1xn-1 + an-2xn-2 - ... + (-1)na0)

17

Gi s N0, N1, N2, N3 l cn trn cc nghim dng ca cc a thc f(x),

1(x), 2(x), 3(x). Khi mi nghim dng ca phng trnh (1) u
nm trong khong [1/N1, N0] v mi nghim m u nm trong khong
[-N2, -1/N3]
V d 5.

Xt phng trnh
3x2 + 2x - 5 = 0

N0 = 1 +

5 / 3 (nh l 4)

1(x) = 3 + 2x - 5x2 N1 khng tn ti (a0 < 0)

2(x) = 3x2 - 2x - 5 N2 = 1 + 5/3

(nh l 4)

3(x) = 3 - 2x - 5x2 N3 khng tn ti (a0 < 0)

Vy: mi nghim dng x < 1 +
mi nghim m

5/3

x > - (1 +5/3) = - 8/3

4.4. Chnh xc ho nghim

4.4.1. Phng php chia i
a. tng
Cho phng trnh f(x) = 0, f(x) lin tc v tri du ti 2 u [a,b]. Gi s
f(a) < 0, f(b) > 0 (nu ngc li th xt f(x)=0 ). Theo nh l 1, trn [a,b]
phng trnh c t nht 1 nghim .
Cch tm nghim :
t [a0, b0] = [a, b] v lp cc khong lng nhau [ai , bi ] (i=1, 2, 3, )
[ai-1, (ai-1+ bi-1)/2 ] nu f((ai-1+ bi-1)/2) >0
[ai, bi] =
[(ai-1+ bi-1)/2, bi] nu f((ai-1+ bi-1)/2) < 0
Nh vy:
- Hoc nhn c nghim ng mt bc no :
= (ai-1+ bi-1)/2 nu f((ai-1+ bi-1)/2) = 0
- Hoc nhn c 2 dy {an} v {bn}, trong :
{an}: l dy n iu tng v b chn trn
{bn}: l dy n iu gim v b chn di
18

nn lim a n lim b n
n

l nghim phng trnh

V d 6. Tm nghim phng trnh: 2x + x - 4 = 0 bng pphp chia i

Gii:
- Tch nghim: phng trnh c 1 nghim x (1,2)
- Chnh xc ho nghim: p dng phng php chia i ( f(1)=-1< 0)
Bng kt qu:
an

bn

2
1.5

f(

a n bn
)
2
+

1.25

1.375

+
1.438

1.406

1.391

1.387

+
-

1.383
1.385

1.386

1.387

lim a n lim b n 1.386

n 10

n 10

Kt lun: Nghim ca phng trnh: x 1.386

b. Thut ton
- Khai bo hm f(x) (hm a thc, hm siu vit)
- Nhp a, b sao cho f(a)<0 v f(b)>0
- Lp
c = (a+b)/2
nu f(c) > 0 b = c
ngc li a = c
trong khi (f(c)> )

/* a - b > v f(c) != 0 */
19

- Xut nghim: c
4.4.2. Phng php lp
a. tng
Bin i tng ng: f(x) = 0 <=> x = g(x)
Chn gi tr ban u x0 khong nghim (a, b),
tnh x1 = g(x0), x2 = g(x1), , xk = g(xk-1)
Nh vy ta nhn c dy {xn}, nu dy ny hi t th tn ti gii hn
n lim x n (l nghim gn ng ca phng trnh )
b. ngha hnh hc
Honh giao im ca 2 th y=x v y=g(x) l nghim phng trnh
x=g(x) ( cng l nghim phng trnh f(x)=0 )
y

y=x

y=g(x)

y=x

A
B
C

x2 x1

x0

Hnh a

x0 x1

x2

Hnh b

Trng hp hnh a: hi t n nghim

Trng hp hnh b: khng hi t n nghim (phn ly nghim)
Sau y ta xt nh l v iu kin hi t n nghim sau mt qu trnh lp
nh l (iu kin )
Gi s hm g(x) xc nh, kh vi trn khong nghim [a,b] v mi gi tr g(x)
u thuc [a,b]. Khi nu s q sao cho g(x)q<1 x (a,b) th:
+ Qu trnh lp hi t n nghim khng ph thuc vo x0 [a,b]
+ Gii hn

n lim x n

l nghim duy nht trn (a,b)

Lu :

20

- nh l ng nu hm g(x) xc nh v kh vi vi
iu kin g(x) tho mn.

x R

- Trong trng hp tng qut, nhn c xp x xn vi chnh

xc cho trc, ta tin hnh php lp cho n khi 2 xp x lin tip
tho mn:
1 q
x n 1 x n

q
V d 7. Tm nghim: x3 - x - 1 = 0 bng phng php lp
Gii: - Tch nghim: phng trnh c mt nghim (1,2)
- Chnh xc ho nghim:
x 3 x 1 0 x x 3 1; x

Chn g(x) =

g' ( x )

x 1
; x 3 x 1
2
x

x 1

1
1
3
1 x (1,2)
3 ( x 1) 2

p dng phng php lp (tha mn nh l iu kin )

Chn x0 = 1 ta c bng gi tr sau:
x

g(x) =

x 1

1.260

1.260

1.312

1.312

1.322

1.322

1.324

1.324
1.325

1.325
1.325

Nghim phng trnh x 1.325 ( v x4 - x5< = 10-3 )

c. Thut ton
- Khai bo hm g(x)
- Nhp x
- Lp:

y=x
x = g(y)
21

trong khi x - y>

- Xut nghim: x (hoc y)
4.4.3. Phng php tip tuyn
a. tng
Chn x0 khong nghim (a, b)
Tip tuyn ti A0 (x0, f(x0)) ct trc x ti im c honh x1,
Tip tuyn ti A1 (x1, f(x1)) ct trc x ti im c honh x2, ,
Tip tuyn ti Ak (xk, f(xk)) ct trc x ti im c honh xk+1,
C tip tc qu trnh trn ta c th tin dn n nghim ca phng trnh.
* Xy dng cng thc lp:
Phng trnh tip tuyn ti Ak (xk, f(xk))
y - f(xk) = f(xk)*(x - xk)
Tip tuyn ct trc x ti im c to (xk+1, 0)
Do vy: 0 f(xk) = f(xk)*(xk+1 - xk)
x k 1 x k

f (x k )
f ' (x k )

b. ngha hnh hc
y
f(x)
A0
tip tuyn
A1
[

x2

x1 x0

nh l (iu kin hi t theo Furi_iu kin )

Gi s [a,b] l khong nghim ca phng trnh f(x)=0. o hm f(x),
f(x) lin tc, khng i du, khng tiu dit trn [a,b]. Khi ta chn xp
x nghim ban u x0 [a,b] sao cho f(x0)*f(x0) > 0 th qu trnh lp s hi
t nhanh n nghim.
22

V d 8. Gii phng trnh: x3 + x - 5 = 0 bng phng php tip tuyn

Gii: - Tch nghim:
f(x) = x3 + x - 5
f(x) = 3x2 + 1 > 0 x
x

lim f ( x ) ,

lim f ( x )

Phng trnh trn c 1 nghim duy nht

f(1)* f(2) = (-3)*5 < 0
Vy phng trnh c 1 nghim duy nht x (1, 2)
- Chnh xc ho nghim:
f(x) = 6x > 0 x (1, 2)
f(x) > 0 x
p dng phng php tip tuyn (tho mn iu kin hi t Furi).
Chn vi x0 = 2 ( v f(2)*f(2) > 0) ta c bng kt qu sau:
x
2
1.615
1.521
1.516
1.516

f(x)/f(x)
0.385
0.094
0.005
0.000

Vy nghim x 1.516
c. Thut ton
- Khai bo hm f(x), fdh(x)
- Nhp x
- Lp

y= x
x = y f(y)/fdh(y)

trong khi x - y>

- Xut nghim: x (hoc y)
4.4.4. Phng php dy cung
a. tng

23

Gi s [a, b] l khong nghim phng trnh f(x)=0. Gi A, B l 2 im

trn th f(x) c honh tng ng l a, b. Phng trnh ng thng
qua 2 im A(a, f(a)), B(b, f(b)) c dng:
y f (a )
xa

f ( b) f (a ) b a

Dy cung AB ct trc x ti im c to (x1, 0)

Do :

x a
0 f (a )
1
f ( b ) f (a ) b a

x1 a

( b a )f (a )
f ( b) f ( a )

Nu f(a)*f(x1) <0, thay b=x1 ta c khong nghim mi l (a, x1)

Nu f(b)*f(x1) <0, thay a=x1 ta c khong nghim mi l (x1, b)
Tip tc p dng phng php dy cung vo khong nghim mi ta c
gi tr x2. Li tip tc nh th ta nhn c cc gi tr x3, x4, cng tin
gn vi gi tr nghim phng trnh.
b. ngha hnh hc
y

x2 x1

D
C
B

V d 9. Gii phng trnh 2x + x - 4 = 0 bng phng php dy cung

Gii:
- Tch nghim: Phng trnh c 1 nghim x(1, 2)
- Chnh xc ho nghim:
24

f(1) = -1 < 0,

x 1

f(2) = 2 > 0

(2 1)(1)
1.333
2 (1)

f(x) = f(1.333) = -0.447<0

Bng kt qu:

f(x)

