Tiu : PHNG PHP GII TON HA V C 12 Sat Aug 23, 2008 11:33 am C nhng phn lp 10 v 11 hc ri nhng vo 12 s chuyn su hn!!!!

! (Rnh th bt cht thi gian c, rt c ch) A-GII NHANH BI TON TRC NGHIM V C 1/ H2SO4 2H+ + SO42- H2 HCl H+ + Clm mui = mKim Loi + mgc axt nhng bi t mu l lm ri VD1:Cho 2,81 g hn hp Fe2O3, ZnO, MgO tc dng va vi 500 ml dung dch H2SO4 0,1M. Khi lng mui sunfat to ra trong dung dch l: Gii: nH2SO4 =0,05 = n SO42- --->nH += 0,1 2H+ + O2- = H2O 0,1 0,05 mol m mui = m oxit m O(trong oxit) +m gc axit =2,81 0,05.16 +0,05.96 =6,81 gam VD2:Cho 8 g hn hp bt kim lai Mg va Fe tc dng ht vi dung dch HCl thy thot ra 5,6 lit H2 ktc. Khi lng mui to ra trong dung dch l Gii: nH2 =0,25 ---> nHCl =nCl = 0,25.2 =0,5. m mui =8 + 0,5.35,5=25,75 gam VD3Cho 11 gam hn hp 2 kim loi tan hon ton trong HCl d thy c 8,96 lt kh thot ra (kc) v dd X, c cn dd X th khi lng hn hp mui khan thu c l (gam): Gii: nH2 =0,4 ---> nHCl =nCl- = 0,4.2 =0,8. m mui =kl kim loi +kl ion Cl=11+0,8.35,3=39,4 gam 2/ Axt + Ocid baz ( k c ocid baz khng tan) 2H+ + O2- H2O VD1: Fe2O3 a mol Phn ng dung dch HCl FexOy b mol nO2- = 3a+ by 2H+ + O2- H2O 6a+2yb 3a+yb VD2:Ho tan 2,4 g mt oxit st va 90ml ddHCl 1M. Cng thc ca oxit st ni trn l: Gi CTPT oxit st l:FexOy a mol nHCl =0,09mol 2H+ + O2- H2O 0,09 0,045 mol nO2- =ay = 0,045 (1) 56a + 16ya = 2,4 (2) xa =0,03 x:y =2:3 CTPT l Fe2O3 3/ Axt + Baz ( k c baz khng tan) H+ + OH- H2O

VD: Dung dch H2SO4 phn ng vi hn hp: Fe(OH)3 amol, Al(OH)3 bmol, Cu(OH)2 cmol nOH- = 3a+3b+2c = nH+ 4/ Axt + Kim Loi Mui v gii phng kh H2 nH+ + M Mn+ + n/2 VD: Na H H2 Al 3H 3/2 H2 VD1:Cho 8.3 g hn hp Al,Fe tc dng ht vi dung dch HCl. Sau phn ng khi lng HCl tng thm 7.8 g. Khi lng mi mui to ra trong dung dch v kl mi kim loi trong hh Gii;n H2 =(8,3-7,8 ):2 =0,25 3/2a+b = 0,25 27a +56 b= 8,3---> a=b= 0,1 mol VD 2: Cho m gam nhm,Magi, st vo 250 ml dd X cha hh axt HCl 1M,H2SO4 0,5 M, thu c 0,2375 mol kh H2 v dd Y.Tnh pH ca dd Y. Gii:n H+b=0,25 +0,25.0,5.2 = 0,5 nH+ p = 0,2375.2=0,475 nH+ d =0,025 mol CH+=0,1 pH =1 5/ CO, H2 kh oxt kim loi sau Al to Kim loi + CO2 , H2O CO + O ( trong oxt) to CO2 H2 + O ( trong oxt) to H2O

VD: Hn hp gm CuO amol Fe2O3 bmol + CO nO(trong oxt) = a+3b CO + O CO2 a+3b a+3b a+3b VD:Mt hn hp X gm Fe2O3, FeO v MgO c khi lng l 4,24 g trong c 1,2 g MgO. Khi cho X phn ng vi CO d (phn ng hon ton), ta c cht rn A v hn hp CO v CO2. Hn hp ny khi qua nc vi trong cho ra 5 g kt ta. Xc nh khi lng Fe2O3, FeO trong hn hp X. Gii: m 2 oxit st l: 4,24 1,2 =3,04 gam---> 160 a +72 b =3,04 n CO2 = n O(trong 2 oxit st) = 0,05 ----> 3a +b = 0,05 ---> a=0,01 ; b= 0,02 6/ Phn ng gia 2 ion ch xy ra khi sn phm c cht kt ta, d bay hi, in li yu. VD1: Ca2+ + CO32- CaCO3 2H+ + CO32- H2O + CO2 2H+ + S2- H2S Na+ + NO3- x khng xy ra