1.333

-0.447

1.333

1.379

-0.020

1.379

1.385

-0.003

1.385

1.386

-0.000

1.386

1.386

Vy nghim phng trnh: x 1.386

c. Thut ton
- Khai bo hm f(x)
- Nhp a, b
- Tnh x = a (b-a)f(a) / (f(b)-f(a))
- Nu f(x)*f(a) <0
Lp b = x
x = a (b-a)f(a) / (f(b)-f(a))
trong khi x - b>
Ngc li
Lp a = x
x = a (b-a)f(a) / (f(b)-f(a))
trong khi x - a>
- Xut nghim: x

25

BI TP

1. Tm nghim gn ng cc phng trnh sau bng phng php chia i

v phng php dy cung vi sai s khng qu 10-3:
b. x3 x 1 = 0
a. x3 x + 5 = 0
c. sinx x + 1/4 = 0

d. x4 4x 1= 0

e. x3 + x 5 = 0

f. ex + x 2 = 0

2. Tm nghim gn ng cc phng trnh:

a. ex 10x + 7 = 0

b. x3 + x 5 = 0

c. 2x + x - 4 = 0

d. ex + x + 1 = 0

bng phng php tip tuyn vi sai s khng qu 10-3

3. Tm nghim gn ng cc phng trnh:
a. x3 + 5x - 2 = 0

b. 2x + x 5 = 0

c. cos2x + x 5 = 0

d. lnx + x + 1 = 0

4. Dng phng php lp tm nghim dng cho phng trnh

x3 x 1000 = 0 vi sai s khng qu 10-3
5. Tm nghim dng cho phng trnh:
6. Tm nghim m cho phng trnh:

x3 + x2 2x 2 = 0

x4 - 3x2 + 75x 1000 = 0

7. Vit chng trnh tm nghim cho phng trnh c dng tng qut:
f(x) = a0xn + a1xn-1 + + an-1x + an = 0
a. p dng phng php chia i
b. p dng phng php dy cung
8. Vit chng trnh tm nghim gn ng cho phng trnh siu vit, v
d: ex 10x + 7 = 0
a. p dng phng php chia i
b. p dng phng php tip tuyn
c. p dng phng php dy cung
9. Vit chng trnh tm nghim gn ng cho phng trnh: x3 - x - 1= 0
bng phng php lp
10. Vit chng trnh xc nh gi tr x1, x2 theo nh l 3.
11. Vit chng trnh tm cn trn ca nghim dng phng trnh i s
theo nh l 4.

26

CHNG V

GII H PHNG TRNH

I S TUYN TNH

5.1. Gii thiu

Cho h phng trnh tuyn tnh:
a11x1 + a12x2 + ... + a1nxn = a1n+1
a21x1 + a22x2 + ... + a2nxn = a2n+1

an1x1 + an2x2 + ... + annxn = ann+1

H phng trnh trn c th c cho bi ma trn:

Ann+1

a11

a12

...

a1n

a1n+1

a21

a22

...

a2n

a2n+1

an2

...

ann

ann+1

....
an1

Vn : Tm vect nghim

x (x1 , x 2 ,...,x n )

* Phng php:
- Phng php ng (krame, gauss, khai cn): c im ca cc phng
php ny l sau mt s hu hn cc bc tnh, ta nhn c nghim ng
nu trong qu trnh tnh ton khng lm trn s.
- Phng php gn ng (gauss siedel, gim d): Thng thng ta cho n
s mt gi tr ban u, t gi tr ny tnh gi tr nghim gn ng tt hn
theo mt qui tc no . Qu trnh ny c lp li nhiu ln v vi mt s
iu kin nht nh, ta nhn c nghim gn ng.
5.2. Phng php Krame
- Khai bo hm Dt tnh nh thc ma trn vung cp n
- Nhp n, aij (i = 1, n; j 1, n 1 )
- d = Dt (A)
- Xt

+d=0
+d#0

{di = Dt(Ai) ;

xi = di/d }
27

5.3. Phng php Gauss

5.3.1. Ni dung phng php
- Bin i Ma trn A v ma trn tam gic trn

A =

a11

a12

...

a1n

a1n+1

a21

a22

...

a2n

a2n+1

an1

an2

...

ann

ann+1

a11

a12

...

a1n

a1n+1

a'22

...

a'2n

a'2n+1

...

a'nn

a'nn+1

........

A =

......
0

Cch bin i A A: Thc hin n-1 ln bin i

Ln bin i th i (lm cho aji = 0; j = i + 1 n) bng cch:
dng j = dng j + dng i * m (m = -aji / aii )
- Tm nghim theo qu trnh ngc: xn xn-1 ... x1
V d 1. Gii h phng trnh
1

-1

-3

-7

-8

5/3

13

4/3

5
4

14

-1

-7

-8

-3

-7

-8

0 13/3

-14/3

-1/3

0 17/3

-7/3

10/3

-1

-2 2

-1

1 -1

2 -2

-1

0 -3

17 0
13

13/3 -14/3
0

49/13

-1/3
49/13

x4 = 1; x3 = 1; x2 = 1; x1 = 1
Vy nghim h phng trnh x (1, 1, 1, 1)
5.3.2. Thut ton
- Nhp n, aij ( i 1, n, j 1, n 1 ) (nhp trc tip hoc t file)
28

- Bin i A A (ma trn tam gic trn)

Lp i = 1 n -1
Tm j sao cho aji # 0 , j = i+1n
+ Nu aii = 0
Nu j<=n th hon i dng i v dng j cho nhau
ngc li th kt thc (v d liu ko hp l)
+ Lp j = i + 1 n

m = -aji /aii

Lp k = i n +1

ajk = ajk + aik * m

- Tm nghim
n

x i a in 1 a ij x j / a ii ( i =n 1)
ji 1

Lp i = n 1

s=0

lp j = i + 1 n

xi = (ain+1 - s)/aii

s = s + aij * xj

- Xut nghim: xi (i=1n)

5.4. Phng php lp Gauss - Siedel (t sa sai)
5.4.1. Ni dung phng php

Bin i h phng trnh v dng:

x ( x 1 , x 2 ,......, x n ) ;

x B x g

g (g1 , g 2 ,......, g n ) ;

B = {bij}n

Cch bin i:
a11x1 +a12x2 + ....+ a1nxn = a1n+1
a21x1 +a22x2 + ....+ a2nxn = a2n+1
.......
an1x1 +an2x2 + ....+ annxn = ann+1
n

x 1 (a 1 n 1 a 1 j x j ) / a 11 ( j 1)
j1

....
n

x n (a nn 1 a nj x j ) / a nn ( j n )
j1

29

Tng qut:
n

x i (a in 1 a ij x j ) / a ii ( j i) (*) (i=1n)
j1

Cho h phng trnh xp x nghim ban u: x 0 ( x 10 , x 02 ,..., x 0n )

Thay x 0 vo (*) tnh: x 1 ( x 11 , x 12 ,..., x 1n )

x 1i ( a in 1

a ij x 0j ) / a ii ( j i )
j1

Tng t, tnh x 2 , x 3 ,
Tng qut:

x ik 1 ( a in 1 a ij x kj ) / a ii ( j i )
j 1

Qu trnh lp s dng khi tho mn tiu chun hi t tuyt i:

x ik 1 x ik ( i 1, n )

Khi x k ( x 1k , x k2 ,.., x kn ) l nghim gn ng ca h phng trnh

iu kin hi t:
H phng trnh c ma trn lp B tho mn:
n

r1 max b ij 1
i
j1
n

hoc r2 max b ij 1
j

i 1

hoc r3 b ij2 1
i 1 j1

th qu trnh s hi t n nghim.
V d 2. Gii h phng trnh bng phng php Gauss - Siedel
10

10

10

12

10

x1 = -0.2x2 0.1x3 + 1
x2 = -0.1x1 0.2x3 + 1.2
x3 = -0.1x1 0.1x2 + 0.8

30

B=

0
-0.1

-0.2
0

-0.1
-0.2

-0.1

-0.1

g (1, 1.2, 0.8)

3

r max b ij 0.3 1 tho mn iu kin hi t

i
1
j1

Do

p dng Phng php Gauss - Siedel:

Chn x

( 0 , 0 , 0 ) thay vo c x 1 (1, 1 . 2 , 0 . 8 )

Tng t tnh x

,x

...

Bng kt qu:
x1

x2

x3

1.2

0.8

0.68

0.94

0.58

0.754

1.016

0.638

0.733

0.997

0.623

0.738

1.002

0.627

0.737

1.001

0.626

0.737

1.001

0.626

Nghim h phng trnh: x (0.737, 1.001, 0.626)

V

x i7 x i6 10 3 i 1, 3

5.4.2. Thut ton

- Nhp n, aij (i=1n, j=1n+1)
- Nhp xp x nghim ban u: xi (i =1n)
- Lp
t = 0 /* cho thoat */
lap i = 1 n
{ s=0
lap j = 1 n do
if (j i) s = s + aij * xj
yi = (ain + 1 - s ) / aii
if ( | yi xi | > = )

t =1 /* cho lap */
31

xi = yi }
trong khi (t)
- Xut nghim: xi hoc yi (i =1n)
5.5. Phng php gim d
5.5.1. Ni dung phng php
Bin i h phng trnh v dng:
a1n + 1 - a11x1 - a12x2 - ... - a1nxn = 0
a2n + 1 - a21x1 - a22x2 - ... - a2nxn = 0

(1)

.......
ann + 1 - an1x2 - an2x2 - ... - annxn = 0
Chia dng i cho aii # 0
b1n + 1 - b12x2 - b13x2 - ... - x1 = 0
b2n + 1 - b21x1 b23x3 - ... - x2 = 0

(2)

.......
bnn + 1 - bn1x1 - bn2x2 - ... - xn = 0

Cho vect nghim ban u x

( x 10 , x 02 ,..., x 0n )

V x 0 khng phi l nghim nn:

b1n+1 - b12x20 - b13x30 - ... - x10 = R10
b2n+1 - b21x10 - b23x30 - ... - x20 = R20
.............................
bnn+1 - bn1x10 - bn2x20 - ... - xn0 = Rn0

R10 , R 02 ,...., R 0n l cc s d do s sai khc gia x 0 vi nghim thc ca

h phng trnh
Tm Rs0 = max {|R10|, | R20|, ... | Rn0|} v lm trit tiu phn t bng
cch cho xs mt s gia xs = Rs0, ngha l xs1 = xs0 + Rs0
Tnh li cc s d :
Rs1 = 0
Ri1 = Ri0 - bis * xs = Ri0 - bis * Rs0 (i = 1 n)
C tip tc qu trnh lp trn n khi tha mn: Rik< (i = 1n)
Khi : xk = (x1k, x2k,... xnk) l nghim ca h phng trnh.
32

V d 3. Gii h phng trnh:

10

-2

-2

-2

10

-1

-10

-8

Gii: Bin i v h phng trnh tng ng

0.6 + 0.2 x2 + 0.2x3 - x1 = 0
0.7 + 0.2 x1 + 0.1x3 - x2 = 0
0.8 + 0.1 x1 + 0.1x2 - x3 = 0

Cho x 0 ( 0 , 0 , 0 ) R 0 ( 0 .6 , 0 . 7 , 0 . 8 )
R 30 max{ R i0 } = 0.8

( i 1,3 )

x 13 x 03 R 30 0 .8
R 12 R 02 b 23 * R 30 0 . 7 ( 0 . 1) * 0 . 8 0 . 78

R 11 R 10 b 13 * R 30 0 .6 ( 0 .2 ) * 0 .8 0 .76

R 1 (0.76, 0.78, 0)

Tng t ta c bng kt qu:

x1
0

x2
0

x3
0
0.8

0.78
0.92
0.96
0.99
0.99
0.99
1
1
1

R1
0.6
0.76
0.92
0
0.04
0.07
0
0.01
0.01
0
0

R2
0.7
0.78
0
0.18
0
0.02
0.03
0
0
0.01
0

R3
0.8
0
0.08
0.17
0.19
0
0.01
0.01
0
0
0

Vy nghim h phng trnh x = (1, 1, 1)

5.5.2. Thut ton
- Nhp n, aij, xi
- Bin i h phng trnh (1) v dng (2)
33

for (i=1, i<= n, i++)

{ t = a[i,i]
for (j=1, j<=n+1; j ++)

a[i,j] = a [i,j]/t

}
- Tnh r[i] ban u (i = 1n)
for i = 1 n do
{ r[i] =a [i, n+1]
for j = 1 n do r[i] = r [i] - a[i,j] * x [j] }
- Lap
t = 0 /* cho thoat*/
/* Tm rs = max {|r[i]|} (i = 1n) & tnh li xs*/
max = |r[1]|; k =1
for i = 2 n do
if (max < |r[i]| ) { max = |r[i]; k= i }
x [k] = x [k] + r[k]
/* Tnh li R[i] kim tra kh nng lp tip theo */
d = r[k]
for i =1 n
{ r[i] = r[i] - a[i, k] * d
if (|r[i]| > ) thi t =1 /* cho lap*/
}
trong khi ( t )
- Xut nghim: x[i] (i = 1n)
Lu :
- Phng php ch thc hin c khi aii # 0, nu khng phI i dng
- Qu trnh hi t khng ph thuc vo x0 m ch ph thuc vo bn cht
ca h phng trnh.
- Mi h phng trnh c gi tr ring 1 u hi t n nghim mt cch
nhanh chng.
- Nu cc phn t aii cng ln hn cc phn t trn dng bao nhiu th qu
trnh hi t cng nhanh.

34

BI TP

1. Gii cc h phng trnh sau bng phng php Gauss

a.
1

0
-1

1
3

-2
2

1
2

-1

-1

-1

-2

-1

15

-5

-1

-2

-1

-1

b.

c.

d.

2. Gii cc h phng trnh sau bng phng php Gauss Siedel

a.

b.
10

15

-15

-2

-10

-2

-1

20

20

12

35

3. Vit chng trnh gii h i s tuyn tnh bng phng php Gauss
a. Nhp d liu trc tip
b. Nhp d liu thng qua file
4. Vit chng trnh gii h i s tuyn tnh bng phng php lp Gauss
Siedel
a. Nhp d liu trc tip
b. Nhp d liu thng qua file
5. Vit chng trnh gii h i s tuyn tnh bng phng php gim d
a. Nhp d liu trc tip
b. Nhp d liu thng qua file

36

CHNG VI

TM GI TR RING - VECT RING

6.1. Gii thiu

Cho ma trn vung cp n

A =

a11

a12

...

a1n

a21

a22

...

a2n

an2

...

ann

.......
an1

Tm gi tr ring, Vect ring x ca ma trn A

Ngha l: tm v x sao cho :

det (A - E) = 0

( E : Ma trn n v)

(A - E) x = 0
trnh vic khai trin nh thc (i hi s php tnh ln) khi tm ta c
th p dng phng php anhilepski. phng php ny ta ch cn tm
ma trn P sao cho P ng dng vi ma trn A v P c dng ma trn
Phrbemit.

P =

p1
1

p2
0

...
...

pn-1
0

pn
0

...

...

....
0

Khi gi tr ring ca ma trn P cng l gi tr ring ca ma trn A.

6.2. Ma trn ng ng
6.2.1. nh ngha
Ma trn B gi l ng dng vi ma trn A (B A) nu tn ti ma trn
khng suy bin M (det(M) 0) sao cho B = M-1A M
6.2.2. Tnh cht:
ABBA
A B, B C A C
A B gi tr ring ca A v B trng nhau.
37

6.3. Tm gi tr ring bng phng php anhilepski

6.3.1. Ni dung phng php
Thc hin n-1 ln bin i:
* Ln bin i 1: Tm M-1 , M sao cho A1 = M-1 A M A
v dng n ca A1 c dng ca ma trn P ( 0 0 0 ... 1 0)

M-1 =

M =

... 0

... 0

an1

an2

... ann

... 1

...

...

a n1
a nn 1

a n2
a nn 1

1
ann1

a nn
a nn 1

Mn-1j

M-1n-1j = anj

a nn 1

a nj
a nn 1

...

nu j = n -1
nu j # n - 1

A1 = M-1A M A
* Ln bin i 2: Chn M-1, M sao cho A2 = M-1 A1 M A1
v 2 dng n, n-1 ca A2 c dng ca ma trn P.
A2 A1 , A1 A => A2 A (tnh cht)
.
* Ln bin i th n-1
Ta nhn c ma trn An-1 A v An-1 chnh l ma trn P cn tm.
Khi nh thc:
det (P-E) = (-1)n (n - p1 n-1 - - pn-1 - pn)
det (p-E) = 0 n - p1 n-1 - - pn-1 - pn = 0
38

Gii phng trnh, suy ra

V d 1. Tm gi tr ring ca ma trn:

p1

p2

P3

n=3

ta tm:
P

Ln 1: Chn
M

-1

A1 = M-1A M

-2

-5

-2

Ln 2: Chn
M

-1

-5

-5

A2 = M-1A1M=

-14

Gi tr ring l nghim phng trnh:

=P

3 - 72 + 14 - 8 = 0

(-2) (-1) (-4) = 0 = 2; =1; =4

39

6.3.2. Thut ton

- Nhp n, aij ( i,j = 1n)
- Khai bo hm nhn 2 ma trn vung cp n
n

(C = A x B => c ij a ik b kj

k 1

- Lp k = n -1 1 (phn t bin i : ak+1 k )

/* Tnh 2 ma trn M, M1 (M1 la ma tran nghich dao cua M) */
for i = 1 n
for j = 1 n
if i k
if i = j {M[i,j] = 1; M1[i,j] = 1 }
else