VD2 : Dung dch cha amol AlCl3, bmol CuCl2, cmol NaCl phn ng dung dch AgNO3 d thu dmol kt ta. Mi lin h a,b,c,d nCl- = 3a+2b+c nAgCl = nCl- = nAg+phn ng = 3a+2b+c = d Ag+ + Cl- AgCl 7/ nh lut bo ton khi lng: mghn hp kim loi + m1 g dung dch HCl thu c m2 g dung dch A, m3 g kh B v m4 g rn khng tan. Ta c : m + m1 = m2 + m3 + m4 m2 = m + m1 m3 m4 8/ Bo ton in tch: Trong 1 dung dch : Tng in tch dng = tng in tch m VD1: Dung dch cha amol Al3+, bmol Ca2+, cmol SO42-, dmol Cl-. Ta co: 3a + 2b = 2c + d VD2: mg hn hp Fe, Mg, Zn phn ng dung dch HCl d thu (m+m1) gam mui. mg hn hp trn phn ng dung dch HCl thu bao nhiu gam mui? . mmui clorua = mkim loi + mCl- mCl- = m1g nCl- = mol . Bo ton in tch: 2Cl- SO42- ( 2.nSO42- = nCl-) . mui sunfat = m + x 96 VD3:Cho m g hn hp Cu, Zn, Fe tc dng vi dung dch HNO3 long, d thu c dung dch A. C cn dung dch A thu c (m+62) gam mui khan. Nung hn hp mui khan trn n khi lng khng i thu c cht rn c khi lng l: Gii: n NO3- =62:62 = 1mol ---> 2NO3- -------> O2- . n O2- =0,5 mol 1 mol 0.5 mol m oxit = m kim loi + m O = m + 0,5.16 =( m + 8 ) gam Vd 4: Ho tan hon ton hn hp gm 0,12 mol FeS2 v a mol Cu2S vo dung dch HNO3 va , thu c dung dch X ch cha 2 mui sunf v kh NO duy nht. Gi tr a l: Gii: dd gm:0,12 mol Fe3+, 2a mol Cu2+ ,(0,24+a) mol SO42- . p dng lbt in tch: 3.0,12 +2.2a =2(0,24 +a) a=0,06 9/ Bo ton nguyn t : VD1: Cho 1mol CO2 phn ng 1,2mol NaOH thu mg mui. Tnh m? . = 1,2 sn phm to 2 mui . Gi CT 2 mui NaHCO3 amol BT nguyn t Cacbon: a+b = 1 a= 0,08mol Na2CO3 bmol BT nguyn t Natri: a+2b = 1,2 b = 0,02mol VD2 : Hn hp A gm FeO a mol, Fe2O3 b mol phn ng vi CO t0 cao thu c hn hp B gm: Fe cmol, FeO dmol, Fe2O3 e mol, Fe3O4 f mol. Mi quan h gia a,b,c,d Ta c : nFe (trong A) = nFe (trong B) ==> a+3b = c + d + 3e + 4f VD 3: Hp th hon ton 0,12 mol SO2 vo 2,5 lt dd Ba(OH)2 a mol/l thu c 0,08 mol kt ta. g tr ca a l bao nhiu. Gii:n BaCO3 =0,08 n C cn li to Ba(HCO3)2 = 0,04 nBa(HCO3)2 =0,02 n Ba =n Ba(OH)2 =0,08 + 0,02 =0,1 CM =0,1/2,5 =0,04 M

VD 4:Ha tan 5,6 gam Fe vo dd H2SO4 d thu dc dd X.dd X phn ng va vi V lt dd KMnO4 0,5 M gi tr ca V l? Gii: nFe = nFe2+ =0,1 mol nMn2+ = 0,1.1/5=0,02(lBT electron) V = 0,02:0.5 =0,04 lt 10/ Bo ton Electron : . Ch s dng i vi phn ng oxi ha kh . Phng php: + Xc nh cht kh + xc nh cht oxi ha + Vit 2 qu trnh + nh lut bo ton Electron : ne cho = ne nhn VD : 0,3 mol FexOy phn ng vi dd HNO3 d thu c 0,1mol kh NO. Xc nh FexOy. Gii : xFe2y/x ( 3x-2y) xFe+3 nFexOy = 0,3 nFe2y/x = 0,3x x = 3 0,3x 0,3(3x-2y) y = 4 hoc x=y=1 N+5 + 3e N+2 0,3.(3x 2y) = 0,3 3x 2y = 1 0,3 0,1 Vy CTPT : Fe3O4 hoc FeO