{M[i,j] = 0; M1[i,j] = 0 }

else { M1[i,j] = a[k+1,j]

if (j = k)
M[i,j] = 1/a[k+1,k]
else

M[i,j] = - a[k+1,j]/a[k+1,k] }

/* Gi hm nhn 2 ln */
Ln 1 : vo A, M; ra B
Ln 2 : vo M1; B; ra A
- Xut aij ( i,j = 1n)
Thut ton nhn 2 ma trn vung cp n: c = a*b
for (i=1, i < = n; i++)
for (j=1; j< = n; j++) {
c[i] [j] = 0
for (k=1; k < = n; k++) c[i] [j] + = a [i] [k] * b [k] [j]
}

40

6.4. Tm vect ring bng phng php anhilepski

6.4.1. Xy dng cng thc

Gi y l vect ring ca ma trn P A

Ta c: (P - E) y = 0

P y = E y

M-1. A. M . y = E y
Nhn 2 v cho M:

M M-1. A M y = M E y

A M y = E My

t x = M y

= E x

Ax

(A - E) x = 0

Vy x = M y l vect ring ca A
P M n11 .M n1 2 ...M 11 .A .M 1 .M 2 .M n1

Mi: Ma trn M xc nh c ln bin i th i

v M = M1 M2 ... Mn-1

Xc nh y

(P-E) y = 0
p1 -

p2

...

pn-1

pn

y1

...

y2

......
0

=0

...
0

...

yn

(p1 - )y1 + p2y2 + ... + pn-1yn-1 + pnyn = 0

y1 - y2

=0

.....
yn-1 - yn = 0
cho: yn = 1 yn-1 = ,
yn-2 = yn-1 = 2 , ... , y1 = n-1
41

Vy y = (n-1, n-2, ... , 2, , 1)

V d 2. Tm vect ring ca A
A

Gii: Gi y l vect ring ca ma trn P A

v d 1 ta c:

1 = 2 y 1 = (4, 2, 1)

2 = 1 y 2 = (1, 1, 1)

3 = 4 y 3 = (16, 4, 1)
Tm M:
M = M1 M 2

-5

-2

-5

-2

-5

-2

= -1

-5

16

-2

-5

-2

x =M y

x1

x2

x3

-1
=

2
1

Vy vect ring ca A:

x 1 = (-1, 0, 1) ;

x 2 = (1, -1, 1) ;

x 3 = (1, 2, 1)

6.4.2. Thut ton

B sung thm lnh trong thut ton tm tr ring nh sau:
42

- Nhp
- Khi to B1 = E
- Lp k = n-1 1
/* Tnh 2 ma trn M, M1 */
/* Gi hm nhn 3 ln */
Ln 1: vo A, M; ra B
Ln 2: vo M1, B; ra A
Ln 3: vo B1, M; ra B
/* Gn li ma trn B1=B */
- Xut aij, bij

43

CHNG VII

NI SUY V PHNG PHP

BNH PHNG B NHT

7.1. Gii thiu

Trong ton hc ta thng gp cc bi ton lin quan n kho st v tnh
gi tr cc hm y = f(x) no . Tuy nhin trong thc t c trng hp ta
khng xc nh c biu thc ca hm f(x) m ch nhn c cc gi tr
ri rc: y0, y1, ..., yn ti cc im tng ng x0, x1, ..., xn.
Vn t ra l lm sao xc nh gi tr ca hm ti cc im cn li.
Ta phi xy dng hm (x) sao cho:
(xi) = yi = f (xi) vi i 0, n
(x) f (x) x thuc [a, b] v x xi cho trc
- Bi ton xy dng hm (x) gi l bi ton ni suy
- Hm (x) gi l hm ni suy ca f(x) trn [a, b] =[x0, xn]
- Cc im xi ( i 0, n ) gi l cc mc ni suy
Hm ni suy cng c p dng trong trng hp xc nh c biu
thc ca f(x) nhng n qu phc tp trong vic kho st, tnh ton. Khi
ta tm hm ni suy xp x vi n n gin phn tch v kho st hn.
Trong trng hp ta chn n+1 im bt k lm mc ni suy v tnh gi
tr ti cc im , t xy dng c hm ni suy.
xy dng hm (x) ta c th p dng : Cng thc ni suy Lagrange,
cng thc Newton,.
Trng hp bi ton cho trc dng ca biu thc f(x) th p dng phng
php bnh phng b nht.
Trng hp tng qut: hm ni suy (x) khng ch tho mn gi tr hm ti
mc ni suy m cn tho mn gi tr o hm cc cp ti mc .
(x0) = f(x0);

(x1) = f(x1);

(xn) = f(xn)

(x0) = f(x0);

(x1) = f(x1); (xn) = f(xn)

k(x0) = fk(x0);

k(x1) = fk(x1);

k(xn) = fk(xn)

Ngha l ta tm hm ni suy ca f(x) tha mn bng gi tr sau:

44

xi

x0

x1

...

xn

yi =f(xi)

y0

y1

...

yn

y'i=f(xi)

y'0

y'1

...

y'n

y'i=f(xi)

y0

y1

...

yn

Trong trng hp ny ta p dng cng thc ni suy Hecmit

7.2. a thc ni suy Lagrange
Gi s f(x) nhn gi tr yi ti cc im tng ng xi ( i 0, n ), khi a thc
ni suy Lagrange ca f(x) l a thc bc n v c xc nh theo cng thc sau:
L n (x)
p in ( x )

y i p in ( x )

i0

( x x 0 )( x x1 )...( x x i1 )( x x i1 )...( x x n )
TS( x )

( x i x 0 )( x i x1 )...( x i x i1 )( x i x i1 )...( x i x n )
MS

t W(x) = (x - x0)(x - x1)... (x - xn)

Suy ra: TS(x) =
Ln(x) = W(x)

W(x)
x - xi

(x - x
i 0

MS W' (x i )

yi
i ) W' (x i )

V d 1. Cho hm f(x) tho mn:

xi

f(xi)

-1

Tm hm ni suy ca f(x), tnh f(3) v f(2.5)

Gii:
Cch 1: W(x) = x (x - 1) (x - 2) (x - 4)
W(0) = (0-1) (0-2)(0-4) = -8
W(1) = (1)(1-2) (1-4) = 3
W(2) = (2)(2-1)(2-4) = -4
W(4) = (4) (4-1)(4-2) = 24
45

L3(x) = x (x 1)(x 2)(x 4)(

=

2
3
1

)
x (8) 3(x 1) 4(x 2)

1
((x 1)(x 2)(x 4) 4x (x 2)(x 4) x (x 1)(x 4))
4

1
( x 4)(( x 1)( x 2) 4 x ( x 2) x ( x 1))
4
1
= ( x 4)(4 x 2 6x 2)
4
=

Cch 2:
L3(x) = 2

( x 1)( x 2)( x 4)
x ( x 2)( x 4)
x ( x 1)( x 4)
3
1
( 1)(2)(4)
1(1)(3)
2(1)(2)

1
( x 4)(4 x 2 6x 2)
4
f(3) L3(3) = (3 - 4)(4*32 - 6*3 - 2)/4 = -4
f(2.5) L3(2.5) = (2.5 - 4)(4*2.52 - 6*2.5 - 2)/4 = -3
=

7.3. a thc ni suy Lagrange vi cc mi cch u

Gi s hm f(x) nhn gi tr yi ti cc im tng ng xi ( i 0, n ) cch u
mt khong h.
x x0
, khi :
h
x - x0 = h*t

xi - x0 = h *i

x- x1 = h(t - 1)

xi - x1 = h(i-1)

...

...

x - xi-1 = h(t- (i-1))

xi - xi-1 = h

x - xi+1 = h(t -(i+1))

xi - xi+1 = -h

...

...

x - xn = h(t - n)

xi - xn = -h(n - i)

t t

p in ( x 0 ht )

t ( t 1) ... ( t (i 1) ( t (i 1)) ... ( t n )

i(i 1) ...1(1) n i (1)(2)... (n i)
t ( t 1) ... ( t n )
( t i) (i!) ( n i)! ( 1) n i

46

yi (1)n i
Ln(x0 + ht) = t(t -1) ... (t - n)
i 0 (t i)(i!)(n i)!
n

t(t 1)...(t n) n (1) n i yi cin

Ln(x0 + ht) =

i 0
n!
t i
V d 2. Tm hm ni suy ca f(x) tho mn:
xi

f(xi)

-2

Gii:
Cch 1:
W(x) = x (x - 2) (x - 4)
W(0) = (0 - 2) (0 - 4) = -8
W(2) = (2 - 0) (2 - 4) = -4
W(4) = (4 - 0) (4 - 2) = 8
L2(x) = x ( x 2)( x 4)(

5
2
1
)

8( x 0) ( x 2)(4) ( x 4).8

1
5
2
1
x ( x 2)( x 4) (
)

8
4x ( x 2) 4( x 4)

1
(5( x 2)( x 4) 4 x ( x 4) x ( x 2))
8

1
1
(10 x 2 48x 40) (5x 2 24 x 20)
8
4

Cch 2:

t(t 1)(t 2) 5C02 2C12 1.C22

)
L2 (2t)
(

2!
t 0 t 1 t 2
t ( t 1)( t 2) 5
4
1
)
(

=
2
t t 1 t 2
=

1 2
(5(t 1)(t 2)4t(t 2)t(t 1))
2

1
(10t 2 24t 10) 5t 2 12t 5
2
47

5
4

Vy L2 (x) x 6x 5
2

7.4. Bng ni suy Ayken

Khi tnh gi tr ca hm ti mt im x=c no bt k m khng cn phi
xc nh biu thc ca f(x). Khi ta c th p dng bng ni suy Ayken
nh sau
7.4.1. Xy dng bng ni suy Ayken
c-x0

x0-x1

x0-x2

x0-xn

x1-x0

c-x1

x1-x2

x1-xn

d0
d1

x2-x0

x2-x1

c-x2

x2-xn

d2

xn-x0

xn-x1

c-xn

dn

xn-x2

W(c) = (c- x0)( c- x1)( c- xn) : Tch cc phn t trn ng cho

W(xi) = (xi - x0)( xi x1) (xi - xi-1) (xi - xi+1) ... (xi - xn)
(c - xi) W(xi) = (xi - x0)( xi x1) (xi - xi-1) (c- xi)(xi - xi+1) ... (xi - xn)
di = (c-xi) W(xi) : Tch cc phn t trn dng i (i=0,1, ,n)
yi
i 0 (c x i ) W' (x i )
n

f(c) Ln(c) = W(c).

n

f(c) W(c)

i0

yi
di

V d 3. Tnh f (3.5) khi bit f(x) tho mn

xi

yi

-1

48

Gii Xy dng bng ni suy Ayken

2.5

-1

-2

-3

-4

60

1.5

-1

-2

-3

-9

0.5

-1

-2

-0.5

-1

-1.5

-36

W(3.5) = 1.40625
f(3.5) L4 (3.5) = (

1 2 7 1
)*1.40625 = 4.210938
20 9 2 3

7.4.2. Thut ton

- Nhp: n, xi, yi (i = 0n), c
- w = 1; s = 0;
- Lp i = 0 n
{ w = w*(c - xi)
d = c - xi
Lp j = 0 n
Nu j != i th d = d * (xi - xj)
s = s + yi/d }
- Xut kt qa: w*s
7.5. Bng ni suy Ayken (dng 2)
Xt hm ni suy ca 2 im: x0, x1

L 01 y 0

x x0
x x1
y1
x 0 x1
x1 x 0

y0 (x1 x) y1(x0 x)
x1 x0

y0 x0x
y1 x 1 x

x1 x0
49

Hm ni suy ca hai im: x0, xi

L0i(x)

y0

x0-x

= yi

xi-x
xi-x0

Xt hm p(x) c dng:
L01(x) x1- x
p(x) = L0i(x) xi - x
xi - x1
p(x0) =

L01(x0) (xi x0) - L0i(x0) (x1 x0)

xi - x1
y1 (xi - x1)

P(x1) =

xi - x1
-y1 (x1 - xi)

P(xi) =

xi - x1

y0(xi - x1)
xi - x1

y0

= y1
= yi

Vy p(x) l hm ni suy ca 3 im: x0, x1, xi

Hm ni suy tng qut ca n+1 im: x0, x1,..., xn
L012...n-2 n-1(x) xn-1- x
L012...n(x) =

L012...n-2 n(x)

xn- x

xn - xn-1
Bng Ni suy Ayken (dng 2)
xi

yi

L0i(x)

L01i(x) L012i(x)

...

L012...n(x)

xi - x

x0

y0

x1

y1

L01(x)

x1 - x

x2

y2

L02(x) L012(x)

x2 - x

x3

y3

L03(x) L013(x) L0123(x)

....

....

xn

yn

x0 - x

...

L0n(x) L01n(x) L012n(x)

...
...

L012...n(x)

xn - x

50

V d 4. Cho f(x) tho mn:

xi

yi

Tnh f (2.5)
Gii: p dng bng Ayken (dng 2)
xi

yi

Loi(x)

Lo1i(x)

Lo12ix

4.25

4.625

4.5

4.875

4.5

4.25

4.875

4.562

Lo123ix

xi - x
-1.5
-0.5
0.5
1.5

4.407

2.5

Vy f(2.5) L01234(2.5) = 4.407

Ch thch : L01(-2.5) = (2(-0.5) - 4(-1.5)) / (2-1) = 5
7.6. Ni suy Newton
7.6.1. Sai phn
a. Khi nim
Cho hm f(x) v h l hng s, khi :
f(x) = f(x + h) - f(x) c gi l sai phn cp 1 i vi bc h.
2f(x) = [f(x)] : sai phn cp 2
Tng qut: kf(x) = [k-1 f(x)] : sai phn cp k
b. Bng sai phn
Gi s hm f(x) nhn gi tr yi ti cc im tng ng xi cch u nhau mt
khong h, (i=0n). Khi gi tr sai phn cc cp ca hm f(x) ti cc
im xi c xc nh trong bng sai phn nh sau:

51

f(xi)

f(xi)

2f(xi)

3f(xi)

nf(xi)

y0
y1

f(x0)

y2

f(x1)

2f(x0)

y3

f(x2)

2f(x1) f3(x0)

....

...

yn

f(xn-1)

nf(x0)

c. Thut ton in ra bng sai phn

Dng ma trn a lu cc gi tr ca bng sai phn
-

Nhp n, yi (i=0n)

- Gn gi tr yi cho a[i][0] (i=0n)

- Tnh gi tr cc phn t cn li trong na di ca ma trn a
- Xut na di ca ma trn a
7.6.2. Cng thc ni suy Newton
Gi s hm f(x) nhn gi tr yi ti cc mc xi cch u mt khong h,
(i=1n). Khi hm ni suy Newton l mt a thc bc n c xc nh
nh sau:
Ln(x) = Co0(x) + C11(x) + ... + Cnn(x)

(*)

Trong : 0(x) = 1;

x x0
h

1(x )

2 (x)

( x x 0 )( x x 1 )
;
h 2 2!

n (x)

(x x 0 )(x x1 )...(x x n 1 )
h n n!

Lp cc hm i(x) c tnh cht sau:

- i(x0) = 0 i = 1, n
- k(x) = k-1(x)
* Xc nh cc h s Ci (i= 0, n )
52

Sai phn cp 1 ca Ln(x) :

Ln(x) = C00(x) + C11(x) + C22(x) + ... + Cnn(x) (1)
= C10(x) + C21(x) + ... + Cnn-1(x)
Sai phn cp 2 ca Ln(x) :
2Ln(x) = C10(x) + C21(x) + ...+ Cnn-1(x)

(2)

= C20(x) + C31(x) + ... + Cnn-2(x)

...
Sai phn cp n ca Ln(x) :
nLn(x) = Cn0(x) = Cn

(n)

Thay x = x0 vo (*), (1), (2), ...., (n) ta c:

C0 = Ln(x0) ; C1 = Ln(x0) ; C2 = 2Ln(x0) ; ... ;

Cn = nLn(x0)

V Ln(x) f(x) nn:

Ln(x0) f(x0) ;

Ln(x0) f(x0) ;

2Ln(x0) 2f(x0) ; ; nLn(x0) nf(x0)

Vy :
x x0
( x x 0 )( x x 1 )
2 f ( x 0 )
h
h 2 2!
( x x 0 )( x x 1 )...( x x n 1 )
... n f ( x 0 )
h n n!

L n ( x ) f ( x 0 ) f (x 0 )

V d 5. Xy dng hm ni suy Newton ca f(x) tho mn:

xi

yi

Gii: Lp bng sai phn:

53

f(xi)

2f(xi)

3f(xi)

xi

f(xi)

-1

-1

-2

4f(xi)

-4

Hm ni suy Newton:
( x x 0 )( x x 1 )( x x 2 )
x x 0 ( x x 0 )( x x 1 )

2
L 4 (x) 2 2
3!
1
2!
( x x 0 )( x x 1 )( x x 2 )( x x 3 )
4
4!
7.7. Ni suy tng qut (Ni suy Hecmit)
Xy dng hm ni suy ca f(x) tho mn gi tr hm v gi tr o hm cc
cp theo bng gi tr sau:

xi

x0

x1

...

xn

yi =f(xi)

y0

y1

...

yn

y'i=f(xi)

y'0

y'1

...

y'n

yi'= f(xi)

y''0

y1

...

yn

...

yi(k) =f(k)(xi)

y1(k)

y2(k)

yn(k)

Gi s hm ni suy cn tm l a thc bc m: Hm(x)

k

m=n+

si
i 1

(Si : s gi thit c cho o hm cp i )

54

Hm(x) = Ln(x) + W(x) Hp(x)

( v Hm(xi) = Ln(xi) + W(xi) Hp(xi) = yi )
Vi:

W(x) = (x-x0)(x-x1)....(x-xn)
p= m - (n + 1)

o hm cp 1:
Hm(x) = Ln(x) + W(x) Hp(x) + W(x)Hp(x)
Xt ti cc im xi:
Hm(xi) = Ln(xi) + W(xi) Hp(xi) + W(xi)Hp(xi) = yi
V W(xi) = 0, Ln(xi), W(xi) v yi bit nn tnh c gi tr ca Hp(xi)
o hm cp 2:
Hm(x) = Ln(x) + 2W(x) Hp(x) + W(x) Hp(x) + W(x)Hp(x)
Xt ti cc im xi:
Hm(xi) = Ln(xi) + 2W(xi) Hp(xi) + W(xi) Hp(xi) + W(xi)Hp(xi) =yi
0

Suy ra tnh c gi tr ca Hp(xi)

Tng t: o hm n cp k suy ra Hp(k-1)(xi)
Ta xy dng hm Hp(x) tho mn:

xi

x0

x1

...

xn

Hp(xi)

h0

h1

...

hn

Hp(xi)

h'0

h'1

...

h'n

h0(k-1)

h1(k-1)

...

hn(k-1)

...
Hp(k-1)(xi)

55

V bn cht, bi ton tm hm Hp(x) hon ton ging bi ton tm hm

Hm(x). Tuy nhin y bc ca n gim i (n+1) v gi thit v o hm
gim i mt cp.
Tip tc gii tng t nh trn, cui cng a v bi ton tm hm ni suy
Lagrange (khng cn o hm). Sau thay ngc kt qu ta c hm ni
suy Hecmit cn tm Hm(x).
V d 6. Tm hm ni suy ca hm f(x) tho mn:
xi

f(xi)

f(xi)

-3

Gii: Hm ni suy cn tm l a thc H4(x)

H4(x) = L2(x) + W(x) H1(x)
W(x) = x(x-1)(x-3) = x3 4x2 +3x
L 2 (x)

4 ( x 1)( x 3)
x ( x 3)
2
3
2

1
(x 2 7x 12)
3
H '4 ( x )

2
7
x ( 3 x 2 8 x 3 ) H 1 ( x ) W(x)H'
3
3

H '4 ( 0 )

7
22
3 H 1 ( 0 ) 5 H 1 ( 0 )
3
9

H ' 4 (1 )

5
2
2 H 1 (1 ) - 3 H 1 (1 )
3
3

(x)

Tm hm H1(x) tho mn:

xi

H1(xi)

22/9

2/3

56

H1(x) =

22 ( x 1) 2 ( x 0) 16 x 22

9 (0 1) 3 (1 0)
9

Vy H4(x) =(x2 7x +12)/3 + x(x-1)(x-3)(-16x +22)/9

7.8. Phng php bnh phng b nht
Gi s c 2 i lng (vt l, ho hc, ) x v y c lin h ph thuc nhau
theo mt trong cc dng bit sau:
- y = a + bx
- y = a + bx + cx2

Tuyn tnh

- y = a + bcosx + csinx
- y = aebx
- y = ax

Phi tuyn tnh

nhng cha xc nh c gi tr ca cc tham s a, b, c. xc nh c

cc tham s ny, ta tm cch tnh mt s cp gi tr tng ng (xi, yi), vi
i=1, 2, 3, n bng thc nghim, sau p dng phng php bnh phng
b nht.
* Trng hp: y = a + bx
Gi i sai s ti cc im xi
i = yi - a - bxi
Khi tng bnh phng cc sai s: S

i 1

i2

Mc ch ca phng php ny l xc nh a, b sao cho S l b nht. Nh

vy a, b l nghim h phng trnh:

S
0
a
S
0
b

Ta c: S = (yi2 + a2 + b2xi2 - 2ayi - 2bxiyi + 2abxi)

57

S n
(2a 2 y i 2bx i )
a i 1
S n
2
(2bx i 2x i y i 2ax i )
b i 1
n

na b x i
i 1

i 1

i 1

yi
i 1
n

a xi b xi xi yi
2

i 1

Gii h phng trnh ta c: a, b

* Trng hp y = a + bx + cx2
Gi i sai s ti cc im xi
i = yi - a - bxi - cxi2
Khi tng bnh phng cc sai s: S

i 1

i2

Cc h s a, b, c xc nh sao cho S l b nht. Nh vy a, b, c l nghim

ca h phng trnh:
S
0
a
S
0
a

i 1

i 1

na b x i c x

S
0
c

i 1

i 1

i 1
n

i 1

a x i b x i c x i
2

i 1

i 1

i 1

x iyi

a x i b x i c x i 4
2

yi

i 1

xi
i 1

yi

Gii h phng trnh ta c a, b, c

* Trng hp: y = aebx
Ly Logarit c s e hai v:

Lny = lna + bx

t Y = lny; A = lna; B = b; X = x
58

Ta a v dng: Y = A + BX
Gii h phng trnh ta c A, B => a = eA, b=B
* Trng hp y = axb
Ly Logarit c s 10 (hoc c s e) hai v:
Lgy = lga + blgx
t Y = lgy; A = lga; B = b; X = lgx
Ta a v dng: Y = A + BX
Gii h phng trnh ta c A, B => a = 10A, b=B
V d 7. Cho bit cc cp gi tr ca x v y theo bng sau:
xi

0.65

0.75

0.85

0.95

1.15

yi

0.96

1.06

1.17

1.29

1.58

Lp cng thc thc nghim ca y dng aebx

Gii:

Ta c: y = aebx

Ly Logarit c s e hai v:

Lny = lna + bx

t Y = lny; A = lna; B = b; X = x
Ta a v dng: Y = A + BX
Xi = xi

0.65

0.75

0.85

0.95

1.15

Yi = lnyi

-0.04

0.06

0.18

0.25

0.46

Xi

Xi2

XiYi

Yi

4.35

3.93

0.92

0.89

Phng php bnh phng b nht: A, B l nghim h phng trnh

59

nA B X
i1

i 1

i 1

i1

Yi

A X i B X i X i Yi
2

i 1

5A + 4.35B =0.89
4.35A + 3.93B = 0.92
Gii h phng trnh ta c: A = - 0.69, B = 1
Suy ra: a = eA = 1/2,
Vy f(x) =

1
e
2

b = B =1

60

BI TP

1. Cho hm f(x) tho mn:

x

f(x)

-2

Tm hm ni suy ca f(x), tnh gn ng: f(2) v f(3.5)

2. Cho hm f(x) tho mn:
x

f(x)

-5

Tm hm ni suy ca f(x), tnh gn ng: f(2) v f(0.5)

3. Cho hm f(x) tho mn:
x

f(x)

-2

Xy dng hm ni suy ca f(x) theo 4 cch

4. Xy dng hm ni suy Lagrange ca f(x) tho mn:
a.
x

f(x)

-1

f(x)

-1

b.

5. Dng bng ni suy Ayken dng 2 tnh gn ng f(2), f(4.5) khi bit f(x)
tho mn:
a.
x

f(x)

61

b.
x

f(x)

f(x)

c.

6. Xy dng hm ni suy Newton ca f(x) tho mn:

a.
x

f(x)

-4

f(x)

b.

7. Cho trc gi tr hm ti n+1 mc ni suy x0, x1,,xn. Vit chng trnh

tnh gn ng gi tr hm ti 1 im bt k thuc [x0, xn] bng cng thc
ni suy Ayken
8. Lp trnh in ra bng sai phn
9. Cho hm f(x) tho mn:
x
f(x)

2
4.243

3
4
5.196 6

5
6.708

6
7.348

7
7.937

8
8.485

a. Tnh gn ng f(2.5), f(3.5), f(6.5)

b. Xc nh biu thc f(x) dng axb
10. Cho hm f(x) tho mn:
x
f(x)

1
3.3

2
5.4

3
4
8.96 14.78

5
24.36

6
40.17

a. Tnh gn ng f(1.5), f(3.5), f(5.5)

b. Xc nh biu thc f(x) dng aebx

62

11. Xy dng hm ni suy Hecmit ca f(x) tho mn:

a.

b.
x
f(x)
f(x)

0
7
10

1
2
5

3
4

c.

x
f(x)
f(x)

0
7
10

1
2
5

3
4
3

x
f(x)
f(x)
f(x)

0
2
10
3

1
-5
4

2
0

d.
x
f(x)
f(x)
f(x)

0
2
10
5

1
-3

2
9

x
f(x)
f(x)
f(x)

0
1
0
0

1
2
7

2
129
448
1344

e.

63

CHNG VIII

TNH GN NG TCH PHN XC NH

8.1. Gii thiu

Xt hm s f(x) lin tc trn [a,b], nu xc nh c nguyn hm F(x) ta
tnh c tch phn xc nh theo cng thc:
b

f (x )dx F(b) F(a )

a

Nhng trong a s cc trng hp th khng tm c nguyn hm hoc

cha bit c biu thc ca f(x) m ch nhn c cc gi tr ca n ti
nhng im ri rc. Trong trng hp nh vy, ta c th s dng cc cng
thc gn ng sau tnh tch phn:
- Cng thc hnh thang.
- Cng thc Parabol
- Cng thc Newton _Cotet
8.2. Cng thc hnh thang
8.2.1. Xy dng cng thc
Chia [a, b] thnh n on bng nhau vi khong cch h = (b - a)/n theo cc
im chia: x0=a, x1=a+h, ..., xn = b
b

f ( x ) dx
a

x1

f ( x ) dx

x0 a

x2

xn

x1

x n 1

f ( x ) dx ...

f ( x ) dx

S l din tch gii hn bi ng cong f(x), x=a, x=b, v trc x

S1

S
x0 =ax1

f(x
)

Sn

xn-1xn =
b

Xt trn [x0, x1], ta xem ng cong f(x) l ng thng

64

S1 S hthang

1
h ( y 0 y1 )
2

Tng t:

S2

1
h ( y1 y 2 )
2

...
Sn

1
h ( y n 1 y n )
2

Vy:

f ( x ) dx h (
a

y0
y
y 1 y 2 ... y n 1 n )
2
2

8.2.2. Thut ton

- Khai bo hm f(x)
- Nhp a, b, n
- Tnh h = (b-a)/n, J = (f(a) + f(b))/2
- Lp i = 1 n-1 : J+ = f(a+i*h)
- Xut kt qu : h*J
8.3. Cng thc Parabol
8.3.1. Xy dng cng thc
Chia [a, b] thnh 2n on bng nhau vi khong cch h = (b - a)/2n theo cc
im chia: x0=a, x1=a+h, ..., x2n = b
b

x2

x4

x 2n

x0

x2

x 2n 2

f ( x )dx f ( x )dx f ( x )dx ... f ( x )dx

Xt trn [x0, x2] xem ng cong f(x) l Parabol (ni suy bc 2 ca 3 im
x0, x1, x2)
f (x) L 2 (x) y 0

( x x 0 )( x x 2 )
( x x1 )( x x 2 )
y1

( x1 x 0 )( x1 x 2 )
( x 0 x1 )( x 0 x 2 )

y2
x2

x2

x0

x0

( x x 0 )( x x1 )
( x 2 x 0 )( x 2 x1 )

f (x )dx L 2 (x )dx
65

Thay x0 = a, x1 = a + h , x2 = a+2h vo, ta c:

x2

f (x )dx 3 ( y 0 4 y1 y 2 )

x0

Tng t:
x4

f ( x )dx 3 ( y 2 4 y 3 y 4 )

x2

x2n

h
f ( x )dx ( y 2 n 2 4 y 2 n 1 y 2 )
3
x 2 n 2

Vy:

f ( x)dx 3 ( y 0 4 y1 2 y 2 ... 2 y 2 n 2 4 y 2n 1 y 2 n )
a

8.3.2. Thut ton

- Khai bo hm f(x)
- Nhp a, b, n
- Tnh h = (b-a)/2n, J = f(a) + f(b)
- Lp 1 = 1 2n-1
if (i%2) J+ = 4*f(a+i*h)
else J+ = 2*f(a+i*h)
- Xut kt qu : h*J /3
5

dx
theo 3 cch
2
1 1 x

V d. Tnh J =
Gii

Cch 1: J arctgx 15 arctg5 / 4 0.588

Cch 2: chia [1, 5] thnh 4 on bng nhau (h=1) vi cc im chia
xi

yi

1/2

1/5

1/10

1/17

1/26

Cng thc hnh thang:

J (1/2 + 2/5 +2/10 +2/17 + 1/26) /2 0.628
Cch 3: Cng thc Parabol:
J (1/2 + 4/5 +2/10 +4/17 + 1/26) /3 0.591
66

8.4. Cng thc Newton-Cotet

Chia [a, b] thnh n on bng nhau vi khong cch h = (b - a)/n. Cc im
chia: x0=a; x1 = a + h , ...., xn = b.
t x = a + (b - a)t => dx = (b - a) dt
xi

a+h

a + 2h

...

ti

1/n

2/n

...

Khi :
b

f ( x )dx (b a ) f (a (b a ) t )dt (b a ) ( t )dt

Vi

(t)= f(a + (b - a)t

Xem (t) l hm ni suy Lagrange ca n + 1 im: t0, t1, ..., tn

2
1
2
( t )( t )...( t 1)
( t 0)( t )...( t 1)
n
n
n
(t) L n (t) y 0
y1
...
1
1
1 2
1
2
( 0)( )...( 1)
( )( )...(1)
n
n
n
n n
n
1
n 1
( t 0)( t )...( t
)
n
n
yn
1
n 1
)
(1 0)(1 )...(1
n
n

Khi :

( t )dt L n (t )dt

1
i 1
i 1
( t 0)( t ) ... ( t
)( t
) ...( t 1)
i
n
n
n
t Pn
dt
i
i 1
i i 1 i i 1
i
0 ( 0)( ) ... (
)(
) ... ( 1)
n
n n
n
n n
n
n
1

Vy:

i 0

f (x )dx (b a ) y i p n
i

Xt n = 1 ( h = b-a )

t 1
1
dt ;
2
0 0 1

P10
b

f (x)dx (b a )(
a

1
t0
dt
2
01 0

P11

y 0 y1
h
) ( y 0 y1 ) Cng thc hnh thang
2
2
2
67

Lu : Gi tr ca Pni c th tra trong bng sau:

Pni

1/2

1/2

1/6

4/6

1/6

1/8

3/8

3/8

1/8

9/71

16/45

2/15

16/45

9/70

19/288

25/95

25/144

25/144

25/95

19/288

68

BI TP

1. Tnh gn ng cc biu thc sau theo 3 cch:

x
0 1 x 2 dx
1

a.

b.

tgx 3
dx
2 x

10

d. (arctg( x 5) 3x )dx

c. (ln(x 5) x 2 )dx
2

ln(x 1)
1 x dx

10

e.

ex
1 x 1 dx

10

f.

2. Cho hm f(x) c gi tr tng ng trong bng sau:

x
f(x)

1.5

0.91 1.49

2.5

2.46 4.06

3
6.69

3.5

11.04 18.2

4.5

30.01 49.47

Tnh gn ng :
a. Tch phn xc nh ca f(x) trn [1, 4]
b. Tch phn xc nh ca f(x) trn [2, 5]
c. Tch phn xc nh ca f(x) trn [1, 4.5]
d. Tch phn xc nh ca f(x) trn [1.5, 5]
3. Khai bo hm trong C tnh gn ng tch phn xc nh ca f(x) trn
[a, b] (dng i kiu con tr hm)
a. Dng cng thc hnh thang
b. Dng cng thc Parabol
c. Dng cng thc Newton-cotet
4.Vit chng trnh tnh gn ng tch phn xc nh trn [a, b] ca 1
hm f(x) c th (s dng cc hm khai bo trong cu 3). So snh kt
qu, nhn xt.

69

MT S CHNG TRNH THAM KHO

1. Chng trnh tm nghim gn ng ca phng trnh: ex10x+7=0 bng
phng php tip tuyn
# include "conio.h"
# include "math.h"
# define eps 1e-3
float f(float x)
{
return exp(x) - 10*x+7;
}
float fdh(float x)
{
return exp(x) - 10;
}
main()
{ float a,b; char tt;
while (1)
{
printf("\nNhap xap xi ban dau: "); scanf("%f",&a);
do
{

b = a;
a = b - f(b)/fdh(b);

}
while (fabs(a-b) >= eps );
printf("\n Nghiem phtrinh: %.3f", a);
printf("\n Ban muon tiep tuc ko(c/k)? ");
tt = getch();
if (tt=='k' || tt=='K') break;
}
}

70

2. Chng trnh tm nghim gn ng cho phng trnh i s bc n bng

phng php chia i
# include <stdio.h>
# include <conio.h>
# include <math.h>
# define eps 1e-3
void nhap(float *a, int n)
{
int i;
for (i=0;i<=n; ++i) scanf("%f", a+i);
}
float f(float *a, int n, float x)
{ float p; int i;
p = a[0];
for (i=1; i<=n; i++) p = p*x + a[i];
return p;
}
void main()
{
float a,b,c; char tt;
float d[10]; int n;
printf("\n Nhap bac phuong trinh: "); scanf("%d", &n);
printf("\n Nhap cac he so cua phuong trinh bac %d: ", n);
nhap(d,n);
while (1)
{
printf("\n Nhap khoang nghiem: "); scanf("%f%f", &a, &b);
if (f(d,n,a)*f(d,n,b)<0)
{
do
{
c = (a+b)/2;
if (f(d,n,b)*f(d,n,c)>0) b=c;
else a=c;
}
while (fabs(a-b) >= 1e-3 && f(d,n,c)!=0);
printf("\n\n Nghiem phtrinh: %.3f", c);
}
else
printf(" ( %f, %f) khong phai la khoang nghiem", a, b);
71

printf("\n\n Ban tiep tuc ko(c/k)?");

tt = getch();
if (tt!='c') break;
}
}
3. Gii h i s tuyn tnh bng phng php Gauss
# include
# include
# include
# define

<stdio.h>
"conio.h"
"math.h"
max 10

/* Ham nhap mang a(n,n+1)*/

void nhapmt(float a[][max], int n)
{
int i,j; float x;
for (i=1; i<=n; i++)
for (j=1; j<=n+1; j++)
{
printf(" pt[%d%d] = ", i, j);
scanf("%f",&x); a[i][j] = x;
}
}
/* Ham xuat mang a(n,n+1)*/
void xuatmt(float a[][max], int n)
{
int i, j;
for (i=1;i<=n; i++)
{
printf("\n");
for (j=1;j<=n+1;j++) printf("%8.3f ", a[i][j]);
}
}
void hoandoi(float *a, float *b)
{
float t;
t = *a; *a = *b; *b = t;
}
72

void doidong(float a[][max], int n, int p, int q)

{
int k;
if (p<=n && q<=n && p!=q)
for (k=1; k<=n+1; k++) hoandoi(&a[p][k], &a[q][k]);
}
void main()
{
float a[max][max];
float x[max], m, s;
char tt; int n, i, j, k;
while (1)
{
printf("\n\n Nhap n = "); scanf("%d", &n);
printf("\n\n Nhap he so cua he phuong trinh:\n"); nhapmt(a, n);
printf("\n\n He phtrinh da cho: "); xuatmt(a, n);
/* bien doi A ve ma tran tam giac tren */
for(i=1; i<n; i++)
{
if (a[i][i]==0)
{
for (k=2; k<=n; k++)
if (a[k][i]!=0) break;
doidong(a, n, i, k);
if (k>n) return;
}
for(j=i+1; j<=n; j++)
{
m = -a[j][i]/a[i][i];
for (k=i; k<=n+1; k++) a[j][k]+=a[i][k]*m;
}
}
printf("\n\n He phtrinh sau khi bien doi:"); xuatmt(a, n);
/* tim nghiem theo qua trinh nguoc */
for(i=n; i>=1; i--)
{
s=a[i][n+1];
for (k=i+1; k<=n; k++) s-=a[i][k]*x[k];
if (a[i][i]!=0) x[i] = s/a[i][i];
73

}
printf("\n\n Nghiem he phtrinh: ");
for(i=1; i<=n; i++) printf("%.3f ", x[i]);
printf("\n\n Ban tiep tuc ko(c/k)? ");
tt = getch();
if (tt!='c') break;
}
}

4. Gii h i s tuyn tnh bng phng php Gauss Sediel

/* File sediel.txt chua bac va cac he so cua he phtrinh */
# include <stdio.h>
# include "conio.h"
# include "math.h"
# define eps 1e-3
# define max 10

/* Ham xuat mang a(n,n+1)*/

void xuatmt(int a[][max], int n)
{
int i, j;
for (i=1; i<=n; i++)
{
printf("\n");
for (j=1; j<=n+1; j++) printf("%5d", a[i][j]);
}
}
/* Nhap day n phan tu */
void nhap(float *a, int n)
{
int i;
for (i=1; i<=n; i++) scanf("%f", a+i);
}
/* Xuat day n phan tu */
74

void xuat(float a[], int n)

{
int i;
for (i=1; i<=n; i++) printf("%8.3f", a[i]);
}
void main()
{ int a[max][max];
float x[max], y[max];
int n, i, j, lap, dem;
FILE *f; char tt;
f = fopen("sediel.txt", "r"); /* mo file de doc so lieu */
fscanf(f, "%d", &n);
for (i=1; i<=n; i++)
for (j=1; j<=n+1; j++)
if (!feof(f)) fscanf(f, "%d", &a[i][j]);
else
{ printf("\n So lieu ko hop le");
getch(); return;
}
fclose(f);
printf("\n Cac he so cua he phuong trinh:\n");
xuatmt(a, n);
while (1)
{ printf("\n\n Nhap xap xi nghiem ban dau : ");
nhap(x, n);
dem = 0;
do
{
lap=0; dem++;
for(i=1; i<=n; i++)
{
float s=0;
for (j=1; j<=n; j++)
if (j!=i) s+=a[i][j]*x[j];
y[i] = a[i][n+1] - s ;
if (a[i][i]!=0) y[i] = y[i]/a[i][i];
else return; /* ket thuc chuong trinh */
if (fabs(x[i]-y[i])>eps && dem<30) lap=1;
75

}
for (i=1; i<=n; i++) x[i] = y[i];
}
while (lap);
if (dem<30)
{
printf("\n Nghiem cua he phuong trinh : ");
xuat(y,n);
}
else printf(" \n He phtrinh ko giai duoc bang phuong phap nay");
printf("\n\n Ban tiep tuc ko(c/k)?");
tt=getch();
if (tt!='c') break;
}
}

5. Tnh gi tr hm bng cng thc ni suy Ayken

# include <stdio.h>
# include "conio.h"
void nhap(float *a, int n)
{ int i;
for (i=0; i<=n; i++) scanf("%f", a+i);
}
void main()
{
int i, j, n; char tt;
float d, t, w, s;
float x[10], y[10];
printf("\n Nhap n = "); scanf("%d", &n);
printf(" Nhap %d moc noi suy: ", n+1);
nhap(x, n);
printf("\n Nhap gia tri ham tai cac moc noi suy tuong ung: ");
nhap(y, n);
while (1)
{
printf("\n Nhap gia tri can tinh:"); scanf("%f", &t);
w = 1; s = 0;
76

for (i=0; i<=n; i++)

{
w*=t-x[i];
d = t-x[i];
for (j=0; j<=n; j++)
if (j!=i) d*=x[i]-x[j];
s+=y[i]/d;
}
printf("\n Gia tri ham: f(%f) = %f", t, w*s);
printf("\n\n Ban tiep tuc ko(c/k)?");
tt = getch();
if (tt!='c') break;
}
}

6. Chng trnh in bng sai phn

# include <stdio.h>
# include <conio.h>
# define max 10
void nhap(float *a, int n, char ten);
void main()
{ char tt; int n, i, j;
float a[max][max], y[10];
while (1)
{ printf("\n Nhap n : "); scanf("%d", &n);
printf("\n Nhap gia tri ham tai %d moc noi suy: \n", n+1);
nhap(y, n, 'y');
for (i=0; i<=n; i++) a[i][0] = y[i];
for (i=1; i<=n; i++)
for (j=1; j<=i; j++) a[i][j] = a[i][j-1] - a[i-1][j-1];
printf("\n Bang sai phan:\n\n");
for (i=0; i<=n; i++)
{
for (j=0; j<=i; j++) printf("%10.3f", a[i][j]);
printf("\n");
}
printf("\n\n Ban tiep tuc ko(c/k)?");
77

tt = getch();
if (tt!='c') break;
}
}
void nhap(float *a, int n, char ten)
{
int i;
for (i=0; i<=n; ++i)
{
printf(" %c[%d]=", ten, i);
scanf("%f", a+i);
}
}

7. Tnh gn ng tch phn xc nh

# include <stdio.h>
# include "conio.h"
# include "math.h"
# define PI 3.14159
float d[10]; int n;
double g(double x)
{
return 1/(1+x*x);
}
double tp(double (*f)(double), float a, float b)
{
int n = 100, i;
float s, h = (b-a)/n;
s = (f(a) + f(b))/2;
for (i=1; i<n; i++) s+=f(a+i*h);
return s*h;
}
void nhap(float *a, int *n)
{
int i;
printf("\n Nhap bac da thuc: "); scanf("%d", n);
printf("\n Nhap he so cua ham da thuc:\n");
for (i=0; i<=*n; ++i)
78

printf(" a[%d]=", i);

scanf("%f", a+i);

}
}
double f(double x)
{
float p = d[0]; int i;
for(i=1; i<=n; i++) p = p*x+d[i];
return p;
}
main()
{
float a, b;
char tt;
while (1)
{
printf("\n Nhap can de tinh tich phan: ");
printf("\n a = "); scanf("%f", &a);
printf("\n b = "); scanf("%f", &b);
printf("\n S1 = %.3f", tp(sin, 0, PI));
printf("\n S2 = %.3f", tp(cos, 0, PI/2));
printf("\n S3 = %.3f", tp(g, a, b));
nhap(d, &n);
printf("\n S4 = %.3f", tp(f, a, b));
printf("\n\n Ban tiep tuc ko(c/k)?");
tt = getch();
if (tt!='c') break;
}
}

79

TI LI U THAM KHO
[1] ng Quc Lng, Phng php tnh trong k thut, Nh xut bn xy
dng H ni, 2001
[2] Phan Vn Hp, Gio trnh C s phng php tnh tp I,II. Trng H
Tng hp H ni, 1990
[3] Cao quyt Thng, Phng php tnh v Lp trnh Turbo Pascal. Nh XB
gio dc, 1998
[4] T Vn nh, Phng php tnh. Nh XB gio dc, 1994
[5] Dng Thy V, Phng php tnh. Nh XB khoa hc & k thut, 2001
[6] Phan Vn Hp, Bi tp phng php tnh v lp chng trnh cho my tnh
in t. Nh XB i hc v trung hc chuyn nghip, 1978
[7] Ralston A, A first course in numberical analysis. McGraw Hill, NewYork,
1965

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